PROS Ajeng Ayu Widiastuti The Gaps Between fulltext
Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
The Gaps Between Needs and Availabity of Childcare Quality
Ajeng Ayu Widiastuti
Early Childhood Education Program
Faculty of Education and Teacher Training
Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Center Java, Indonesia
[email protected] ; [email protected]
Abstract
Nowadays, childcare program is growing rapidly. It is triggered by the
need for parents to leave their children while they work, especially the working
mother. Data showed that in Salatiga, as a small town, has grown 20 childcare
centers, which has had an operational permit. However, the author with some
early childhood educators fined some childcare centers do not have the standards
of education and care. Whereas, childcare is a program designed for the children
care, development, education and social welfare of 0-6 years. Therefore, to
address the gap between the needs of parents and the availability of childcare
quality, expected that the role of government and related institutions to oversee
the development of childcare. In addition, to overcome the shortage of qualified
caregiver, the government can help them by providing additional personnel who
have passed the selection and placed in a childcare centers.
Keywords: childcare, working mother, children development, childcare quality,
caregiver
Childcare
INTRODUCTION
Childcare program is not a
new thing in education and child
development area. However, this
study becomes an important concern
for
governments,
practitioners
and
educators,
observers
of
children and especially for parents .
program
of
is
early
a
service
childhood
education that focuses on non-formal
care . Childcare has the purpose to
provide services to children aged 0-6
years whose parents must work and
fulfill the child rights to grow and
develop, protect and give affection
and right to participate in a social
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
environment
2011).
(ECD
In
Directorate,
addition,
Scarr
&
not have close family or caregiver at
home.
Eisenberg (1993) state there are three
In recent years, the childcare is
important purposes of childcare:
not only develop in big cities, but
substitute care for children during
also it developes in a small town, like
their parents work , educational
Salatiga, Central Java. Based on the
programs
data obtained from the Salatiga
emotional
to
develop
and
children's
cognitive,
and
Association
of
Early
Childhood
interventions to help children from
Educators, there are 20 childcare
poor families.
which has been established and have
In the 18th century, the
presence
developed
of
in
childcare
the
program
Western
operating
preliminary
licenses.
study,
Based
the
on
childcare
and
develop by a request from the
proliferated up to Indonesia in the
parents, especially from working
mid-19th century . This creates a
mothers, who do not have a caregiver
shift Indonesian culture on parenting,
at home. Parents argue that it is
where they leaved the children to
better to entrust the child to a
their family. Previously, parents were
childcare instead of having to look
more likely to leave their children in
for a nanny because of the amount of
the family or grandparents during
money issued to pay nanny much
their work. Susilo (2005) states that
larger
the childcare is actually less in
Moreover, they argue that the child
appropriate with Indonesian culture
will be more independent and have
where parents will feel safe if their
more friends than taken care of by a
child was handed over to a family
nanny at home.
than
pay
the
childcare.
member or caregiver or baby sitter at
home. However, based on author
" It is better, if I leave my child
interviews with some parents and
in the childcare. Because I have
observations, in recent years, parents
to work until the afternoon. I
prefer to leave their children in a
have not relatives here, then i
childcare on the grounds that they do
cannot pay the nanny, 400
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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thousand a month " (interview
hours per week in a childcare in its
with the mother X , dated May
first
29, 2014).
attachment
to
" I leave my child at school,
increase
the
which
my
disobedience, and have a tendency to
workplace. I led my child more
withdraw from social environment at
independent. Because, there a
preschool or in elementary school.
lot of
However, this does not occur in
is
near
from
friends, and become a
year, experiencing insecure
who
the
mother,
and
aggressiveness,
brave boy. Then, at he afternoon
children
deposited
in
the
I take his go home " ( interview
childcare at the age of 1 year and
with mother Y , dated May 1,
above. Moreover, Kagan ( in Rini,
2014) .
2002) found that children who
deposited at the childcare has a
According to Conley (2010),
capacity of intellectual, social and
childcare is not the only daycare.
emotional
Childcare has a function as a place
different from a child who was raised
of care and education for young
by a parent or caregiver at home.
children. Childcare as well as a
Although the childcare has a ratio of
program for giving a stimulus to the
1 caregiver to handle 3 or 4 children.
children development, both in terms
In addition, several cases
of motor, cognitive, emotional, social
concerning childcare program found.
and moral through play. However,
Liputan 6 reprted that there is a child
the question is, whether the childcare
who died trapped in a wooden play
has perform its function as a place of
house in the childcare in Singapore
care and provision the stimulus for
because of the caregiver negligent
children.
and she has talking on the phone
The existence of the childcare
with
her
which
friend.
is
not
In
much
addition,
is still become a seirus studies
Kompasiana reported on chlid abuse
nowadays
research
committed by a caregiver at the
conducted by Belsky 1986 found that
childcare in America toward baby,
babies who spend an average of 20
where she rocked the baby’s body,so
.
Based
on
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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that baby suffered permanent brain
However, Ellen Smith, every
injury. For Barbara Jones, childcare
weekday at 8 am, was dropping
is a bad experience, because she felt
Tanya, her daughter, 1 year old, to
her daughter treated badly in the
childcare centers because she had to
childcare, so she decided to stop
leave Tanya to work , and at 3 pm
working and focus on caring for her
she will be picked up after work.
daughter (Santrock , 2006).
This
Based on interviews conducted by
preschool. Ellen felt good benefits of
the author, a mom feklt sorry to leave
childcare which has helped her to
her child in the daycare, because the
nurture Tanya, because her daugther
child became sick often.
dared and interact with peers and
lasted
until
Tanya
enters
adults she met. (Santrock, 2006).
" I would not leave my child
Therefore, this preliminary study is
again in the childcare, because
talk about the need of parents in the
he
vurnerable”
search for caregivers as long as they
(interview with the mother Z ,
work and the quality of childcare
May 3, 2014).
wich appropirate with the guidelines
became
ill
that has been formulated by the
Based on the findings in the
government .
field, some childcare in Salatiga not
meet the standard criteria set by the
government. Average of 1 caregiver
to handle more than 6 children. So
that
supervision
lacking.
It
has
of
children
is
an
impact
on
parenting and learning undertaken by
caregivers.
For
example,
the
caregiver provides a TV and let the
kids watch TV more than 1 hour in
order to make the child be quiet.
CHILDCARE
Child care is a transformation
in the world of early childhood
education.
Child
care
is
the
supervision of children while their
parents work or are engaged in other
activities. Day care is another term
used to refer to familiar childcare.
Childcare is designed to make the
children
are
able
to
explore
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
themselves and socialize with peers.
put a large group of children in a
Scarr & Eisenberg (1993) stated,
home with adequate facilities. There
childcare has traditionally served
is
three important purposes: substitute
commercially, but some are not set
care for children while thier parents
profit and usually managed by
work; educational opportunities to
church,
promote cognitive and emotional
businesses, or even managed by
deelopment;
mothers who want to have extra
and
interventions
intended to help poor children and
also
offering
community
services
groups,
income.
disadvanteaged.
Because of the diversity of
At first, childcare is the care
parenting childcare, it causes the
center designed for children under 3
different quality and quantity of
years of age, but often parents who
childcare. In quality, most caregivers
leave their children until the age of 6
do
years. But Kagan (in Susilo, 2005)
parenting, and the other have good
states that generally children aged 4
parenting because they have received
months
intensive
to
29
months
can
be
not
have
special
training.
In
skills
terms
in
of
deposited into childcare, because at
quantity, there are several childcare
the age of 2.5 years to 3 years old
that provides services starting at 8
generally has entered the preschool.
am until 5 pm, but some are from 8
However, in Salatiga, the average
am to 3 pm each day. In addition,
children who
the
caregivers do not just care for one
preschool program, they also attend
child, usually the caregivers are
the childcare in the same place.
given the responsibility to care for
Because that agency has preschool
and provide care to 3 or 4 children. If
and childcare program in the same
children are entrusted sizeable and
service.
caregivers bit, it is likely more
have
entered
Patterns of care provided in
responsible caretakers of 4 children .
childcare in children is very diverse.
All depends on the facilities and
According to Santrock (2006), there
programs offered by day care itself.
are several childcare who choose to
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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Based on that statement, it
3. Presidential Regulation no. 24 in
can be concluded that childcare care
2010 about the status, duties and
is a parenting center that offers
functions
facilities and specific programs for
amended by Presidential Decree
children under 6 years, so that
no.67 in 2010.
of
echelon1,
as
children are able to develop their
4. Regulation of the Minister of
potential, explore and socialize with
National Education no.36 in 2010
their peers under the care of a
about
substitute caregiver (non maternal
Administration of the Ministry of
care).
National Education; and no.58 in
2009
GOVERNMENT STANDARD ON
the
on
Organization
Early
and
Childhood
Education Standards.
CHILDCARE ESTABLISHMENT
Purposes
Legal Basis
1. Provide services to children aged
1. The Law no.20 in 2003 about
National
Education
no.23
2002
in
for work or other obstacles.
Child
2. Provide services related to the
Protection; no.4 in 1979 about
fulfillment of children's rights to
Child Welfare; and no.17 in 2007
grow and develop, protection and
about
affection, as well as the right to
National
about
System;
0-6 years who leaved by parents
Long
Term
Development Plan for Years
participate
2004-2025.
environment.
in
a
social
2. Regulation Government no.19 in
2005 about National Education
Principles
Standards; no.17 in 2010 about
Education in Childcare
the Management and Operation
Early childhood education programs
of Education, as amended by
are implemented in a childcare based
Government Regulation no.66 in
on the following principles:
2010.
1. Oriented to the needs of children
and
Philosophy
of
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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2. According
to
the
child's
14. Holistic
that
development.
3. According to the uniqueness of
education
covers
all
stimulation
aspects
of
development.
each individual.
4. Children
learn
through
play
Caregivers
1. High
activities.
5. Children learn from the concrete
school
graduate
or
equivalent
to the abstract thing, from the
2. Understand the basic parenting
simple to complex thing, from
3. Skilled implement parenting
the verbal to the movement thing,
4. Being
and from the self to the social
and
behave
in
the
psychological needs of children
5. Assist the teacher and teacher
one.
assistant as needed
6. Children as active learners.
7. Children learn through social
6. Hygiene and taking care of the
cleanliness of the facilities used
interaction
8. Provide an environment that
child
supports the learning process.
9. Stimulate
the
emergence
of
creativity and innovative.
10. Developing children life skills.
11. Uses a variety of sources and
media to learn which available in
the neighborhood.
12. Children learn appropriate with
the socio-cultural conditions.
13. Involves
the participation of
parents in collaboration with
educators in early childhood
institutions.
Caregivers’ ratio with children
1. Age group of 0 - < 1 year (1
caregiver : 4 children)
2. Age groupof 1 - < 2 years (1
caregiver : 6 children)
3. Age groupof 2 - < 3 years (1
caregiver : 8 children)
4. Age group of 3 - < 4 years (1
caregiver : 10 children)
5. Age group of 4 - < 5 years (1
caregiver : 12 children)
6. Age group of 5 - 6 years ≤ (1
tcaregiver : 15 children)
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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In addition, The National
Relationships with family andstaff
Children
1. Programs should pay attention to
Education (1986) has recommended
and support the needs of families.
a reference quality of childcare to
Parents are welcome remedy to
pay
observe, discuss policies, make a
Association
for
attention
to
the
the
following
suggestion.
matters:
2. Staff should share information
about opportunities for recreation
Caregivers
1. Enjoy and
control
of
and
child
development
learning
in
the
family
environment.
2. Old enough to work in one group
in the care of children's needs
Facilities and programs
3. The caregiver should not be more
1. The health of children, staff and
parents should be protected and
than 4 children
enhanced. Staff should be alert to
4. Caregivers should observe and
the health of every child
record all the progress and
2. Facilities
development of children
must
be
safe
for
must
be
children and adults
Activities and equipment program
3. The
environment
sufficient
1. The environment must facilitate
to
the growth and development of
variety
of
children so that they can play and
equipment .
accommodate a
activities
and
work together.
2. Childcare
provides
safe
and
adequate equipment so it is
DISCUSSION
always ready for use.
Childcare service program is
3. Children should be helped to
improve
language
skills
and
broaden their understanding of
the outside world around it.
the focus of the study which debated
by
education
practitioners,
psychologists and early childhood
teachers who have full concentration
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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Belsky's
on the development of children. For
research
was
example Jay Belsky, she conducted
supported by Vandell & Corasaniti
research on childcare since the 1980s
(in
. Belsky et al studied the impact of
childcare in the first year of life is
chidcare
child
associated to the development of
development and attachment to the
long-term negative. Children who
parent .
started childcare early with 30 hours
program
in
Santrock,
2006).
Extensive
In essence, childcare is a
per week turned out to be found less
program or agency offered to help
obedient to parents and teachers, and
the parents in caring for their
have poor relationships with their
children during their work or being
peers. In the academic value ever
in the bustle that can not care for a
they got a low value and have poor
child for a while. But a few of the
work habits.
researchers found that adverse effects
In 2003, Belsky also doing
caused by the childcare. Belksy (in
research back on childcare and the
Santrock , 2006) stated that she is not
resulting impact on the development
only assured of the quality childcare
of over 1300 children with 10
is bad, but she is also convinced that
different locations in the United
the childcare can produce negative
State. Belsky conducting research in
development for children. In 2009
children aged 6, 15, 24, 36, and 54
Belksy doing research again and
months with the assessment of
concluded
cognitive
that
the
extensive
socioemotional
experience of childcare during the
development until they go to school
first 12 months of life will be much
early. This study is intended to
associated with insecure attachment
answer the debate still exists as to
and
aggression,
whether or not the chilcare and to
disobedience , and the possibility of
decipher the actual condition of the
social withdrawal during the years
childcare is capable of supporting or
preschool
even damage a child's development .
school.
increased
and
early
elementary
Some study found some results, such
as:
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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1. At the age of 15 months children
4. However
,
children
with
showed unsecure attachment due
childcare experience with high
to
quality
their
mothers
because
of
care
that
would
experience > 10 hours per week
indicate a high level also in
in childcare in the first year of
cognitive function - linguistics at
life, or because of the low quality
the age of 1, 3, 4 and 5 years.
of care. When the viscosity
On the other hand, Andersson et al
measured at month 36, the results
(in Santrock, 2006) proved to have a
obtained are the same.
different conclusion. They conduct
2. Interactions between mothers and
research on childcare but did not find
children aged 6-36 months look
any adverse effects of day care.
less harmonious, because the
Determining factor of a child's
children do not care for the
development is not only from day
mother.
care, but also from the parental care,
As noted back in
children aged 54 months, then the
particularly the
impact of disharmony seen until
primary caregiver) as well. Mother
the child is in first grade.
who has responsive attitude to
3. Children will demonstrate an
external
problem
when
they
spend time in childcare since the
first 2 years to 4.5 years. They
showed
indifference
mother (as the
children forming good viscosity,
compared
to
mothers
who
emotionally and less responsive.
Based
on
interviews
and
conducted by the author with the
behavioral problems since the
chairman of the Association of
age of 24 months, 54 months, in
EarlyChildhood Educators said that
kindergarten and first grade. This
the childcare program or institutions
impact is not so obvious, but
that have been developed in Salatiga
when the children are in class 3
already have operating licenses and
(about 8 years) will experience
the establishment of appropriate
social problems and poor study
standards and regulations. But after
habits competent, so they get a
getting the licenses, there are some
low score at school.
institutions that do not implement the
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
criteria
of
It
can
be
deduced
that
childcare
standard
programs.For
example,
childcare is one of the emerging
there are only 2 caregivers with 14
service programs to assist parents in
children. The implementation of
caring for their children during work
learning program just giving toys to
or activity so that the child must
children that they are quiet and do
leave temporarily. Childcare program
not interfere with each other between
must appropriate with the standard
friends.
criteria
parenting
In
addition,
there
are
for
the
establishment
childcare which not meet health
childcare
standards because the environment is
government. It will help parents and
very dirty and not fit for children,
children
although the state-owned childcare.
development.
At first, the childcare can meet the
applicable standards, but when doing
so, they ignore the standards. For
example, when going to get or
extend the operating licenses, they
clean up the place, but once it is back
to being a dirty environment.
Despitethe
establishment
ofchildcarebased
onmanyrequestsfrom
parents,
childcaremuststillhave
theappropriateoperationalstandards.
Remember
that
childcareis
aplaceforchildrento growanddevelop
in accordancewithhis age.
specified
in
by
the
growth
the
and
Placing he children in the
childcare
outside
the
primary
caregiver in the long term will have a
higher risk of child development,
especially
on
the
relationship
between mother and child behavior
problems (in the first year of school),
social
competence
and
learning
habits. However, these impacts are
not only generated by the low-quality
care, but due to family care factors
also affect.
Childcare center should have
applicable
standards
such
as
childcare establishment consisting of
a pediatrician or doctor, a director as
CONCLUSION
the manager, and the ratio of children
– caregiver 3 to 1, with no forgetting
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
assistant caregiver. Caregivers must
Security. Institute for the Study
be certified, trained to smile, talk to
of
the children, and can give children a
Social
safe and comfortable environment
University of London. U K.
with educational toys that stimulate a
child's development.
Conley,
Families
Issues.
Birkbeck
(2010).
or
and
Childcare:
investment?
International Journal of Social
the government
Welfare 19: 173-181.
and related institution can conduct
surveys on a regular basis in the
A.
welfare
To prevent deviation from the
standard of care,
Children,
Early
Childhood
Education
an
Directorate (2011). Technical
extension of time will be operational
Guidance for Maintenance of
childcare place the child. Also, to
Childcare Center.
short
term,
in
addition
to
provide the lack of caregiver quality
and quantity, the government can
help them by adding the additional
caregiver
who
has
passed
the
selection.
Kompasiana (2014). Kasus shaken
baby syndrome. Available from
http://kesehatan.kompasiana.co
m/medis/2011/03/02/kasusshaken-baby-syndrome344474.html (aceessed on 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
May 2014)
Belsky, J. (1986). Infant day care: A
cause for concern? Zero to
Three 6(4): 1-7.
Liputan 6 News (2014). Suster di
penitipan
anak
asyik
bercengkerama bocah 2 tahun
Belsky, J. (2003 - 2005). Child Care
tewas.
Available
from
and Its Impact on Young
http://health.liputan6.com/read/
Children
489664/suster-di-penitipan-
(0-2).
Birkbeck
University of London. U K.
Belsky, J (2009). Early Day Care and
Infant – Mother Attachment
anak-asyik-bercengkeramabocah-2-tahuntewas#sthash.1YOOEOT2.dpuf
(accessed on 5 May 2014)
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Rini, J.F. (2002). Perlukah program
Scarr S., & Eisenberg M. (1993).
child day care bagi anak anda?
Child-care
Available from http://www.e-
perspectives
psikologi.com/artikel/pendidika
Annual Review of Psychology
n/perlukah-program-child-day-
44: 613-644.
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and
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Available
Santrock, J.W. (2006). Life - Span
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Perkembangan
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The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Issues and Challenges
The Gaps Between Needs and Availabity of Childcare Quality
Ajeng Ayu Widiastuti
Early Childhood Education Program
Faculty of Education and Teacher Training
Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Center Java, Indonesia
[email protected] ; [email protected]
Abstract
Nowadays, childcare program is growing rapidly. It is triggered by the
need for parents to leave their children while they work, especially the working
mother. Data showed that in Salatiga, as a small town, has grown 20 childcare
centers, which has had an operational permit. However, the author with some
early childhood educators fined some childcare centers do not have the standards
of education and care. Whereas, childcare is a program designed for the children
care, development, education and social welfare of 0-6 years. Therefore, to
address the gap between the needs of parents and the availability of childcare
quality, expected that the role of government and related institutions to oversee
the development of childcare. In addition, to overcome the shortage of qualified
caregiver, the government can help them by providing additional personnel who
have passed the selection and placed in a childcare centers.
Keywords: childcare, working mother, children development, childcare quality,
caregiver
Childcare
INTRODUCTION
Childcare program is not a
new thing in education and child
development area. However, this
study becomes an important concern
for
governments,
practitioners
and
educators,
observers
of
children and especially for parents .
program
of
is
early
a
service
childhood
education that focuses on non-formal
care . Childcare has the purpose to
provide services to children aged 0-6
years whose parents must work and
fulfill the child rights to grow and
develop, protect and give affection
and right to participate in a social
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
467
Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
environment
2011).
(ECD
In
Directorate,
addition,
Scarr
&
not have close family or caregiver at
home.
Eisenberg (1993) state there are three
In recent years, the childcare is
important purposes of childcare:
not only develop in big cities, but
substitute care for children during
also it developes in a small town, like
their parents work , educational
Salatiga, Central Java. Based on the
programs
data obtained from the Salatiga
emotional
to
develop
and
children's
cognitive,
and
Association
of
Early
Childhood
interventions to help children from
Educators, there are 20 childcare
poor families.
which has been established and have
In the 18th century, the
presence
developed
of
in
childcare
the
program
Western
operating
preliminary
licenses.
study,
Based
the
on
childcare
and
develop by a request from the
proliferated up to Indonesia in the
parents, especially from working
mid-19th century . This creates a
mothers, who do not have a caregiver
shift Indonesian culture on parenting,
at home. Parents argue that it is
where they leaved the children to
better to entrust the child to a
their family. Previously, parents were
childcare instead of having to look
more likely to leave their children in
for a nanny because of the amount of
the family or grandparents during
money issued to pay nanny much
their work. Susilo (2005) states that
larger
the childcare is actually less in
Moreover, they argue that the child
appropriate with Indonesian culture
will be more independent and have
where parents will feel safe if their
more friends than taken care of by a
child was handed over to a family
nanny at home.
than
pay
the
childcare.
member or caregiver or baby sitter at
home. However, based on author
" It is better, if I leave my child
interviews with some parents and
in the childcare. Because I have
observations, in recent years, parents
to work until the afternoon. I
prefer to leave their children in a
have not relatives here, then i
childcare on the grounds that they do
cannot pay the nanny, 400
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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thousand a month " (interview
hours per week in a childcare in its
with the mother X , dated May
first
29, 2014).
attachment
to
" I leave my child at school,
increase
the
which
my
disobedience, and have a tendency to
workplace. I led my child more
withdraw from social environment at
independent. Because, there a
preschool or in elementary school.
lot of
However, this does not occur in
is
near
from
friends, and become a
year, experiencing insecure
who
the
mother,
and
aggressiveness,
brave boy. Then, at he afternoon
children
deposited
in
the
I take his go home " ( interview
childcare at the age of 1 year and
with mother Y , dated May 1,
above. Moreover, Kagan ( in Rini,
2014) .
2002) found that children who
deposited at the childcare has a
According to Conley (2010),
capacity of intellectual, social and
childcare is not the only daycare.
emotional
Childcare has a function as a place
different from a child who was raised
of care and education for young
by a parent or caregiver at home.
children. Childcare as well as a
Although the childcare has a ratio of
program for giving a stimulus to the
1 caregiver to handle 3 or 4 children.
children development, both in terms
In addition, several cases
of motor, cognitive, emotional, social
concerning childcare program found.
and moral through play. However,
Liputan 6 reprted that there is a child
the question is, whether the childcare
who died trapped in a wooden play
has perform its function as a place of
house in the childcare in Singapore
care and provision the stimulus for
because of the caregiver negligent
children.
and she has talking on the phone
The existence of the childcare
with
her
which
friend.
is
not
In
much
addition,
is still become a seirus studies
Kompasiana reported on chlid abuse
nowadays
research
committed by a caregiver at the
conducted by Belsky 1986 found that
childcare in America toward baby,
babies who spend an average of 20
where she rocked the baby’s body,so
.
Based
on
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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that baby suffered permanent brain
However, Ellen Smith, every
injury. For Barbara Jones, childcare
weekday at 8 am, was dropping
is a bad experience, because she felt
Tanya, her daughter, 1 year old, to
her daughter treated badly in the
childcare centers because she had to
childcare, so she decided to stop
leave Tanya to work , and at 3 pm
working and focus on caring for her
she will be picked up after work.
daughter (Santrock , 2006).
This
Based on interviews conducted by
preschool. Ellen felt good benefits of
the author, a mom feklt sorry to leave
childcare which has helped her to
her child in the daycare, because the
nurture Tanya, because her daugther
child became sick often.
dared and interact with peers and
lasted
until
Tanya
enters
adults she met. (Santrock, 2006).
" I would not leave my child
Therefore, this preliminary study is
again in the childcare, because
talk about the need of parents in the
he
vurnerable”
search for caregivers as long as they
(interview with the mother Z ,
work and the quality of childcare
May 3, 2014).
wich appropirate with the guidelines
became
ill
that has been formulated by the
Based on the findings in the
government .
field, some childcare in Salatiga not
meet the standard criteria set by the
government. Average of 1 caregiver
to handle more than 6 children. So
that
supervision
lacking.
It
has
of
children
is
an
impact
on
parenting and learning undertaken by
caregivers.
For
example,
the
caregiver provides a TV and let the
kids watch TV more than 1 hour in
order to make the child be quiet.
CHILDCARE
Child care is a transformation
in the world of early childhood
education.
Child
care
is
the
supervision of children while their
parents work or are engaged in other
activities. Day care is another term
used to refer to familiar childcare.
Childcare is designed to make the
children
are
able
to
explore
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
themselves and socialize with peers.
put a large group of children in a
Scarr & Eisenberg (1993) stated,
home with adequate facilities. There
childcare has traditionally served
is
three important purposes: substitute
commercially, but some are not set
care for children while thier parents
profit and usually managed by
work; educational opportunities to
church,
promote cognitive and emotional
businesses, or even managed by
deelopment;
mothers who want to have extra
and
interventions
intended to help poor children and
also
offering
community
services
groups,
income.
disadvanteaged.
Because of the diversity of
At first, childcare is the care
parenting childcare, it causes the
center designed for children under 3
different quality and quantity of
years of age, but often parents who
childcare. In quality, most caregivers
leave their children until the age of 6
do
years. But Kagan (in Susilo, 2005)
parenting, and the other have good
states that generally children aged 4
parenting because they have received
months
intensive
to
29
months
can
be
not
have
special
training.
In
skills
terms
in
of
deposited into childcare, because at
quantity, there are several childcare
the age of 2.5 years to 3 years old
that provides services starting at 8
generally has entered the preschool.
am until 5 pm, but some are from 8
However, in Salatiga, the average
am to 3 pm each day. In addition,
children who
the
caregivers do not just care for one
preschool program, they also attend
child, usually the caregivers are
the childcare in the same place.
given the responsibility to care for
Because that agency has preschool
and provide care to 3 or 4 children. If
and childcare program in the same
children are entrusted sizeable and
service.
caregivers bit, it is likely more
have
entered
Patterns of care provided in
responsible caretakers of 4 children .
childcare in children is very diverse.
All depends on the facilities and
According to Santrock (2006), there
programs offered by day care itself.
are several childcare who choose to
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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Based on that statement, it
3. Presidential Regulation no. 24 in
can be concluded that childcare care
2010 about the status, duties and
is a parenting center that offers
functions
facilities and specific programs for
amended by Presidential Decree
children under 6 years, so that
no.67 in 2010.
of
echelon1,
as
children are able to develop their
4. Regulation of the Minister of
potential, explore and socialize with
National Education no.36 in 2010
their peers under the care of a
about
substitute caregiver (non maternal
Administration of the Ministry of
care).
National Education; and no.58 in
2009
GOVERNMENT STANDARD ON
the
on
Organization
Early
and
Childhood
Education Standards.
CHILDCARE ESTABLISHMENT
Purposes
Legal Basis
1. Provide services to children aged
1. The Law no.20 in 2003 about
National
Education
no.23
2002
in
for work or other obstacles.
Child
2. Provide services related to the
Protection; no.4 in 1979 about
fulfillment of children's rights to
Child Welfare; and no.17 in 2007
grow and develop, protection and
about
affection, as well as the right to
National
about
System;
0-6 years who leaved by parents
Long
Term
Development Plan for Years
participate
2004-2025.
environment.
in
a
social
2. Regulation Government no.19 in
2005 about National Education
Principles
Standards; no.17 in 2010 about
Education in Childcare
the Management and Operation
Early childhood education programs
of Education, as amended by
are implemented in a childcare based
Government Regulation no.66 in
on the following principles:
2010.
1. Oriented to the needs of children
and
Philosophy
of
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
2. According
to
the
child's
14. Holistic
that
development.
3. According to the uniqueness of
education
covers
all
stimulation
aspects
of
development.
each individual.
4. Children
learn
through
play
Caregivers
1. High
activities.
5. Children learn from the concrete
school
graduate
or
equivalent
to the abstract thing, from the
2. Understand the basic parenting
simple to complex thing, from
3. Skilled implement parenting
the verbal to the movement thing,
4. Being
and from the self to the social
and
behave
in
the
psychological needs of children
5. Assist the teacher and teacher
one.
assistant as needed
6. Children as active learners.
7. Children learn through social
6. Hygiene and taking care of the
cleanliness of the facilities used
interaction
8. Provide an environment that
child
supports the learning process.
9. Stimulate
the
emergence
of
creativity and innovative.
10. Developing children life skills.
11. Uses a variety of sources and
media to learn which available in
the neighborhood.
12. Children learn appropriate with
the socio-cultural conditions.
13. Involves
the participation of
parents in collaboration with
educators in early childhood
institutions.
Caregivers’ ratio with children
1. Age group of 0 - < 1 year (1
caregiver : 4 children)
2. Age groupof 1 - < 2 years (1
caregiver : 6 children)
3. Age groupof 2 - < 3 years (1
caregiver : 8 children)
4. Age group of 3 - < 4 years (1
caregiver : 10 children)
5. Age group of 4 - < 5 years (1
caregiver : 12 children)
6. Age group of 5 - 6 years ≤ (1
tcaregiver : 15 children)
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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In addition, The National
Relationships with family andstaff
Children
1. Programs should pay attention to
Education (1986) has recommended
and support the needs of families.
a reference quality of childcare to
Parents are welcome remedy to
pay
observe, discuss policies, make a
Association
for
attention
to
the
the
following
suggestion.
matters:
2. Staff should share information
about opportunities for recreation
Caregivers
1. Enjoy and
control
of
and
child
development
learning
in
the
family
environment.
2. Old enough to work in one group
in the care of children's needs
Facilities and programs
3. The caregiver should not be more
1. The health of children, staff and
parents should be protected and
than 4 children
enhanced. Staff should be alert to
4. Caregivers should observe and
the health of every child
record all the progress and
2. Facilities
development of children
must
be
safe
for
must
be
children and adults
Activities and equipment program
3. The
environment
sufficient
1. The environment must facilitate
to
the growth and development of
variety
of
children so that they can play and
equipment .
accommodate a
activities
and
work together.
2. Childcare
provides
safe
and
adequate equipment so it is
DISCUSSION
always ready for use.
Childcare service program is
3. Children should be helped to
improve
language
skills
and
broaden their understanding of
the outside world around it.
the focus of the study which debated
by
education
practitioners,
psychologists and early childhood
teachers who have full concentration
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
Belsky's
on the development of children. For
research
was
example Jay Belsky, she conducted
supported by Vandell & Corasaniti
research on childcare since the 1980s
(in
. Belsky et al studied the impact of
childcare in the first year of life is
chidcare
child
associated to the development of
development and attachment to the
long-term negative. Children who
parent .
started childcare early with 30 hours
program
in
Santrock,
2006).
Extensive
In essence, childcare is a
per week turned out to be found less
program or agency offered to help
obedient to parents and teachers, and
the parents in caring for their
have poor relationships with their
children during their work or being
peers. In the academic value ever
in the bustle that can not care for a
they got a low value and have poor
child for a while. But a few of the
work habits.
researchers found that adverse effects
In 2003, Belsky also doing
caused by the childcare. Belksy (in
research back on childcare and the
Santrock , 2006) stated that she is not
resulting impact on the development
only assured of the quality childcare
of over 1300 children with 10
is bad, but she is also convinced that
different locations in the United
the childcare can produce negative
State. Belsky conducting research in
development for children. In 2009
children aged 6, 15, 24, 36, and 54
Belksy doing research again and
months with the assessment of
concluded
cognitive
that
the
extensive
socioemotional
experience of childcare during the
development until they go to school
first 12 months of life will be much
early. This study is intended to
associated with insecure attachment
answer the debate still exists as to
and
aggression,
whether or not the chilcare and to
disobedience , and the possibility of
decipher the actual condition of the
social withdrawal during the years
childcare is capable of supporting or
preschool
even damage a child's development .
school.
increased
and
early
elementary
Some study found some results, such
as:
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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1. At the age of 15 months children
4. However
,
children
with
showed unsecure attachment due
childcare experience with high
to
quality
their
mothers
because
of
care
that
would
experience > 10 hours per week
indicate a high level also in
in childcare in the first year of
cognitive function - linguistics at
life, or because of the low quality
the age of 1, 3, 4 and 5 years.
of care. When the viscosity
On the other hand, Andersson et al
measured at month 36, the results
(in Santrock, 2006) proved to have a
obtained are the same.
different conclusion. They conduct
2. Interactions between mothers and
research on childcare but did not find
children aged 6-36 months look
any adverse effects of day care.
less harmonious, because the
Determining factor of a child's
children do not care for the
development is not only from day
mother.
care, but also from the parental care,
As noted back in
children aged 54 months, then the
particularly the
impact of disharmony seen until
primary caregiver) as well. Mother
the child is in first grade.
who has responsive attitude to
3. Children will demonstrate an
external
problem
when
they
spend time in childcare since the
first 2 years to 4.5 years. They
showed
indifference
mother (as the
children forming good viscosity,
compared
to
mothers
who
emotionally and less responsive.
Based
on
interviews
and
conducted by the author with the
behavioral problems since the
chairman of the Association of
age of 24 months, 54 months, in
EarlyChildhood Educators said that
kindergarten and first grade. This
the childcare program or institutions
impact is not so obvious, but
that have been developed in Salatiga
when the children are in class 3
already have operating licenses and
(about 8 years) will experience
the establishment of appropriate
social problems and poor study
standards and regulations. But after
habits competent, so they get a
getting the licenses, there are some
low score at school.
institutions that do not implement the
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
Issues and Challenges
criteria
of
It
can
be
deduced
that
childcare
standard
programs.For
example,
childcare is one of the emerging
there are only 2 caregivers with 14
service programs to assist parents in
children. The implementation of
caring for their children during work
learning program just giving toys to
or activity so that the child must
children that they are quiet and do
leave temporarily. Childcare program
not interfere with each other between
must appropriate with the standard
friends.
criteria
parenting
In
addition,
there
are
for
the
establishment
childcare which not meet health
childcare
standards because the environment is
government. It will help parents and
very dirty and not fit for children,
children
although the state-owned childcare.
development.
At first, the childcare can meet the
applicable standards, but when doing
so, they ignore the standards. For
example, when going to get or
extend the operating licenses, they
clean up the place, but once it is back
to being a dirty environment.
Despitethe
establishment
ofchildcarebased
onmanyrequestsfrom
parents,
childcaremuststillhave
theappropriateoperationalstandards.
Remember
that
childcareis
aplaceforchildrento growanddevelop
in accordancewithhis age.
specified
in
by
the
growth
the
and
Placing he children in the
childcare
outside
the
primary
caregiver in the long term will have a
higher risk of child development,
especially
on
the
relationship
between mother and child behavior
problems (in the first year of school),
social
competence
and
learning
habits. However, these impacts are
not only generated by the low-quality
care, but due to family care factors
also affect.
Childcare center should have
applicable
standards
such
as
childcare establishment consisting of
a pediatrician or doctor, a director as
CONCLUSION
the manager, and the ratio of children
– caregiver 3 to 1, with no forgetting
The 2nd Semarang Early Childhood Research & Education Talks
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Early Childhood Education for Future Asia:
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assistant caregiver. Caregivers must
Security. Institute for the Study
be certified, trained to smile, talk to
of
the children, and can give children a
Social
safe and comfortable environment
University of London. U K.
with educational toys that stimulate a
child's development.
Conley,
Families
Issues.
Birkbeck
(2010).
or
and
Childcare:
investment?
International Journal of Social
the government
Welfare 19: 173-181.
and related institution can conduct
surveys on a regular basis in the
A.
welfare
To prevent deviation from the
standard of care,
Children,
Early
Childhood
Education
an
Directorate (2011). Technical
extension of time will be operational
Guidance for Maintenance of
childcare place the child. Also, to
Childcare Center.
short
term,
in
addition
to
provide the lack of caregiver quality
and quantity, the government can
help them by adding the additional
caregiver
who
has
passed
the
selection.
Kompasiana (2014). Kasus shaken
baby syndrome. Available from
http://kesehatan.kompasiana.co
m/medis/2011/03/02/kasusshaken-baby-syndrome344474.html (aceessed on 6
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May 2014)
Belsky, J. (1986). Infant day care: A
cause for concern? Zero to
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Liputan 6 News (2014). Suster di
penitipan
anak
asyik
bercengkerama bocah 2 tahun
Belsky, J. (2003 - 2005). Child Care
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from
and Its Impact on Young
http://health.liputan6.com/read/
Children
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Birkbeck
University of London. U K.
Belsky, J (2009). Early Day Care and
Infant – Mother Attachment
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(accessed on 5 May 2014)
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Rini, J.F. (2002). Perlukah program
Scarr S., & Eisenberg M. (1993).
child day care bagi anak anda?
Child-care
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