THE RESILIENCE OF BEACH-LINE SOCIETY OF KEDONGANAN VILLAGE, BADUNG BALI: THE APPROACH OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS.
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THE RESILIENCE OF BEACH-LINE SOCIETY OF KEDONGANAN
VILLAGE, BADUNG BALI: THE APPROACH OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
M eydianawathi, Luh Gede; Desy Aprilani, Putu
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, beach-line society which is predominantly fisherman and fish seller
is confronted with spectrum of changes. Those changes could vary from
changes in regulation to ecosystem condition come where each of it has various
characters that finally should be responded by resiliency. Resilience refers to
the capacity of a system to absorb disturbances and re-organize while
undergoing change so as to still remain essentially the same function, structure,
identity, and feedbacks (Walker et al on Schouten et al, 2009: 3). Being more
resilient means a beach-line society can better cope with changes without
immediately ending up in negative cycle after a disturbance. This paper further
eradicates on the concept of resilience by exploring the detail of what the
importance of resilience theory within fisherman society in Kedonganan
Village, Badung Bali using two approaches such as Social Capital and
Institutional Factor. Thus, this research will answer two questions Firstly, to
investigate the importance of social capital and institutional factor toward the
daily life of fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. Secondly, explain
the correlation of social capital and institutional factor to resiliency of fishermen
in Kedonganan Village, Badung. One of four functions is statistically significant
and proper to be further analyzed. Combining micro founded structural
approach with empirical models, taking into account the correlation of
covariates: norm, social network, trust, hope, social role, economic role and
culture, in response to internal and external shocks that considered constructing
resiliency of fisherman. Furthermore, the canonical weight and canonical
loading found that 2 variables are above 0.5 including economic role and social
network.
Keywords: Resilience, Social Capital, Social Network, Beach-Line, Kedonganan
INTRODUCTION
Harvey Leibenstein revealed a thesis of the critical minimum effort as an
action to release a developing country from the vicious circle of poverty. Based
on this theory, a greater growth stimulus above a certain minimum threshold is
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needed to stimulate economic from the underdeveloped stage the more
advanced stage (Arsyad, 1998 p.81). Furthermore, Lewis in Arsyad (1995, p.95)
proposed the importance of balance development action between agriculture
and industry, and between local and international sectors to ensure the efficient
linkage and benefit.
Phenomena teach us that the transformation or structure shift in
economy that happened in a certain region is inevitable. To illustrate, a region
faces agriculture restructuring condition when its population decrease, while
other regions might have gained more benefit from their better agriculture
capacity into an agribusiness oriented economy (Schouten Marleen et.al, 2009
p.3). Differences in power to enhance capacity for a region as illustrated before
shows differences in resilience and adaptation ability toward any possibilities of
changes it faces. The ability to adapt any changes either due to the shift of
economic structure or other factors (e.g social system and ecology) called as a
resiliency.
The unpreparedness of people in adopting and adapting changes,
suspected as one cause of the society gap that finally ended up to the existing of
new poverty clusters. This condition occurs frequently in the primary sector
dominant region like in agriculture and coastal areas. Generally, region which
for the most part before produces rise will turn slowly into a service sector
oriented or industrial region. A noticeable change as shown by Kedonganan
Village, Badung region in Bali is one of the best example to explain how a
traditional coastal areas turns into a pre-modern beach-line society.
Kedonganan village has a total area of about 191 hectares with a
population of 11,800 people, of whom approximately 51.7% temporary
migrants (Village Monograph, 2007, in Suadi, 2009 p.268). It is also a popular
coastal area for tourist beside Kuta Beach and Jimbaran Beach. Based on the
data of Kuta District in Number (Center Statistic Bureau, 2011), 18 percent or
734 persons out to 4,043 employed residents of Kedonganan Village are
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working in fisheries sector. This number is certainly showing a decreasing
tendency from time to time since local people are no longer interested to
persistently keep their previous job as an original fisherman but turn into
industry and service sectors around the fishery sector. Interestingly, there are
no sharp economic gap in term of transition phase that faced by Kedonganan
Village beach-line society. This transition was caused by the entry of tourism
industry to the society around year 1990s. Start from that time, the Kedonganan
Village change from a very traditional and natural fishery village into a tourism
village with many tourism infrastructures like hotels, restaurants, money
changer, and travel agencies. The general figures of Kedonganan Village is
described in Table 1 below.
Table 1. General Figures of Kedonganan Village
Items
Total Territory
Customary Village (Desa Adat)
Village section (Banjar)
Popoulation:
a. Local
b. Migrant
Main Employment (local)
a. Public services
b. ABRI (military)
c. Private sector
d. Business and services
e. Farming
f. Fishing
g. Other
Source: Village Monograph, 2007 in Suadi (2009, p.268)
Remarks
190.7 Ha
1 unit
6 hamlets
5,703 people
6,097 people
96 people
27 people
897 people
1,116 people
61 people
200 people
21 people
The preliminary investigation revealed that fishermen in Kedonganan
Village have a specific trait that forms their resiliency. Some of that are social
capital and institutional factor. The goal of this study is first to investigate the
importance of social capital and institutional factor toward the daily life of
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fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. Second, this study will explain
the correlation of social capital and institutional factor with traits that form
resiliency of fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali as one of the
biggest fishery village in Bali. The second purpose will also explain the most
important variable in each social capital and institutional factor that correlate
strongly toward the resiliency of fishermen.
This paper is divided into 6 sections which are introduction, theoretical
framework, research methods, survey results, statistic findings, and conclusion.
The issue of resiliency in correlate with social capital and institutional factors
will be explained most in findings including the importance of considerable
variables that occur specifically in the investigated village.
TEORITICAL FRAM EW ORK
Transition Theory as Community Resilience Framework
According to Wilson (2012, p.1221), transition theory can be seen from a
social science perspective as
“ a theoretical framework that attempts to understand and unravel socioeconomic, political, cultural and environmental complexities of societal
transitions from one state of organization to another. Transition theory
suggests that, at times, coherent phases of societal organization can be
identified…while at other times complex and even chaotic transitional
characteristics may dominate, leading eventually to a new set of ‘structured
coherences’…”
Some studies used transition theory as a theoretical approach to
understand societal change particularly in rural transition and sustainability
transition (Wilson, 2012,p.1221). There are key stages or periods in societal
change that assumed by the transition theory, that any of these stages will
influence and become the starting point for the next transition. In rural
transition, for example, a community will face three phases of transitional
processes: transitional rupture, period of readjustment, and period of recovery
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(Figure 1). Bailey and Wilson (2009) in Wilson (2012, p.1222) mentioned that in
those processes, social memory implies that knowledge, experience and
accumulated wisdom are passed on from generation to generation within a
community, ‘learning pathways’ which, in turn, often streamline transitional
processes characterized by path dependency. Human institution and form of
governance in such pathways can actively influence all the processes.
Strong economic, social and envirenmental capital (resilient community)
Resillience
transational
ruptutre
b
a
period of
readjustment
period of
recovery
Weak economic, social and environment capital (vulnerable communities)
Time
Figure 1. Transitional ruptures, readjustment and recovery in community transation
Source: Wilson (2012, p. 1222)
The characteristic of the transition theory framework for conceiving
resilience is various (Bailey and Wilson, 2009 in Wilson, 2012, p.1222). First, it is
important to focus on the ‘contingencies of transaction’ by understanding the
interaction between local-migrant communities. Second, transition theory
allows both, geographical and time scale, to forecast into the future based on
existing pathways of change. Third, transition theory empower the unraveling
of relations in politics, ideology, culture, and behavior that contribute towards
resilience of local communities through its focus on understanding the
continuation, stability, or disruption of particular transitional processes and
their effects in creating predictable transitional behaviors.
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Other approach that argued by Abel et al (2006, p.3) explained about
how the concept of capital links resilience theory to economic, sociology,
ecology and boarder discussions about sustainability. In this approach
recognizing
key
resilience drivers linked
to
economic, socio-political,
psychological and indeed moral issues (Cutter et al., 2008 in Wilson, 2012,
p.1222). Furthermore, a limited set of capitals may give a linier feel to a process
or property became a problem in equate it to social resilience. The former
researcher, Bourdieu (1987), was arguing about strengthening the concept of
capital because of an over-emphasis on economic capital, and has proposed the
existence of three key capitals: economic capital (material property), social
capital (networks of social connections and mutual obligations) and cultural
capital (prestige). Based on that three capitals, Wilson has designed a concept
on the basis of how well the “ critical triangle” of economic, social and
environmental capital is developed in a given community and how three
capitals interact (Figure 2).
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ECON OM I C
CAPI T AL
SOCI AL
CAPI T AL
Strongly resilient
communities
EN V I RON M EN TAL
CAPI T AL
Weakly resilient
communities
Moderately resilient/vulnerable
communities
Figure 2. Community resilience. Vulnerability, and Economic, Social and Environmenttal
Capital
Source : Wilson (2012, p. 1223)
Theory of Social Capital
Social capital has a very large and complex dimension. It is different with
human capital which much more refers to individual dimension including
ability and expertise property owned by individuals. While social capital is
more about either individual or group potential and the relationship between
groups within a social network, norm, value, and trust between members who
born from the group’s member and become the norm of the group Yuliarmi
(2011).
The urgency of social capital variable is also mentioned by Putnam
(1990) in Fukuyama (1995) that political stability, for the effectiveness of
governmental procedure and also economic enhancement, social capital even
much more pivotal compare to the importance of physical capital or human
capital. Pattern of developing country’s development which seldom neglecting
the role of social capital as described by Mawardi in Yuliarmi (2011, p 3) who
strongly claimed that the people empowerment program in many countries
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including Indonesia is too much rely on the importance of natural capital and
modern economic capital like capital goods produced by human, technology,
and management and often put aside the contribution of social capital such as
local institutional, local wisdom, norms and local habit.
Durlauf and Fafchamps (2005), in Shoji et al., (2012, p.2522), described
social capital as informal forms of institution and organizations that are based
on social relationship, networks, and associations that create share knowledge,
mutual trust, social norms and unwritten rules. Some research even show that a
rural community with more social capital are enjoy more better public services,
adopt advanced agricultural practices, and participated in communal activities,
and that can increase individual income. Some important elements that
proposed by researchers to which develop a social capital are information, trust,
and norm. Social capital also add some subjective elements, cultural processes
such as trust/ expectation, and norm that facilitating social action of the
community.
The Theory of Resilience
Changes in many aspect of surrounding human’s life have been creating
efforts to survive which either conscious or unconsciously affect their previous
way of life. The change, which on this paper is identified as ‘the moment’, can
become a triggering cause of the fundamental structural change of the social
system. From that fundamental structural change, there is a chance that the
existing society will experience changes completely by abandoning the whole
characters they have or maintain some of that while others transform as a part
of survival effort. The ability of adapt and survive the shock hereinafter known
as resilience.
As many research and researchers have found, the
knowledge
of
resilience has been started from the issue of ecology during the late 1960s and
early 1970s as described by Folke (2006) in Wilson ( 2012 p.1218), Schouten et.al
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(2009). Resilience research between the late 1970s and 1990s began to focus on
an extended ecological resilience definition which investigated whether
ecological resilience could be applied to human system under the umbrella of
‘social-ecological resilience’ (Wilson, 2012 p.1220). Hastrup (2009) in Wilson
(2012 p.1220) suggested that the social-ecological framework has been criticized
for relying too heavily on deterministic and positivist natural science-based
behavioral assumptions that may not necessarily be true for the resilience of
human system. Afterwards, the result of the criticisms has been an emergent
third strand of research focused on the resilience of human systems and
communities, referred to as social resilience (Wilson, 2012 p. 1220). Social
resilience is defined as “ the ability of groups or communities to cope with
external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political, and
environmental change” (Adger, 2000 p.347 in Brand and Jax, 2007).
The generally accepted definition of resilience has been ‘‘the capacity of a
system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change to still
retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks.
Resilience is measured by the size of the displacement the system can tolerate
and yet return to a state where a given function can be maintained’’ (Forbes et
al., 2009, p. 22041). As a result, resilience has become a powerful notion that
transcends both the natural and social sciences and that is increasingly used as a
basis for policy-making.
The term Community Resilience (CR) is used
to describe the
community’s ability to deal with crises or disruptions (O.Cohen,et.al, 2012 p.1).
To add, Magis in O.Cohen,et.al (2012, p.1) described resilience as “ the existence,
development, and engagement of community resources by community
members to thrive in an environment characterized by change, uncertainty,
unpredictability, and surprise.
Nowadays, the notion of resilience may be
beginning to replace ‘sustainability’ as the buzzword of political and policymaking rhetoric as, since the early 2000s, the notions of resilience and
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vulnerability have begun to provide an important conceptual framework to
understand how communities respond and adapt to environmental and societal
changes (Adger, 2006).
RESEARCH METHODS
To simplify the analysis of many revealed phenomena using evidences
available, thus this exploratory research will adopt either qualitative approach
or quantitative approach (mixed method). The qualitative approach will be
used to answer question of problems which relate to the structure changes of
society, the identification and exploration of the unwritten factors of social
capital for example the customary law, norm, trust and the impact toward
society’s resilience (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p.4). Furthermore, to obtain an
adequate level of generalization, the quantitative approach used to investigate
the perception of society regarding aspects of social capital and institutional
factor which correlate to the society’s social and economic resilience. Data
collection techniques include small-group discussion, open ended and semistructured interviews, oral histories, and detailed case studies. Case study is
used as a basic consideration to capture the deep figure of individuals, groups,
or organization to test the fitness of theory and or to test whether one theory is
better than others (Page & Meyer, 2000, p.22).
Research took place in Fish Market Kedonganan Village, Badung
Regency Bali with fisherman resilience as the research object. Kedonganan
Fisherman Village was chosen for several reasons such as:
1) Fish Market in Kedonganan Village has the biggest capacity of fish
production in Badung Regency and supply some others fish market
outside the regency. One of them is Fish Market in Kusamba, Klungkung
Regency
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2) Beach-line society of Kedonganan Village shows a various function
characteristic in social life for example beside being a full time fisherman,
some of them also work as a fish retailer in the fish market, fish-grill
service, culinary business (own restaurant) or any other services that
related to tourism.
3) The society shows a significant structural shift in economic activity
shown by the changes in the level of fisherman job vacancy within the
last 2 decades.
The respondent included individuals such as fisherman (either local or
migrant), entrepreneur (local business owner of beach-view restaurant), and
officials from local government, the administrative village (Desa Dinas), the
customary village (Desa Adat or DA), The village credit institution (Lembaga
Perkreditan Desa or LPD), the coastal management board (BPKP2K), fisheries
cooperatives (KUD). The total number of respondents were 84 persons (37 local
fishermen, 33 migrant fisherman, and 2 respondents from each institutions
including entrepreneur), age range between 22 – 65 years old (45 years old in
average).
To analyze the community resilience, some indicators proposed by
Wilson (2012, p.) where community resilience is the conceptual space at the
intersection between economic, social, and environmental capital. Putnam
(1995) in Yuliarmi (2011) mentioned that the social capital refers to traits of
social organization including networks, norm, and trust which facilitate the
coordination and the conduct for a mutual benefit among parties. Meanwhile,
institutional factors, adapted from Yuliarmi’s questionnaire (Yuliarmi, 2011),
are measured by indicators of social role, cultural role, economic role, and
financial role.
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SURVEY RESULTS
Local and M igrant Fishermen in Kedonganan Village
The fishermen respondents divided into two ethnic group: local/
Balinese ethnic (fisher who was born and have permanent residence in
Kedonganan Village), and migrant ethnic (mostly came from: Madura, Lombok
and Banyuwangi). Both of the groups have a clear division of strata in terms of
job distribution over the fisheries. Local fishermen are usually acts as the owner
of boats and other supporting necessary infrastructure of fisheries; meanwhile,
migrant fishermen are 'laborers', working under the instructions of local
fishermen.
It is interesting to know that the local fishermen can divided into two
categories based on their main activities in fishery. First category are those who
still making fishing as their main occupation. There are no certain data about
how many local fisher still active fishing to the sea this last year. Gede Sudiarta
(44 years old), Vice Head of “ Kertha Bali” fishermen group, mentioned that
there are a certain decrease of local fishermen amount in go fishing by
themselves, to around 65 fishermen (about 5% from total 130 of local
fishermen). Local fishermen in first category also employ some migrant fisher.
Second category are those who no longer fishing on the sea. As the owner of the
boat, they fully depend on their worker to gain some benefit from the fishery.
Local fishermen from this category usually have other activities (etc: running
other business, or at other formal office), and put a fisher as their additional job.
Local fishermen in Kedonganan Village are members of two major
groups of fishermen in Kedonganan, namely Kertha Bali Group and Putra Bali
Group. Each group consists of 60 members. They separate in to three small
groups based on their responsibility in fishing (catch fish), fish collector, and
fish retail trader at the fish market in Kedonganan Village.
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Economic Transition in Kedonganan Village
The most noticeable transition in economic structure of Kedonganan
Village is appears on the main occupation of the people. It is changing from
mostly in primary sector (fishermen) to tertiary sector (trade and services). The
rapid expansion of tourism since 1990s also brought changes to job
opportunities in to tourism-related activities, including hotels, transportation,
and beach-view seafood restaurants. Those who were not working at the
tourism, has also transform from a fisherman in to a fish trader and fish
collector at the market in Kedonganan Village.
Respondent I Ketut Madra (50 years old), Head of Microfinance
Institution (LPD) Kedonganan, states that the changing of the economic
structure in Kedonganan Village started around 1980s, by the shifting of the
traditional fishing system to semi-modern fishing system, particularly in using
trawl boats (motorized boats). On that time, a famous state owned commercial
bank in corporate with Kedonganan fisheries cooperatives (KUD Kedonganan),
give non-collateral loans to the local fisher in order to help them having a
motorized boat. Those loans not only earned by personal fisher but fisher group
as well. In this process, KUD Kedonganan tried to develop their business, then
gives chance to migrant fisher (from Banyuwangi) to catch and trade fish in
Kedonganan Village area.
The situation continued until there was a conflict appears between local
and migrant fishermen. Moreover another problem arises when the KUD
Kedonganan, failed to control the circulation of fish quantity which coming
from the sea. The over-production of the fish made some environment problem
at the sea shore of Kedonganan Village, such as: air and land pollution. Other
social problems like prostitution became a serious problem for the society.
Wilson (2012, p.1222) expressed this condition as common condition (namely:
community transition) which is usually happen in the early stage of resilient
pathways. In this phase community would experience the social fluctuation
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which can happen because of the imbalance of the economic and environment
changes adopted between two or more ethnic groups.
Next stage to go to reliance communities is what Wilson (2012, p.1222)
mentioned as a “ period of readjustment” . In this phase, small groups of local
fishermen become more recessive because felt less competitive than migrant
fisher. Until they start thinking about how to stay alive in the land, being a
trader, a driver, and also build a shop, café and beach-view seafood restaurants.
At that time there were many restaurants occupying the coastal areas, as the
effect of tourism expansion.
Based on the Regional Act No. 29/ 1995, restaurants at Kedonganan
actually located at coastal border areas, it against the rules on Land Use of
public areas. In line with the magnitude of tourism industry development in
Kedonganan 1990s, the number of restaurant continues to increase up to more
than 50 buildings restaurant (BPKP2K in Suadi, 2009). The increasing number of
restaurant crowded into the limited space of the coastline, and marginalized
sacred space used for religious ceremonies.
Moreover, the data also showed that the ownership of the restaurants is
dominated by non-local community (only less than 20% of the restaurant
owned / managed by the local community). Setting efforts then conducted by
involving village authorities (customary village and administrative village). At
this phase the resistance condition of fishermen community in Kedonganan
entering a new stage, known as “ the period of recovery” .
The Involvement of Local Institution to form the Resiliency Traits
In 2006 three village institutions, customary village (Desa Adat),
administrative
village
(Desa
Dinas),
and
village
council
(Lembaga
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat), were initiated to rearrange the utilization of
coastal resources in Kedonganan Village. One km in length of coastal area was
arranged for the development of traditional markets, small-scale fisheries, new
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restaurant, and other socio-cultural purposes. The construction and reallocation
of new restaurants became the main focus of the community. The village
meeting was decided built 24 units restaurant, and equally distributed to six
hamlet (banjar). People in each hamlet became the shareholders of one
restaurant, and can elected managers to run the business and decide on the
sharing system within their own group.
Besides that three common institutions, financial institutions also have
important role in develop the resillience of the community in Kedonganan.
Local fishermen have easier access than migrant fishermen in geting loan from
Village Financial Institution (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa/ LPD), and Fisheries
Cooperative (Koperasi Unit Desa/ KUD). It is because of the rule of LPD that
only local people “ member of customary village” can get services facilities
access from LPD. Meanwhile, migrant fishermen mostly are non-permanent
resident, so the KUD or BPR should be more selective in giving loan to migrant
fishermen in order to decresing the risk. According to Basley &Coate (1995);
Karlan (2007); Karlan, Mobious, Rosenblat, & Szeidl (2009) in Shoji et al. (2012,
p.2523), households with poor access to a formal credit market may constantly
invest in social capital to secure access to informal credit sources, because social
capital improves credit market accessibility through social environmental social
collateral mechanisms.
There are also an unique networking between the local and migrant
fishermen related to the financial problem of migrant fishermen. When the
migrant fishermen need more money to fulfil their needs, they will borrow it
from their leader (fishing boat owner from local fishermen). The migrant
fishermen who came from the same place (usually has the same ethnic),
sometimes makes a small group or, their group, usually come from the same
ethnic, will lend them some money. Indeed, many studies have shown the
importance of social networks in making available informal credit and other
types of mutual insurance. (Carter & Castillo, 2005; Fafchamps & Gubert, 2007;
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Fafchamps & Lund, 2003; Ligon, Thomas & Worrall, 2002; Murgai, Winters,
Sadoulet, & de Janvry, 2003, in Shoji et al., 2012 p.2523).
ECONOMETRIC APPROACH AND RESULTS
To answer the second question of this research, the canonical correlation
multivariate analysis found the result as explained below,
Firstly, test for function fitness simultaneously using 4(four) different methods
found that all functions are significant statistically which shown by the
significant level below 0.05. The result also can be interpreted as all functions
can be further processed. Details are explained in Table 2.
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Table 2. Analysis of Variance
* * * * * * A n a l y s i s
* * * *
o f
V a r i a n c e -- design
1 * *
EFFECT .. WITHIN CELLS Regression
Multivariate Tests of Significance (S = 4, M = 1 1/2, N = 28 )
Test Name
Value
Approx. F Hypoth. DF
Error DF
Sig. of F
Pillais
.67469
1.54709
32.00
244.00
Hotellings
.84778
1.49686
32.00
226.00
Wilks
.47060
1.52710
32.00
215.49
Roys
.27059
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eigenvalues and Canonical Correlations
Root No.
Cor
Eigenvalue
Pct.
Cum. Pct.
Canon Cor.
1
.371
43.758
43.758
.520
2
.247
29.108
72.866
.445
3
.125
14.707
87.573
.333
4
.105
12.427
100.000
.309
.036
.049
.042
- - -
Sq.
.271
.198
.111
.095
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dimension Reduction Analysis
Roots
1
2
3
4
TO
TO
TO
TO
4
4
4
4
Wilks L.
.47060
.64518
.80439
.90469
F Hypoth. DF
1.52710
1.33445
1.14977
1.28534
32.00
21.00
12.00
5.00
Error DF
Sig. of F
215.49
169.97
120.00
61.00
.042
.159
.327
.282
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Table 2 describes the number of functions that produced from the
calculation. Root number explained the total functions from the correlation
which is 4 functions. As shown by Table 1 that all 4 functions showing different
value of canonical correlation, 0.520 for function 1 (Sig of F: 0.042 < 0.05) ; 0.445
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for function 2 (Sig of F: 0.159 > 0.05); 0.333 for function 3 (Sig of F: 0.327 > 0.05) ;
and 0.309 for function 4 (Sig of F: 0.282 > 0.05). It means that only Function 1 is
eligible to be further processed. Therefore, even though all functions are
simultaneously significant, yet partial assessment shows that only 1 function
(Function no. 1) that can be further processed.
Secondly, to analyze the contribution of independent variables within
independent canonical variate and
dependent variables within dependent
canonical variate, 2 different methods below describe the result clearly.
Method 1. Canonical Weights
Table 3. Canonical weights for Dependent Variables
Standardized canonical coefficients for DEPENDENT variables
Function No.
Variable
WH
Inc
Osc
Cap
1
2
3
4
-.245
-.808
.558
.002
.310
.029
-.007
-.941
-.462
-.482
-.762
-.088
-.807
.382
.342
-.353
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Description: WH (Working hour); Inc (Income); Osc (Outsource Migrant
Fisherman);Cap (Capital)
Using the value of canonical weights, take a look at only function 1 that
there are only 2 variables that shows value above 0.5 which are income (inc)
and number of outsource migrant fisherman hired. Income refers to the
monthly income earned by fisherman from fishery activity only. Outsource
refers to the number of migrant fisherman hired by the local fisherman for each
boat. While for the independent variables within the independent canonical
variate, there are 2 variables with higher canonical weight than 0.5 which are
Economic role (0.725) and Social Network (0.544). Economic role as a variate of
institutional factors refers to the role of community institution that exists in
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Kedonganan Village including the customary village, the administrative village,
and the financial institution (LPD/ Fishery Cooperative/ BPR). Social network
as a variate of social capital refers to the network that exists between fishermen
and other fisherman, services users, buyer, and institutions.
Table 4. Canonical weights for Independent Variables
Standardized canonical coefficients for COVARIATES
CAN. VAR.
COVARIATE
EcRole
SocRole
Cult
FinRole
SocNet
Hope
Norm
Trust
1
2
3
4
-.725
.051
.304
-.072
.544
-.162
.356
-.243
.345
.060
-.283
.695
.560
.081
.211
.564
.014
.306
.836
.110
-.081
.545
.531
.508
-.234
-.579
-.624
-.107
.343
.731
.094
-.148
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Description: EcRole(Economic Role); SocRole(Social Role); Cult(Culture);
FinRole(Financial Role); SocNet(Social Network)
Method 2. Canonical Loadings
Table 5. Canonical loadings for Dependent Variables
Correlations between DEPENDENT and canonical variables
Function No.
Variable
WH
Inc
Osc
Cap
1
2
3
4
-.106
-.804
.581
-.064
.348
-.124
-.023
-.952
-.448
-.397
-.772
-.154
-.817
.424
.257
-.258
Source: Primary Data, 2012
21
Table 5 illustrates that within dependent canonical variates there are 2 variables
with canonical loadings higher than 0.5 which are income (0.804) and outsource
(0.581). This result is parallel with the previous method.
Table 6.Canonical loadings for Independent Variables
Correlations between COVARIATES and canonical variables
CAN. VAR.
Covariate
EcRole
SocRole
Cult
FinRole
SocNet
Hope
Norm
Trust
1
2
3
4
-.585
-.177
.267
-.163
.641
-.444
.236
.051
.094
-.071
-.141
.631
.470
-.178
-.044
.449
-.012
-.120
.557
.296
-.331
.539
.363
.050
-.364
-.338
-.503
-.261
-.076
.572
.224
.238
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Based on the Table 6 , there are 2 variables with canonical loadings higher than
0.5 which are Economic Role (0.585) and Social Network (0.641). Again this
method describes the same result with the previous one.
The interpretation:
Using the result of canonical weights and canonical loadings, we can conclude
that;
1. There is a significant simultaneously correlation between fisherman
resilience with variable of social capital and institutional factors from the
beach-line society in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali.
2. From 8 variables that form independent variable, there are only 2
variables that have a strong correlation with the society resiliency which
are Economic Role and Social Network.
3. The negative sign of the Economic Role means that there is a negative
correlation between the institutional factors and the fisherman resilience.
22
The higher economic role of the customary village, the administrative
village, and the financial institutions, the lower income and number
outsource fisherman hired by the local fisherman. This is possible
because of the fisherman in Kedonganan Village, mostly have
complimentary job that earn more stable income in terms of value and
time. Besides, period of fishing is vulnerable to climate and fishing
seasons.
In fact, financial intermediaries are tend to give an equal
treatment to all client they have in terms of credit loan interest (Madra,
50
years old, The Head of Village Credit Institution, Kedonganan
Village)
4. The positive sign of the social network means that there is a positive
correlation between the social network and the fisherman resilience. The
tighter social network they have, the higher resilience of fisherman in
Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. This is explained as when social
network between fishermen, fishermen and buyers, fishermen and the
institution are strong, fishermen will have a broader access to improve
their resiliency trait that on this paper is described with income and
number of outsource fishermen hired.
CONCLUSION
We have tried in this paper to shed some light on the nature of fishermen
resilience in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali by using 2 approaches which are
the social capital and the institutional factor. The economic transition in
Kedonganan village has reached the 3rd phase of Wilson’s transitional raptures,
readjustment, and recovery in community transition phase. Reaching this
position means that the society has already able to articulate well the function
of social capital and institutional factor that exist and naturally become the
character of the Kedonganan society that support the resilience trait. To be more
specific in social capital, social network is the most pivotal trait to strengthen its
23
resilience. Meanwhile, the economic role of any institutions on the village
considered as the main factor that support the economic resilience of
Kedonganan society.
24
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26
2
THE RESILIENCE OF BEACH-LINE SOCIETY OF KEDONGANAN
VILLAGE, BADUNG BALI: THE APPROACH OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
M eydianawathi, Luh Gede; Desy Aprilani, Putu
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, beach-line society which is predominantly fisherman and fish seller
is confronted with spectrum of changes. Those changes could vary from
changes in regulation to ecosystem condition come where each of it has various
characters that finally should be responded by resiliency. Resilience refers to
the capacity of a system to absorb disturbances and re-organize while
undergoing change so as to still remain essentially the same function, structure,
identity, and feedbacks (Walker et al on Schouten et al, 2009: 3). Being more
resilient means a beach-line society can better cope with changes without
immediately ending up in negative cycle after a disturbance. This paper further
eradicates on the concept of resilience by exploring the detail of what the
importance of resilience theory within fisherman society in Kedonganan
Village, Badung Bali using two approaches such as Social Capital and
Institutional Factor. Thus, this research will answer two questions Firstly, to
investigate the importance of social capital and institutional factor toward the
daily life of fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. Secondly, explain
the correlation of social capital and institutional factor to resiliency of fishermen
in Kedonganan Village, Badung. One of four functions is statistically significant
and proper to be further analyzed. Combining micro founded structural
approach with empirical models, taking into account the correlation of
covariates: norm, social network, trust, hope, social role, economic role and
culture, in response to internal and external shocks that considered constructing
resiliency of fisherman. Furthermore, the canonical weight and canonical
loading found that 2 variables are above 0.5 including economic role and social
network.
Keywords: Resilience, Social Capital, Social Network, Beach-Line, Kedonganan
INTRODUCTION
Harvey Leibenstein revealed a thesis of the critical minimum effort as an
action to release a developing country from the vicious circle of poverty. Based
on this theory, a greater growth stimulus above a certain minimum threshold is
3
needed to stimulate economic from the underdeveloped stage the more
advanced stage (Arsyad, 1998 p.81). Furthermore, Lewis in Arsyad (1995, p.95)
proposed the importance of balance development action between agriculture
and industry, and between local and international sectors to ensure the efficient
linkage and benefit.
Phenomena teach us that the transformation or structure shift in
economy that happened in a certain region is inevitable. To illustrate, a region
faces agriculture restructuring condition when its population decrease, while
other regions might have gained more benefit from their better agriculture
capacity into an agribusiness oriented economy (Schouten Marleen et.al, 2009
p.3). Differences in power to enhance capacity for a region as illustrated before
shows differences in resilience and adaptation ability toward any possibilities of
changes it faces. The ability to adapt any changes either due to the shift of
economic structure or other factors (e.g social system and ecology) called as a
resiliency.
The unpreparedness of people in adopting and adapting changes,
suspected as one cause of the society gap that finally ended up to the existing of
new poverty clusters. This condition occurs frequently in the primary sector
dominant region like in agriculture and coastal areas. Generally, region which
for the most part before produces rise will turn slowly into a service sector
oriented or industrial region. A noticeable change as shown by Kedonganan
Village, Badung region in Bali is one of the best example to explain how a
traditional coastal areas turns into a pre-modern beach-line society.
Kedonganan village has a total area of about 191 hectares with a
population of 11,800 people, of whom approximately 51.7% temporary
migrants (Village Monograph, 2007, in Suadi, 2009 p.268). It is also a popular
coastal area for tourist beside Kuta Beach and Jimbaran Beach. Based on the
data of Kuta District in Number (Center Statistic Bureau, 2011), 18 percent or
734 persons out to 4,043 employed residents of Kedonganan Village are
4
working in fisheries sector. This number is certainly showing a decreasing
tendency from time to time since local people are no longer interested to
persistently keep their previous job as an original fisherman but turn into
industry and service sectors around the fishery sector. Interestingly, there are
no sharp economic gap in term of transition phase that faced by Kedonganan
Village beach-line society. This transition was caused by the entry of tourism
industry to the society around year 1990s. Start from that time, the Kedonganan
Village change from a very traditional and natural fishery village into a tourism
village with many tourism infrastructures like hotels, restaurants, money
changer, and travel agencies. The general figures of Kedonganan Village is
described in Table 1 below.
Table 1. General Figures of Kedonganan Village
Items
Total Territory
Customary Village (Desa Adat)
Village section (Banjar)
Popoulation:
a. Local
b. Migrant
Main Employment (local)
a. Public services
b. ABRI (military)
c. Private sector
d. Business and services
e. Farming
f. Fishing
g. Other
Source: Village Monograph, 2007 in Suadi (2009, p.268)
Remarks
190.7 Ha
1 unit
6 hamlets
5,703 people
6,097 people
96 people
27 people
897 people
1,116 people
61 people
200 people
21 people
The preliminary investigation revealed that fishermen in Kedonganan
Village have a specific trait that forms their resiliency. Some of that are social
capital and institutional factor. The goal of this study is first to investigate the
importance of social capital and institutional factor toward the daily life of
5
fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. Second, this study will explain
the correlation of social capital and institutional factor with traits that form
resiliency of fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali as one of the
biggest fishery village in Bali. The second purpose will also explain the most
important variable in each social capital and institutional factor that correlate
strongly toward the resiliency of fishermen.
This paper is divided into 6 sections which are introduction, theoretical
framework, research methods, survey results, statistic findings, and conclusion.
The issue of resiliency in correlate with social capital and institutional factors
will be explained most in findings including the importance of considerable
variables that occur specifically in the investigated village.
TEORITICAL FRAM EW ORK
Transition Theory as Community Resilience Framework
According to Wilson (2012, p.1221), transition theory can be seen from a
social science perspective as
“ a theoretical framework that attempts to understand and unravel socioeconomic, political, cultural and environmental complexities of societal
transitions from one state of organization to another. Transition theory
suggests that, at times, coherent phases of societal organization can be
identified…while at other times complex and even chaotic transitional
characteristics may dominate, leading eventually to a new set of ‘structured
coherences’…”
Some studies used transition theory as a theoretical approach to
understand societal change particularly in rural transition and sustainability
transition (Wilson, 2012,p.1221). There are key stages or periods in societal
change that assumed by the transition theory, that any of these stages will
influence and become the starting point for the next transition. In rural
transition, for example, a community will face three phases of transitional
processes: transitional rupture, period of readjustment, and period of recovery
6
(Figure 1). Bailey and Wilson (2009) in Wilson (2012, p.1222) mentioned that in
those processes, social memory implies that knowledge, experience and
accumulated wisdom are passed on from generation to generation within a
community, ‘learning pathways’ which, in turn, often streamline transitional
processes characterized by path dependency. Human institution and form of
governance in such pathways can actively influence all the processes.
Strong economic, social and envirenmental capital (resilient community)
Resillience
transational
ruptutre
b
a
period of
readjustment
period of
recovery
Weak economic, social and environment capital (vulnerable communities)
Time
Figure 1. Transitional ruptures, readjustment and recovery in community transation
Source: Wilson (2012, p. 1222)
The characteristic of the transition theory framework for conceiving
resilience is various (Bailey and Wilson, 2009 in Wilson, 2012, p.1222). First, it is
important to focus on the ‘contingencies of transaction’ by understanding the
interaction between local-migrant communities. Second, transition theory
allows both, geographical and time scale, to forecast into the future based on
existing pathways of change. Third, transition theory empower the unraveling
of relations in politics, ideology, culture, and behavior that contribute towards
resilience of local communities through its focus on understanding the
continuation, stability, or disruption of particular transitional processes and
their effects in creating predictable transitional behaviors.
7
Other approach that argued by Abel et al (2006, p.3) explained about
how the concept of capital links resilience theory to economic, sociology,
ecology and boarder discussions about sustainability. In this approach
recognizing
key
resilience drivers linked
to
economic, socio-political,
psychological and indeed moral issues (Cutter et al., 2008 in Wilson, 2012,
p.1222). Furthermore, a limited set of capitals may give a linier feel to a process
or property became a problem in equate it to social resilience. The former
researcher, Bourdieu (1987), was arguing about strengthening the concept of
capital because of an over-emphasis on economic capital, and has proposed the
existence of three key capitals: economic capital (material property), social
capital (networks of social connections and mutual obligations) and cultural
capital (prestige). Based on that three capitals, Wilson has designed a concept
on the basis of how well the “ critical triangle” of economic, social and
environmental capital is developed in a given community and how three
capitals interact (Figure 2).
8
ECON OM I C
CAPI T AL
SOCI AL
CAPI T AL
Strongly resilient
communities
EN V I RON M EN TAL
CAPI T AL
Weakly resilient
communities
Moderately resilient/vulnerable
communities
Figure 2. Community resilience. Vulnerability, and Economic, Social and Environmenttal
Capital
Source : Wilson (2012, p. 1223)
Theory of Social Capital
Social capital has a very large and complex dimension. It is different with
human capital which much more refers to individual dimension including
ability and expertise property owned by individuals. While social capital is
more about either individual or group potential and the relationship between
groups within a social network, norm, value, and trust between members who
born from the group’s member and become the norm of the group Yuliarmi
(2011).
The urgency of social capital variable is also mentioned by Putnam
(1990) in Fukuyama (1995) that political stability, for the effectiveness of
governmental procedure and also economic enhancement, social capital even
much more pivotal compare to the importance of physical capital or human
capital. Pattern of developing country’s development which seldom neglecting
the role of social capital as described by Mawardi in Yuliarmi (2011, p 3) who
strongly claimed that the people empowerment program in many countries
9
including Indonesia is too much rely on the importance of natural capital and
modern economic capital like capital goods produced by human, technology,
and management and often put aside the contribution of social capital such as
local institutional, local wisdom, norms and local habit.
Durlauf and Fafchamps (2005), in Shoji et al., (2012, p.2522), described
social capital as informal forms of institution and organizations that are based
on social relationship, networks, and associations that create share knowledge,
mutual trust, social norms and unwritten rules. Some research even show that a
rural community with more social capital are enjoy more better public services,
adopt advanced agricultural practices, and participated in communal activities,
and that can increase individual income. Some important elements that
proposed by researchers to which develop a social capital are information, trust,
and norm. Social capital also add some subjective elements, cultural processes
such as trust/ expectation, and norm that facilitating social action of the
community.
The Theory of Resilience
Changes in many aspect of surrounding human’s life have been creating
efforts to survive which either conscious or unconsciously affect their previous
way of life. The change, which on this paper is identified as ‘the moment’, can
become a triggering cause of the fundamental structural change of the social
system. From that fundamental structural change, there is a chance that the
existing society will experience changes completely by abandoning the whole
characters they have or maintain some of that while others transform as a part
of survival effort. The ability of adapt and survive the shock hereinafter known
as resilience.
As many research and researchers have found, the
knowledge
of
resilience has been started from the issue of ecology during the late 1960s and
early 1970s as described by Folke (2006) in Wilson ( 2012 p.1218), Schouten et.al
10
(2009). Resilience research between the late 1970s and 1990s began to focus on
an extended ecological resilience definition which investigated whether
ecological resilience could be applied to human system under the umbrella of
‘social-ecological resilience’ (Wilson, 2012 p.1220). Hastrup (2009) in Wilson
(2012 p.1220) suggested that the social-ecological framework has been criticized
for relying too heavily on deterministic and positivist natural science-based
behavioral assumptions that may not necessarily be true for the resilience of
human system. Afterwards, the result of the criticisms has been an emergent
third strand of research focused on the resilience of human systems and
communities, referred to as social resilience (Wilson, 2012 p. 1220). Social
resilience is defined as “ the ability of groups or communities to cope with
external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political, and
environmental change” (Adger, 2000 p.347 in Brand and Jax, 2007).
The generally accepted definition of resilience has been ‘‘the capacity of a
system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change to still
retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks.
Resilience is measured by the size of the displacement the system can tolerate
and yet return to a state where a given function can be maintained’’ (Forbes et
al., 2009, p. 22041). As a result, resilience has become a powerful notion that
transcends both the natural and social sciences and that is increasingly used as a
basis for policy-making.
The term Community Resilience (CR) is used
to describe the
community’s ability to deal with crises or disruptions (O.Cohen,et.al, 2012 p.1).
To add, Magis in O.Cohen,et.al (2012, p.1) described resilience as “ the existence,
development, and engagement of community resources by community
members to thrive in an environment characterized by change, uncertainty,
unpredictability, and surprise.
Nowadays, the notion of resilience may be
beginning to replace ‘sustainability’ as the buzzword of political and policymaking rhetoric as, since the early 2000s, the notions of resilience and
11
vulnerability have begun to provide an important conceptual framework to
understand how communities respond and adapt to environmental and societal
changes (Adger, 2006).
RESEARCH METHODS
To simplify the analysis of many revealed phenomena using evidences
available, thus this exploratory research will adopt either qualitative approach
or quantitative approach (mixed method). The qualitative approach will be
used to answer question of problems which relate to the structure changes of
society, the identification and exploration of the unwritten factors of social
capital for example the customary law, norm, trust and the impact toward
society’s resilience (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p.4). Furthermore, to obtain an
adequate level of generalization, the quantitative approach used to investigate
the perception of society regarding aspects of social capital and institutional
factor which correlate to the society’s social and economic resilience. Data
collection techniques include small-group discussion, open ended and semistructured interviews, oral histories, and detailed case studies. Case study is
used as a basic consideration to capture the deep figure of individuals, groups,
or organization to test the fitness of theory and or to test whether one theory is
better than others (Page & Meyer, 2000, p.22).
Research took place in Fish Market Kedonganan Village, Badung
Regency Bali with fisherman resilience as the research object. Kedonganan
Fisherman Village was chosen for several reasons such as:
1) Fish Market in Kedonganan Village has the biggest capacity of fish
production in Badung Regency and supply some others fish market
outside the regency. One of them is Fish Market in Kusamba, Klungkung
Regency
12
2) Beach-line society of Kedonganan Village shows a various function
characteristic in social life for example beside being a full time fisherman,
some of them also work as a fish retailer in the fish market, fish-grill
service, culinary business (own restaurant) or any other services that
related to tourism.
3) The society shows a significant structural shift in economic activity
shown by the changes in the level of fisherman job vacancy within the
last 2 decades.
The respondent included individuals such as fisherman (either local or
migrant), entrepreneur (local business owner of beach-view restaurant), and
officials from local government, the administrative village (Desa Dinas), the
customary village (Desa Adat or DA), The village credit institution (Lembaga
Perkreditan Desa or LPD), the coastal management board (BPKP2K), fisheries
cooperatives (KUD). The total number of respondents were 84 persons (37 local
fishermen, 33 migrant fisherman, and 2 respondents from each institutions
including entrepreneur), age range between 22 – 65 years old (45 years old in
average).
To analyze the community resilience, some indicators proposed by
Wilson (2012, p.) where community resilience is the conceptual space at the
intersection between economic, social, and environmental capital. Putnam
(1995) in Yuliarmi (2011) mentioned that the social capital refers to traits of
social organization including networks, norm, and trust which facilitate the
coordination and the conduct for a mutual benefit among parties. Meanwhile,
institutional factors, adapted from Yuliarmi’s questionnaire (Yuliarmi, 2011),
are measured by indicators of social role, cultural role, economic role, and
financial role.
13
SURVEY RESULTS
Local and M igrant Fishermen in Kedonganan Village
The fishermen respondents divided into two ethnic group: local/
Balinese ethnic (fisher who was born and have permanent residence in
Kedonganan Village), and migrant ethnic (mostly came from: Madura, Lombok
and Banyuwangi). Both of the groups have a clear division of strata in terms of
job distribution over the fisheries. Local fishermen are usually acts as the owner
of boats and other supporting necessary infrastructure of fisheries; meanwhile,
migrant fishermen are 'laborers', working under the instructions of local
fishermen.
It is interesting to know that the local fishermen can divided into two
categories based on their main activities in fishery. First category are those who
still making fishing as their main occupation. There are no certain data about
how many local fisher still active fishing to the sea this last year. Gede Sudiarta
(44 years old), Vice Head of “ Kertha Bali” fishermen group, mentioned that
there are a certain decrease of local fishermen amount in go fishing by
themselves, to around 65 fishermen (about 5% from total 130 of local
fishermen). Local fishermen in first category also employ some migrant fisher.
Second category are those who no longer fishing on the sea. As the owner of the
boat, they fully depend on their worker to gain some benefit from the fishery.
Local fishermen from this category usually have other activities (etc: running
other business, or at other formal office), and put a fisher as their additional job.
Local fishermen in Kedonganan Village are members of two major
groups of fishermen in Kedonganan, namely Kertha Bali Group and Putra Bali
Group. Each group consists of 60 members. They separate in to three small
groups based on their responsibility in fishing (catch fish), fish collector, and
fish retail trader at the fish market in Kedonganan Village.
14
Economic Transition in Kedonganan Village
The most noticeable transition in economic structure of Kedonganan
Village is appears on the main occupation of the people. It is changing from
mostly in primary sector (fishermen) to tertiary sector (trade and services). The
rapid expansion of tourism since 1990s also brought changes to job
opportunities in to tourism-related activities, including hotels, transportation,
and beach-view seafood restaurants. Those who were not working at the
tourism, has also transform from a fisherman in to a fish trader and fish
collector at the market in Kedonganan Village.
Respondent I Ketut Madra (50 years old), Head of Microfinance
Institution (LPD) Kedonganan, states that the changing of the economic
structure in Kedonganan Village started around 1980s, by the shifting of the
traditional fishing system to semi-modern fishing system, particularly in using
trawl boats (motorized boats). On that time, a famous state owned commercial
bank in corporate with Kedonganan fisheries cooperatives (KUD Kedonganan),
give non-collateral loans to the local fisher in order to help them having a
motorized boat. Those loans not only earned by personal fisher but fisher group
as well. In this process, KUD Kedonganan tried to develop their business, then
gives chance to migrant fisher (from Banyuwangi) to catch and trade fish in
Kedonganan Village area.
The situation continued until there was a conflict appears between local
and migrant fishermen. Moreover another problem arises when the KUD
Kedonganan, failed to control the circulation of fish quantity which coming
from the sea. The over-production of the fish made some environment problem
at the sea shore of Kedonganan Village, such as: air and land pollution. Other
social problems like prostitution became a serious problem for the society.
Wilson (2012, p.1222) expressed this condition as common condition (namely:
community transition) which is usually happen in the early stage of resilient
pathways. In this phase community would experience the social fluctuation
15
which can happen because of the imbalance of the economic and environment
changes adopted between two or more ethnic groups.
Next stage to go to reliance communities is what Wilson (2012, p.1222)
mentioned as a “ period of readjustment” . In this phase, small groups of local
fishermen become more recessive because felt less competitive than migrant
fisher. Until they start thinking about how to stay alive in the land, being a
trader, a driver, and also build a shop, café and beach-view seafood restaurants.
At that time there were many restaurants occupying the coastal areas, as the
effect of tourism expansion.
Based on the Regional Act No. 29/ 1995, restaurants at Kedonganan
actually located at coastal border areas, it against the rules on Land Use of
public areas. In line with the magnitude of tourism industry development in
Kedonganan 1990s, the number of restaurant continues to increase up to more
than 50 buildings restaurant (BPKP2K in Suadi, 2009). The increasing number of
restaurant crowded into the limited space of the coastline, and marginalized
sacred space used for religious ceremonies.
Moreover, the data also showed that the ownership of the restaurants is
dominated by non-local community (only less than 20% of the restaurant
owned / managed by the local community). Setting efforts then conducted by
involving village authorities (customary village and administrative village). At
this phase the resistance condition of fishermen community in Kedonganan
entering a new stage, known as “ the period of recovery” .
The Involvement of Local Institution to form the Resiliency Traits
In 2006 three village institutions, customary village (Desa Adat),
administrative
village
(Desa
Dinas),
and
village
council
(Lembaga
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat), were initiated to rearrange the utilization of
coastal resources in Kedonganan Village. One km in length of coastal area was
arranged for the development of traditional markets, small-scale fisheries, new
16
restaurant, and other socio-cultural purposes. The construction and reallocation
of new restaurants became the main focus of the community. The village
meeting was decided built 24 units restaurant, and equally distributed to six
hamlet (banjar). People in each hamlet became the shareholders of one
restaurant, and can elected managers to run the business and decide on the
sharing system within their own group.
Besides that three common institutions, financial institutions also have
important role in develop the resillience of the community in Kedonganan.
Local fishermen have easier access than migrant fishermen in geting loan from
Village Financial Institution (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa/ LPD), and Fisheries
Cooperative (Koperasi Unit Desa/ KUD). It is because of the rule of LPD that
only local people “ member of customary village” can get services facilities
access from LPD. Meanwhile, migrant fishermen mostly are non-permanent
resident, so the KUD or BPR should be more selective in giving loan to migrant
fishermen in order to decresing the risk. According to Basley &Coate (1995);
Karlan (2007); Karlan, Mobious, Rosenblat, & Szeidl (2009) in Shoji et al. (2012,
p.2523), households with poor access to a formal credit market may constantly
invest in social capital to secure access to informal credit sources, because social
capital improves credit market accessibility through social environmental social
collateral mechanisms.
There are also an unique networking between the local and migrant
fishermen related to the financial problem of migrant fishermen. When the
migrant fishermen need more money to fulfil their needs, they will borrow it
from their leader (fishing boat owner from local fishermen). The migrant
fishermen who came from the same place (usually has the same ethnic),
sometimes makes a small group or, their group, usually come from the same
ethnic, will lend them some money. Indeed, many studies have shown the
importance of social networks in making available informal credit and other
types of mutual insurance. (Carter & Castillo, 2005; Fafchamps & Gubert, 2007;
17
Fafchamps & Lund, 2003; Ligon, Thomas & Worrall, 2002; Murgai, Winters,
Sadoulet, & de Janvry, 2003, in Shoji et al., 2012 p.2523).
ECONOMETRIC APPROACH AND RESULTS
To answer the second question of this research, the canonical correlation
multivariate analysis found the result as explained below,
Firstly, test for function fitness simultaneously using 4(four) different methods
found that all functions are significant statistically which shown by the
significant level below 0.05. The result also can be interpreted as all functions
can be further processed. Details are explained in Table 2.
18
Table 2. Analysis of Variance
* * * * * * A n a l y s i s
* * * *
o f
V a r i a n c e -- design
1 * *
EFFECT .. WITHIN CELLS Regression
Multivariate Tests of Significance (S = 4, M = 1 1/2, N = 28 )
Test Name
Value
Approx. F Hypoth. DF
Error DF
Sig. of F
Pillais
.67469
1.54709
32.00
244.00
Hotellings
.84778
1.49686
32.00
226.00
Wilks
.47060
1.52710
32.00
215.49
Roys
.27059
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eigenvalues and Canonical Correlations
Root No.
Cor
Eigenvalue
Pct.
Cum. Pct.
Canon Cor.
1
.371
43.758
43.758
.520
2
.247
29.108
72.866
.445
3
.125
14.707
87.573
.333
4
.105
12.427
100.000
.309
.036
.049
.042
- - -
Sq.
.271
.198
.111
.095
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dimension Reduction Analysis
Roots
1
2
3
4
TO
TO
TO
TO
4
4
4
4
Wilks L.
.47060
.64518
.80439
.90469
F Hypoth. DF
1.52710
1.33445
1.14977
1.28534
32.00
21.00
12.00
5.00
Error DF
Sig. of F
215.49
169.97
120.00
61.00
.042
.159
.327
.282
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Table 2 describes the number of functions that produced from the
calculation. Root number explained the total functions from the correlation
which is 4 functions. As shown by Table 1 that all 4 functions showing different
value of canonical correlation, 0.520 for function 1 (Sig of F: 0.042 < 0.05) ; 0.445
19
for function 2 (Sig of F: 0.159 > 0.05); 0.333 for function 3 (Sig of F: 0.327 > 0.05) ;
and 0.309 for function 4 (Sig of F: 0.282 > 0.05). It means that only Function 1 is
eligible to be further processed. Therefore, even though all functions are
simultaneously significant, yet partial assessment shows that only 1 function
(Function no. 1) that can be further processed.
Secondly, to analyze the contribution of independent variables within
independent canonical variate and
dependent variables within dependent
canonical variate, 2 different methods below describe the result clearly.
Method 1. Canonical Weights
Table 3. Canonical weights for Dependent Variables
Standardized canonical coefficients for DEPENDENT variables
Function No.
Variable
WH
Inc
Osc
Cap
1
2
3
4
-.245
-.808
.558
.002
.310
.029
-.007
-.941
-.462
-.482
-.762
-.088
-.807
.382
.342
-.353
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Description: WH (Working hour); Inc (Income); Osc (Outsource Migrant
Fisherman);Cap (Capital)
Using the value of canonical weights, take a look at only function 1 that
there are only 2 variables that shows value above 0.5 which are income (inc)
and number of outsource migrant fisherman hired. Income refers to the
monthly income earned by fisherman from fishery activity only. Outsource
refers to the number of migrant fisherman hired by the local fisherman for each
boat. While for the independent variables within the independent canonical
variate, there are 2 variables with higher canonical weight than 0.5 which are
Economic role (0.725) and Social Network (0.544). Economic role as a variate of
institutional factors refers to the role of community institution that exists in
20
Kedonganan Village including the customary village, the administrative village,
and the financial institution (LPD/ Fishery Cooperative/ BPR). Social network
as a variate of social capital refers to the network that exists between fishermen
and other fisherman, services users, buyer, and institutions.
Table 4. Canonical weights for Independent Variables
Standardized canonical coefficients for COVARIATES
CAN. VAR.
COVARIATE
EcRole
SocRole
Cult
FinRole
SocNet
Hope
Norm
Trust
1
2
3
4
-.725
.051
.304
-.072
.544
-.162
.356
-.243
.345
.060
-.283
.695
.560
.081
.211
.564
.014
.306
.836
.110
-.081
.545
.531
.508
-.234
-.579
-.624
-.107
.343
.731
.094
-.148
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Description: EcRole(Economic Role); SocRole(Social Role); Cult(Culture);
FinRole(Financial Role); SocNet(Social Network)
Method 2. Canonical Loadings
Table 5. Canonical loadings for Dependent Variables
Correlations between DEPENDENT and canonical variables
Function No.
Variable
WH
Inc
Osc
Cap
1
2
3
4
-.106
-.804
.581
-.064
.348
-.124
-.023
-.952
-.448
-.397
-.772
-.154
-.817
.424
.257
-.258
Source: Primary Data, 2012
21
Table 5 illustrates that within dependent canonical variates there are 2 variables
with canonical loadings higher than 0.5 which are income (0.804) and outsource
(0.581). This result is parallel with the previous method.
Table 6.Canonical loadings for Independent Variables
Correlations between COVARIATES and canonical variables
CAN. VAR.
Covariate
EcRole
SocRole
Cult
FinRole
SocNet
Hope
Norm
Trust
1
2
3
4
-.585
-.177
.267
-.163
.641
-.444
.236
.051
.094
-.071
-.141
.631
.470
-.178
-.044
.449
-.012
-.120
.557
.296
-.331
.539
.363
.050
-.364
-.338
-.503
-.261
-.076
.572
.224
.238
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Source: Primary Data, 2012
Based on the Table 6 , there are 2 variables with canonical loadings higher than
0.5 which are Economic Role (0.585) and Social Network (0.641). Again this
method describes the same result with the previous one.
The interpretation:
Using the result of canonical weights and canonical loadings, we can conclude
that;
1. There is a significant simultaneously correlation between fisherman
resilience with variable of social capital and institutional factors from the
beach-line society in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali.
2. From 8 variables that form independent variable, there are only 2
variables that have a strong correlation with the society resiliency which
are Economic Role and Social Network.
3. The negative sign of the Economic Role means that there is a negative
correlation between the institutional factors and the fisherman resilience.
22
The higher economic role of the customary village, the administrative
village, and the financial institutions, the lower income and number
outsource fisherman hired by the local fisherman. This is possible
because of the fisherman in Kedonganan Village, mostly have
complimentary job that earn more stable income in terms of value and
time. Besides, period of fishing is vulnerable to climate and fishing
seasons.
In fact, financial intermediaries are tend to give an equal
treatment to all client they have in terms of credit loan interest (Madra,
50
years old, The Head of Village Credit Institution, Kedonganan
Village)
4. The positive sign of the social network means that there is a positive
correlation between the social network and the fisherman resilience. The
tighter social network they have, the higher resilience of fisherman in
Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. This is explained as when social
network between fishermen, fishermen and buyers, fishermen and the
institution are strong, fishermen will have a broader access to improve
their resiliency trait that on this paper is described with income and
number of outsource fishermen hired.
CONCLUSION
We have tried in this paper to shed some light on the nature of fishermen
resilience in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali by using 2 approaches which are
the social capital and the institutional factor. The economic transition in
Kedonganan village has reached the 3rd phase of Wilson’s transitional raptures,
readjustment, and recovery in community transition phase. Reaching this
position means that the society has already able to articulate well the function
of social capital and institutional factor that exist and naturally become the
character of the Kedonganan society that support the resilience trait. To be more
specific in social capital, social network is the most pivotal trait to strengthen its
23
resilience. Meanwhile, the economic role of any institutions on the village
considered as the main factor that support the economic resilience of
Kedonganan society.
24
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