Relationship Season and Case Leptospirosis in the District Gresik Year 2009-2011 Repository - UNAIR REPOSITORY
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DOI: 10.12966/ijei.05.01.2014
Sciknow Publicarions Ltd.
Intemational Joumal of Epidemiology & Infection
OAttribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)
cg
Relationship Season and Case Leptospirosis in the District Gresik
Year 2009-2011
Rlrih Yudhestuti'
Environnental Health D€partment Public Health Faculty, Airle€g8 UniveNity, Su.abaya, Indonesia
*Coresponding aulhor (Email: ririh.unair@gmail.com)
Abstrrct -
One
ofthe impacts of climat€
change is the possibility
ofa continuous
increase in the incidence of rodent bome
disease. Zoonotic Leplospirosis is a disease that is tiansmitted through body fluids such as urine from rodent foces and fluid liom
the cause of death in many tropical counhies. Previous research claimed that the variations in season (temperaturc, humidity,
rainfall and solar radiation length) have a significant conelation with a case of leptospirosis in Cresik regency. The purpose of
this study was to find a piclure and the relationship between season factors (temperature, humidity, precipitation, solar radiation
and long) with leptospirosis cases Gresik years 2009-2011. Data collected included secondary data season factors and the
number ofcases ofleptospirosis. The results ofthis study indieate that there is no significant relationship between season factors
oftemperatur€, humidity, rainfall and solar radiation length) with a cas€ ofleptospirosis in Gresik years 2009-201 l. This is due
to lack oflong-duration data is retrieved, incomplete climate data obtained-
Keywords - Rainfall, Leptospbosis Csses
1.
Introduction
l'ransmission ol some inlectious diseases is influenced by season factors. Parasites and disease vectors are very sensitive to
season factors, €specially temperature, precipitation, humidity, weter, and wind. So also in the case of the distribution and
abundance of organisms vector and intermediate host. The disease is spead through rodent (rcdent borne disease) such as
Ieptospirosis, hanta virus, plague, rat bite disease, salmonellosis and rabies as mice; need to watch out b€caus€ the transmission
of the disease as this will increase with climate change. In many counhies, the dis€as€ csn cause death. The spread of
rodent-bome diseases as a threat to public health, one ofwhich is a disease leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by infection zoonosis spiral-shaped bacteria of the Een]us Leprospirq that pathogen,
attacking animals and humans. Transmission of leptospirosis in humans is transmitted by infected animals leptospirq bactetia
usually enter lhrough the conjunctiva or broken skin. h the intact skin infections may also occur when a person is in contact with
water, soil, and plants contaminated with rat urine or other sick animal leptospirosis.
lnternational Leptospirosis Society stated that Indonesia as a country is quite high incidence ofleptospirosis monality and is
ranked third in the world- It is based on the number of cases Leplospirosis in Jakarta due to flooding that occurred in 2002
reached 113 leptospirosis patienr and 20 ofthem died (Case Fatality Rate leptospirosis was 19.4%).
Gresik is a region in the prcvince of East Java that has t}te largest number of cases in East Java. Leptospirosis cases in
2009-2011 by 74 with the death of3l cases. The state offlooding in some disficts in the distdct causing adanaya genanagan
environmental changes such as water, muddy muddy environment and the large pile of garbage that caus€s leptospira bacteria
multiply. The study was conducted to determine the relationship between image and season factors (temperaturc, precipitation,
solar radiation lengtl, humidity) with leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201 l.
2.
Research Methods
This study is a quantitative and descriptive study using ecological study design. This study can determine the relationship
between s€ason factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation length) and Leptospirosis cases in Gresik 2009-201lwhat r€search is in the area of Gresik regency, East Jaya" with I I districts. what is used as study sites with aonsideration of
2t
lntemational Joumal of Epidemiolos/ & Infectilo, (2014)
2ot4
E districts I I districts often leptospirosis cases for 3 years. The timing ofthe data collection was caFi€d out during
March-May 2012.
The population in this study was all recorded cases of leptospirosis in Gresik yeals 2009-201l. Sampling $?s not done
because the obs€rvations were made on the total population ofthe observation unit is Gresik. Data collection was performed by
taking leptospirosis s€condary data ftom IbDu Sina Hospital Cresik. Data is limited to Gresik regency with I I districts. Data
climate factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation obtainable length ofthe Creat Hall ofthe Meteorology and
Geophysics Agency Region Pe.ak Surabaya station, then perfomed s€lecting the appropriate data to th€ variables to be analyzed.
Data analysis was carried out to provide good information aft€r data leplospirosis cases and s€ason factors Gresik years
2OO9-2Oll coll€ctqi. Stages of analysis performed is univariate and bivariate. Univariate analysis useful io illustrate the
distribution ofthe number ofcas€s ofleptospirosis and the description of fluctuations ir s€ason factors (temperature, humidity,
rainfall, solar radiation length) in 2009-201l. Bivariate analysis using regression-correlation t€st is conducted to see the
rrlationshlp belween the independent variables with the dependent variable seasor factors, namely the numbfl of cases of
leptospirosis in Grcsik years 2009-2011-
the existing I
3.
Results and Discussion
Overvlew ofthe study area
Location Gr€sik is located in the northwest city ofSurabaya is ahe capital ofEast Java province with an area of I 191.25 km2
which is divided into l8 districts and consists of330 villages and 26 Urban Village, Gresik regency Geographicalty located
between I l2o to I 13' longitude East and 7" to 8" south latitude and is lowland with a height of2 to l2 meters abov€ sea level
except Sub Panceng which has a height of25 meters above sea level. Some Cresik regercy is the coast" which extends from the
District Kebomas, Gresik, Manyar, Bungah, Sidayu, Ujungpangkah and Panceng and District Sangkapura and ponds located at
the island Bawean.Temperature pretty hot in the study areq which is an average between22.600 to 34.100 C, and the humidity is
betwall, 42o/o - 97o/o., Average rainfall between 120-l9O mm.
Leptospirosis cases. It is k]lown that cas€s of leptospirosis in Gresik regency du ng the 3 years showed a stable number of
cases ofdisease and leptospirosis, the number ofcases includes 32, 21, 2l for the period 2009-201 I dengan 10,12,9 deaths for the
period 2009-201 I . Complete data oo cases of lepiospirosis dpat shown in table 1.
Tsble
l.
Recapitulation Leptospimsis cases data (+) in C,resik district
Crses
Month
2010
2011
January
2
4
Febr$ary
3
2
March
7
April
3.1.
Terrrperuture
Dead
2m9
20tt
2U)9
20r0
2
2
2
1
I
0
0
I
2
2
3
0
2
5
0
2
2
2
3
0
2
Mei
3
3
2
I
I
July
2
0
2
I
0
l
Augusos
I
1
0
0
0
0
0
Sepleftber
I
3
I
I
0
0
October
0
0
l
0
0
0
Novemb€r
3
2
2
l
1
2
December
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tot l
32
2t
21
IO
t2
vlth Leplospbosls
Cases
There was no significant corr€lation between the temp€ralure ofthe leptospirosis cas€s in the study area is probabty because the
average temperature per month ranged from 22,600 to 34,100 C less support in the process oftransmission of leptospirubacleria
by rats / rod€nts, Although the t€mp€ratur€ in Gresik is the optimal temperature and can cause the number ofrcdents increas€, but
there is a possibility that the existing rodent and incressed amounts are not infectious so no effect on increasing the number of
cases ofleptospirosis, Additionally. it may occur due to faclors personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are implemented
community is going well.
Intemational Joumal ofEpidemiology & Infection (2014) 20-24
22
o,ot
31
30.5
!o
29,'
21,3
2a
27
26.4
opr
25
25.5
8e
8
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27,9:9.1 aO 30,r2 r.a2t t2i,a2r.62a.62A,92e.52r,62a.92t,12r,9 29 27,921 .571 ,' 2a 2a.22a,627 .a21 .627.92A! 29,a 29 2t,3
0.o2o,0!o.or0.oao,o3o,olo.o20,olo.o1 o o.o! o o,oao.o2o,o!op2q02o,ot 0 o,010,o3 o o,o2 o 0.020,olor2o,o5o,o3op1op2 o o,olo_olo,o! o
2
7J 27,a 2!,5 t9,12!,52a.!
2
7,6
Fig. l. Temperatures relationship with Leptospirosis
3.2. Hunddlly wtth LeploEpirosts
cases in Gresik years
2009-201I
Cases
On the results ofthis study showed no association between moisture with leptospirosis cases in Grcsik. This rodent as carriers of
leptospiru ba.tetia ar€ not aflected by moisture. Descriptively, humidity averaged over the period 2009-2011 in Gresik is
betvEel 42-97yo. Humidity is included in the upper timit of the optimum moisture rodent !o breed, so the lack of meaningful
relationship between humidity and cases of leptospircsis in Gresik may occur. Optimal rodent humidity is 70-80%. In addition,
because data on cases suspected leptospirosis and humidity sesson factors only for 3 years ie 2009 -201I causing an analysis of
the relatioaship is less detailed. Humidity can affect rodent bome disease transmission, especially rats. The ability of rodent in
decreased survival in dry conditions. The average humidity has besn found to bo the most critical factor.
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o,o2o,o:D,o7o.oao,o3o,o:D,o2o.oro.ol o o.o! o o,oao,ozo.o:,oo2o,o2o.o2 o o.oto.o3 o o,o2 o o.o2o.o1o.o2oo5op5pro.o2 o o.oo,olo,o2 o
Fig. 2. Humidity relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201I
j.3.
Ratnfall with Leptospitatk Cs{6
Climate can affect the pattems of infectious diseases becaus€ diseas€ agents either viruses, bacteria or parasites, vectors are
sensitive to lemperature, humidity and other ambient environmental conditions. In addition, the WHO also states that the
rodent-bome diseases such as leptospirosis associated with warm weather conditions. Frcm the observation of the WHO
South-East Asia region concluded that Leptospirosis is re-emerging infectious diseases in Southeast Asia. Climate and
environmental conditions, the ayailability ofthe host, population density, and behavioral fbcloN support high transmission of
disease in the Region.
Research conducted Avia Putriati Martha (2012) concluded that there is a significant relationship betwe€n urine factor in rats
and the customs ofthe people who do not wear shoes, although a history ofsignificant flooding is not related to the incidence of
leptospirosis. Howevel the prtsence of high rainfall causes sewers and piles of garbage io be fitled and disturb residential
neighborhood health as a result is the number ofrats breeding. There was a significant association between the presenc€ ofrats
with Leptospirosis is the same thing with Agus P yanto and rrsearch fellows intheCity ofDemak in Central Java. Same thing
with the research Svilona Ivanova et al., 2012, in Cambodia. Rodent infection was higher in the location of exisring water
& Infection (2014) 20-24
lnternational Journal ofEpidemiology
23
resources in rainfed example especially in the rainy season Kaev Seima. Rat (Rattus exulans) and the Mouse Shrew (Suncus
murinus) inhabiting households showed a low level of infection, whereas mice living around the plantation showed a higher rate
of transmission. Similarly, research Kawaguci Leo et al. (2008), this suggests that leptospirosis is endemic in Khammouane
province and local flooding plays an important role in the transmission of the disease leptospirosis region. In the Philippines, on
the other hand, leptospirosis patients were more likely to be found in areas prone to flooding from urban settings such as Metro
Manila which was found to be the focus of endemic leptospirosis, leptospirosis in the Philippines are considered to be associated
with heavy rainfall, rapid urbanization (a dramatic increase in the population), deforestation, increase in the number of
flood-prone areas, poor infrastructure. In the United State and Canada, rainfall events can be used as a predic'tion of leptospirosis
in dogs (Ward, 2002).
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Fig. 3. Rainfall relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201l.
3.1. Duradon of Lighting Solar
Intensity or duration of solar lighting is very influential with the temperature and humidity around it. Rodent or rats are animals
active at nigh! so the sun shines longer affect the activity ofthe rodent. Lighting sun's effest on rodent habit to rest until sunset.
Rodent rest in a dark place and protected from the sun for reproductive activities, as well as in the habit ofpuuing up food for the
group.
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i
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o,03 0 o,o4o,02o.030,020,o2o,o2
i
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o
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Fig. 4. Sunligt relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201l.
The average length of solar radiation during the period 2009-201I in Gresik ranged from 63,90/o, There was no significant
correlation between duration of solar radiation with leptospirosis cases longer possible because the solar radiation is closely
linked with temperature and humidity. Because moisture in Gresik is the upper limit ofths optimum moisture rodent breeding the
lack meaningful may occur.
Strong link between temp€rature and duration ofsolar radiation fluctuations indicated by the increase / decrease the look
almost the same in the oomparison chart of temperature and solar radiation length. Then rodent that has the characteristics of a
place to rest in a dark place and protected from the sun and Harii dinner time finding where the sun is not too bright so long factor
in the deployment of solar radiation is small rodent.
lntemational Journal of Epidemiology & Infection {2014) 20-24
4.
24
Conclusion
Overall, no one had studied season factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall and solar radiation length) has a significant
relationship to the case of leptospirosis in Gresik regency years 2009-201I There are a few things that might make this happen.
Some of them are less duration data is retrieved, incomplete climate data obtained, and the lack of frequency data taken
leptospirosis cases. Moreover, it may attempt personal hygiene and environmental sanitation implemented community in Gresik
pretty good.
There is a possibility ofthis study is less accurate because it only took three years ofdata, so there is no season factors appear
cases in collaboration with the
Meteorolory and Geophysics Agency that season factors can be monitored well. The community should always be moved in the
residential housing sanitation program in which rodents were found there.
to have a significant relationship with the Department of Health leptospirosis Sebaiknya
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Relationship Season and Case L eptospr?osrb in the District Gresik Year 2(n9-2011
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i.05.01.201 4, May 2O1 4, v.2, p. 20-24
doi: 10.12
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doi : 1 0. 1 2966/Uei.O2.O1 .2O1 4, February 2O1 4, v.2, p. 1 -6
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DOI: 10.12966/ijei.05.01.2014
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Intemational Joumal of Epidemiology & Infection
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Relationship Season and Case Leptospirosis in the District Gresik
Year 2009-2011
Rlrih Yudhestuti'
Environnental Health D€partment Public Health Faculty, Airle€g8 UniveNity, Su.abaya, Indonesia
*Coresponding aulhor (Email: ririh.unair@gmail.com)
Abstrrct -
One
ofthe impacts of climat€
change is the possibility
ofa continuous
increase in the incidence of rodent bome
disease. Zoonotic Leplospirosis is a disease that is tiansmitted through body fluids such as urine from rodent foces and fluid liom
the cause of death in many tropical counhies. Previous research claimed that the variations in season (temperaturc, humidity,
rainfall and solar radiation length) have a significant conelation with a case of leptospirosis in Cresik regency. The purpose of
this study was to find a piclure and the relationship between season factors (temperature, humidity, precipitation, solar radiation
and long) with leptospirosis cases Gresik years 2009-2011. Data collected included secondary data season factors and the
number ofcases ofleptospirosis. The results ofthis study indieate that there is no significant relationship between season factors
oftemperatur€, humidity, rainfall and solar radiation length) with a cas€ ofleptospirosis in Gresik years 2009-201 l. This is due
to lack oflong-duration data is retrieved, incomplete climate data obtained-
Keywords - Rainfall, Leptospbosis Csses
1.
Introduction
l'ransmission ol some inlectious diseases is influenced by season factors. Parasites and disease vectors are very sensitive to
season factors, €specially temperature, precipitation, humidity, weter, and wind. So also in the case of the distribution and
abundance of organisms vector and intermediate host. The disease is spead through rodent (rcdent borne disease) such as
Ieptospirosis, hanta virus, plague, rat bite disease, salmonellosis and rabies as mice; need to watch out b€caus€ the transmission
of the disease as this will increase with climate change. In many counhies, the dis€as€ csn cause death. The spread of
rodent-bome diseases as a threat to public health, one ofwhich is a disease leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by infection zoonosis spiral-shaped bacteria of the Een]us Leprospirq that pathogen,
attacking animals and humans. Transmission of leptospirosis in humans is transmitted by infected animals leptospirq bactetia
usually enter lhrough the conjunctiva or broken skin. h the intact skin infections may also occur when a person is in contact with
water, soil, and plants contaminated with rat urine or other sick animal leptospirosis.
lnternational Leptospirosis Society stated that Indonesia as a country is quite high incidence ofleptospirosis monality and is
ranked third in the world- It is based on the number of cases Leplospirosis in Jakarta due to flooding that occurred in 2002
reached 113 leptospirosis patienr and 20 ofthem died (Case Fatality Rate leptospirosis was 19.4%).
Gresik is a region in the prcvince of East Java that has t}te largest number of cases in East Java. Leptospirosis cases in
2009-2011 by 74 with the death of3l cases. The state offlooding in some disficts in the distdct causing adanaya genanagan
environmental changes such as water, muddy muddy environment and the large pile of garbage that caus€s leptospira bacteria
multiply. The study was conducted to determine the relationship between image and season factors (temperaturc, precipitation,
solar radiation lengtl, humidity) with leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201 l.
2.
Research Methods
This study is a quantitative and descriptive study using ecological study design. This study can determine the relationship
between s€ason factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation length) and Leptospirosis cases in Gresik 2009-201lwhat r€search is in the area of Gresik regency, East Jaya" with I I districts. what is used as study sites with aonsideration of
2t
lntemational Joumal of Epidemiolos/ & Infectilo, (2014)
2ot4
E districts I I districts often leptospirosis cases for 3 years. The timing ofthe data collection was caFi€d out during
March-May 2012.
The population in this study was all recorded cases of leptospirosis in Gresik yeals 2009-201l. Sampling $?s not done
because the obs€rvations were made on the total population ofthe observation unit is Gresik. Data collection was performed by
taking leptospirosis s€condary data ftom IbDu Sina Hospital Cresik. Data is limited to Gresik regency with I I districts. Data
climate factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation obtainable length ofthe Creat Hall ofthe Meteorology and
Geophysics Agency Region Pe.ak Surabaya station, then perfomed s€lecting the appropriate data to th€ variables to be analyzed.
Data analysis was carried out to provide good information aft€r data leplospirosis cases and s€ason factors Gresik years
2OO9-2Oll coll€ctqi. Stages of analysis performed is univariate and bivariate. Univariate analysis useful io illustrate the
distribution ofthe number ofcas€s ofleptospirosis and the description of fluctuations ir s€ason factors (temperature, humidity,
rainfall, solar radiation length) in 2009-201l. Bivariate analysis using regression-correlation t€st is conducted to see the
rrlationshlp belween the independent variables with the dependent variable seasor factors, namely the numbfl of cases of
leptospirosis in Grcsik years 2009-2011-
the existing I
3.
Results and Discussion
Overvlew ofthe study area
Location Gr€sik is located in the northwest city ofSurabaya is ahe capital ofEast Java province with an area of I 191.25 km2
which is divided into l8 districts and consists of330 villages and 26 Urban Village, Gresik regency Geographicalty located
between I l2o to I 13' longitude East and 7" to 8" south latitude and is lowland with a height of2 to l2 meters abov€ sea level
except Sub Panceng which has a height of25 meters above sea level. Some Cresik regercy is the coast" which extends from the
District Kebomas, Gresik, Manyar, Bungah, Sidayu, Ujungpangkah and Panceng and District Sangkapura and ponds located at
the island Bawean.Temperature pretty hot in the study areq which is an average between22.600 to 34.100 C, and the humidity is
betwall, 42o/o - 97o/o., Average rainfall between 120-l9O mm.
Leptospirosis cases. It is k]lown that cas€s of leptospirosis in Gresik regency du ng the 3 years showed a stable number of
cases ofdisease and leptospirosis, the number ofcases includes 32, 21, 2l for the period 2009-201 I dengan 10,12,9 deaths for the
period 2009-201 I . Complete data oo cases of lepiospirosis dpat shown in table 1.
Tsble
l.
Recapitulation Leptospimsis cases data (+) in C,resik district
Crses
Month
2010
2011
January
2
4
Febr$ary
3
2
March
7
April
3.1.
Terrrperuture
Dead
2m9
20tt
2U)9
20r0
2
2
2
1
I
0
0
I
2
2
3
0
2
5
0
2
2
2
3
0
2
Mei
3
3
2
I
I
July
2
0
2
I
0
l
Augusos
I
1
0
0
0
0
0
Sepleftber
I
3
I
I
0
0
October
0
0
l
0
0
0
Novemb€r
3
2
2
l
1
2
December
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tot l
32
2t
21
IO
t2
vlth Leplospbosls
Cases
There was no significant corr€lation between the temp€ralure ofthe leptospirosis cas€s in the study area is probabty because the
average temperature per month ranged from 22,600 to 34,100 C less support in the process oftransmission of leptospirubacleria
by rats / rod€nts, Although the t€mp€ratur€ in Gresik is the optimal temperature and can cause the number ofrcdents increas€, but
there is a possibility that the existing rodent and incressed amounts are not infectious so no effect on increasing the number of
cases ofleptospirosis, Additionally. it may occur due to faclors personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are implemented
community is going well.
Intemational Joumal ofEpidemiology & Infection (2014) 20-24
22
o,ot
31
30.5
!o
29,'
21,3
2a
27
26.4
opr
25
25.5
8e
8
I
r.6r..n,
-
,
"r*i=$i89iii!"iE!i
?
s"Siifii.ri:ri;Egi
27,9:9.1 aO 30,r2 r.a2t t2i,a2r.62a.62A,92e.52r,62a.92t,12r,9 29 27,921 .571 ,' 2a 2a.22a,627 .a21 .627.92A! 29,a 29 2t,3
0.o2o,0!o.or0.oao,o3o,olo.o20,olo.o1 o o.o! o o,oao.o2o,o!op2q02o,ot 0 o,010,o3 o o,o2 o 0.020,olor2o,o5o,o3op1op2 o o,olo_olo,o! o
2
7J 27,a 2!,5 t9,12!,52a.!
2
7,6
Fig. l. Temperatures relationship with Leptospirosis
3.2. Hunddlly wtth LeploEpirosts
cases in Gresik years
2009-201I
Cases
On the results ofthis study showed no association between moisture with leptospirosis cases in Grcsik. This rodent as carriers of
leptospiru ba.tetia ar€ not aflected by moisture. Descriptively, humidity averaged over the period 2009-2011 in Gresik is
betvEel 42-97yo. Humidity is included in the upper timit of the optimum moisture rodent !o breed, so the lack of meaningful
relationship between humidity and cases of leptospircsis in Gresik may occur. Optimal rodent humidity is 70-80%. In addition,
because data on cases suspected leptospirosis and humidity sesson factors only for 3 years ie 2009 -201I causing an analysis of
the relatioaship is less detailed. Humidity can affect rodent bome disease transmission, especially rats. The ability of rodent in
decreased survival in dry conditions. The average humidity has besn found to bo the most critical factor.
0.06
!o
I e I g g g g 3 g g I g 9 93 9:9 9 9 9 99 9 i::::::
t ; .r E E r g 8 r" 3 .i s r ;" 8 :" ! t
i
i
Ii i i
i
i i i i gi
=:: I =:
;^ ;",i
$
7t 7L
75 ,e
E [lmdIy ,a a2 79 ,A ,9 ,6 71 69 66 65 59 73 !O !O ar a2 A1 ?6 ?a 7a 7, ,, 77 7A A2 AO aO tO ,t
66 65 6a
o,o2o,o:D,o7o.oao,o3o,o:D,o2o.oro.ol o o.o! o o,oao,ozo.o:,oo2o,o2o.o2 o o.oto.o3 o o,o2 o o.o2o.o1o.o2oo5op5pro.o2 o o.oo,olo,o2 o
Fig. 2. Humidity relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201I
j.3.
Ratnfall with Leptospitatk Cs{6
Climate can affect the pattems of infectious diseases becaus€ diseas€ agents either viruses, bacteria or parasites, vectors are
sensitive to lemperature, humidity and other ambient environmental conditions. In addition, the WHO also states that the
rodent-bome diseases such as leptospirosis associated with warm weather conditions. Frcm the observation of the WHO
South-East Asia region concluded that Leptospirosis is re-emerging infectious diseases in Southeast Asia. Climate and
environmental conditions, the ayailability ofthe host, population density, and behavioral fbcloN support high transmission of
disease in the Region.
Research conducted Avia Putriati Martha (2012) concluded that there is a significant relationship betwe€n urine factor in rats
and the customs ofthe people who do not wear shoes, although a history ofsignificant flooding is not related to the incidence of
leptospirosis. Howevel the prtsence of high rainfall causes sewers and piles of garbage io be fitled and disturb residential
neighborhood health as a result is the number ofrats breeding. There was a significant association between the presenc€ ofrats
with Leptospirosis is the same thing with Agus P yanto and rrsearch fellows intheCity ofDemak in Central Java. Same thing
with the research Svilona Ivanova et al., 2012, in Cambodia. Rodent infection was higher in the location of exisring water
& Infection (2014) 20-24
lnternational Journal ofEpidemiology
23
resources in rainfed example especially in the rainy season Kaev Seima. Rat (Rattus exulans) and the Mouse Shrew (Suncus
murinus) inhabiting households showed a low level of infection, whereas mice living around the plantation showed a higher rate
of transmission. Similarly, research Kawaguci Leo et al. (2008), this suggests that leptospirosis is endemic in Khammouane
province and local flooding plays an important role in the transmission of the disease leptospirosis region. In the Philippines, on
the other hand, leptospirosis patients were more likely to be found in areas prone to flooding from urban settings such as Metro
Manila which was found to be the focus of endemic leptospirosis, leptospirosis in the Philippines are considered to be associated
with heavy rainfall, rapid urbanization (a dramatic increase in the population), deforestation, increase in the number of
flood-prone areas, poor infrastructure. In the United State and Canada, rainfall events can be used as a predic'tion of leptospirosis
in dogs (Ward, 2002).
500
0.oa
450
0,07
400
0,06
3so
300
0,05
2v)
0,04
200
o,o3
150
o,o2
100
lr__
iii"iiirg$s
ro
o
f
3?5311215122 5a 50 0.1 0,2
Einrall
;" ! E i E i j ! = $ r^ E i,l 6 i
oo666O6O66
oooooooooo
60006606600660id-i
0
0,020,030.070,040,030,030,020,010,01
-tR
I
I
tl
id-::idHdi
g
o,01
l_
.*
0 12E 220 29t 434 322 334 147 sr,766.129,9 156 23285,7314 181 145 461 275 70 27,6
0
0,03
0
0,040,020.030,020.020,02
0
0.010,03
0
0.02
0
I
1I:5=
i$89i
0.1 0 0
0,020,010,020,050,030,010,02
0
o
22.6 205 356
0,010,010,02 o
Fig. 3. Rainfall relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201l.
3.1. Duradon of Lighting Solar
Intensity or duration of solar lighting is very influential with the temperature and humidity around it. Rodent or rats are animals
active at nigh! so the sun shines longer affect the activity ofthe rodent. Lighting sun's effest on rodent habit to rest until sunset.
Rodent rest in a dark place and protected from the sun for reproductive activities, as well as in the habit ofpuuing up food for the
group.
120
10o
o,(,8
op7
i
0,05
*,
60
o.o5
o,o4
l-
of
I
o,o3
i
o,o2
I
zoI
o,o1
o
I
8388
8g P9e:9
e33333
! $ ;" E :' E ! s .a
72
i!Iii i
sunli6ht ,'i 60 4t 70
54 90
"a
L r"
o,o2o,03o.o70,orlo.03o,03o.O2o,o1o.o1
9::9:
e9::5::
::
::1::
! $ *" E r' t i i ; S : $ ;" E :' I
93 71 54 52 64 99 s8 49 ss 69 8s E5 61 i6 32 39 42 s8 46 72 88 96 94 95 aa s7
i
0
i i
o,03 0 o,o4o,02o.030,020,o2o,o2
i
o
i
47
o
0,010,03
0
o.o2 O o,02o,01o,020,O5o,03o,010.02
o
O,o1o,o1o,o2 o
Fig. 4. Sunligt relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201l.
The average length of solar radiation during the period 2009-201I in Gresik ranged from 63,90/o, There was no significant
correlation between duration of solar radiation with leptospirosis cases longer possible because the solar radiation is closely
linked with temperature and humidity. Because moisture in Gresik is the upper limit ofths optimum moisture rodent breeding the
lack meaningful may occur.
Strong link between temp€rature and duration ofsolar radiation fluctuations indicated by the increase / decrease the look
almost the same in the oomparison chart of temperature and solar radiation length. Then rodent that has the characteristics of a
place to rest in a dark place and protected from the sun and Harii dinner time finding where the sun is not too bright so long factor
in the deployment of solar radiation is small rodent.
lntemational Journal of Epidemiology & Infection {2014) 20-24
4.
24
Conclusion
Overall, no one had studied season factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall and solar radiation length) has a significant
relationship to the case of leptospirosis in Gresik regency years 2009-201I There are a few things that might make this happen.
Some of them are less duration data is retrieved, incomplete climate data obtained, and the lack of frequency data taken
leptospirosis cases. Moreover, it may attempt personal hygiene and environmental sanitation implemented community in Gresik
pretty good.
There is a possibility ofthis study is less accurate because it only took three years ofdata, so there is no season factors appear
cases in collaboration with the
Meteorolory and Geophysics Agency that season factors can be monitored well. The community should always be moved in the
residential housing sanitation program in which rodents were found there.
to have a significant relationship with the Department of Health leptospirosis Sebaiknya
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