THE IMPACT OF USING SERIES NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT NINTH GRADE The Impact Of Using Series Of Picture In Constructing Narrative Text For The Students At Ninth Grade At SMPN 2 Geger Madiun In Contextual Teaching And Learning Process Academic Year
THE IMPACT OF USING SERIES OF PICTURE IN CONS
NSTRUCTING
NARRATIVE
E TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT NINTH
TH GRADE
AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN
IN CONTEX
XTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
PR
ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014
Thesis
Submitted too fulfill
fu
one of the Requirements for the Com
mpletion of
G
Graduate
Degree in Language Studies
By:
PRAPTO PURNOMO
NIM: S200 120 039
M
MAGISTER
OF LANGUAGE STUDY
MUHAM
MMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKAR
ARTA
2014
i
ii
Note Of Advisor 1st
Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D
The lecturer of Language Study of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Official
Note on this student’s thesis.
Dear,
The Director of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Assalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Having read, examined, corrected and necessarily revised towards the thesis of:
Name
NIM
Focus on
Title
Proposed
: Prapto Purnomo
: S.200.120.039
: Teaching English
: THE IMPACT OF USING SERIES OF PICTURE IN
CONSTRUCTING NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT
NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS ACADEMIC YEAR
2013 – 2014.
: April 5th 2014
I acces that thesis is approved to be examined by the Board of Examiners in the
Language Study of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Wassalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, April 22nd 2014
Advisor 1st,
Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D
iii
Note Of Advisor 2nd
Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M.Hum
The lecturer of Language Study of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Official
Note on this student’s thesis.
Dear,
The Director of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Assalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Having read, examined, corrected and necessarily revised towards the thesis of:
Name
NIM
Focus on
Title
Proposed
: Prapto Purnomo
: S.200.120.039
: Teaching English
: THE IMPACT OF USING SERIES OF PICTURE IN
CONSTRUCTING NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT
NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS ACADEMIC YEAR
2013 – 2014.
: April 5th 2014
I acces that thesis is approved to be examined by the Board of Examiners in the
Language Study of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Wassalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, April 22nd 2014
Advisor 2nd ,
Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M.Hum
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT
By this pronouncement, I state that myself write the thesis entitled THE IMPACT OF
USING SERIES OF PICTURE IN CONSTRUCTING NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE
STUDENTS AT NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014.
I absolutely
state that this thesis is not plagiarism or is made by someone else.The other work related to
this thesis has been written in the form of quotation. The sources of the thesis have been listed
in the bibliography. If next this thesis can be proved as a plagiarism, the certificate and the
academic can be cancelled to be given.
Madiun, 10 April 2014
Prapto Purnomo
v
MOTTO
Dan orang-orang yang berjihad untuk mencari keridho’an Kami,
benar-benar akan Aku tunjukan kepada mereka jalan-jalan Kamis.
Sesunggguhnya ALLAH benar-benar beserta orang-orang yang berbuat baik
(QS.Al-Ankabut 29:69).
Barang siapa menempuh jalan menuntut ilmu, Allah menunjukan baginya jalan ke
surga. Sesungguhnya apa yang di langit dan apa yang di bumi sampai-sampai
ikan di laut pada memintakan ampun bagi orang alim/pandai.
Dan sesungguhnya ulama itu pewaris para Nabi.
Carilah ilmu walupun sampai ke negeri China,
Taklukan duniamu dengan banyak ilmu yang bermanfaat,
Jadikan sabar dan sholat sebagai penolongmu tuk keberhasilan hidupmu.
vi
DEDICATION
In the name of ALLAH
Most gracious, most Merciful
My special thanks for:
Alloh SWT, Who makes my life meaningful, who gives me everything
I need, and always show me to the right way of the destiny life.
I PRESENT THIS LITTLE WORK FOR:
My lovely wife, thanks for your love and your support to me, My lovely
late Father and Mother, I hope ALLOH will always love and take care you
there, and I will always Xpray for you every time chance and place.
My lovely son and daughter (Anas and Lia), you are the light on my life;
you are my spirit to step and face the future.
And all my family and my friends, thanks for your support.
vii
ABSTRACT
The tendency of using series of pictures in constructing narrative text for
students leads to a questions whether using series of pictures in constructing
narrative text have any significant affect with the student’s achievement. This
study was intended to know whether teaching writing using series of pictures at
the students in teaching and learning process really affect the student’s
achievements in their examination.
There were two groups of the third grade of junior high school students
adopted from SMPN 2 Geger Madiun. Group A consisted of students who joined
or got the teaching and learning process in constructing narrative text using series
of pictures and group B consisted of students who did not get it.
Based on this, the problem in the study was formulated in general as: was
there significant difference on the students’ achievement between the students
who got the teaching and learning process using series of pictures in constructing
narrative text and those who did not?. The students who got the teaching and
learning process using series of pictures in constructing narrative text had better
achievements than those who did not.
There were two instruments used to collect the data; a set of an
assessment/a test, and an achievement test called formative test. The formative
test consisted of three competences; Task Achievement, Lexical Resource,
Coherence and Cohesion.
After collecting the data and grouping the sample, the writer computed the
mean of the two groups and compared them by using the t - test. The t-test was
used to see the differences in the students’ achievements.
The t-test resulted in a conclusion that there was a significant difference
between group A and group B. The mean of group A was 7.85, the mean of group
B was 7.05, and the computation of t was 9.43. The t probability was between two
correlated group on the 0.5 level of significant for one tailed or directional test
with the degree of freedom 50 was 1.684. Therefore the null hypothesis was
viii
rejected, and finally this research came with the answer to the problem that the
teaching and learning process in constructing narrative text using series of
pictures during a relatively short period of time had any affect with the English
achievement of the third grade students of junior high level. The amount of time
for the instruction and meeting was sufficient to gain a meaningful effect.
Advisors: 1. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D 2. Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M.Hum
Key Words: Series pictures, Affect of learning achievements in English.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express gratitude to Allah SWT, the
Almighty God for the blessing, kindness, and inspiration in lending me to
accomplish the final project. Without Him, I couldn’t stay patient and in control in
writing this final project from the first page to the last page. Second, Shalawat and
Salam always dedicated to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW, the last
prophet and the prophet who had brought us from the darkness to the brightness. I
realize that I cannot complete this final project without the help of others. Many
people have helped me during the writing this final project and it would be
impossible to mention of all them. I wish, however, to give my sincerest gratitude
and appreciation to all persons until this thesis can be completely finished. THE
IMPACT
OF
USING
SERIES
OF
PICTURE
IN
CONSTRUCTING
NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2
GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING
AND LEARNING
PROCESS ACADEMIC is a thesis for readers who want to know the use of
pictures to improve the students’ writing skill.
Therefore, I would like to extend my appreciation to all of them, especially to:
1. The Director of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University, Prof.
Dr. H. Khudzaifah Dimyati, SH, M.Hum for giving the writer permission
to write the thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M.Hum, The head of Graduate Program of the
English Department.
x
3. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D, the first Consultant, for the guidance, support,
patience and time in accomplishing this thesis.
4. Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum, the second Consultant, for his advice,
guidance, and patience for the betterment of the writer’s thesis.
5. The students of class IX of SMPN 2 Geger Madiun who have helped the
writer to finish the research, and given a chance to facilitate them to
improve their writing skill.
6. The writer’s beloved wife who was never tired of giving him the spirit,
care, love and prayer.
7. The people who cannot be mentioned one by one for helping the writer to
complete the thesis.
Needless to say, the thesis is still far from being perfect. The writer will
accept every comment and suggestion.
Surakarta, February , 2014
The Writer
xi
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE OF TITLE........................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ……………………………………………………………..
ii
st
NOTE OF ADVISOR 1 ………………………………………………..
iii
NOTE OF ADVISOR 2nd………………………………………………..
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT................................................................................
v
MOTTO. ....................................................................................................
vi
DEDICATION............................................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………..............
x
TABLE OF CONTENT. ............................................................................
xii
INTRODUCTION......................................................
1
A. Background of the Study.........................................
1
B. Formulation of the problem.....................................
2
C. Problem Statement………………………………
9
D. Objectives of the Study…………………………
10
E. Benefit of the Study………………………………
10
F. The Outline of the Thesis………………………….
11
UNDERLYING THEORY …....................................
12
A. Previous Study …....................................................
12
B. Theoretical Description of Genre…........................
21
1. Genre…………………..........................................
21
2. Narrative text…......................................................
25
a. Plot………………………………………
26
b. Characters……………………………….
27
c. Setting…………………………………..
28
CHAPTER I:
CHAPTER II
xii
C. Teaching Writing………………………………….
1. General Principles of Writing………….
37
2. Teaching Narrative Text………………..
39
D. Teaching Media…………………………………
CHAPTER III:
37
40
1. The Definition of Media…………………...……
40
2. The Function of Media………………………….
41
3. Type of Teaching Media………………………...
43
4. Series of Pictures………………………………...
44
E. Contextual Teaching Learning (CTL)……………
46
1. The Definition of Contextual Teaching and
Learning...............................................................
2. Characteristics of Contextual Teaching and
Learning…………………………………………
46
48
3. Learning Strategy in Contextual Teaching and
Learning…………………………………………
F. Rationale…………………………………………
50
G. Hypothesis…………………………………………
56
RESEARCH METHOD…………………………….
60
A. Type of Research………………………….............
61
B. Subject of the Research…….……………………
63
C. The Object of the Research……...........…………
63
D. Data and Data Source……………………………
64
55
1. Population…………….........................................
64
2. Sample………………………………...................
65
3. Sampling Technique…………………………….
65
E. Method of Collecting the Data…………………….
67
1. Observation………………………………………
67
2. Documentation…………………………………..
68
xiii
CHAPTER IV:
F. Method of Analyzing Data………………………
69
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS…………………….
72
A. Data Analysis and Result……………………….
72
A.1. The main idea of Narrative texts………......
72
A.2. The student’s vocabulary in constructing
narrative text……………………………….
A.3. The student’s cohesion and coherence in
writing narrative text……………………..
81
B. The Total Score of Three Criteria’s
Assesment………………………………
CHAPTER V:
94
C. Discussion………………………………………
99
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS……………
103
A. Conclusion………….................………………...
103
B. Suggestions……………………………………...
104
1. The students…………….………………...
104
2. The Teacher…………………….......…….
106
3. School……………………………….........
106
4. The Next Researcher…………..................
107
Bibliography……….
Appendices
87
….. …………………………………………..
1. Lesson Plan
2. Syllabus
3. Band Score for writing
4. Students’ worksheet
xiv
108
NSTRUCTING
NARRATIVE
E TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT NINTH
TH GRADE
AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN
IN CONTEX
XTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
PR
ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014
Thesis
Submitted too fulfill
fu
one of the Requirements for the Com
mpletion of
G
Graduate
Degree in Language Studies
By:
PRAPTO PURNOMO
NIM: S200 120 039
M
MAGISTER
OF LANGUAGE STUDY
MUHAM
MMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKAR
ARTA
2014
i
ii
Note Of Advisor 1st
Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D
The lecturer of Language Study of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Official
Note on this student’s thesis.
Dear,
The Director of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Assalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Having read, examined, corrected and necessarily revised towards the thesis of:
Name
NIM
Focus on
Title
Proposed
: Prapto Purnomo
: S.200.120.039
: Teaching English
: THE IMPACT OF USING SERIES OF PICTURE IN
CONSTRUCTING NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT
NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS ACADEMIC YEAR
2013 – 2014.
: April 5th 2014
I acces that thesis is approved to be examined by the Board of Examiners in the
Language Study of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Wassalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, April 22nd 2014
Advisor 1st,
Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D
iii
Note Of Advisor 2nd
Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M.Hum
The lecturer of Language Study of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Official
Note on this student’s thesis.
Dear,
The Director of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Assalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Having read, examined, corrected and necessarily revised towards the thesis of:
Name
NIM
Focus on
Title
Proposed
: Prapto Purnomo
: S.200.120.039
: Teaching English
: THE IMPACT OF USING SERIES OF PICTURE IN
CONSTRUCTING NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT
NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS ACADEMIC YEAR
2013 – 2014.
: April 5th 2014
I acces that thesis is approved to be examined by the Board of Examiners in the
Language Study of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Wassalamu ‘alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, April 22nd 2014
Advisor 2nd ,
Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M.Hum
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT
By this pronouncement, I state that myself write the thesis entitled THE IMPACT OF
USING SERIES OF PICTURE IN CONSTRUCTING NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE
STUDENTS AT NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2 GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014.
I absolutely
state that this thesis is not plagiarism or is made by someone else.The other work related to
this thesis has been written in the form of quotation. The sources of the thesis have been listed
in the bibliography. If next this thesis can be proved as a plagiarism, the certificate and the
academic can be cancelled to be given.
Madiun, 10 April 2014
Prapto Purnomo
v
MOTTO
Dan orang-orang yang berjihad untuk mencari keridho’an Kami,
benar-benar akan Aku tunjukan kepada mereka jalan-jalan Kamis.
Sesunggguhnya ALLAH benar-benar beserta orang-orang yang berbuat baik
(QS.Al-Ankabut 29:69).
Barang siapa menempuh jalan menuntut ilmu, Allah menunjukan baginya jalan ke
surga. Sesungguhnya apa yang di langit dan apa yang di bumi sampai-sampai
ikan di laut pada memintakan ampun bagi orang alim/pandai.
Dan sesungguhnya ulama itu pewaris para Nabi.
Carilah ilmu walupun sampai ke negeri China,
Taklukan duniamu dengan banyak ilmu yang bermanfaat,
Jadikan sabar dan sholat sebagai penolongmu tuk keberhasilan hidupmu.
vi
DEDICATION
In the name of ALLAH
Most gracious, most Merciful
My special thanks for:
Alloh SWT, Who makes my life meaningful, who gives me everything
I need, and always show me to the right way of the destiny life.
I PRESENT THIS LITTLE WORK FOR:
My lovely wife, thanks for your love and your support to me, My lovely
late Father and Mother, I hope ALLOH will always love and take care you
there, and I will always Xpray for you every time chance and place.
My lovely son and daughter (Anas and Lia), you are the light on my life;
you are my spirit to step and face the future.
And all my family and my friends, thanks for your support.
vii
ABSTRACT
The tendency of using series of pictures in constructing narrative text for
students leads to a questions whether using series of pictures in constructing
narrative text have any significant affect with the student’s achievement. This
study was intended to know whether teaching writing using series of pictures at
the students in teaching and learning process really affect the student’s
achievements in their examination.
There were two groups of the third grade of junior high school students
adopted from SMPN 2 Geger Madiun. Group A consisted of students who joined
or got the teaching and learning process in constructing narrative text using series
of pictures and group B consisted of students who did not get it.
Based on this, the problem in the study was formulated in general as: was
there significant difference on the students’ achievement between the students
who got the teaching and learning process using series of pictures in constructing
narrative text and those who did not?. The students who got the teaching and
learning process using series of pictures in constructing narrative text had better
achievements than those who did not.
There were two instruments used to collect the data; a set of an
assessment/a test, and an achievement test called formative test. The formative
test consisted of three competences; Task Achievement, Lexical Resource,
Coherence and Cohesion.
After collecting the data and grouping the sample, the writer computed the
mean of the two groups and compared them by using the t - test. The t-test was
used to see the differences in the students’ achievements.
The t-test resulted in a conclusion that there was a significant difference
between group A and group B. The mean of group A was 7.85, the mean of group
B was 7.05, and the computation of t was 9.43. The t probability was between two
correlated group on the 0.5 level of significant for one tailed or directional test
with the degree of freedom 50 was 1.684. Therefore the null hypothesis was
viii
rejected, and finally this research came with the answer to the problem that the
teaching and learning process in constructing narrative text using series of
pictures during a relatively short period of time had any affect with the English
achievement of the third grade students of junior high level. The amount of time
for the instruction and meeting was sufficient to gain a meaningful effect.
Advisors: 1. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D 2. Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M.Hum
Key Words: Series pictures, Affect of learning achievements in English.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express gratitude to Allah SWT, the
Almighty God for the blessing, kindness, and inspiration in lending me to
accomplish the final project. Without Him, I couldn’t stay patient and in control in
writing this final project from the first page to the last page. Second, Shalawat and
Salam always dedicated to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW, the last
prophet and the prophet who had brought us from the darkness to the brightness. I
realize that I cannot complete this final project without the help of others. Many
people have helped me during the writing this final project and it would be
impossible to mention of all them. I wish, however, to give my sincerest gratitude
and appreciation to all persons until this thesis can be completely finished. THE
IMPACT
OF
USING
SERIES
OF
PICTURE
IN
CONSTRUCTING
NARRATIVE TEXT FOR THE STUDENTS AT NINTH GRADE AT SMPN 2
GEGER MADIUN IN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING
AND LEARNING
PROCESS ACADEMIC is a thesis for readers who want to know the use of
pictures to improve the students’ writing skill.
Therefore, I would like to extend my appreciation to all of them, especially to:
1. The Director of Graduate Program of Muhammadiyah University, Prof.
Dr. H. Khudzaifah Dimyati, SH, M.Hum for giving the writer permission
to write the thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M.Hum, The head of Graduate Program of the
English Department.
x
3. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D, the first Consultant, for the guidance, support,
patience and time in accomplishing this thesis.
4. Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum, the second Consultant, for his advice,
guidance, and patience for the betterment of the writer’s thesis.
5. The students of class IX of SMPN 2 Geger Madiun who have helped the
writer to finish the research, and given a chance to facilitate them to
improve their writing skill.
6. The writer’s beloved wife who was never tired of giving him the spirit,
care, love and prayer.
7. The people who cannot be mentioned one by one for helping the writer to
complete the thesis.
Needless to say, the thesis is still far from being perfect. The writer will
accept every comment and suggestion.
Surakarta, February , 2014
The Writer
xi
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE OF TITLE........................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ……………………………………………………………..
ii
st
NOTE OF ADVISOR 1 ………………………………………………..
iii
NOTE OF ADVISOR 2nd………………………………………………..
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT................................................................................
v
MOTTO. ....................................................................................................
vi
DEDICATION............................................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………..............
x
TABLE OF CONTENT. ............................................................................
xii
INTRODUCTION......................................................
1
A. Background of the Study.........................................
1
B. Formulation of the problem.....................................
2
C. Problem Statement………………………………
9
D. Objectives of the Study…………………………
10
E. Benefit of the Study………………………………
10
F. The Outline of the Thesis………………………….
11
UNDERLYING THEORY …....................................
12
A. Previous Study …....................................................
12
B. Theoretical Description of Genre…........................
21
1. Genre…………………..........................................
21
2. Narrative text…......................................................
25
a. Plot………………………………………
26
b. Characters……………………………….
27
c. Setting…………………………………..
28
CHAPTER I:
CHAPTER II
xii
C. Teaching Writing………………………………….
1. General Principles of Writing………….
37
2. Teaching Narrative Text………………..
39
D. Teaching Media…………………………………
CHAPTER III:
37
40
1. The Definition of Media…………………...……
40
2. The Function of Media………………………….
41
3. Type of Teaching Media………………………...
43
4. Series of Pictures………………………………...
44
E. Contextual Teaching Learning (CTL)……………
46
1. The Definition of Contextual Teaching and
Learning...............................................................
2. Characteristics of Contextual Teaching and
Learning…………………………………………
46
48
3. Learning Strategy in Contextual Teaching and
Learning…………………………………………
F. Rationale…………………………………………
50
G. Hypothesis…………………………………………
56
RESEARCH METHOD…………………………….
60
A. Type of Research………………………….............
61
B. Subject of the Research…….……………………
63
C. The Object of the Research……...........…………
63
D. Data and Data Source……………………………
64
55
1. Population…………….........................................
64
2. Sample………………………………...................
65
3. Sampling Technique…………………………….
65
E. Method of Collecting the Data…………………….
67
1. Observation………………………………………
67
2. Documentation…………………………………..
68
xiii
CHAPTER IV:
F. Method of Analyzing Data………………………
69
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS…………………….
72
A. Data Analysis and Result……………………….
72
A.1. The main idea of Narrative texts………......
72
A.2. The student’s vocabulary in constructing
narrative text……………………………….
A.3. The student’s cohesion and coherence in
writing narrative text……………………..
81
B. The Total Score of Three Criteria’s
Assesment………………………………
CHAPTER V:
94
C. Discussion………………………………………
99
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS……………
103
A. Conclusion………….................………………...
103
B. Suggestions……………………………………...
104
1. The students…………….………………...
104
2. The Teacher…………………….......…….
106
3. School……………………………….........
106
4. The Next Researcher…………..................
107
Bibliography……….
Appendices
87
….. …………………………………………..
1. Lesson Plan
2. Syllabus
3. Band Score for writing
4. Students’ worksheet
xiv
108