OGC® Testbed 10 Cross Community Interoperability (CCI) Hydro Model Interoperability Engineering Report
Open Geospatial Consortium
Publication Date: 2014-07-16
Approval Date: 2014-06-14
Posted Date: 2014-05-16
Reference number of this document: OGC 14-048
Reference URL for this document: http://www.opengeospatial.net/doc/PER/testbed10/cci-hydro-model
Category: Public Engineering Report
Editor(s): Genong (Eugene) Yu, Liping Di
OGC® Testbed 10 Cross Community Interoperability (CCI)
Hydro Model Interoperability Engineering Report
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
To obtain additional rights of use, visit http://www.opengeospatial.org/legal/.
Warning
This document is not an OGC Standard. This document is an OGC Public
Engineering Report created as a deliverable in an OGC Interoperability Initiative
and is not an official position of the OGC membership. It is distributed for review
and comment. It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as
an OGC Standard. Further, any OGC Engineering Report should not be referenced
as required or mandatory technology in procurements.
Document type:
Document subtype:
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OGC® Engineering Report
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Approved for public release
English
OGC 14-048
Abstract
This OGC® document gives guidelines for enabling interoperability among different
hydro data models and services. The demonstration specifically gives out best practices
for supporting interoperability among the National Hydrographic Network (NHN) of
Canada, the National Hydrographic Dataset Plus (NHD+) of United States, and the OGC
HY_Features model developed and proposed by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO). The discussed version of OGC HY_Features was adopted as the mediation
bridge model to exchange information among heterogeneous hydrological models.
Keywords
ogcdoc, ogc documents, testbed10, cci, hydrology, modeling, hy_features, waterml,
riverml, semantic mediation
Preface
This Engineering Report was created as a deliverable on Hydrological modeling for the
OGC Testbed 10 (Testbed-10) initiative of the OGC Interoperability Program.
Interoperability among heterogeneous hydro models is the focus of the effort. Best
practices and recommendations are emerged for enabling interoperability among the
hydrologic data models used by Hydrologic al Services of Canada and the United States
using a common hydrologic feature model, namely HY_Features, developed in the joint
WMO/OGC Hydrology Domain Working Group. The HY_Features model is currently an
OGC Discussion Paper intended to be proposed to OGC as a specification for identifying
and referencing hydrologic features. It was tested for the suitability to be a mediation
model for interoperable discovery, access, and integration of heterogeneous hydrologic
data and models.
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
Contents
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Page
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
Scope .................................................................................................................. 1
Document contributor contact points ................................................................. 1
Future work ........................................................................................................ 2
Forward .............................................................................................................. 3
2
References ............................................................................................................... 3
3
Terms and definitions ............................................................................................. 4
4
Conventions ............................................................................................................ 4
Abbreviated terms .............................................................................................. 4
UML notation ..................................................................................................... 5
Used parts of other documents ........................................................................... 5
Data dictionary tables ......................................................................................... 5
Use of term NHD+ and NHD ............................................................................. 6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5
Hydro modeling overview ...................................................................................... 6
6
Hydro model interoperability .................................................................................. 7
6.1
Data and model resources................................................................................... 7
6.1.1
Data access services ....................................................................................... 7
6.1.1.1 Spatial feature data ............................................................................................. 7
6.1.1.2 Observation data ................................................................................................ 9
6.1.2
Information models ........................................................................................ 9
6.1.2.1 Conformance to ISO 19103 and ISO 19109 ...................................................... 9
6.1.2.2 Semantic feature type catalog............................................................................. 9
6.1.2.3 HY_Features common hydrological feature model ......................................... 10
6.1.2.4 WaterML 2 model ............................................................................................ 11
6.1.2.5 RiverML model ................................................................................................ 11
6.1.2.6 NHD+ model .................................................................................................... 11
6.1.2.7 NHN model ...................................................................................................... 11
6.2
Semantic mapping of hydrological models ...................................................... 12
6.2.1
Semantic mapping implementation in the Testbed-10................................. 16
6.2.2
NHD+ / NHN source models and HY_Features .......................................... 17
6.3
Mediation system implementation ................................................................... 19
6.3.1
Overall system architecutre.......................................................................... 19
6.3.2
Service components ..................................................................................... 21
6.3.2.1 Hydro model mediator...................................................................................... 21
6.3.2.2 Hydro model service ........................................................................................ 21
The Hydro Model Service was implemented as a Web Processing Service (WPS)
based on 52North codebase. ..................................................................... 21
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OGC 14-048
6.3.3
Backend communication between service components ............................... 22
6.3.4
Mapping implementation using xlink .......................................................... 23
6.3.5
Semantic mapping implementation and example queries ............................ 25
6.4
Use cases .......................................................................................................... 27
6.4.1
Use case 1: Mapping hydrographic features from NHD+ to
HY_Features ................................................................................................ 27
6.4.1.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 27
6.4.1.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 29
6.4.2
Use case 2: Mapping hydrographic features from NHN to HY_Features ... 32
6.4.2.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 32
6.4.2.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 33
6.4.3
Use case 3: Hydrographic mapping between NHD+ and NHN .................. 36
6.4.3.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 36
6.4.3.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 38
6.4.4
Use case 4: Finding upstream service .......................................................... 39
6.4.4.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 39
6.4.4.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 41
6.4.5
Use case 5: Heterogeneous hydrological model integration mapping
(NHN/NHD+) .............................................................................................. 43
6.4.5.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 43
6.4.5.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 47
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Best Practices ........................................................................................................ 51
Access hydrologic from multiple data sources................................................. 51
Mediation between hydrologic models ............................................................ 52
Mediation power of the HY_Features model ................................................... 53
Best practices for a hydro model mediation system ......................................... 54
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 56
7.5
Revision history ................................................................................................ 57
Figures
Page
Figure 1 — Overall Architecture .................................................................................................. 7
Figure 2 — Mapping framework .............................................................................................. 13
Figure 3 — NHD_Flowline - Mapping NHD_HydroElement to HY_FlowPath .................. 14
Figure 4 — NHN_Flowline - Mapping NHN_nlflow to HY_FlowPath ................................. 15
Figure 5 — Semantic Mapping Framework ............................................................................ 17
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OGC 14-048
Figure 6 — Conceptual Model Structure: HY_Features ........................................................ 17
Figure 7 —Data Model Structure: NHD+ ................................................................................ 18
Figure 8 — Data Model Structure: NHN ................................................................................ 19
Figure 9 — Overall Architecture .............................................................................................. 20
Figure 10 — Interactions between component services .......................................................... 21
Figure 11 — Service Communication ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 12 — Flow line mapping using Xlink ........................................................................... 25
Figure 13. Result of the query in Table 2 ................................................................................... 26
Figure 14. Result of the query in Table 3 ................................................................................... 26
Figure 15. Result of the query in Table 4 ................................................................................... 27
Figure 16 — Use case 1: mapping flow line from NHD+ to HY_Features ............................ 29
Figure 17 — Use case 1 step 1: Define an area of interest in US ............................................ 30
Figure 18 — Use case 1 step 2: Retrieve results in HY_Features .......................................... 31
Figure 19. Result of the query in Table 5 ................................................................................... 31
Figure 20 — Use case 2: Mapping flow line from NHN to HY_Features ............................. 33
Figure 21 — Use case 2 step 1: Define an area of interest In Canada ................................... 34
Figure 22 — Use case 2 step 2: Retrieve results in HY_Features .......................................... 35
Figure 23. Result of the query in Table 6 ................................................................................... 35
Figure 24 — Sequence graph of Use Case 3.1: Map NHN to NHD+ ..................................... 37
Figure 25 — Sequence graph of Use Case 3.2: Map NHD+ to NHN ..................................... 38
Figure 26 — Use Case 3.1 demo: Results in NHD+ ................................................................. 39
Figure 27 — Use case 4: Finding upstream service ................................................................. 41
Figure 28 — Use case 4 demo: Starting point and requests ................................................... 42
Figure 29 — Use case 4 demo: Result feature collection in NHN model ............................... 43
Figure 30 — Use Case 5: Hydrographic Mapping of Heterogeneous Hydro Models .......... 45
Figure 31 — Use Case 5: Cross Model Framework ................................................................ 46
Figure 32 — Use Case 5: Cross Model Data Matching ........................................................... 47
Figure 33 — Use case 5 demo: Selecting a cross-border AOI ................................................ 48
Figure 34 — Use case 5 demo: Merged features in HY_Features model .............................. 49
Figure 35 — Use case 5 demo: Merged features in NHD+ model .......................................... 50
Figure 36. Result of the query in Table 7 ................................................................................... 51
Tables
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Table 1 — Contents of data dictionary tables.............................................................................. 5
Table 2. An example query to find the entities in HY_Features .............................................. 26
Table 3. An example query to find the fields of HY_FlowPath in HY_Features model ........ 26
Table 4. An example query to find the models to be mapped from HY_FlowPath in
HY_Features model .............................................................................................................. 27
Table 5. An example query to find the mapping of HY_FlowPath to NHD+ ......................... 31
Table 6. An example query to find the mapping of HY_FlowPath to NHN ........................... 35
Table 7. An example query to match cross-model data ............................................................ 51
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC® Engineering Report
OGC 14-048
OGC® Testbed 10 Cross Community Interoperability (CCI)
Hydro Model Interoperability Engineering Report
1
1.1
Introduction
Scope
The scope of this Engineering Report is to capture advancements, best practices, standard
adoption, specification change requests, and interoperability surrounding the Hydro
Model Interoperability work. The work is a sub-task under the Cross-Community
Interoperability (CCI) thread of the OGC Testbed 10 within the Interoperability Program.
The effort focuses on demonstrating interoperability among hydrographic and hydrologic
data sources. It bears the similar scope of CCI but a narrow subject on hydro models and
services. The ultimate goal is to build on interoperability within hydro communities
sharing geospatial data and advance semantic mediation approaches for data discovery,
access, and use of heterogeneous hydro data models and heterogeneous hydro metadata
models.
This OGC® document gives guidelines for enabling interoperability among different
hydro data models and services. The demonstration specifically gives out best practices
for supporting interoperability among the National Hydrographic Network (NHN) of
Canada, the National Hydrographic Dataset Plus (NHD+) of United States, and the OGC
HY_Features model developed and proposed by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO). The discussed version of OGC HY_Features was adopted as the mediation
bridge model to exchange information among heterogeneous hydrological models.
This OGC® document is applicable to hydro model and service interoperability adopting
emerging OGC specification – HY_Features.
1.2
Document contributor contact points
All questions regarding this document should be directed to the editor or the contributors:
Name
Organization
Genong (Eugene) Yu
George Mason University, [email protected]
Liping Di
George Mason University, [email protected]
Chenyu Hao
GIS.FCU, [email protected]
Lew Leinenweber
OGC, [email protected]
Irina Domblut
WMO-GRDC, [email protected]
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
Rob Atkinson
1.3
CSIRO, [email protected]
Future work
Hydrological data and model integration requires not only reconciliation of variations in
geometric mapping but also semantic mapping of data structures and content values.
Semantic mapping is a complex process, often performed in data preparation activities in
different systems and processes in different ways. In the Testbed-10 a prototype mapping
was designed and tested to link hydrological information models of different design but
comparable semantics. From the experience of this test bed, the following further work is
recommended.
Semantic support for mediation – The prototype implementation was initially
using xlink to achieve the mapping between different models. The major reasons
are the existing knowledge and technology of the implementation organization
and the easy use of xlink technology for the purpose of rapid development. The
semantic mapping was tested using a prototype knowledgebase developed and
implemented in OWL using Protégé editor. The knowledgebase was released for
testing through a standard SPARQL engine. The demonstration has limited use of
features and examples to mapping the hydrological features across models and
therefore the use of semantic mapping is also limited on equivalences. In reality,
semantic mapping does not stop on just equivalence of single properties, but may
include more complex overlapping semantics of different groups of properties.
The further requirements of semantic mapping in depth may call for a semantic
mapping technology other than simple equivalence. Along the line of both
geographic and semantic matching, the use of GeoSPARQL with the topological
relationship defined in the HY_Features model may be further tested.
Standards based persistent hydrologic feature data access – The
demonstration in the Testbed-10 did not present the data in a standards based
persistent data service, such as Web Feature Service (WFS). Non-standard access
methods lead to a fragile and limited-scope solution, typically bound to a specific
version of specific software. In order to serve hydrological features in a WFS,
hydrology-specific application schemas are required. These should be grounded in
the common concepts of the HY_Features model..
Semantic mapping framework conforms to ISO baselines – The lack of a
formal model of data products, or use of ad-hoc UML idioms, will lead to
variability in implementing semantic mappings. This variability will in turn
compromise the interoperability of the mapping specification, and of the data
being described. This will perpetuate laborious, repetitive creation of ad-hoc
semantic mappings on a case by case basis, typifying current low levels of data
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OGC 14-048
integration. This would also limit the interoperability and reusability of semantic
mapping tools and frameworks. The purpose of frameworks is to support the
semantic mapping process with either re-usable tools or pre-tested mappings of
some components. It was recommended that such a mapping framework should
conform to the ISO baselines, particularly the evolving ISO19150-2 standard[1],
for encoding application schema in Resource Description Framework (RDF). This
is important because it provides for a unique, resolvable identifier for each model
element participating in semantic mappings. . It was also recommended that OGC
take further steps to explore how to encapsulate the complexity of the problem by
identification of common patterns, promulgating exemplar mappings supporting
the development of appropriate tooling to make it a sustainable process. For
example, the community would benefit from reusable or example semantic
mappings based on the Observation and Measurements abstract model (ISO
19156) to typical implementation models such as NetCDF. The example use cases
of this test bed are suggested as a test case for a future standardization activity for
model mapping frameworks.
1.4
Forward
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be
the subject of patent rights. The Open Geospatial Consortium shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Recipients of this document are requested to submit, with their comments, notification of
any relevant patent claims or other intellectual property rights of which they may be
aware that might be infringed by any implementation of the standard set forth in this
document, and to provide supporting documentation.
2
References
The following documents are referenced in this document. For dated references,
subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
OGC 06-121r3, OGC® Web Services Common Standard
OGC 11-052r4, OGC® GeoSPARQL - A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data
OGC 11-039r3, OGC® HY_Features: a Common Hydrological Feature Model
Discussion Paper
OGC 08-126, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 5: Features
OGC 99-110, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 10: Feature Collections
OGC 02-112, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 12: The OGC Service
Architecture
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OGC 14-048
OGC 99-114, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 14: Semantics and Information
Communities
OGC 05-007r7, OGC® Web Processing Service
OGC 09-025r1, OGC® Web Feature Service 2.0 Interface Standard
ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information -- Web Feature Service
OGC 04-094, OGC® Web Feature Service (WFS) Implementation Specification
This OWS Common Standard contains a list of normative references that are also applicable to
this Implementation Standard.
NOTE
In addition to this document, this report includes several XML Schema Document files as
specified in Annex A.
3
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this report, the definitions specified in Clause 4 of the OWS Common
Implementation Standard [OGC 06-121r3] and in OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 5:
Features [OGC 08-126], Topic 10: Feature Collection [OGC 99-110], Topic 12: The
OGC Service Architecture [OGC 02-112], and Topic 14: Semantics and Information
Communities [OGC 99-114] shall apply. In addition, the following terms and definitions
apply.
HY_Features
HY_Features is a hydrologic feature model developed in the joint WMO/OGC
Hydrology Domain Working Group [OGC 11-039r3].
3.1
National Hydrographic Network
Its acronym is NHN. It is a hydro model developed and used in Canada.
3.2
National Hydrographic Dataset Plus
Its acronym is NHD+. It is a hydro model developed and used in United States.
3.3
NOTE
4
Conventions
4.1
CCI
4
NHD+ and NHD are used interchangeable in the context of this report.
Abbreviated terms
Cross-Community Interoperability
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
NHD+
National Hydrographic Dataset Plus
NHN
National Hydrographic Network
WFS
Web Feature Service
WPS
Web Processing Service
4.2
UML notation
Most diagrams that appear in this standard are presented using the Unified Modeling
Language (UML) static structure diagram, as described in Subclause 5.2 of [OGC 06121r3].
4.3
Used parts of other documents
This document uses significant parts of document [OGC 06-121r3]. To reduce the need to
refer to that document, this document copies some of those parts with small
modifications. To indicate those parts to readers of this document, the largely copied
parts are shown with a light grey background (15%).
4.4
Data dictionary tables
The UML model data dictionary is specified herein in a series of tables. The contents of
the columns in these tables are described in Table 1.
Table 1 — Contents of data dictionary tables
Column title
Names
(left column)
Definition
(second column)
Data type and value
(third column)
or
Data type
(if are no second
items are included
in rows of table)
Multiplicity and use
Column contents
Two names for each included parameter or association (or data structure).
The first name is the UML model attribute or association role name.
The second name uses the XML encoding capitalization specified in Subclause
11.6.2 of [OGC 06-121r3].
The name capitalization rules used are specified in Subclause 11.6.2 of [OGC
06-121r3]. Some names in the tables may appear to contain spaces, but no
names contain spaces.
Specifies the definition of this parameter (omitting un-necessary words such as
“a”, “the”, and “is”). If the parameter value is the identifier of something, not
a description or definition, the definition of this parameter should read
something like “Identifier of TBD”.
Normally contains two items:
The mandatory first item is often the data type used for this parameter, using
data types appropriate in a UML model, in which this parameter is a named
attribute of a UML class. Alternately, the first item can identify the data
structure (or class) referenced by this association, and references a separate
table used to specify the contents of that class (or data structure).
The optional second item in the third column of each table should indicate the
source of values for this parameter, the alternative values, or other value
information, unless the values are quite clear from other listed information.
Normally contains two items:
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
Column title
(right or fourth
column)
or
Multiplicity
(if are no second
items are included
in rows of table)
Column contents
The mandatory first item specifies the multiplicity and optionality of this
parameter in this data structure, either “One (mandatory)”, “One or more
(mandatory)”, “Zero or one (optional)”, or “Zero or more (optional)”.
The second item in the right column of each table should specify how any
multiplicity other than “One (mandatory)” shall be used. If that parameter is
optional, under what condition(s) shall that parameter be included or not
included? If that parameter can be repeated, for what is that parameter
repeated?
When the data type used for this parameter, in the third column of such a table, is an
enumeration or code list, all the values specified shall be listed, together with the
meaning of each value. When this information is extensive, these values and meanings
should be specified in a separate table that is referenced in the third column of this table
row.
The data type of many parameters, in the third table column, is specified as “Character
String type, not empty”. In the XML Schema Documents specified herein, these
parameters are encoded with the xsd:string type, which does NOT require that these
strings not be empty.
The contents of these data dictionary tables are normative, including any table footnotes.
4.5
Use of term NHD+ and NHD
For the convenience of diagram and description, NHD is used interchangeable with
NHD+ to mean the hydro model currently used in USA. In text, NHD+ is used to
represent the current hydro model used in US. In diagrams and some text, NHD is used to
indicate the same model but for simplicity without using special “+” sign.
5
Hydro modeling overview
The specified Hydro Model Interoperability task addresses the interoperability among
heterogeneous hydrographic and hydrologic data sources through adopting the
HY_Features common hydrologic feature model. It is part of the Cross-Community
Interoperability (CCI) Thread. The Testbed-10 seeks to specifically answer the following
questions:
(1) How does the HY_Features model enable access to hydro data from multiple
sources?
(2) How does the HY_Features model help the mediation between different hydro
conceptual feature models?
(3) Would a HY_Features profile be required for each data source?
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
(4) What are the best practices to build a hydrographic and hydrologic data source
mediation system based on the HY_Features model to support interoperability
across jurisdictions, between various data models, and data structures?
In answering these questions, the following overall architecture has emerged during the
Testbed-10 as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Overall Architecture
6
Hydro model interoperability
6.1
Data and model resources
6.1.1
Data access services
6.1.1.1
Spatial feature data
Two data models are under investigation for semantically data integration by using a
common hydrologic feature model – HY_Features. The two data models are NHD/NHD+
and NHN.
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
NHD+, or NHDPlus, is an integrated set of application-ready geospatial data sets that
incorporates features from the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), the National
Elevation Dataset (NED), and the Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD)[7]. The NHD+
Flow Lines, catchments, and watershed boundaries are available packaged with numerous
other data products from: ftp://ftp.horizon-systems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Data/ .
Metadata for these are available from:
ftp://ftp.horizonsystems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Documentation/NHDPlusV2_Metadata.7z
NHD data access can be accomplished by five approaches online:
(1) Access data through an online order system – http://nhd.usgs.gov/data.html. The
order would be usually gone through the packaging process and delivery in 1 or 2
hours.
(2) Direct access to sub-regions identified by 4-digit identification number. This can
be accomplished by using NHD Viewer (http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/).
(3) Download
the
data
by
state
from
ftp://nhdftp.usgs.gov/DataSets/Staged/States/FileGDB
the
(4) Extract subset data of only Streamgages and Dams
ftp://nhdftp.usgs.gov/DataSets/National
ftp
site
-
obtainable from
(5) Watershed boundaries can be download from NRCS Geospatial Data Gateway
(http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/)
NHD+
data
can
be
downloaded
from
http://www.horizonsystems.com/NHDPlus/V2NationalData.php by either http download or ftp download.
The test dataset for the Red River can be downloaded at: ftp://ftp.horizonsystems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Data/NHDPlusSR/, where the NHDSnapshot (i.e.
NHDSnapshot 04.7z) contains flowlines. The test dataset for the Great Lakes can be
ftp://ftp.horizondownloaded
at:
systems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Data/NHDPlusGL/.
The USGS National Water Census will be publishing WFS services for the NHD+
verison 2 Flowlines, catchments (One per flowline), and corresponding HUC12
watersheds (common aggregations of catchments). These services are not available at the
time of this demonstration work. Therefore, the dataset are directly retrieved from the
website through ftp or http download.
NHN data are also managed in a geodatabase. They can be accessed from the following
website:
8
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/find.do?produit=nhn
They are served online via three options to be accessed:
(1) By querying for a specific NHN Work Unit, for example, 05OB000, interactively
through
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/browse.do?produit=nhn&decoupage=units&m
ap=canada . They are available in ESRI shapefile, KML, GML, or ESRI File
GeoDatabase(FGDB).
(2) By
searching
NHN
Work
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/find.do?produit=nhn
Units
at
(3) By
browsing
the
FTP
directory
at
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/download.do?produit=nhn&items=official/nhn
_rhn/&protocol=ftp .
In the Testbed-10 demonstration project, the NHN data in ESRI shapefile format for the
Red river was made available in a special pre-subset package. The data had been subset at
the border between Canada and the United States, for the purpose of demonstrating crossborder
data
integration.
The
data
is
available
through
FTP
at
ftp://ftp.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/hydro/Denis/OWS10/RedRiver.zip.
6.1.1.2
Observation data
Gauge measurements or stream measurements can be retrieved from related website. For
example Streamgages and Dams data can be extracted in NHD from
ftp://nhdftp.usgs.gov/DataSets/National.
6.1.2
6.1.2.1
Information models
Conformance to ISO 19103 and ISO 19109
For information models to be interoperable a consistent UML style and data types are
necessary. The ISO 19103 Conceptual Schema Language provides this, and the 19109
General Feature Model defines relevant Meta-classes. HY_Features, WaterML 2, and
several other standards use this meta-standard. Conformance to this standard, and use of
the ISO model library is necessary to generate GML and OWL using the automation tools
available. Further information about the conformance to ISO standards in previous
research can be found at https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/wiki/AppSchemas/WebHome
6.1.2.2
Semantic feature type catalog
The Spatial Identifier Reference Framework (SIRF) project, a project of the
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, has
developed a 'Semantic Feature Type Catalog' based on the OWL representations of
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
9
OGC 14-048
information models. This is being prototyped and tested to support Testbed-10. Details
can be found at https://wiki.csiro.au/display/SIRF/FeatureTypeCatalog.
The SPARQL endpoint for this is provided at: http://unsdi-dev.csiro.au/openrdfsesame/repositories/ftc. Other API endpoints can be accessed at http://unsdidev.csiro.au/sissvoc/meta/.
To extend the functionality of the API, an application project should ideally provide a
SPARQL CONSTRUCT query to generate a desired response, otherwise a description of
the required function and its purpose. For easy visualization and display, a HTML
interface to the API is required. The API could be extended to meet the specific
requirements when the tools become completely available to developers through open
source access in near future. The current HTML interface is enabled through a slightly
hacked version of a very complex general purpose style sheet. Alternatives using
Velocity
are
now
available.
Further
details
can
be
found
at
https://code.google.com/p/elda/. In the Testbed-10 demonstration, these APIs were not
adopted and extended, considering their developing stage. However, the concepts and the
framework did help in implementing the semantic mapping with available tools and
resources in the Testbed-10 project. As their APIs evolves, it is perceived that they could
be directly adapted and re-used for the future implementation of semantic mapping with
the common HY_Features mediation model.
6.1.2.3
HY_Features common hydrological feature model
The HY_Features model[2] is available via a Feature Type Catalog Linked Data API
using a temporary domain name provided within the SIRF project in the framework of
Australian Hydrological Geospatial Fabric (AU-Geofabric). The URIs for concepts
defined in the OWL model are used as the basis for a URI, which may be resolved to
alternative representations. The SIRF project is ongoing. Efforts are currently working to
hook up all the views to all the resources.
Concepts in the HY_Features model may be accessed using the URI pattern:
http://demo.sirf.net/def/schema/hydrology/{schemafilename}/{concept }
where {schemafilename} is the value of the tagged value "xsdDocument" (minus the .xsd
extension) and {concept} is the name of the class or property, converted to standard
conventions (UpperCamelCase? for classes, lowerCamelCase for properties).
For example, HY_Basin and outflowNode are given respectively at
http://demo.sirf.net/def/schema/hy_features/abstracthydrofeature/HY_Basin and
http://demo.sirf.net/def/schema/hy_features/abstracthydrofeature/outflowNode.
The current implementation allows requests to query each object. By default, the request
for HTML for one of these objects will reach to a landing page listing all the available
views and formats available. The OWL file can be accessed through API for
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
application/rdf+xml. The following is an example request that will return the OWL file
containing the relevant definitions, using these same URI patterns.
https://svnserv.csiro.au/svn/SIRF/public/def/schema/hy_features/abstracthydrofeature.rdf
#HY_Basin
6.1.2.4
WaterML 2 model
The WaterML-2.0 model[3], [4] could be a potential bridging model for integration of
heterogeneous hydrologic data. This work is in progress. In this demonstration, the
WaterML-2.0 model was not adopted and examined, considering the time constraints on
implementation and existing technology of the testing implementation organizations.
6.1.2.5
RiverML model
RiverML[5], [6] is an intended standard format for river geometry and flow data by
extending WaterML 2.0[3], [4] with specialization of river geometry and hydraulics. This
model is still under development. It was not be used in the OWS 10 test bed.
6.1.2.6
NHD+ model
The NHD+ model is provided by the USGS model definitions .xmi, .ead, and gml
schemas that are available at this link: http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/incits-l1standards-projects/framework/models/.
6.1.2.7
NHN model
Each NHN data from the ftp site (ftp://ftp.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/hydro/Denis/OWS10/)
contains a corresponding descriptions file in both English and French. The description
files provide metadata information about the data, including identification, data quality,
spatial data organization, entity and attribute, distribution, and metadata reference.
The NHN model is divided in 4 main packages[8]–[10]:
W$R=KHG>MPHKD0A>AR=KHG>MPHKDBLF:=>NIH?G>MPHKDEBG>:K>E>F>GM:G=G>MPHKD
point element[8]. The network linear element includes network linear flow and water
boundary entity. The network element represents hydro junctions.
W $R=KH@K:IAB AR=KH@K:IAB:MNK>L BG man made hydrogrphic entity,
hydrographic obstacle entity, island, water body, simple line watercourse, and
coastline[8].
W 0HIHGRFR: Toponymy is an external package that defines hydro traversal,
hydrographic entity, and named point, line, or polygon features[8].
W$R=KH>O>GM: A hydro event can be a linear event or a point event[8].
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
11
OGC 14-048
For detailed catalogue distribution profile, further descriptions can be found on the
following link[11], [12].
http://www.geobase.ca/doc/catalogue/GeoBase_NHN_Catalogue_1.0.1_EN.html
The descriptions cover feature classes, including bank, delimiter, external geometry
event, external line event, eternal point event, flow property event, hydrographic obstacle
entity, hydro junction, island, littoral, manmande hydrographic entity, manmade line
event, manmande point event, named feature, network linear flow, obstracle line event,
obstacle point event, single line watercourse, and waterbody[12].
6.2
Semantic mapping of hydrological models
The mapping between different hydrological models can be formalized through
mediation by means of shared semantics. In the Testbed-10 a two-step mapping approach
is applied using the HY_Features model in sense of a mediation service. At first, the
hydrological models are mapped to common feature concepts of HY_Features. Secondly,
the HY_Features model is “re-mapped” to the target models. Figure 2 shows the
mapping approach intended to be used in this Testbed-10.
To achieve semantic interoperability among the NHD+ - and NHN data models, two
separate mappings are required: (1) mapping of NHD+ features to the equivalent
concepts of HY_Features, and (2) mapping NHN features to HY_Features equivalents.
12
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
Figure 2 — Mapping framework
The semantic mapping is established through a mapping model which will allow a
standard RDF/OWL encoding of data models conforming to ISO standards, particularly
the emerging ISO19150-2 standard. Since each module of the HY_Features model is an
ISO19109 application schema, which could be converted into RDF/OWL, the mapping to
HY_Features common concepts will make NHD+ or NHN elements addressable and
discoverable for automated web services following the Linked Data approach.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 show exemplarily how linear features of NHD+ or NHN source
models to their HY_Features equivalents at the field/property level. For each source
model, a similar mapping class is defined whose properties link the source and the target
model. In the UML diagrams, entities shaded in “yellow” are mapping class and
properties. Those in green are source model in source models – either in NHD+ or in
NHN in the Testbed-10 project. Those in blue are target HY_Features model.
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
13
OGC 14-048
class NHD2HYF
«mappingClass»
NHD2HYF::NHD_Flow line
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::HY_Flow Path
«DataType»
Hydrography::
ComputedNetw orkValues
«realisedObject»
1
1
1
+ID
+networkAttributes
+representedCatchment.outflowNode
+representedCatchment.inflowNode
«representsAttribute»
1..*
+
+
+
«mappingProp...
NHD2HYF::
NHD_LineID
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::
HY_CatchmentRepresentation
0..*
+representedCatchment
1
HY_HydroFeature
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::
HY_Catchment
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::HY_Basin
+
code :ScopedName [0..1]
+contributingBasin
+receivingBasin
1..*
+outflowNode
1
0..*
line :GM_Curve
point :GM_Point
polygon :GM_Surface
{if FlowCode = 1}
HydroFeature
«mapsTo»
«representsConnector»
+comid
«Feature»
Hydrography::HydroElement
+ featureCode :HydroFeatureCode [0..1]
+networkAttributes.toNode + featureType :HydroFeatureType
+ flowDirection :FlowCode [0..1]
«mapsTo»
+ geometry :Geometries
::HydroFeature
«mappingPro...
+networkAttributes.fromNode + attribute :ExtendedAttributes [0..*]
NHD2HYF::
+ featureDate :Date
NHD_Outflow Node
+ featureID :Identifier
+ linkedResource :ExternalResource [0..1]
+ measure :Measurement [0..*]
+ metadata :CharacterString [0..*]
«representsConnector»
«mapsTo»
+ name :Name [0..*]
+ representation :Representation [0..*]
::Feature
+ attribute :ExtendedAttributes [0..*]
+ geometry :GM_Object [0..*]
+ identifier :Identifier
«mappingPro...
+ metadata :CharacterString [0..1]
NHD2HYF::
+ topology :TP_Object [0..*]
NHD_Inflow Node
0..1 +inflowNode
«FeatureTyp...
HY_Catchment::
HY_Outfall
Figure 3 — NHD_Flowline - Mapping NHD_HydroElement to HY_FlowPath
Figure 3 shows the UML diagram expressing the mappings of a linear HydroElement in
the NHD source model to HY_FlowPath in the HY_Features model. The following
describe the three major property mappings of the mapping class:
1. NHD_InflowNode: This is the mappingProperty that maps the fromNode
(relation) in NHD+ to the representedCatchment.inflowNode in HY_Features.
2. NHD_OutflowNode: This is the mappingProperty that maps the toNode (relation)
in NHD+ to the representedCatchment.outflowNode in HY_Features.
3. NHD_LineID: This is the mappingProperty that maps the attribute comid in
NHD+ to Flowpath.ID in HY_Features.
14
0..1
«Union»
Hydrography::Geometries
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
class NHN2HYF
«spatialDescriptiveEv
Publication Date: 2014-07-16
Approval Date: 2014-06-14
Posted Date: 2014-05-16
Reference number of this document: OGC 14-048
Reference URL for this document: http://www.opengeospatial.net/doc/PER/testbed10/cci-hydro-model
Category: Public Engineering Report
Editor(s): Genong (Eugene) Yu, Liping Di
OGC® Testbed 10 Cross Community Interoperability (CCI)
Hydro Model Interoperability Engineering Report
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
To obtain additional rights of use, visit http://www.opengeospatial.org/legal/.
Warning
This document is not an OGC Standard. This document is an OGC Public
Engineering Report created as a deliverable in an OGC Interoperability Initiative
and is not an official position of the OGC membership. It is distributed for review
and comment. It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as
an OGC Standard. Further, any OGC Engineering Report should not be referenced
as required or mandatory technology in procurements.
Document type:
Document subtype:
Document stage:
Document language:
OGC® Engineering Report
NA
Approved for public release
English
OGC 14-048
Abstract
This OGC® document gives guidelines for enabling interoperability among different
hydro data models and services. The demonstration specifically gives out best practices
for supporting interoperability among the National Hydrographic Network (NHN) of
Canada, the National Hydrographic Dataset Plus (NHD+) of United States, and the OGC
HY_Features model developed and proposed by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO). The discussed version of OGC HY_Features was adopted as the mediation
bridge model to exchange information among heterogeneous hydrological models.
Keywords
ogcdoc, ogc documents, testbed10, cci, hydrology, modeling, hy_features, waterml,
riverml, semantic mediation
Preface
This Engineering Report was created as a deliverable on Hydrological modeling for the
OGC Testbed 10 (Testbed-10) initiative of the OGC Interoperability Program.
Interoperability among heterogeneous hydro models is the focus of the effort. Best
practices and recommendations are emerged for enabling interoperability among the
hydrologic data models used by Hydrologic al Services of Canada and the United States
using a common hydrologic feature model, namely HY_Features, developed in the joint
WMO/OGC Hydrology Domain Working Group. The HY_Features model is currently an
OGC Discussion Paper intended to be proposed to OGC as a specification for identifying
and referencing hydrologic features. It was tested for the suitability to be a mediation
model for interoperable discovery, access, and integration of heterogeneous hydrologic
data and models.
ii
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
iii
OGC 14-048
Contents
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Page
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
Scope .................................................................................................................. 1
Document contributor contact points ................................................................. 1
Future work ........................................................................................................ 2
Forward .............................................................................................................. 3
2
References ............................................................................................................... 3
3
Terms and definitions ............................................................................................. 4
4
Conventions ............................................................................................................ 4
Abbreviated terms .............................................................................................. 4
UML notation ..................................................................................................... 5
Used parts of other documents ........................................................................... 5
Data dictionary tables ......................................................................................... 5
Use of term NHD+ and NHD ............................................................................. 6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5
Hydro modeling overview ...................................................................................... 6
6
Hydro model interoperability .................................................................................. 7
6.1
Data and model resources................................................................................... 7
6.1.1
Data access services ....................................................................................... 7
6.1.1.1 Spatial feature data ............................................................................................. 7
6.1.1.2 Observation data ................................................................................................ 9
6.1.2
Information models ........................................................................................ 9
6.1.2.1 Conformance to ISO 19103 and ISO 19109 ...................................................... 9
6.1.2.2 Semantic feature type catalog............................................................................. 9
6.1.2.3 HY_Features common hydrological feature model ......................................... 10
6.1.2.4 WaterML 2 model ............................................................................................ 11
6.1.2.5 RiverML model ................................................................................................ 11
6.1.2.6 NHD+ model .................................................................................................... 11
6.1.2.7 NHN model ...................................................................................................... 11
6.2
Semantic mapping of hydrological models ...................................................... 12
6.2.1
Semantic mapping implementation in the Testbed-10................................. 16
6.2.2
NHD+ / NHN source models and HY_Features .......................................... 17
6.3
Mediation system implementation ................................................................... 19
6.3.1
Overall system architecutre.......................................................................... 19
6.3.2
Service components ..................................................................................... 21
6.3.2.1 Hydro model mediator...................................................................................... 21
6.3.2.2 Hydro model service ........................................................................................ 21
The Hydro Model Service was implemented as a Web Processing Service (WPS)
based on 52North codebase. ..................................................................... 21
iv
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
6.3.3
Backend communication between service components ............................... 22
6.3.4
Mapping implementation using xlink .......................................................... 23
6.3.5
Semantic mapping implementation and example queries ............................ 25
6.4
Use cases .......................................................................................................... 27
6.4.1
Use case 1: Mapping hydrographic features from NHD+ to
HY_Features ................................................................................................ 27
6.4.1.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 27
6.4.1.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 29
6.4.2
Use case 2: Mapping hydrographic features from NHN to HY_Features ... 32
6.4.2.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 32
6.4.2.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 33
6.4.3
Use case 3: Hydrographic mapping between NHD+ and NHN .................. 36
6.4.3.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 36
6.4.3.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 38
6.4.4
Use case 4: Finding upstream service .......................................................... 39
6.4.4.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 39
6.4.4.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 41
6.4.5
Use case 5: Heterogeneous hydrological model integration mapping
(NHN/NHD+) .............................................................................................. 43
6.4.5.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 43
6.4.5.2 Demonstration .................................................................................................. 47
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Best Practices ........................................................................................................ 51
Access hydrologic from multiple data sources................................................. 51
Mediation between hydrologic models ............................................................ 52
Mediation power of the HY_Features model ................................................... 53
Best practices for a hydro model mediation system ......................................... 54
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 56
7.5
Revision history ................................................................................................ 57
Figures
Page
Figure 1 — Overall Architecture .................................................................................................. 7
Figure 2 — Mapping framework .............................................................................................. 13
Figure 3 — NHD_Flowline - Mapping NHD_HydroElement to HY_FlowPath .................. 14
Figure 4 — NHN_Flowline - Mapping NHN_nlflow to HY_FlowPath ................................. 15
Figure 5 — Semantic Mapping Framework ............................................................................ 17
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
v
OGC 14-048
Figure 6 — Conceptual Model Structure: HY_Features ........................................................ 17
Figure 7 —Data Model Structure: NHD+ ................................................................................ 18
Figure 8 — Data Model Structure: NHN ................................................................................ 19
Figure 9 — Overall Architecture .............................................................................................. 20
Figure 10 — Interactions between component services .......................................................... 21
Figure 11 — Service Communication ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 12 — Flow line mapping using Xlink ........................................................................... 25
Figure 13. Result of the query in Table 2 ................................................................................... 26
Figure 14. Result of the query in Table 3 ................................................................................... 26
Figure 15. Result of the query in Table 4 ................................................................................... 27
Figure 16 — Use case 1: mapping flow line from NHD+ to HY_Features ............................ 29
Figure 17 — Use case 1 step 1: Define an area of interest in US ............................................ 30
Figure 18 — Use case 1 step 2: Retrieve results in HY_Features .......................................... 31
Figure 19. Result of the query in Table 5 ................................................................................... 31
Figure 20 — Use case 2: Mapping flow line from NHN to HY_Features ............................. 33
Figure 21 — Use case 2 step 1: Define an area of interest In Canada ................................... 34
Figure 22 — Use case 2 step 2: Retrieve results in HY_Features .......................................... 35
Figure 23. Result of the query in Table 6 ................................................................................... 35
Figure 24 — Sequence graph of Use Case 3.1: Map NHN to NHD+ ..................................... 37
Figure 25 — Sequence graph of Use Case 3.2: Map NHD+ to NHN ..................................... 38
Figure 26 — Use Case 3.1 demo: Results in NHD+ ................................................................. 39
Figure 27 — Use case 4: Finding upstream service ................................................................. 41
Figure 28 — Use case 4 demo: Starting point and requests ................................................... 42
Figure 29 — Use case 4 demo: Result feature collection in NHN model ............................... 43
Figure 30 — Use Case 5: Hydrographic Mapping of Heterogeneous Hydro Models .......... 45
Figure 31 — Use Case 5: Cross Model Framework ................................................................ 46
Figure 32 — Use Case 5: Cross Model Data Matching ........................................................... 47
Figure 33 — Use case 5 demo: Selecting a cross-border AOI ................................................ 48
Figure 34 — Use case 5 demo: Merged features in HY_Features model .............................. 49
Figure 35 — Use case 5 demo: Merged features in NHD+ model .......................................... 50
Figure 36. Result of the query in Table 7 ................................................................................... 51
Tables
vi
Page
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
Table 1 — Contents of data dictionary tables.............................................................................. 5
Table 2. An example query to find the entities in HY_Features .............................................. 26
Table 3. An example query to find the fields of HY_FlowPath in HY_Features model ........ 26
Table 4. An example query to find the models to be mapped from HY_FlowPath in
HY_Features model .............................................................................................................. 27
Table 5. An example query to find the mapping of HY_FlowPath to NHD+ ......................... 31
Table 6. An example query to find the mapping of HY_FlowPath to NHN ........................... 35
Table 7. An example query to match cross-model data ............................................................ 51
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
vii
OGC® Engineering Report
OGC 14-048
OGC® Testbed 10 Cross Community Interoperability (CCI)
Hydro Model Interoperability Engineering Report
1
1.1
Introduction
Scope
The scope of this Engineering Report is to capture advancements, best practices, standard
adoption, specification change requests, and interoperability surrounding the Hydro
Model Interoperability work. The work is a sub-task under the Cross-Community
Interoperability (CCI) thread of the OGC Testbed 10 within the Interoperability Program.
The effort focuses on demonstrating interoperability among hydrographic and hydrologic
data sources. It bears the similar scope of CCI but a narrow subject on hydro models and
services. The ultimate goal is to build on interoperability within hydro communities
sharing geospatial data and advance semantic mediation approaches for data discovery,
access, and use of heterogeneous hydro data models and heterogeneous hydro metadata
models.
This OGC® document gives guidelines for enabling interoperability among different
hydro data models and services. The demonstration specifically gives out best practices
for supporting interoperability among the National Hydrographic Network (NHN) of
Canada, the National Hydrographic Dataset Plus (NHD+) of United States, and the OGC
HY_Features model developed and proposed by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO). The discussed version of OGC HY_Features was adopted as the mediation
bridge model to exchange information among heterogeneous hydrological models.
This OGC® document is applicable to hydro model and service interoperability adopting
emerging OGC specification – HY_Features.
1.2
Document contributor contact points
All questions regarding this document should be directed to the editor or the contributors:
Name
Organization
Genong (Eugene) Yu
George Mason University, [email protected]
Liping Di
George Mason University, [email protected]
Chenyu Hao
GIS.FCU, [email protected]
Lew Leinenweber
OGC, [email protected]
Irina Domblut
WMO-GRDC, [email protected]
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
Rob Atkinson
1.3
CSIRO, [email protected]
Future work
Hydrological data and model integration requires not only reconciliation of variations in
geometric mapping but also semantic mapping of data structures and content values.
Semantic mapping is a complex process, often performed in data preparation activities in
different systems and processes in different ways. In the Testbed-10 a prototype mapping
was designed and tested to link hydrological information models of different design but
comparable semantics. From the experience of this test bed, the following further work is
recommended.
Semantic support for mediation – The prototype implementation was initially
using xlink to achieve the mapping between different models. The major reasons
are the existing knowledge and technology of the implementation organization
and the easy use of xlink technology for the purpose of rapid development. The
semantic mapping was tested using a prototype knowledgebase developed and
implemented in OWL using Protégé editor. The knowledgebase was released for
testing through a standard SPARQL engine. The demonstration has limited use of
features and examples to mapping the hydrological features across models and
therefore the use of semantic mapping is also limited on equivalences. In reality,
semantic mapping does not stop on just equivalence of single properties, but may
include more complex overlapping semantics of different groups of properties.
The further requirements of semantic mapping in depth may call for a semantic
mapping technology other than simple equivalence. Along the line of both
geographic and semantic matching, the use of GeoSPARQL with the topological
relationship defined in the HY_Features model may be further tested.
Standards based persistent hydrologic feature data access – The
demonstration in the Testbed-10 did not present the data in a standards based
persistent data service, such as Web Feature Service (WFS). Non-standard access
methods lead to a fragile and limited-scope solution, typically bound to a specific
version of specific software. In order to serve hydrological features in a WFS,
hydrology-specific application schemas are required. These should be grounded in
the common concepts of the HY_Features model..
Semantic mapping framework conforms to ISO baselines – The lack of a
formal model of data products, or use of ad-hoc UML idioms, will lead to
variability in implementing semantic mappings. This variability will in turn
compromise the interoperability of the mapping specification, and of the data
being described. This will perpetuate laborious, repetitive creation of ad-hoc
semantic mappings on a case by case basis, typifying current low levels of data
2
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
integration. This would also limit the interoperability and reusability of semantic
mapping tools and frameworks. The purpose of frameworks is to support the
semantic mapping process with either re-usable tools or pre-tested mappings of
some components. It was recommended that such a mapping framework should
conform to the ISO baselines, particularly the evolving ISO19150-2 standard[1],
for encoding application schema in Resource Description Framework (RDF). This
is important because it provides for a unique, resolvable identifier for each model
element participating in semantic mappings. . It was also recommended that OGC
take further steps to explore how to encapsulate the complexity of the problem by
identification of common patterns, promulgating exemplar mappings supporting
the development of appropriate tooling to make it a sustainable process. For
example, the community would benefit from reusable or example semantic
mappings based on the Observation and Measurements abstract model (ISO
19156) to typical implementation models such as NetCDF. The example use cases
of this test bed are suggested as a test case for a future standardization activity for
model mapping frameworks.
1.4
Forward
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be
the subject of patent rights. The Open Geospatial Consortium shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Recipients of this document are requested to submit, with their comments, notification of
any relevant patent claims or other intellectual property rights of which they may be
aware that might be infringed by any implementation of the standard set forth in this
document, and to provide supporting documentation.
2
References
The following documents are referenced in this document. For dated references,
subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
OGC 06-121r3, OGC® Web Services Common Standard
OGC 11-052r4, OGC® GeoSPARQL - A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data
OGC 11-039r3, OGC® HY_Features: a Common Hydrological Feature Model
Discussion Paper
OGC 08-126, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 5: Features
OGC 99-110, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 10: Feature Collections
OGC 02-112, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 12: The OGC Service
Architecture
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
OGC 99-114, The OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 14: Semantics and Information
Communities
OGC 05-007r7, OGC® Web Processing Service
OGC 09-025r1, OGC® Web Feature Service 2.0 Interface Standard
ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information -- Web Feature Service
OGC 04-094, OGC® Web Feature Service (WFS) Implementation Specification
This OWS Common Standard contains a list of normative references that are also applicable to
this Implementation Standard.
NOTE
In addition to this document, this report includes several XML Schema Document files as
specified in Annex A.
3
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this report, the definitions specified in Clause 4 of the OWS Common
Implementation Standard [OGC 06-121r3] and in OGC® Abstract Specification Topic 5:
Features [OGC 08-126], Topic 10: Feature Collection [OGC 99-110], Topic 12: The
OGC Service Architecture [OGC 02-112], and Topic 14: Semantics and Information
Communities [OGC 99-114] shall apply. In addition, the following terms and definitions
apply.
HY_Features
HY_Features is a hydrologic feature model developed in the joint WMO/OGC
Hydrology Domain Working Group [OGC 11-039r3].
3.1
National Hydrographic Network
Its acronym is NHN. It is a hydro model developed and used in Canada.
3.2
National Hydrographic Dataset Plus
Its acronym is NHD+. It is a hydro model developed and used in United States.
3.3
NOTE
4
Conventions
4.1
CCI
4
NHD+ and NHD are used interchangeable in the context of this report.
Abbreviated terms
Cross-Community Interoperability
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
NHD+
National Hydrographic Dataset Plus
NHN
National Hydrographic Network
WFS
Web Feature Service
WPS
Web Processing Service
4.2
UML notation
Most diagrams that appear in this standard are presented using the Unified Modeling
Language (UML) static structure diagram, as described in Subclause 5.2 of [OGC 06121r3].
4.3
Used parts of other documents
This document uses significant parts of document [OGC 06-121r3]. To reduce the need to
refer to that document, this document copies some of those parts with small
modifications. To indicate those parts to readers of this document, the largely copied
parts are shown with a light grey background (15%).
4.4
Data dictionary tables
The UML model data dictionary is specified herein in a series of tables. The contents of
the columns in these tables are described in Table 1.
Table 1 — Contents of data dictionary tables
Column title
Names
(left column)
Definition
(second column)
Data type and value
(third column)
or
Data type
(if are no second
items are included
in rows of table)
Multiplicity and use
Column contents
Two names for each included parameter or association (or data structure).
The first name is the UML model attribute or association role name.
The second name uses the XML encoding capitalization specified in Subclause
11.6.2 of [OGC 06-121r3].
The name capitalization rules used are specified in Subclause 11.6.2 of [OGC
06-121r3]. Some names in the tables may appear to contain spaces, but no
names contain spaces.
Specifies the definition of this parameter (omitting un-necessary words such as
“a”, “the”, and “is”). If the parameter value is the identifier of something, not
a description or definition, the definition of this parameter should read
something like “Identifier of TBD”.
Normally contains two items:
The mandatory first item is often the data type used for this parameter, using
data types appropriate in a UML model, in which this parameter is a named
attribute of a UML class. Alternately, the first item can identify the data
structure (or class) referenced by this association, and references a separate
table used to specify the contents of that class (or data structure).
The optional second item in the third column of each table should indicate the
source of values for this parameter, the alternative values, or other value
information, unless the values are quite clear from other listed information.
Normally contains two items:
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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Column title
(right or fourth
column)
or
Multiplicity
(if are no second
items are included
in rows of table)
Column contents
The mandatory first item specifies the multiplicity and optionality of this
parameter in this data structure, either “One (mandatory)”, “One or more
(mandatory)”, “Zero or one (optional)”, or “Zero or more (optional)”.
The second item in the right column of each table should specify how any
multiplicity other than “One (mandatory)” shall be used. If that parameter is
optional, under what condition(s) shall that parameter be included or not
included? If that parameter can be repeated, for what is that parameter
repeated?
When the data type used for this parameter, in the third column of such a table, is an
enumeration or code list, all the values specified shall be listed, together with the
meaning of each value. When this information is extensive, these values and meanings
should be specified in a separate table that is referenced in the third column of this table
row.
The data type of many parameters, in the third table column, is specified as “Character
String type, not empty”. In the XML Schema Documents specified herein, these
parameters are encoded with the xsd:string type, which does NOT require that these
strings not be empty.
The contents of these data dictionary tables are normative, including any table footnotes.
4.5
Use of term NHD+ and NHD
For the convenience of diagram and description, NHD is used interchangeable with
NHD+ to mean the hydro model currently used in USA. In text, NHD+ is used to
represent the current hydro model used in US. In diagrams and some text, NHD is used to
indicate the same model but for simplicity without using special “+” sign.
5
Hydro modeling overview
The specified Hydro Model Interoperability task addresses the interoperability among
heterogeneous hydrographic and hydrologic data sources through adopting the
HY_Features common hydrologic feature model. It is part of the Cross-Community
Interoperability (CCI) Thread. The Testbed-10 seeks to specifically answer the following
questions:
(1) How does the HY_Features model enable access to hydro data from multiple
sources?
(2) How does the HY_Features model help the mediation between different hydro
conceptual feature models?
(3) Would a HY_Features profile be required for each data source?
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(4) What are the best practices to build a hydrographic and hydrologic data source
mediation system based on the HY_Features model to support interoperability
across jurisdictions, between various data models, and data structures?
In answering these questions, the following overall architecture has emerged during the
Testbed-10 as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Overall Architecture
6
Hydro model interoperability
6.1
Data and model resources
6.1.1
Data access services
6.1.1.1
Spatial feature data
Two data models are under investigation for semantically data integration by using a
common hydrologic feature model – HY_Features. The two data models are NHD/NHD+
and NHN.
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NHD+, or NHDPlus, is an integrated set of application-ready geospatial data sets that
incorporates features from the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), the National
Elevation Dataset (NED), and the Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD)[7]. The NHD+
Flow Lines, catchments, and watershed boundaries are available packaged with numerous
other data products from: ftp://ftp.horizon-systems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Data/ .
Metadata for these are available from:
ftp://ftp.horizonsystems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Documentation/NHDPlusV2_Metadata.7z
NHD data access can be accomplished by five approaches online:
(1) Access data through an online order system – http://nhd.usgs.gov/data.html. The
order would be usually gone through the packaging process and delivery in 1 or 2
hours.
(2) Direct access to sub-regions identified by 4-digit identification number. This can
be accomplished by using NHD Viewer (http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/).
(3) Download
the
data
by
state
from
ftp://nhdftp.usgs.gov/DataSets/Staged/States/FileGDB
the
(4) Extract subset data of only Streamgages and Dams
ftp://nhdftp.usgs.gov/DataSets/National
ftp
site
-
obtainable from
(5) Watershed boundaries can be download from NRCS Geospatial Data Gateway
(http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/)
NHD+
data
can
be
downloaded
from
http://www.horizonsystems.com/NHDPlus/V2NationalData.php by either http download or ftp download.
The test dataset for the Red River can be downloaded at: ftp://ftp.horizonsystems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Data/NHDPlusSR/, where the NHDSnapshot (i.e.
NHDSnapshot 04.7z) contains flowlines. The test dataset for the Great Lakes can be
ftp://ftp.horizondownloaded
at:
systems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV21/Data/NHDPlusGL/.
The USGS National Water Census will be publishing WFS services for the NHD+
verison 2 Flowlines, catchments (One per flowline), and corresponding HUC12
watersheds (common aggregations of catchments). These services are not available at the
time of this demonstration work. Therefore, the dataset are directly retrieved from the
website through ftp or http download.
NHN data are also managed in a geodatabase. They can be accessed from the following
website:
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Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/find.do?produit=nhn
They are served online via three options to be accessed:
(1) By querying for a specific NHN Work Unit, for example, 05OB000, interactively
through
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/browse.do?produit=nhn&decoupage=units&m
ap=canada . They are available in ESRI shapefile, KML, GML, or ESRI File
GeoDatabase(FGDB).
(2) By
searching
NHN
Work
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/find.do?produit=nhn
Units
at
(3) By
browsing
the
FTP
directory
at
http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/download.do?produit=nhn&items=official/nhn
_rhn/&protocol=ftp .
In the Testbed-10 demonstration project, the NHN data in ESRI shapefile format for the
Red river was made available in a special pre-subset package. The data had been subset at
the border between Canada and the United States, for the purpose of demonstrating crossborder
data
integration.
The
data
is
available
through
FTP
at
ftp://ftp.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/hydro/Denis/OWS10/RedRiver.zip.
6.1.1.2
Observation data
Gauge measurements or stream measurements can be retrieved from related website. For
example Streamgages and Dams data can be extracted in NHD from
ftp://nhdftp.usgs.gov/DataSets/National.
6.1.2
6.1.2.1
Information models
Conformance to ISO 19103 and ISO 19109
For information models to be interoperable a consistent UML style and data types are
necessary. The ISO 19103 Conceptual Schema Language provides this, and the 19109
General Feature Model defines relevant Meta-classes. HY_Features, WaterML 2, and
several other standards use this meta-standard. Conformance to this standard, and use of
the ISO model library is necessary to generate GML and OWL using the automation tools
available. Further information about the conformance to ISO standards in previous
research can be found at https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/wiki/AppSchemas/WebHome
6.1.2.2
Semantic feature type catalog
The Spatial Identifier Reference Framework (SIRF) project, a project of the
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, has
developed a 'Semantic Feature Type Catalog' based on the OWL representations of
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
9
OGC 14-048
information models. This is being prototyped and tested to support Testbed-10. Details
can be found at https://wiki.csiro.au/display/SIRF/FeatureTypeCatalog.
The SPARQL endpoint for this is provided at: http://unsdi-dev.csiro.au/openrdfsesame/repositories/ftc. Other API endpoints can be accessed at http://unsdidev.csiro.au/sissvoc/meta/.
To extend the functionality of the API, an application project should ideally provide a
SPARQL CONSTRUCT query to generate a desired response, otherwise a description of
the required function and its purpose. For easy visualization and display, a HTML
interface to the API is required. The API could be extended to meet the specific
requirements when the tools become completely available to developers through open
source access in near future. The current HTML interface is enabled through a slightly
hacked version of a very complex general purpose style sheet. Alternatives using
Velocity
are
now
available.
Further
details
can
be
found
at
https://code.google.com/p/elda/. In the Testbed-10 demonstration, these APIs were not
adopted and extended, considering their developing stage. However, the concepts and the
framework did help in implementing the semantic mapping with available tools and
resources in the Testbed-10 project. As their APIs evolves, it is perceived that they could
be directly adapted and re-used for the future implementation of semantic mapping with
the common HY_Features mediation model.
6.1.2.3
HY_Features common hydrological feature model
The HY_Features model[2] is available via a Feature Type Catalog Linked Data API
using a temporary domain name provided within the SIRF project in the framework of
Australian Hydrological Geospatial Fabric (AU-Geofabric). The URIs for concepts
defined in the OWL model are used as the basis for a URI, which may be resolved to
alternative representations. The SIRF project is ongoing. Efforts are currently working to
hook up all the views to all the resources.
Concepts in the HY_Features model may be accessed using the URI pattern:
http://demo.sirf.net/def/schema/hydrology/{schemafilename}/{concept }
where {schemafilename} is the value of the tagged value "xsdDocument" (minus the .xsd
extension) and {concept} is the name of the class or property, converted to standard
conventions (UpperCamelCase? for classes, lowerCamelCase for properties).
For example, HY_Basin and outflowNode are given respectively at
http://demo.sirf.net/def/schema/hy_features/abstracthydrofeature/HY_Basin and
http://demo.sirf.net/def/schema/hy_features/abstracthydrofeature/outflowNode.
The current implementation allows requests to query each object. By default, the request
for HTML for one of these objects will reach to a landing page listing all the available
views and formats available. The OWL file can be accessed through API for
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OGC 14-048
application/rdf+xml. The following is an example request that will return the OWL file
containing the relevant definitions, using these same URI patterns.
https://svnserv.csiro.au/svn/SIRF/public/def/schema/hy_features/abstracthydrofeature.rdf
#HY_Basin
6.1.2.4
WaterML 2 model
The WaterML-2.0 model[3], [4] could be a potential bridging model for integration of
heterogeneous hydrologic data. This work is in progress. In this demonstration, the
WaterML-2.0 model was not adopted and examined, considering the time constraints on
implementation and existing technology of the testing implementation organizations.
6.1.2.5
RiverML model
RiverML[5], [6] is an intended standard format for river geometry and flow data by
extending WaterML 2.0[3], [4] with specialization of river geometry and hydraulics. This
model is still under development. It was not be used in the OWS 10 test bed.
6.1.2.6
NHD+ model
The NHD+ model is provided by the USGS model definitions .xmi, .ead, and gml
schemas that are available at this link: http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/incits-l1standards-projects/framework/models/.
6.1.2.7
NHN model
Each NHN data from the ftp site (ftp://ftp.ctis.nrcan.gc.ca/pub/hydro/Denis/OWS10/)
contains a corresponding descriptions file in both English and French. The description
files provide metadata information about the data, including identification, data quality,
spatial data organization, entity and attribute, distribution, and metadata reference.
The NHN model is divided in 4 main packages[8]–[10]:
W$R=KHG>MPHKD0A>AR=KHG>MPHKDBLF:=>NIH?G>MPHKDEBG>:K>E>F>GM:G=G>MPHKD
point element[8]. The network linear element includes network linear flow and water
boundary entity. The network element represents hydro junctions.
W $R=KH@K:IAB AR=KH@K:IAB:MNK>L BG man made hydrogrphic entity,
hydrographic obstacle entity, island, water body, simple line watercourse, and
coastline[8].
W 0HIHGRFR: Toponymy is an external package that defines hydro traversal,
hydrographic entity, and named point, line, or polygon features[8].
W$R=KH>O>GM: A hydro event can be a linear event or a point event[8].
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
For detailed catalogue distribution profile, further descriptions can be found on the
following link[11], [12].
http://www.geobase.ca/doc/catalogue/GeoBase_NHN_Catalogue_1.0.1_EN.html
The descriptions cover feature classes, including bank, delimiter, external geometry
event, external line event, eternal point event, flow property event, hydrographic obstacle
entity, hydro junction, island, littoral, manmande hydrographic entity, manmade line
event, manmande point event, named feature, network linear flow, obstracle line event,
obstacle point event, single line watercourse, and waterbody[12].
6.2
Semantic mapping of hydrological models
The mapping between different hydrological models can be formalized through
mediation by means of shared semantics. In the Testbed-10 a two-step mapping approach
is applied using the HY_Features model in sense of a mediation service. At first, the
hydrological models are mapped to common feature concepts of HY_Features. Secondly,
the HY_Features model is “re-mapped” to the target models. Figure 2 shows the
mapping approach intended to be used in this Testbed-10.
To achieve semantic interoperability among the NHD+ - and NHN data models, two
separate mappings are required: (1) mapping of NHD+ features to the equivalent
concepts of HY_Features, and (2) mapping NHN features to HY_Features equivalents.
12
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
Figure 2 — Mapping framework
The semantic mapping is established through a mapping model which will allow a
standard RDF/OWL encoding of data models conforming to ISO standards, particularly
the emerging ISO19150-2 standard. Since each module of the HY_Features model is an
ISO19109 application schema, which could be converted into RDF/OWL, the mapping to
HY_Features common concepts will make NHD+ or NHN elements addressable and
discoverable for automated web services following the Linked Data approach.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 show exemplarily how linear features of NHD+ or NHN source
models to their HY_Features equivalents at the field/property level. For each source
model, a similar mapping class is defined whose properties link the source and the target
model. In the UML diagrams, entities shaded in “yellow” are mapping class and
properties. Those in green are source model in source models – either in NHD+ or in
NHN in the Testbed-10 project. Those in blue are target HY_Features model.
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
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OGC 14-048
class NHD2HYF
«mappingClass»
NHD2HYF::NHD_Flow line
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::HY_Flow Path
«DataType»
Hydrography::
ComputedNetw orkValues
«realisedObject»
1
1
1
+ID
+networkAttributes
+representedCatchment.outflowNode
+representedCatchment.inflowNode
«representsAttribute»
1..*
+
+
+
«mappingProp...
NHD2HYF::
NHD_LineID
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::
HY_CatchmentRepresentation
0..*
+representedCatchment
1
HY_HydroFeature
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::
HY_Catchment
«FeatureType»
HY_Catchment::HY_Basin
+
code :ScopedName [0..1]
+contributingBasin
+receivingBasin
1..*
+outflowNode
1
0..*
line :GM_Curve
point :GM_Point
polygon :GM_Surface
{if FlowCode = 1}
HydroFeature
«mapsTo»
«representsConnector»
+comid
«Feature»
Hydrography::HydroElement
+ featureCode :HydroFeatureCode [0..1]
+networkAttributes.toNode + featureType :HydroFeatureType
+ flowDirection :FlowCode [0..1]
«mapsTo»
+ geometry :Geometries
::HydroFeature
«mappingPro...
+networkAttributes.fromNode + attribute :ExtendedAttributes [0..*]
NHD2HYF::
+ featureDate :Date
NHD_Outflow Node
+ featureID :Identifier
+ linkedResource :ExternalResource [0..1]
+ measure :Measurement [0..*]
+ metadata :CharacterString [0..*]
«representsConnector»
«mapsTo»
+ name :Name [0..*]
+ representation :Representation [0..*]
::Feature
+ attribute :ExtendedAttributes [0..*]
+ geometry :GM_Object [0..*]
+ identifier :Identifier
«mappingPro...
+ metadata :CharacterString [0..1]
NHD2HYF::
+ topology :TP_Object [0..*]
NHD_Inflow Node
0..1 +inflowNode
«FeatureTyp...
HY_Catchment::
HY_Outfall
Figure 3 — NHD_Flowline - Mapping NHD_HydroElement to HY_FlowPath
Figure 3 shows the UML diagram expressing the mappings of a linear HydroElement in
the NHD source model to HY_FlowPath in the HY_Features model. The following
describe the three major property mappings of the mapping class:
1. NHD_InflowNode: This is the mappingProperty that maps the fromNode
(relation) in NHD+ to the representedCatchment.inflowNode in HY_Features.
2. NHD_OutflowNode: This is the mappingProperty that maps the toNode (relation)
in NHD+ to the representedCatchment.outflowNode in HY_Features.
3. NHD_LineID: This is the mappingProperty that maps the attribute comid in
NHD+ to Flowpath.ID in HY_Features.
14
0..1
«Union»
Hydrography::Geometries
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium.
OGC 14-048
class NHN2HYF
«spatialDescriptiveEv