LAB ASSISTANT PHYSICAL SCIENCE

(SHORT NOTES FOR CHEMISTRY)

You must read and important to 10 TH 9 th 8th STD SCIENCE BOOKS)

REFERS std From 4 to 12 (samaser kalvi books)

mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs;

( gUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; jd;ikfs;) | mkpyq;fs; (Acids) – mrpl]; - Gspg;G RitAilaJ.S | (,yj;jPd; nrhy;) ( v.fh. japh;> vYk;gpr;ir rhW> MuQ;R> tpdpfh;> Gsp> jf;fhsp); md;whl tho;tpy gad;gLk; nghUl;fs;.

| mkpyk; - fiury; epiyapy; i`l;u[d; madp jUtJ (mhpdpa]; nfhs;if) (H

⁺) (,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d;) | mkpyk; - fhpk mkpyk; ( jhtu tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ) fdpk mkpyk; (fdpkq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLtJ) | fhpk mkpyk; - (COOH njhFjp nfhz;l fhpk Nrh;kq;fs;) v.fh. CH ₂ COOH,H COOH | ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; fhpk mkpyq;fs;;: tpdpfh;- mrpbf; mkpyk; ntz;iz – gpA+bf; mkpyk; vYk;gpr;ir- rpl;hpf; mkpyk; vWk;G - ghh;kpf; mkpyk; jf;fhsp - Mf;rhypf; mkpyk; Gsp - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk; jpuhl;ir - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk; japh; - yhf;bf; mkpyk; ghy; - yhf;bf; mkpyk; cool drinks – rpl;hpf;+ Mf;rhypf; Mg;gpy; - khypf; mkpyk; fh;Nghdpf; - CO ₂ Vw;wg;gl;l ePh; mkpyk; (H ₂ CO)

| fdpk mkpyk;: v.fh: i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk; (HCL) ry;G+hpf; mkpyk; (or) fe;jf mkpyk; (H ₂ SO₄) iel;hpf; mkpyk; (HNO

₃ – 3:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; | fhw;Wg;gl;l Fsph;ghdk;- H

₂CO₃-fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk; | mkpyj;jpd; gz;Gfs;: Gspg;G RitAilaJ> mhpf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ nghJthf vy;yh mkpyq;fspYk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d; ,Uf;Fk;. mkpyq;fs; cNyhfq;fSld; tpidGhpe;J i`l;u[d; thAit ntspg;gLj;Jk;. mkpyq;fs; ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf khw;Wk;. mkpyq;fs; gpdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bAld; epwkw;wit nkj;jpy; ‘MuQ;Rld; rptg;G epwj;ijAk;;’ jUk;. | jq;fj;ij fiuf;fty;y mkpyk; : ,uh[ jpuhtfk; (mf;th hp[pah). (HCL+HNO

₃) | fhuq;fs; (Bases (or) Alkalies):- | ePhpy; fiuAk; fhuq;fs;> my;fyp]; (Alkalies)- ‘my;fyp];’ (fuhgp thh;j;ij)

‘Alkalies’ vd;gJ khh;rhk;gy;-,jpy; Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpaj;jpd; fhh;gNdl;Lfs; cs;sd. | fhuq;fs; - fiurypy; i`l;uhf;irL madpia (OH) (ePUld;)nfhLf;Fk;- (mhPdpa]; nfhs;ifgb) v.fh:- nuhl;b Nrhlh> vhp Nrhlh> Nrhlh (ryit Nrhlh) vhpgl;lhR>; fh];bf; Nrhlh.

| fhuq;fs; -tO tOg;ghdit> frg;G RitAilait. | cNyhf Mf;i]Lfs; kw;Wk; i`l;uhf;i]Lfs; fhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh:- fhuj;jpd; ngah; - gad;ghl;L ngah; (Ntjpg; ngah;) | Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NaoH) − fh];bf; Nrhlh ( vhp Nrhlh). | nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L(KOH)

− fh];bf; nghl;lh~; | fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;i]L [Ca (OH

₂)]− ePw;Wr; Rz;zhk;G (ePh; Rz;zhk;G) | nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L[Mg(OH)

₂]− mkpy ePf;fp (nkf;dPrpak; ghy;kh;) | Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak;> | i`l;uhf;i]L cg;Gfs;

− Nrhg;G ( fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ) | mNkhdpak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NH

₄OH)− fz;zhb Rj;jk; nra;a | fhy;rpak; Mf;i]L (Cao)

− Rl;l Rz;zhk;G | nkf;dPrpak; Mf;i]L (Mgo) | Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; (Na

₂ co₃) − ryit Nrhlh (Nrhlh) | Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; (NaHCO

₃) − nuhl;b Nrhlh (lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;) | Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NaoH) - vhp Nrhlh | nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L (KOH) - vhp gl;lhR | Nrhlh Rz;zhk;G - Cao + NaOH

| Rl;l Rz;zhk;G - Cao | Rz;zhk;G fy; - CaCO

₃ | fhyikd; - Zn CO

₃ (Jj;jehf fhh;gNdl;) | fhuj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:- frg;G RitAilJ – i`l;uhf;i]L madp cilait rptg;G ypl;ki] ePy epwkhf khw;Wk; totog;ghf ,Uf;Fk; | nkj;jpy; MuQ;R epwq;fhl;bAld; kQ;rs; epwj;ijAk; gPdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bAld; ,sQ;rptg;G epwj;ij jUk;;;.

|fhu> mkpyq;fs; fz;lwpa epwq;fhl;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. |fhu mkpy epwq;fhl;bfs;. v.fh:- ypl;k];> gpdhg;jyPd; (nkj;jpy;) (MuQ;R) |mkpyk; → ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf khw;Wk;. (Acid) Blue litmus to Red

–Acid ( BRA) |fhuk; → rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy epwkhf khw;Wk;.

(Base) Red litmus to Blue - Base (RBB) | mkpyk; → gPdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bapy; epwkw;wit. → gPl;&l; rhWld; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk;. | rptg;G → rptg;G Kl;ilNfhR rhWld; rptg;G epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. | fhuk; → gPdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bapy; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk;. →gPl;&l; rhWld; kQ;rs; epwk; →rptg;G Kl;ilNfhR rhWld; gr;ir epwk;.

|ypl;k]; - Xh; ,aw;if rhak; - ypr;rd;];]py; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ –ePhpy; Cjh epwkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

| mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhuk; Kw;wpYk; tpidGhptJ eLepiyahf;fy; tpid MFk;. ,jpy; mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhuk; ,ize;J eLepiyahf;fYf;F cl;gl;L cg;Gk; ePUk; jUfpwJ. mkpyk; + fhuk;

→cg;G + ePh; Hcl + NaOH

→ Nacl + H₂O | i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; cg;Gfs; FNshiuL cg;Gfs; MFk;. v.fh:- Nrhbak; FNshiuL (Nacl). | iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; cg;Gfs; iel;Nul; cg;Gfs; MFk;. v.fh:- fhg;gh; iel;Nul; | ry;gpAhpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; cg;Gfs; ry;Ngl; cg;Gfs; MFk;. v.fh:- fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;. | Nrhbak; FNshiuL (Nacl) - rhjhuzkhd cg;G ( rikay; cg;G) | Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; - nuhl;b Nrhlh> Fsph;ghdk; | Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; - ryit Nrhlh | nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul; - ntb nghUl;fspy; | Nkhh;]; cg;G kw;Wk; ,ul;il cg;G> ePNuw;wg;gl;l nghl;lhrpak;> mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl; | Cuso

₄ - fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; - g+r;rp nfhy;yp | kapy; Jj;jk; (Blue vitriol) – ePNuw;wg;gl;l fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; (Cuso ₄ – 5H₂o) | ntz; Jj;jk; (white vitriol) – [pq;fh; ry;Ngl; | gr;ir Jj;jk; (Green vitriol)- Fe so

₄ | white vitriol – H

₂so₄ (oil of vitriol) fz;zhb vz;nza; | Gifg;glj; njhopy; gad;gLk; cg;G – AgBr (rpy;th; GNuhikL) | gbfhu fy; - nghl;lh~; Myk; | [pg;rk; - CaSAO

₄, 2H₂O Y}dhh; fh];bf; -AgNO₃ | vg;rk; - MgSO

₄, 7H₂O (rpy;th; iel;Nul;)

| ghhp]; rhe;J (plaster of pain) – CaSO ₄, 1/2H₂O (khTf; fl;L)

| ntz;ikepw ryit fy; - Caco ₃ | nrhpkhdkpd;ik rhp nra;a gad;gLtJ – nkf;dpah ghy;kk;.

| vWk;G fbj;jYf;F kUe;Jfspy; gad;gLtJ – fhyikd; (Jj;jehf fhh;gNdl;) | tpl;lkpd; - C (rpl;hpf; mkpyk;) – m];fhh;gpf; mkpyk; | nkf;dPrpak; (Ms) fhw;Wld; gpufhrkhf vhpe;J nkf;dprpak; Mf;i]ilAk; mJ ePhpy; fiuf;fg;gl;lhy; nkf;dprpak; i`l;uhf;i]ilAk; (nkf;dPrpah ghy;kk;) jUfpwJ.

| gbkq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; fhw;wpy; ntl;lg;gl;L jpwe;J itj;jhy; mJ gOg;G epwkhf khw fhuzk; mjpy; cs;s gPdhypf; njhFjp Nrh;kq;fs; gOg;G epw nkyhdpd; Nrh;kkhf Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milfpwJ. | nts;sp> ghj;jpuq;fs;> nfhYRfs;> gsg;gsg;ig ,of;f fhuzk; mJ fhw;wpYs;s ry;gUld; tpidg;gl;L ry;igL Nrh;kkhf khw;WtNj MFk;. | mkpyq;fs; nghJthf Na ₂ CO₃ Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; my;yJ Na₂ CO₃ Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl;Lld; Eiuj;J nghq;Fjy; epfo fhuzk; CO ₂ ntsptUtJ MFk;.

|fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; mkpyk; - HF (i`l;Nuh g;Shpf; mkpyk;) (i`l;u[d; g;SiuL) | cyfpd; mjpf typikkpf;f mkpyk; - HFSO

₃ (g;SNuh ry;g+hpf; mkpyk;) cuq;fspdhy; kz; mkpyj;jd;ik ngWfpwJ.

|ryitj; Js; (Bleaching powder) - Caocl ₂ (fhy;rpak; Mf;]p FNshiuL)> FbePhpy; ghf;Bhpahit mspg;gJ.

| ePhpy; cs;s ghf;Bhpahit mspf;f (ePiuj; Ja;ikahf;f) gad;gLtJ- CaoCl ₂ (gpspr;rpq; gTlh;)

|fhpk mkpyq;fs; fhpk mkpyq;fis tpl typik kpFe;jit nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; - fhh;ghypf; mkpyq;fs;. typik Fiwe;j mkpyq;fs; ( fhpk mkpyq;fs;)- HCOOH, CH

₃COOH (mrpl;bf; mkpyk;

tpdpfh;) typik kpFe;j fdpk mkpyq;fs; - HNO

₃, H₂SO₄,HF,HCL typik Fiwe;j fhuk; - mNkhdpak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NH ₄OH) mkpyj;jd;ikia Fwpg;gpl fhuj;Jtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fhuj;jd;ikia Fwpg;gpl mkpyj;Jtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU fhuj;Jt mkpyk; HCL,HNO

₃ Kf;fhuj;Jt mkpyk; ,U fhuj;Jt mkpyk; H

₃SO₄, H₃PO₃ H

₃PO4 xU mkpyj;Jt fhuk; NaOH,KOH ,U mkpyj;Jt fhuk; CaCOH | xU fiurypd; mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhuj;jpd; typikia mstpl gad;gLk; mstPL

– PH mstPL. PH mstPL- i`l;u[d; madpapd; nrwpit mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. PH = log 10 [H+] PH msTNfhy;;: 0 Kjy; 14 tiu

→ 7 →14 mkpyj;jd;ik ↓ fhuj;jd;ik eLepiy

| mkpyj;jpw;fhd PH msTNfhy; : 7ypUe;J 0 tiu Fiwa Fiwa mjpfhpf;fpwJ. (0 Kjy; 7 tiu) PH

₇ tpl FiwT | fhuj;jpw;fhd PH msTNfhy; : 7 ypUe;J 14 tiu mjpfhpf;f fhuj;jd;ik.

(7 Kjy; 14 tiu) PH ₇ tpl mjpfk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. | eLepiy fiury; ePhpd; kjpg;G PH4 kjpg;G :7 fiury; PH4 kjpg;G kdpj uj;jk;

→ 7.3 kdpj ckpo; ePh; → 6.5 to 7.5 tapw;wpy; Ruf;Fk; jputk;(Hcl)

→ 2 vYk;gpr;ir rhW → 2.2 to 2;.4 fhgp

→ 4.4 to 5.5 | kioePhpd; PH7 - (PH kjpg;G 7 tpl FiwT vdpy; mJ mkpy kio) | rikay; Nrhlh PH – 8.2 ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;f kjpg;G 10 ⁻ˡ⁴ | tpdpfh; PH kjpg;G – 2.5 Nkhy; yp -2 | ePhpy; [H+]= [o

⁴] = 10 ⁻⁷ Nkhy; yp -1 ( eLepiy fiury;) vdNt ePhpd; PH = 7 ( eLepiy fiurYf;F) | ghhP]; rhe;J (plaster of pains) – Caso

₄. ½ H₂o fhy;rpak; ry;Ngl; (gpsh];lh; Mg; ghhp];) khTf;fl;L n`kp i`l;Nul; | fhh;gd; iyl; - Nrhbak; ry;Ngl; (Na ₂So₄) | vYk;Gr; rhk;gypy; ,Ug;gJ - fhy;rpak; gh];Ngl; | fly; ePhpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; jdpkk; - Nrhbak; | fjphpaf;f jdpkk; Nubaj;ij fz;lwpe;jth; - Nkhp Faphp | fjphpaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jth; - n`d;wp ngf;Nfhuy;.

| ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jy; - cNyhf mhpkhdk; - kpd; Ntjptpid | ,Uk;G -Neh; kpd; vjph;Kid | tspkz;ly fhh;gd; Jfs; - vjph; kpd; Kid | Co

₂ fiue;j ePh; (H₂CO₃) fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk; - kpd; gFsp | ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jy; jLj;jy; - ehf Kyhk; g+Rjy; | ,Uk;gpd; kPJ Zn [pq;f; (fhy; tid]; nra;jy;) (Jj;jehfk;) Kyhk; g+Rjy;.

| ry;igL jhJ mlh;gpf;Fk; Kiw – Eiu kpjg;G Kiw (igd; vz;nza;). | Mf;i]L jhJ mlh;gpf;Fk; Kwi – Gtp <h;g;G Kiw. mZ mikg;G mZ ‘ atom’ from hreek word “atoms” vd;gJ ‘gphpf;f KbahjJ. mZitg; gw;wpa Kjy; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth; (fz;lwpe;jth;) – [hd; lhy;ld;. gUg;nghUl;fspd; kpf Ez;zpa Jfs; - mZ. | mZtpd; cUtsT Vwj;jho 10 ⁻¹⁰ m (IA). | gUg;nghUl;fspd; kpd; jd;ik gw;wpa Nrhjid %yk; Kjypy; cWjp nra;jth; - ikf;nfy; ghuNl.

| gUg;nghUl;fspd; kpd;jd;ikahdJ kpd; mZf;fs; vd;w Jfs; mjhtJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; MdJ – [hd; ];Nlhd;. | vyl;uhd;id fz;lwpe;jth; - J.J. jhk;]d;. | vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Rik – vjph; kpd; Rik (-vc) cila mZj;Jfs;. | vyl;uhd; fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid –ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l vjph; kpd;dpwf;ff;Foha; - Nrhjidapy; vjph;kpd;thapy; ,Ue;J tUk; fjph; Zns | [pq;f; ry;igL (jpiuapy;) xsph;jiy cz;lhf;Fk;. - ,it vjph;kpd; tha; fjph;fs; (NfNjhL fjph;fs;)- vyf;l;uhd;fs;. | GNuhl;lhid fz;lwpe;jth;- Nfhy;L];Bd; (1886) | GNuhl;lhdpd; kpd;Rik – Neh;kpd;Rik cila mZj;Jfs;.

| GNuhl;lhd; fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid – Jisaplg;gl;l vjph;kpd;tha; nfhz;l kpd;dpwf;ff; Foha;-vjph;kpd;thapd; gpd;Gwk; rptg;G epw xsph;jy; Neh;kpd;thapy; ,Ue;J cUthdjhy; - Neh;kpd;tha; fjph;fs; my;yJ fhy;tha; fjph;fs; - GNuhl;lhd;fs; ( Neh;kpd;Rik nfhz;l mZj;Jfs;. i`l;u[d; mZ

→ GNuhl;lhd; + vyf;l;uhd; (H

→ H+e-) | vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; GNuhl;lhd; ,uz;Lk; kpd;Gyk; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

| fhe;j Gyj;jhy; ghjpf;fhj fjph; - fjph; ( fhkh fjph; ) | epAl;uhid fz;lwpe;jth; - rhl;tpf; (1932) | epAl;uhdpd; kpd; Rik – eLepiy jd;ik cila mZj;Jfs; (kpd; Rik mw;wJ)

| epAl;uhd; fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid – Nghuhd; (my;yJ) nghpypak; mZit ( nghpypak; → fhh;gd; ) (My;gh fjph;) α fjph; nfhz;L jhf;fpdhh;. fjph; epAl;uhd; | epA+l;uhd; GNuhl;lhDf;F ,izahd epiw cila mZj;Jfs;.

| epA+l;uhd; ,y;yhj mZ – i`l;u[d; (H) | GNuhl;lhDk; epa+l;uhDk; Nrh;e;j gFjp cl;fU (my;yJ) mZf;fU | GNuhl;lhDk; epa+l;uhDk; Nrh;e;j Jfs;fs; - epa+f;spahd;fs; - cl;fU Jfs;fs; | mZ cl;fUit fz;lwpe;jth; - &jh;Nghh;L | mZ cl;fU fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid – nky;ypa jq;f jfl;bd; kPJ My;gh fjph;fis tpor; nra;jy;.

| mZ cl;fUtpd; cUtsT ngh;kp vd;w msthy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.

| mZtpd; GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd; mZtpd; ikag;gFjpapy; rpwpa cl;fU gFjpajfTk; mijr; Rw;wp gy Mw;wy; epiyfspy; cl;fUit Rw;wp tUk; Jfshf vyl;uhd;fSk; cs;sd. | mZ eLepiyj;jd;ik cilaJ- mZtpy; cs;s vjph;kpd;Rik nfhz;l vyl;uhd; vz;zpf;ifAk; Neh;kpd; Rik nfhz;l GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; rkk;.

| GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd;fs; rk epiwcila Jfs;fs; ,tw;iw xg;gpLk; NghJ vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw Gwfzpf;fhf;fjhFk;. Vnddpy; vyf;l;uhdpd; epiwahdJ i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiwapy; 1 ̸ 1837 klq;F MFk;. | mZ vz; vyl;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;if my;yJ GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if. (,uz;Lk; mZtpy; rkkhf cs;sJ. | mZ epiw : GNuhl;lhd;fs; vz;zpf;if + epAl;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;if = epAf;spahd;fspd; vz;zpf;if.

GNuhl;lhd;fs; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;ifapd; $Ljy; MFk;. mZ cl;fUtpd; epiwia (epAl;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia) kl;LNl nfhz;lJ. Vnddpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; epiw kpfTk; FiwthFk;. v.fh. fhh;gdpd; mZ epow 12 vd;gJ 6 GNuhl;lhd;fs;> 6 epal;uhd;fs; nfhz;lJ. vdNt fhh;gd; - cˡ² epiw vz; (A) | (Z) mZ vz; v.fh. ANudpak; mZ

₉₂ U ²³⁵ → vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if 92 → GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;if 92

→ epAl;uhd; vz;zpf;if 235- 92 epAl;uhd; vz;zpf;if GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;iff;F rkkhf ,Uf;fyhk; ( vspa mZf;fs; ) my;yJ epAl;uhd; vz;zpf;if GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl mjpfkhf

INrhNlhg;G xj;j mZ vz; NtWgl;l epiw vz; nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; ntt;NtW mZf;fs;. v.fh. i`l;u[d; jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz; 1 ntt;NtW epiw nfhz;l ntt;NtW mZf;fs; ( %d;W INrhNlhg;Gfs;)

₁H¹ ,₁ H²,₁ H³ GNuhl;Bak; (H¹) bAl;hpak; (₁ H², ₁D²) bhpl;Bhpak; ( ₁ H³ (or) ₁ T¹) FNshhpd; mZtpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - 2 (

₁F³⁵, ₁₇ CI ³⁷) fhh;gd; jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - 2 ( ₆ C ¹² , ₆ C ¹⁴) ANudpak; jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - 2 (

₉₂ U²³⁵, ₉₂ U ²³⁸) | INrhghh; xj;j epiw vz; NtWgl;l mZ vz; nfhz;l xNujdpkj;jpd; ntt;NtW mZf;fs; - INrhghh;. v.fh.

₁₈ Ar⁴⁰, ₂₀Ca ⁴⁰, 2. ₁ H ³, ₂Hc³ 3. ₉₀ Th ²³⁴, ₉₂U²³⁴ | INrhNlhd; xj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; epAl;uhd;fis nfhz;lJ. v.fh.

1. ₆C¹³, ₇N¹⁴ 2.

₁ H ³,₂Hc⁴ mZf; nfhs;iffs; I. Kjy; mZf; nfhs;if [hd; lhy;ld;. II . jhk;rdpd; mZkhjphp cyh; jpuhl;ir Gl;bq; khjphp my;yJ xOq;fhd Nfhs khjphp(jh;Grzp goj;ij xj;j mZkhjphp) rptg;G epw rij gFjp Neh;kpd; Nfhsk; vdTk;l mjpy; fUik epw tpihfs; vyf;l;uhd;fs; vdTk; ,it rkkhf cs;sjhy; mZ kpd; eLepiy.

III. &jh;Nghh;L khjphp mZtpy; kpfr; rpwpa Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp mjpfKs;s mZf;fU

ikaj;jpy; cs;sJ. mZfUit Rw;wp vyf;l;uhd;fs; efh;fpwJ mZtpw;Fk; vyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNa mZtpd; ngUk; gFjp ntw;wplkhf cs;sJ. cl;fUtpy; GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd;fs; mjhtJ epAf;spahd;fs; cs;sd.

IV. ePy;];- Nghh; mZnfhs;if mZtpy; cl;fUit Rw;wp vyf;l;uhd;fs; gy

khWgl;l Mw;wy; nfhz;l tl;lghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.,t;tl;lg;ghijfs; Mh;gpl;Lfs; my;yJ Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; my;yJ epiyahd epiyfs; vd;W ngah;. ,t;tl;lg;ghijfs; fPo;fz;lthW Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s mjpf gl;r vyf;l;uhd;. Kjy; tl;l ghij (n=1) K Mw;wy; kl;lk;; .

→ 2(1)²=2 ,uz;lhk; tl;l ghij (n=2) L Mw;wy; kl;lk;;.

→ 2(2)² =8 %d;whk; tl;l ghij (n=3) M Mw;wy; kl;lk;;. → 2(3)² =18 ehd;fhk; tl;l ghij (n=4) N Mw;wy; kl;lk;;. → 2(4)² =32

Mh;gpl; cUtsT rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjd; Mw;wYk; Fiwthf ,Uf;f K Mw;wy; kl;lk; Fiwe;j Mw;wiyAk; N Mw;wy; kl;lk; mjpfgl;r Mw;wy; nfhz;L cs;sJ. xU Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; ,lq;nfhs;Sk; mjpfgl;r vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if.

My;gpl; - vyf;l;uhd; cl;fUit Rw;wp; ghij K,L tUk,M,N Mw;wy;

VI Nrhkh; gPy;L nfhs;if mZtpy; cl;fUit Rw;wp vyf;l;;uhd;fs; gy NtWgl;l

Mw;wy; kl;lq;fspy; tl;lghijapy; kl;LNk Rw;wp tuhky; xt;nthU tl;lghijf;Fk; (Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;f;F) fy Jiz tl;lghij mjhtJ ePs; tl;lghijfs; (Jiz Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; %yk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; Rw;wp tUfpwJ.

| Kjd;ik Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; K,L,M,N | Jiz Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; (my;yJ) Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; S, P,D,F ; mZtpy; vyf;l;uhid fhZk; tha;g;G mjpfkhf cs;s cl;fUit Rw;wp> xt;nthU Jiz Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpYk; (Mh;gpl;lhy;fspYk;) ,lk; ngWk;> mjpf gl;r vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if

S Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; - 2 vyf;l;uhd;fs; P Mh;gpl;lhy;fs;- 6 vyf;l;uhd;fs;

D Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; -10 vyf;l;uhd;fs; F

Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; - 14 vyf;l;uhd;fs; mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; epiyapid Jy;ypakhf tiuaWf;f gad;gL;k; vz;fNs Fthz;lk; vz;fs; MFk;. ,it ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1. Kjd;ik Fthz;lk; vz; (n)

2. Jiz Fthz;lk; vz; (l) 3. fhe;j Fthz;lk; vz; (m)

4. Row;rp Fthz;lk; vz; (s) | mZf;fl;L vz; xU jdpkj;jpd; %yf;$wpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mZf;fl;L vz; 1 cila jdpkq;fs; He, Ne, K, Na mZf;fl;L vz; 2 cila jdpkq;fs; H ₂,O₂,N₂, CL₂ mZf;fl;L vz; 3 cila jdpkq;fs; - XNrhd; (O

₃) gd;k mZf;fl;L vz; cila jdpkq;fs;. (P ₄, S₈) mZf;fl;L vz; %yf;$W epiw mZ epiw

2x Mtp mlh;j;jp %yf;$W epiw. | mtfl;Nuh vz; 6.023×

²³ Jfs; -12g fhh;gd; -12 cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 6.023× ²³ Jfs; vz;zpf;if msT . 1 Nkhy; msT.

Nkhy; vz;zpf;if | J}ag; nghUl;fs; - jdpkk; kw;Wk; Nrh;kk; jdpkk; vd;gJ → ve;j xU J}a nghUl;fis ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; Kiwapdhy; NkYk; gphpf;f KbahNjh mJ jdpkk; MFk;. ( ghapy; $w;W) → ve;j xU njhlf;f epiyapYs;s gUg; nghUisr; rpwpa nghUshf cilf;f KbahNjh mJ jdpkkhFk;.( yhthrpah;) | xNu tif mZf;fshy; MditNa jdpkkhFk;.( jw;fhy mZf; nfhs;if).

| jdpkj;jpy; kpfr;rpwpa Jfs;fNs mZf;fshFk;.

| xNu tif (m) ntt;NtW tif mZf;fshy; Mdit %yf;$W MFk;. | ,Jtiuapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jdpkq;fs; vz;zpf;if – 118 (IUPAC y; mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.) | ,tw;Ws; 92 jdpkq;fs; ,aw;ifapYk;> nraw;ifapYk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.-26 jdpkq;fs; MFk; | Ntjpapay; Jiwr; rhh;e;j gd;dhl;L ju mikg;G – IUPAC | IUPAC- International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry | IUPAC mjpfhug;G+h;tkhf FwpaPL ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s jdpkq;fs; -112 | tsp kz;lyj;jpy; mjpfstpy; cs;sJ - iel;u[d; vz;zpf;if (76%).

| Gtpapy; mjpf mstpy; cs;s jdpkk; - Mf;]p[d; (46.6%) | ,uz;lhtJ mjpfstpy; cs;s jdpkk;- si rpypf;fhd; (27.7%) Mf;]p[d;> rpypf;fhd; ,uz;Lk; ehd;fpy; %d;W gq;F Gtpapy; cs;sJ.

| kdpj clypy; epiw Vwj;jho 99 % MW jdpkq;fshFk;. (Mf;]p[d;> fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d;> iel;u[d;> fhy;rpak;> kw;Wk; gh];gu];) mjpy; mjpfstpy; cs;s jdpkk; - Mf;]p[d; (65%) > kdpj clypy; cs;s ,uz;lhtJ mjpfsT jdpkk; - fhh;gd; (18%) i`l;u[d; (10%) iel;u[d; (3%) > fhy;rpak; (2%) | mz;lk; kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fspy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd jdpkq;fs; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; `Pypak; (He) |ePh;k epiyapy; cs;s jdpkk; - nkh;Fhp(Hg) kw;Wk; GNuhkpd;( Br) > nkf;dprpak;(Cs) kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; ha

→30 ̊c-y; ePh;kkhf cs;sJ kdpj cly; ntg;gj;jpd; cUFk;. |thA epiyapy; cs;s jdpkk; - i`l;u[d; (H

₂) iel;u[d;(N₂) > Mf;]p[d; ( O₂) FNshhpd; (C l

₂) > GNshhpd; (F₂) `Pypak; (He) epahd; (Ne)

TEST YOUR SKILLS PART-1-

CHEMISTRY

;

mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs

 mkpyq;fs; ( Acids) - mrpl]; (Acidus) - Gspg;G RitAilaJ ( vLj;Jf;fhl;L: japh;> vYkpr;ir rhW> MuQ;R) md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLk; nghUl;fs; : tpdpfh;> Gsp> jf;fhsp

 mrpl]; (Acidus) - ,yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;  mkpyk; - fiury; epiyapy; i`l;u[d; madp jUtJ ( mhPdpa]; nfhs;if)

( H+) (,lg;ngaw;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d;)  mkpyk; : fhpk mkpyk; ( jhtu tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ)

: fdpk mkpyk; ( fdpkq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ)  fhpk mkpyk; -C- COOH njhFjp nfhz;l fhpk Nrh;kq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;L: CH ^{3 COOH, HCOOH}

 ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; fhpk mkpyq;fs;:  tpdpfh; - mrpl;bf;mkpyk;

(Gspfhb)  vYkpr;ir - rpl;hpf; mkpyk;  jf;fhsp - Mf;rhypf; mkpyk;  jpuhl;ir - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;  ghy; - yhf;bf; mkpyk;  Mg;gps; - khypf; mkpyk;  ntz;nza; - gpA+l;hpf; mkpyk;  vWk;G - ghh;kpf; mkpyk;

 Gsp - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;  japh; - yhf;bf; mkpyk;  Fsph;ghdq;fs; - rpl;hpf; + Mf;rhypf; mkpyk;  fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk; - CO ^{2 Vw;wg;gl;l ePh; (H} ^{2 CO} ^{3 )}

 fdpk mkpyk; - vLj;Jf;fhl;L: i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk; ( HCL)  ry;gpA+hpf; mkpyk; (m) fe;jf mkpyk; (H ^{2 SO} ^{4 )}

 iel;hpf; mkpyk; (HNo ^{3 )}  Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd;- H ^{2 SO4 ( ry;gpA+hpf; (m) fe;jf mkpyk; )}

 Battery acid ( or ) kpd;fy mkpyk; - ePh;j;j H ₃ ^{2 SO} ⁴  cumkpyk; (Fertilizer acid) - HNO  fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; mkpyk; - HF ( i`l;Nuh g;Shpf; mkpyk;)  tapw;wpy; nrhpkhdj;jpw;F Ruf;Fk; mkpyk; - HCL  fdpk mkpyq;fs; mhpf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lit _{3 - 3:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;}  ,uh[jpuhtfk; : mlh; HCL + mlh; HNO  fhw;W}l;lg;gl;l Fsph;ghdk; - H ^{2 CO} ³

– fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk;  mkpyj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:  Gspg;G RitAilait> mhpf;Fk; jd;ik cilait  nghJthf vy;yh mkpyq;fspYk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d; ,Uf;Fk;.  mkpyq;fs; cNyhfq;fSld; tpidGhpe;J i`l;u[d; thAit ntspg;gLj;Jk;  mkpyq;fs; ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf khw;Wk;  mkpyq;fs; gpdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bAld; epwkw;wit nkj;jpy; MuQ;Rld; rptg;G

epwj;ijAk; jUk;  jq;fj;ij fiuf;fty;y mkpyk; - ,uh[jpuhtfk; ( mf;thhp[pah) ( HCL + HNO ^{3 )} fhuq;fs; - Bases ( or ) Alkalics  ePhpy; fiuAk; fhuq;fs; - my;fyp]; ( Alkalies )

– my;fyp muhgp thh;j;ij

 “Alkali” vd;gJ kur;rhk;gy; - ,jpy; Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpaj;jpd; fhh;gNdl;Lfs; cs;sd

 fhuq;fs; - fiurypy; i`l;uhf;i]L madpia (OH) ePUld; nfhLf;Fk; (mhPdpa]; nfhs;if top) vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nuhl;bNrhlh> vhpNrhlh> Nrhlh ( ryitNrhlh) vhpnghl;lhR> fh];bf; Nrhlh

 fhuq;fs; tOtOg;ghdit> frg;G RitAilait.  cNyhf Mf;i]Lfs; kw;Wk; i`l;uhf;i]Lfs; fhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: fhuj;jpd; ngah; - gad;ghl;L ngah;

(Ntjpg;ngah;) Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L - fh];bf; Nrhlh ( vhpNrhlh) nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - fh];bf; nghl;lh\; fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - ePw;Wr; Rz;zhk;G

(Rz;zhk;G ePH) nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - mkpyePf;fp (nkf;dPrpak; ghy;kk;)

Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak; - Nrhg;G i`l;uhf;i]bd; cg;Gfs; (fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ) mNkhdpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - fz;zhb je;jk; nra;a fhu Mf;i]Lfs; fhy;rpak; Mf;i]L - Rl;lRz;zhk;G nkf;dPrpak; Mf;i]L - Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; - ryit Nrhlh (Nrhlh) Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; - nuhl;bNrhlh (+ lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;) Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L - vhpNrhlh

ALL THE QUESTIONS HAVE PUBLISHED FROM SAMASER KALVI BOOKS (4

^TH TO 12 ^TH )

YOU MUST LOOK AT SAMASER KALVI BOOKS (SSLC NEW EDITION 2015-2016)

ALL THE BEST

ALL TNPSC ,(SAMASER KALVI)

SEED’S & ARCHANA CENTRE

QUESTIONS AND STUDY MATERIALS AVAILABLE.

TET- ALL SUBJECT QUESTIONS AVAILABLE.(SAMASER KALVI BOOKS)

PG TRB-ENGLISH/HISTORY/TAMIL AND ECONOMICS- AVAILABLE

TUITION FOR IX,X,XI,XII.

SPOKEN ENGLISH FOR ALL.

LAB ASSISTANT MODAL QUESTION PAPERS

AVAILABLE. ONLY PDF

LAB ASSISTANT PHYSICAL SCIENCE