Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

  Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering An Interactive e

• • Tex t

  I F T H E D I T I O N Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering An Interactive e

  F

• • Te x t W illiam D. Callister, Jr.

  Department of Metallurgical Engineering The University of Utah John W iley & Sons, Inc.

  

New York Chichester W einheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto

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D EDICATED TO THE M EMORY OF

D AVID

  A. S TEVENSON

M Y A DVISOR , A C OLLEAGUE ,

  AND FRIEND AT S TANFORD U NIVERSITY

  Preface undamentals of Materials Science and Engineering is an alternate version of

  F

  my text, Materials Science and Engineering: A n Introduction, Fifth Edition. The contents of both are the same, but the order of presentation differs and Fundamen-

  tals utilizes newer technologies to enhance teaching and learning.

  With regard to the order of presentation, there are two common approaches to teaching materials science and engineering—one that I call the ‘‘traditional’’ approach, the other which most refer to as the ‘‘integrated’’ approach. With the traditional approach, structures/characteristics/properties of metals are presented first, followed by an analogous discussion of ceramic materials and polymers. Intro-

  

duction, Fifth Edition is organized in this manner, which is preferred by many

  materials science and engineering instructors. With the integrated approach, one particular structure, characteristic, or property for all three material types is pre- sented before moving on to the discussion of another structure /characteristic/prop- erty. This is the order of presentation in Fundamentals.

  Probably the most common criticism of college textbooks is that they are too long. With most popular texts, the number of pages often increases with each new edition. This leads instructors and students to complain that it is impossible to cover all the topics in the text in a single term. A fter struggling with this concern (trying to decide what to delete without limiting the value of the text), we decided to divide the text into two components. The first is a set of ‘‘core’’ topics—sections of the text that are most commonly covered in an introductory materials course, and second, ‘‘supplementary’’ topics—sections of the text covered less frequently. Fur- thermore, we chose to provide only the core topics in print, but the entire text (both core and supplementary topics) is available on the CD -R O M that is included with the print component of Fundamentals. D ecisions as to which topics to include in print and which to include only on the CD -R O M were based on the results of a recent survey of instructors and confirmed in developmental reviews. The result is a printed text of approximately 525 pages and an Interactive eT ext on the CD - R O M, which consists of, in addition to the complete text, a wealth of additional resources including interactive software modules, as discussed below.

  The text on the CD -R O M with all its various links is navigated using A dobe A crobat . These links within the Interactive eT ext include the following: (1) from the Table of Contents to selected eT ext sections; (2) from the index to selected topics within the eT ext; (3) from reference to a figure, table, or equation in one section to the actual figure /table /equation in another section (all figures can be enlarged and printed); (4) from end-of-chapter Important Terms and Concepts to their definitions within the chapter; (5) from in-text boldfaced terms to their corresponding glossary definitions/explanations; (6) from in-text references to the corresponding appendices; (7) from some end-of-chapter problems to their answers; (8) from some answers to their solutions; (9) from software icons to the correspond- ing interactive modules; and (10) from the opening splash screen to the supporting

  ● Preface

  The interactive software included on the CD -R O M and noted above is the same that accompanies Introduction, Fifth Edition. This software, Interactive M aterials

  Science and E ngineering, T hird E dition consists of interactive simulations and ani-

  mations that enhance the learning of key concepts in materials science and engi- neering, a materials selection database, and E -Z Solve: T he E ngineer’s E quation

  Solving and A nalysis T ool. Software components are executed when the user clicks

  on the icons in the margins of the Interactive eT ext; icons for these several compo- nents are as follows: Crystallography and U nit Cells Tensile Tests Ceramic Structures D iffusion and D esign Problem Polymer Structures Solid Solution Strengthening D islocations Phase D iagrams E -Z Solve D atabase

  My primary objective in Fundamentals as in Introduction, Fifth Edition is to present the basic fundamentals of materials science and engineering on a level appropriate for university/college students who are well grounded in the fundamen- tals of calculus, chemistry, and physics. In order to achieve this goal, I have endeav- ored to use terminology that is familiar to the student who is encountering the discipline of materials science and engineering for the first time, and also to define and explain all unfamiliar terms.

  The second objective is to present the subject matter in a logical order, from the simple to the more complex. E ach chapter builds on the content of previous ones. The third objective, or philosophy, that I strive to maintain throughout the text is that if a topic or concept is worth treating, then it is worth treating in sufficient detail and to the extent that students have the opportunity to fully understand it without having to consult other sources. In most cases, some practical relevance is provided. D iscussions are intended to be clear and concise and to begin at appro- priate levels of understanding.

  The fourth objective is to include features in the book that will expedite the learning process. These learning aids include numerous illustrations and photo- graphs to help visualize what is being presented, learning objectives, ‘‘Why Study . . .’’ items that provide relevance to topic discussions, end-of-chapter ques- tions and problems, answers to selected problems, and some problem solutions to help in self-assessment, a glossary, list of symbols, and references to facilitate understanding the subject matter.

  The fifth objective, specific to Fundamentals, is to enhance the teaching and learning process using the newer technologies that are available to most instructors and students of engineering today.

  Most of the problems in Fundamentals require computations leading to numeri- cal solutions; in some cases, the student is required to render a judgment on the

  Preface ●

  materials science and engineering are descriptive in nature. Thus, questions have also been included that require written, descriptive answers; having to provide a written answer helps the student to better comprehend the associated concept. The questions are of two types: with one type, the student needs only to restate in his/ her own words an explanation provided in the text material; other questions require the student to reason through and /or synthesize before coming to a conclusion or solution.

  The same engineering design instructional components found in Introduction,

  Fifth Edition are incorporated in Fundamentals. Many of these are in Chapter 20,

  ‘‘Materials Selection and D esign Considerations,’’ that is on the CD -R O M. This

  chapter includes five different case studies (a cantilever beam, an automobile valve spring, the artificial hip, the thermal protection system for the Space Shuttle, and packaging for integrated circuits) relative to the materials employed and the ratio- nale behind their use. In addition, a number of design-type (i.e., open-ended) questions/problems are found at the end of this chapter.

  O ther important materials selection /design features are A ppendix B, ‘‘Proper- ties of Selected E ngineering Materials,’’ and A ppendix C, ‘‘Costs and R elative Costs for Selected E ngineering Materials.’’ The former contains values of eleven properties (e.g., density, strength, electrical resistivity, etc.) for a set of approxi- mately one hundred materials. A ppendix C contains prices for this same set of materials. The materials selection database on the CD -R O M is comprised of these data.

  S UPPORTING W EB S

  ITE

  The web site that supports Fundamentals can be found at www.wiley.com /

  college/callister. It contains student and instructor’s resources which consist of a

  more extensive set of learning objectives for all chapters, an index of learning styles (an electronic questionnaire that accesses preferences on ways to learn), a glossary (identical to the one in the text), and links to other web resources. A lso included with the Instructor’s R esources are suggested classroom demonstrations and lab experiments. Visit the web site often for new resources that we will make available to help teachers teach and students learn materials science and engineering.

  I NSTRUCTORS ’ R ESOURCES

  R esources are available on another CD -R O M specifically for instructors who have adopted Fundamentals. These include the following: 1) detailed solutions of all end-of-chapter questions and problems; 2) a list (with brief descriptions) of possible classroom demonstrations and laboratory experiments that portray phe- nomena and /or illustrate principles that are discussed in the book (also found on the web site); references are also provided that give more detailed accounts of these demonstrations; and 3) suggested course syllabi for several engineering disciplines.

  A lso available for instructors who have adopted Fundamentals as well as Intro- is an online assessment program entitled eG rade. It is a

  duction, Fifth Edition

  browser-based program that contains a large bank of materials science /engineering problems/questions and their solutions. E ach instructor has the ability to construct homework assignments, quizzes, and tests that will be automatically scored, re- corded in a gradebook, and calculated into the class statistics. These self-scoring problems/questions can also be made available to students for independent study or

  ● Preface

  Tutorial and Mastery modes provide the student with hints integrated within each problem /question or a tailored study session that recognizes the student’s demon- strated learning needs. For more information, visit www.wiley.com /college/egrade.

  CKNOW LEDGMENTS A

  A ppreciation is expressed to those who have reviewed and /or made contribu- tions to this alternate version of my text. I am especially indebted to the following individuals: Carl Wood of U tah State U niversity, R ishikesh K. Bharadwaj of Systran Federal Corporation, Martin Searcy of the A gilent Technologies, John H . Weaver of The U niversity of Minnesota, John B. H udson of R ensselaer Polytechnic Institute, A lan Wolfenden of Texas A & M U niversity, and T. W. Coyle of the U niversity of Toronto.

  I am also indebted to Wayne A nderson, Sponsoring E ditor, to Monique Calello, Senior Production E ditor, Justin Nisbet, E lectronic Publishing A nalyst at Wiley, and Lilian N. Brady, my proofreader, for their assistance and guidance in developing and producing this work. In addition, I thank Professor Saskia D uyvesteyn, D epart- ment of Metallurgical E ngineering, U niversity of U tah, for generating the e-G rade bank of questions/problems/solutions.

  Since I undertook the task of writing my first text on this subject in the early 1980’s, instructors and students, too numerous to mention, have shared their input and contributions on how to make this work more effective as a teaching and learning tool. To all those who have helped, I express my sincere thanks!

  Last, but certainly not least, the continual encouragement and support of my family and friends is deeply and sincerely appreciated.

  ILLIA M A LLISTE R R W D . C , J .

  Salt L ak e City, Utah A ugust 2000

  Contents Chapters 1 through 13 discuss core topics (found in both print and on the CD- ROM) and supplementary topics (in the eText only ) L

  IST OF S YMBOLS xix

  1. Introduction 1

  Learning O bjectives 2

  1.1 H istorical Perspective 2

  1.2 Materials Science and E ngineering 2

  1.3 Why Study Materials Science and E ngineering? 4

  1.4 Classification of Materials 5

  1.5 A dvanced Materials 6

  1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 6

  R eferences 7

  2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 9

  Learning O bjectives 10

  2.1 Introduction 10 _{TOMIC TRUCTURE}

  A S

  10

  2.2 Fundamental Concepts 10

  2.3 E lectrons in A toms 11

  2.4 The Periodic Table 17 _{TOMIC ONDING IN OLIDS}

  A B S

  18

  2.5 Bonding Forces and E nergies 18

  2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 20

  2.7 Secondary Bonding or Van der Waals Bonding 24

  2.8 Molecules 26

  Sum m ary 27 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 27 R eferences 28 Q uestions and Problem s 28

  3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 30

  Learning O bjectives 31

  3.1 Introduction 31 _{RYSTAL TRUCTURES}

  C S

  31

  3.2 Fundamental Concepts 31

  3.3 U nit Cells 32

  5. Imperfections in Solids 102

  Learning O bjectives 103

  P ^OINT D ^EFECTS 103

  5.1 Introduction 103

  ● Contents

  3.5 D ensity Computations—Metals 37

  3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 38

  3.7 D ensity Computations—Ceramics 45

  3.8 Silicate Ceramics 46

• The Silicates (CD -ROM) S-1

  3.10 Polymorphism and A llotropy 49

  6.1 Introduction 127

  5.6 Specification of Composition 110

  M ^ISCELLANEOUS

  I ^MPERFECTIONS 111

  5.7 D islocations—Linear D efects 111

  5.8 Interfacial D efects 115

  5.9 Bulk or Volume D efects 118

  5.10 A tomic Vibrations 118

  M ^ICROSCOPIC E ^{X AMINATION} 118

  5.11 G eneral 118

  5.12 Microscopic Techniques (CD -ROM) S-17

  Sum m ary 120 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 121 R eferences 121 Q uestions and Problem s 122

  6. Diffusion 126

  Learning O bjectives 127

  6.2 D iffusion Mechanisms 127

  5.4 Impurities in Solids 107

  6.3 Steady-State D iffusion 130

  6.4 Nonsteady-State D iffusion 132

  6.5 Factors That Influence D iffusion 136

  6.6 O ther D iffusion Paths 141

  6.7 D iffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 141

  Sum m ary 142 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 142 R eferences 142 Q uestions and Problem s 143

  7. Mechanical Properties 147

  Learning O bjectives 148

  7.1 Introduction 148

  7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 149

  E ^LASTIC D ^EFORMATION 153

  7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 153

  7.4 A nelasticity 157

  5.5 Point D efects in Polymers 110

  5.3 Point D efects in Ceramics 105

• Fullerenes (CD -ROM) S-3
• Composition Conversions (CD -ROM) S-14
• 3.15 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 58

  3.11 Crystal Systems 49

  C ^{RYSTALLINE AND} N ^{ONCRYSTALLINE} M ^ATERIALS

  3.19 X-Ray D iffraction: D etermination of Crystal Structures (CD -ROM) S-6

  3.18 A nisotropy 63

  3.17 Polycrystalline Materials 62

  3.16 Single Crystals 62

  62

  3.13 Crystallographic Planes 54

  3.14 Linear and Planar A tomic D ensities (CD -ROM) S-4

  Learning O bjectives 77

  3.12 Crystallographic D irections 51

  51

  C ^{RYSTALLOGRAPHIC} D ^{IRECTIONS AND} P ^LANES

• 5.13 G rain Size D etermination 119
• 3.20 Noncrystalline Solids 64

  Sum m ary 66 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 67 R eferences 67 Q uestions and Problem s 68

4. Poly mer Structures 76

  4.2 H ydrocarbon Molecules 77

  4.1 Introduction 77

  5.2 Point D efects in Metals 103

  4.3 Polymer Molecules 79

  4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 80

  4.5 Molecular Weight 82

  4.6 Molecular Shape 87

  4.7 Molecular Structure 88

4.8 Molecular Configurations

  (CD -ROM) S-11

  4.10 Copolymers 91

  4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 92

  4.12 Polymer Crystals 95

  Sum m ary 97 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 98 R eferences 98

  3.9 Carbon 47

• 4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 90

• M ^ECHANICAL

• H ^{ARDNESS AND}
• 8.18b Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers (Concise Version) 223
• Computation of A verage and Standard D eviation Values (CD -ROM) S-28

  8.6 Slip in Single Crystals (CD -ROM) S-31

  8.8 D eformation by Twinning

  S ^{TRENGTHENING IN} M ^ETALS 206

  8.9 Strengthening by G rain Size R eduction 206

  8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 208

  8.11 Strain H ardening 210

  R ^ECOVERY , R ^{ECRYSTALLIZATION} , ^AND G ^RAIN G ^{ROW TH} 213

  8.12 R ecovery 213

  8.13 R ecrystallization 213

  8.14 G rain G rowth 218

  D ^EFORMATION M ^{ECHANISMS FOR} C ^ERAMIC M ^ATERIALS 219

  8.15 Crystalline Ceramics 220

  8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 220

  M ^{ECHANISMS OF} D ^{EFORMATION AND FOR} S ^{TRENGTHENING OF} P ^OLYMERS 221

  8.17 D eformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 221

  8.18a Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers [D etailed Version (CD -ROM)] S-35

  8.19 D eformation of E lastomers 224

  Sum m ary 227 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 228 R eferences 228 Q uestions and Problem s 228

  9. Failure 234

  Learning O bjectives 235

  9.1 Introduction 235

  F ^RACTURE 235

  9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 235

  9.3 D uctile Fracture 236

• Fractographic Studies (CD -ROM) S-38
• 9.5b Principles of Fracture Mechanics (Concise Version) 238
• 8.7 Plastic D eformation of Polycrystalline Metals 204
• Static Fatigue (CD -ROM) S-53

  9.4 Brittle Fracture 238

  9.5a Principles of Fracture Mechanics [D etailed Version (CD -ROM)]

  S-38

  9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 248

  8.5 Slip Systems 203

  8.3 Basic Concepts of D islocations 199

  8.4 Characteristics of D islocations 201

  7.14 Macroscopic D eformation 175

  Contents ● M ^ECHANICAL B ^EHAVIOR

  — M ^ETALS 160

  7.6 Tensile Properties 160

  7.7 True Stress and Strain 167

  7.8 E lastic R ecovery D uring Plastic D eformation 170

  7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional D eformation 170

  M ^ECHANICAL B ^EHAVIOR — C ^ERAMICS 171

  7.10 Flexural Strength 171

  7.11 E lastic Behavior 173

  7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics (CD -ROM) S-22

  B ^EHAVIOR — P ^OLYMERS 173

  7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 173

  7.15 Viscoelasticity (CD -ROM) S-22

  8.2 H istorical 198

  O ^THER M ^ECHANICAL P ^ROPERTY C ^{ONSIDERATIONS} 176

  7.16 H ardness 176

  7.17 H ardness of Ceramic Materials 181

  7.18 Tear Strength and H ardness of Polymers 181

  P ^ROPERTY

  V ^{ARIABILITY AND} D ^ESIGN / S ^AFETY F ^ACTORS 183

  7.19 Variability of Material Properties 183

  7.20 D esign /Safety Factors 183

  Sum m ary 185 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 186 R eferences 186 Q uestions and Problem s 187

  8. Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms 197

  Learning O bjectives 198

  8.1 Introduction 198

  D ^EFORMATION M ^{ECHANISMS FOR} M ^ETALS 198

  9.7 Fracture of Polymers 249

• M ^{ECHANISMS OF}
• 10.16 Ternary Phase D iagrams 301

  10.19 D evelopment of Microstructures in Iron – Carbon A lloys 305

  9.13 Crack Propagation Rate (CD -ROM) S-57

  Phase D iagram 302

  10.15 Ceramic Phase D iagrams (CD -ROM)

• T ^HE
• 9.12b Crack Initiation and Propagation (Concise Version) 260

  3 C)

  9.17a Stress and Temperature Effects [D etailed Version (CD -ROM)] S-63

  9.16 G eneralized Creep Behavior 266

  265

  9.15 Environmental Effects (CD -ROM) S-62

  9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 260

  9.12a Crack Initiation and Propagation [D etailed Version (CD -ROM)] S-54

  10.20 The Influence of Other A lloying Elements (CD -ROM) S-83

  9.10 The S –N Curve 257

  9.9 Cyclic Stresses 255

  ● Contents F ^ATIGUE 255

  10.18 The Iron – Iron Carbide (Fe – Fe

  I ^RON – C ^ARBON S ^YSTEM 302

  10.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule (CD -ROM) S-81

  S-77

• 9.14 Factors That A ffect Fatigue Life 263
• Sum m ary 313 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 314 R eferences 314 Q uestions and Problem s 315
• C ^REEP

• 9.17b Stress and Temperature E ffects (Concise
• 9.19 A lloys for H igh-Temperature U se 268

  11.2 Basic Concepts 325

  P ^HASE T ^{RANSFORMATIONS IN} M ^ETALS 324

  11.1 Introduction 324

  Learning O bjectives 324

  11 Phase Transformations 323

  11.3 The Kinetics of Solid-State R eactions 325

  Sum m ary 269 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 272 R eferences 272 Q uestions and Problem s 273

  9.20 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 269

  Version) 267

  11.4 Multiphase Transformations 327

  M ^{ICROSTRUCTURAL AND} P ^ROPERTY C ^{HANGES IN}

  I ^RON – C ^ARBON A ^LLOYS 327

  11.5 Isothermal Transformation D iagrams 328

  9.18 D ata Extrapolation Methods (CD -ROM) S-65

10 Phase Diagrams 281

• 11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron – Carbon A lloys 339

  S-85

  11.11 Mechanism of H ardening 349

  11.8 Tempered Martensite 344

  11.9 R eview of Phase Transformations for Iron – Carbon A lloys 346

  P ^RECIPITATION H ^ARDENING 347

  11.10 H eat Treatments 347

  11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations 351

• 10.9 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous A lloys 292

  C ^{RYSTALLIZATION} , M ^ELTING , ^AND G ^LASS T ^RANSITION P ^{HENOMENA IN} P ^OLYMERS 352

  11.13 Crystallization 353

  11.14 Melting 354

  11.15 The G lass Transition 354

• 10.12 E quilibrium D iagrams H aving

  11.16 Melting and G lass Transition Temperatures 354

  11.17 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures

  Intermediate Phases or Compounds 297

  11.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation D iagrams (CD -ROM)

  10.11 D evelopment of Microstructure in Eutectic A lloys (CD -ROM) S-70

  Learning O bjectives 282

  10.1 Introduction 282

  D ^{EFINITIONS AND} B ^ASIC C ^ONCEPTS 282

  10.2 Solubility Limit 283

  10.3 Phases 283

  10.4 Microstructure 284

  10.5 Phase E quilibria 284

  E ^QUILIBRIUM P ^HASE D ^IAGRAMS 285

  10.6 Binary Isomorphous Systems 286

  10.7 Interpretation of Phase D iagrams 288

  10.8 D evelopment of Microstructure in Isomorphous A lloys (CD -ROM) S-67

  10.10 Binary E utectic Systems 292

  10.13 E utectoid and Peritectic R eactions 298

• O ^THER
• 12.24 Piezoelectricity (CD -ROM) S-109
• Sum m ary 391 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 393 R eferences 393 Q uestions and Problem s 394

  Learning O bjectives 402

  12.11 E xtrinsic Semiconduction 379

  13.3 Nonferrous A lloys 414

  13.2 Ferrous A lloys 402

  T ^{YPES OF} M ^ETAL A ^LLOYS 402

  13.1 Introduction 402

  13.5 G lass–Ceramics 423

  13. Ty pes and Applications of Materials 401

  12.23 Ferroelectricity (CD -ROM) S-108

  E ^LECTRICAL C ^{HARACTERISTICS OF} M ^ATERIALS 391

12. Electrical Properties 365

  13.6 Clay Products 424

  13.7 R efractories 424

  13.8 A brasives 425

  12.12 The Temperature Variation of Conductivity and Carrier Concentration 383

  12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 377

  13.4 G lasses 423

  12.3 E lectrical Conductivity 367

  Contents ● Sum m ary 356 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 357 R eferences 357 Q uestions and Problem s 358

  Learning O bjectives 366

  12.1 Introduction 366

  E ^LECTRICAL C ^ONDUCTION 366

  12.2 O hm’s Law 366

  12.4 E lectronic and Ionic Conduction 368

  S ^{EMICONDUCTIVITY} 376

  12.5 E nergy Band Structures in Solids 368

  12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and A tomic Bonding Models 371

  12.7 E lectron Mobility 372

  12.8 E lectrical R esistivity of Metals 373

  12.9 E lectrical Characteristics of Commercial A lloys 376

  T ^{YPES OF} C ^ERAMICS 422

• Fireclay, Silica, Basic, and Special Refractories (CD -ROM) S-110

12.13 The Hall Effect (CD -ROM) S-91

• 12.14 Semiconductor D evices (CD -ROM) S-93
• E ^LECTRICAL
• 13.11 D iamond and G raphite 427

  I ^ONIC C ^ERAMICS _{AND IN} P ^OLYMERS 389

  12.16 E lectrical Properties of Polymers 390

  12.15 Conduction in Ionic Materials 389

  13.9 Cements 425

  13.10 A dvanced Ceramics (CD -ROM) S-111

  T ^{YPES OF} P ^OLYMERS 428

  13.12 Plastics 428

  13.13 E lastomers 431

  13.14 Fibers 432

  D ^IELECTRIC B ^EHAVIOR 391

  C ^{ONDUCTION IN}

12.17 Capacitance (CD -ROM) S-99

• 12.18 Field Vectors and Polarization (CD -ROM) S-101
• 12.19 Types of Polarization (CD -ROM) S-105
• Sum m ary 434 Im portant T erm s and Concepts 435 R eferences 435 Q uestions and Problem s 436
• 12.20 Frequency D ependence of the D ielectric Constant (CD -ROM) S-106
• 12.21 D ielectric Strength (CD -ROM) S-107
• 12.22 D ielectric Materials (CD -ROM) S-107

  14. Sy nthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials (CD- ROM) S- 118

  Learning O bjectives S-119

  F ^{ABRICATION OF} M ^ETALS S- 119

  14.2 Forming O perations S-119

  14.3 Casting S-121

  Chapters 14 through 21 discuss just supplementary topics, and are found only on the CD- ROM (and not in print)

  13.16 A dvanced Polymeric Materials (CD -ROM) S-113

  13.15 Miscellaneous A pplications 433

  ● Contents T ^HERMAL P ^{ROCESSING OF} M ^ETALS

  16.9 Corrosion Prevention S-232

  16.13 Weathering S-241

  16.12 Bond R upture S-238

  16.11 Swelling and D issolution S-238

  S- 237

  C ^{ORROSION OF} C ^ERAMIC M ^ATERIALS S- 237 D ^{EGRADATION OF} P ^OLYMERS

  16.10 O xidation S-234

  16.8 Corrosion E nvironments S-231

  17. Thermal Properties (CD- ROM) S- 247

  16.7 Forms of Corrosion S-223

  16.6 E nvironmental E ffects S-222

  16.5 Passivity S-221

  16.4 Prediction of Corrosion R ates S-214

  16.3 Corrosion R ates S-212

  16.2 E lectrochemical Considerations S-206

  Sum m ary S-241 Im portant T erm s and Concepts S-242 R eferences S-242 Q uestions and Problem s S-243

  Learning O bjectives S-248

  16.1 Introduction S-205

  18.2 Basic Concepts S-264

  18.8 Soft Magnetic Materials S-280

  18.7 D omains and H ysteresis S-276

  18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior S-276

  18.5 A ntiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism S-272

  18.4 Ferromagnetism S-270

  18.3 D iamagnetism and Paramagnetism S-268

  18.1 Introduction S-264

  17.1 Introduction S-248

  Learning O bjectives S-264

  18. Magnetic Properties (CD- ROM) S- 263

  Sum m ary S-258 Im portant T erm s and Concepts S-259 R eferences S-259 Q uestions and Problem s S-259

  17.5 Thermal Stresses S-256

  17.4 Thermal Conductivity S-253

  17.3 Thermal E xpansion S-250

  17.2 H eat Capacity S-248

  C ^{ORROSION OF} M ^ETALS S- 205

  Learning O bjectives S-205

  S- 124

  16. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials (CD- ROM) S- 204

  14.5 A nnealing Processes S-124

  14.6 H eat Treatment of Steels S-126

  F ^{ABRICATION OF} C ^ERAMIC M ^ATERIALS S- 136

  14.7 Fabrication and Processing of G lasses S-137

  14.8 Fabrication of Clay Products S-142

  14.9 Powder Pressing S-145

  14.10 Tape Casting S-149

  S ^{YNTHESIS AND} F ^{ABRICATION OF} P ^OLYMERS S- 149

  14.11 Polymerization S-150

  14.12 Polymer A dditives S-151

  14.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics S-153

  14.14 Fabrication of E lastomers S-155

  14.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films S-155

  Sum m ary S-156 Im portant T erm s and Concepts S-157 R eferences S-158 Q uestions and Problem s S-158

15. Composites (CD- ROM) S- 162

  15.3 D ispersion-Strengthened Composites S-169

  15.10 Ceramic–Matrix Composites S-186

  Sum m ary S-196 Im portant T erm s and Concepts S-198 R eferences S-198

  15.15 Sandwich Panels S-196

  15.14 Laminar Composites S-195

  S ^TRUCTURAL C ^OMPOSITES S- 195

  15.13 Processing of Fiber-R einforced Composites S-189

  15.12 H ybrid Composites S-189

  15.11 Carbon –Carbon Composites S-188

  15.9 Metal–Matrix Composites S-185

  F ^IBER - R ^EINFORCED C ^OMPOSITES S- 170

  15.8 Polymer –Matrix Composites S-182

  15.7 The Matrix Phase S-180

  15.6 The Fiber Phase S-180

  15.5 Influence of Fiber O rientation and Concentration S-171

  15.4 Influence of Fiber Length S-170

  Learning O bjectives S-163

  15.1 Introduction S-163

  P ^ARTICLE - R ^EINFORCED C ^OMPOSITES S- 165

  15.2 Large-Particle Composites S-165

  Contents ●

  18.10 Magnetic Storage S-284

  18.11 Superconductivity S-287

  Sum m ary S-291 Im portant T erm s and Concepts S-292 R eferences S-292 Q uestions and Problem s S-292

  20.11 Thermal Protection System — Components S-347

  20.10 Thermal Protection System — D esign R equirements S-345

  20.9 Introduction S-345

  T ^HERMAL P ^ROTECTION S ^{YSTEM ON THE} S ^PACE S ^HUTTLE O ^RBITER S- 345

  20.8 Materials E mployed S-343

19. Optical Properties (CD- ROM) S- 297

  O ^PTICAL P ^{ROPERTIES OF} M ^ETALS S- 302 O ^PTICAL P ^{ROPERTIES OF} N ^ONMETALS

  Sum m ary S-362 R eferences S-363 Q uestions and Problem s S-364

  19.1 Introduction S-298

  Learning O bjectives S-298

  M ^{ATERIALS FOR}

  I ^NTEGRATED C ^IRCUIT P ^ACKAGES S- 351

  20.12 Introduction S-351

  20.13 Leadframe D esign and Materials S-353

  20.14 D ie Bonding S-354

  20.15 Wire Bonding S-356

  20.16 Package E ncapsulation S-358

  20.17 Tape A utomated Bonding S-360

  21. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering (CD- ROM) S- 368

  19.2 E lectromagnetic R adiation S-298

  Learning O bjectives S-369

  21.1 Introduction S-369

  E ^CONOMIC C ^{ONSIDERATIONS} S- 369

  21.2 Component D esign S-370

  21.3 Materials S-370

  21.4 Manufacturing Techniques S-370

  E ^{NVIRONMENTAL AND} S ^OCIETAL C ^{ONSIDERATIONS} S- 371

  21.5 R ecycling Issues in Materials Science and E ngineering S-373

  Sum m ary S-376 R eferences S-376 Appendix A The International Sy stem of Units (SI) 439 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials 441

  B.1 D ensity 441 B.2 Modulus of E lasticity 444 B.3 Poisson’s R atio 448 B.4 Strength and D uctility 449 B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 454 B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal

  E xpansion 455

  B ^ASIC C ^ONCEPTS S- 298

  19.3 Light Interactions with Solids S-300

  S- 303

  19.14 O ptical Fibers in Communications S-315

  19.5 R efraction S-303

  19.6 R eflection S-304

  19.7 A bsorption S-305

  19.8 Transmission S-308

  19.9 Color S-309

  19.10 O pacity and Translucency in Insulators S-310

  A ^{PPLICATIONS OF} O ^PTICAL P ^HENOMENA S- 311

  19.11 Luminescence S-311

  19.12 Photoconductivity S-312

  19.13 Lasers S-313

  Sum m ary S-320 Im portant T erm s and Concepts S-321 R eferences S-321 Q uestions and Problem s S-322

  20.6 A natomy of the H ip Joint S-339

  20. Materials Selection and Design Considerations (CD- ROM) S- 324

  Learning O bjectives S-325

  20.1 Introduction S-325

  M ^ATERIALS S ^{ELECTION FOR A} T ^ORSIONALLY S ^TRESSED C ^YLINDRICAL S ^HAFT S- 325

  20.2 Strength S-326

  20.3 O ther Property Considerations and the Final D ecision S-331

  A ^UTOMOBILE

  19.4 A tomic and E lectronic Interactions S-301

  20.4 Introduction S-332

  20.5 A utomobile Valve Spring S-334

  A ^RTIFICIAL T ^OTAL H ^IP R ^EPLACEMENT S- 339

  V ^ALVE S ^PRING S- 332

  ● Contents

  B.8 Specific H eat 462 B.9 E lectrical R esistivity 464 B.10 Metal A lloy Compositions 467

  Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials 469 Appendix D Mer Structures for Common Poly mers 475

  Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Poly meric Materials 479 Glossary 480 Answers to Selected Problems 495 Index 501

  List of Symbols T

  (12.7)

  E

  ⫽ modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus (7.3) E

  ⫽ electric field intensity (12.3)

  E f

  ⫽ Fermi energy (12.5)

  E g

  ⫽ band gap energy (12.6)

  E r

  (t) ⫽ relaxation modulus (7.15) %E L ⫽ ductility, in percent elongation

  (7.6)

  e ⫽ electric charge per electron

  e ⫺

  E

  ⫽ electron (16.2) erf ⫽ G aussian error function (6.4) exp ⫽ e, the base for natural logarithms

  F ⫽ force, interatomic or mechanical

  (2.5, 7.2) F

  ⫽ Faraday constant (16.2) FCC ⫽ face-centered cubic crystal structure (3.4)

  G

  ⫽ shear modulus (7.3)

  H

  ⫽ magnetic field strength (18.2)