Indonesian-German expert dialogue in the framework of a fact-finding tour from August 25 to September 1, 2013

  Forests and Climate Change Programme (FORCLIME)

  FOREST MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Indonesian-German expert dialogue in the framework of a fact-finding tour from August 25 to September 1, 2013

  EXPERT EXCHANGE Indonesia – Germany

  Indonesian forests significantly differ from the Through a diverse programme, such as lectures, German Black Forest (Schwarzwald). For this particu- discussions, and fieldtrips, the participants are able lar reason, 18 officials of the Indonesian Forestry and to get a better understanding of the Black Forest and Planning Ministry travelled to Baden-Württemberg the nearby city of Freiburg. The programme received to meet with their colleagues of ForstBW. special support from the German Federal Ministry

  Their common goal is the international exchange of for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bunde- experience in the field of close to nature and sustain- sministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit able forest management. und Entwicklung, BMZ) which commissioned the

  Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusamme- To date, Indonesia is still among the largest green- narbeit (GIZ) and the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau house gas emitters. With the passing of a National (KfW) with its implementation in cooperation with

  Action Plan for the reduction of greenhouse gas the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. emissions in 2011, the Indonesian government took on the challenge of mitigating climate deteriorating

  GIZ

  processes, generating sustainable economic growth, and enabling an improvement of people’s living

  As a worldwide German Federal enterprise active conditions. in promoting international cooperation for sus- tainable development, the Deutsche Gesellschaft

  In 2009 the “Forests and Climate Change Pro-

  für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ)

  gramme” (FORCLIME) was established to support

  supports the German Federal Government to

  these efforts. In this context, in August 2013 a achieve its political development goals. fact-finding mission of an Indonesian delegation to

  It promises sustainable solutions for political,

  Germany took place. Through this expert dialogue

  economic, ecological, and social development in

  the Indonesian visitors wanted to acquire important

  a globalized world and promotes complex re-

  know-how in order to reorganize forest management

  forms or transformation processes, even under

  in their own country and implement climate change

  difficult circumstances. Its goal is to sustainably mitigation actions. improve the people’s living conditions. INTRODUCTION

  Indonesia is targeting an annual economic growth of 7%. At the same time, the country’s greenhouse gas emissions, which in worldwide comparison are significantly high, should be reduced by 26% in the year 2020. The decisive contribution to this target shall be derived from the forestry sector. To achieve the targeted objective of reducing emissions requires a fundamental reform in the forestry sector. The Indonesian-German development cooperation supports the Indonesian forest management reform through the Forests and Climate Change Programme (FORCLIME), with which the responsibility for man- aging forests in the decentralized state structure will rest on so called Forest Management Units. As a result, all forest areas will come under a regulated management that will better supervise commercial logging and provide a legal basis for the land use rights of the local population. The forest manage- ment reform is an important prerequisite to limiting loss of forests, forest degradation, and CO2 emis- sions.

  The FORCLIME programme has from the beginning sought the exchange of experience between the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and the Forestry Services in Germany. A series of fact-finding tours have promoted the bilateral expert dialogue on forest reform processes. In this context, at the invitation of ForstBW, a fact-finding tour of an Indonesian delega- tion to Baden-Württemberg took place from August 25 to September 1, 2013. In the framework of a diverse programme, the Indonesian delegation was offered the opportunity to seek comprehensive information on topics such as forest management reform, national park management, community forest management, collective forest enterprise, renewable energy, and climate change and conduct technical dialogues with their German colleagues.

  The result of this Indonesian-German exchange of information represents an additional important contribution to the longstanding successful develop- ment cooperation in the forestry sector. Through this brochure we would like to document the course of the fact-finding tour.

  On behalf of FORCLIME and the delegation we take this opportunity to thank all co-workers of ForstBW for the invitation and the highly interesting pro- gramme. We would also like to convey our special thanks to the organizers and the accompanying persons of the fact-finding tour, as well as the repre- sentatives of the companies, organizations, and institutions we visited.

  Jakarta, October 2013

  Helmi Basalamah, Head of Planning Bureau, Indonesian Ministry of Forestry Rolf Krezdorn, FORCLIME Programme Director, GIZ

• Private timber industry
• National economic factors
• Jobs • Livelihood security
• Tourism • Hunting • Research
• Local recreational area
• Health • Education • Hiking • Cycling
>Climate change mitigation
• Nature conservation
• Carbon storage
• Emission reduction
• Biodiversity conservation
• Air pollution control
• Soil conservation
• Water pollution control

  Black Forest is located in the South Western part of the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg and is Germany’s largest continuous forest area. The dense, mixed forest comprising mostly spruce, fi r, and beech covers an area of about 8,000 square kilometres over a low mountain range with heights of up to 1,493 meter. Almost 40% of the federal state is covered with forests.

  The natural habitat is characterized by large differ- ences in altitude, by mountains, valleys, and lakes which form the underlying basis of the extraordinary diversity in fl ora and fauna. The overly fertility of the region can be attributed to a balanced ratio of sunshine and rainfall: The Rhein valley and the foothills of Black Forest are predominantly marked by vineyards, and intensive cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Animal husbandries are found in the scarcely vegetated hills of the southern Black Forest; North Black Forest is marked by sustainable forestry and timber processing industry. Utilization of the Black Forest by humans has been practiced for many centuries. Over time the ownership and utilization forms underwent a progressive transformation. In many parts of the Black Forest traditional small-scale forest management practices by farmers are still dominant. Destructive forest exploitation practices such as charcoal burning, glass blowing workshops, and wood pastures have been replaced by sustain- able forestry in the 19th century. Forest and timber industries are the most signifi cant economic factors in the region. “Therefore we must work with nature – not against it. Only then is a sustainable forest industry possible,” says Josef Nolle, who works as a forester in the Black Forest. Ruthless exploitation of forests, as took place in the past centuries have today given way to a sustainable forestry from the ecological, economic, and social perspective.

  Functions of the forest

  Forests have many functions and for generations humans and animals have utilized them in many diverse ways. However, all of them can be catego- rized in three central core functions: Economy, environment, and society. The ecological, economic, and social functions of forests interact with each other and reaching the consensus of all interests is part of sustainable and close to nature forestry.

  Economic function

  Social function

  Ecological function

THE BLACK FOREST

26 August

  The Ortenau district has 47,800 hectares of forest area and lies in Baden-Württemberg’s most forested region. This is where Waldservice Ortenau eG, (WSO) is located. Kurt Weber, one of the board mem- bers, describes: “We are a 100% forestry service company and act in the interest of and according to the needs of our members.” Currently members of the WSO come from 22 communities and six collec- tive forest enterprises.

  Services offered by WSO are marked by their diver- sity and stipulated in management contracts with the forest owners. The association organizes all necessary measures: “We purchase the timber from our members, sell it to the industry and receive a previously agreed fee per cubic meter for marketing the wood,” explains Weber. The profits WSO earns at the timber market go back to the clients, communities and cities, as well as to the private forest owners. Kurt Weber sketches the daily challenges: “We have to deal with steep slopes on rural and federal roads. In the area near public roads it is not possible to simply cut down trees, we have to take the neces- sary safety aspects into account. This requires thorough expertise.” This expert knowledge is being taught to students at training centres recognized by the state. In total, the association employs 32 perma- nent co-workers, of which 17 are foresters. They are there to ensure that the forest is being managed professionally. In addition, we also offer marketing of wood by- products for energy generation. “We would like to contribute to nature conservation by promoting the development of renewable energy,” says Weber and continues: “We are trying to promote the use of renewable resources in this sector in order to meet the objectives of climate change mitigation.” Waldservice Ortenau, Auf dem Grün 1, 77797 Ohlsbach

  www.waldservice-ortenau.de Services offered Forestry services

• Sustainable management and tending of communal and private forest areas
• Planning and implementation of logging activities
• Problem and special logging
• Wood storage
• Training

  Marketing of wood products

• Sale of logs
• Value increase of raw materials through bulk purchasing from small-scale buyers
• Allocation of funds for self-advertising

  Value creation of residual material

• Wood chip production using own high capacity chipper
• Marketing of wood by-products
• Sale of wood for energy generation to large- scale buyers and regional companies

  Distribution of harvested timber 60% Saw mills and timber industry 20% Pulp and paper industry 20% Energy generation As a forest service provider Waldservice Orte- nau manages 22,491 hectares of forests 40% Private forests 60% Community forests

  FORESTRY SERVICE COMPANIES Waldservice Ortenau eG, Ohlsbach

26 August

  Forestry service in private forests

  The Black Forest is among the forest areas in Ger- many with the highest diversity of species. Due to favourable climate conditions, the forests in this area show a high annual increment which ranks in the highest range of the possible. For the past eight years Joseph Nolle has been the head of the Forest Management Unit. Within the scope of his responsibility is the private forest where he has to look after about 2,000 hectares. Commissioned by the forest administration he supports private forest owners in the implementation of close to nature and sustainable forestry.

  Joseph Nolle describes himself as a “service pro- vider to private forest owners” by “helping them to generate income in rural areas.” Subject to the wishes of the forest owner, the forester can take care of the entire maintenance and management of the forest or take over only individual assignments.

  Scope of tasks In private forests

  GIZ: Consultations and knowledge sharing between private forest owners and foresters ensures sustainable forestry. How do you provide additional assistance to private forest owners? Josef Nolle: A forester organizes the technical work and makes the timber of the private forest owner marketable. In total, I organize about 50% of the timber harvest. For a forest owner it is much more economically efficient when I combine various tasks and outsource their execution, rather than they have to buy their own expensive machinery and equipment. But there are also many forest owners who are forestry entrepreneurs. Their companies have their own machines with which they, upon my order, carry out work for their neighbours. GIZ: That sounds like regional and close neigh- bourly cooperation. Josef Nolle: I mostly collaborate with experts from the region. They know the area best and can therefore guarantee the best quality. They know that during wood harvesting special attention is necessary to avoid damage to the regrowing trees. Replanting is very expensive. At the end of the day, gentle wood harvesting pays off and is more economical.

  GIZ: You are taking care of around 8,000 private forest owners. Which forest managers are your clients, and why do they hire your services? Josef Nolle: There are forest owners who live far away from the forest and pursue other kinds of employment. There are for example farmers who own orchards as well as private forests. They do have the machinery for fruit harvesting but not for forestry. These private forest owners engage my services. GIZ: Can these forest owners entrust you with the entire work? Josef Nolle: Certainly they can. But that rarely happens because to me it is very important that those owners identify themselves with their forests and know what is happening to them. Every year I take the forest owner on a walk trough the forests and we plan on the spot what can and must be done in the forest.

  Forest Management Unit Vorderes Kinzigtal Josef Nolle, Auf dem Grün 1, 77797 Ohlsbach

  THE PRIVATE FOREST Forest Management Unit Vorderes Kinzigtal

• Looking after private forests
• Secure sustainable forestry based on forestry laws
• Determine the annual allowable cut according to the forest management plan
• Close to nature silviculture
• Proper execution of logging activities: Personnel management and logistics
• Organizing timber sales
• Hunting, to maintain a balanced ecosystem

  Administrative tasks

• Communication between timber owner and seller
• Transfer of money
• Board of the associations

  Infrastructure

• Organizing and supervision of road construction through the forest

  Cultivating Douglas fir

  Caused by the climate change, Europe may have to face warmer and drier climate condi- tions in the future. This poses a special chal- lenge to the forestry sector, in particular regarding the choice of suitable tree species. The Douglas fir can grow on many different sites and shows a tolerance towards dryness and unfavourable light conditions. It is a robust conifer which rapidly gains in diameter and grows very tall. This makes cultivating the Douglas fir not only economically justifiable, but at also contributes to the mitigation of risks a forest has to face under changing environmental conditions. Because of its adaptability the Douglas fir is particularly suitable for rehabilitating forest areas de- stroyed by storms or other environmental factors. The wood of the Douglas fir can be used in many ways. It can be used as con- struction wood and also for interior design such as doors, windows or floors. In addition, there are a number of special applications such as ship masts, rail ties or barrels.

27 August

  The Echtle saw mill in Nordrach employs 40 co- workers who, in a two-shift system, process conifer wood from the Black Forest. At an annual cut of 45,000 solid cubic meters, a volume of seven truck-loads is processed daily. In order to fulfil both the demands of the forest and those of the enter- prises, wood buyers and foresters decide together in the forest which spruce or firs should be harvest- ed. As soon as these up to 120 year old trees arrive at the company’s compound, the processing starts. Echtle produces various knotless wood products for the domestic as well as the international market, for example: squared timber, solid floorboards, Totenbrettchen (boards on which the deceased are rested), laminated panels, and many more. What is special about this saw mill is that they generate energy from their own waste. Production residuals are completely converted into energy. Sägewerk Echtle KG, Talstraße 12, 77787 Nordrach

  “ECHTLE” SAW MILL Quality wood from the Black Forest

  www.echtle-holz.de Wood processing stages at the saw mill

• First quality control by co-workers
• Division into three quality classes
• A metal detector examines the wood for slivers, nails, and other metal parts in order to prevent damage to the machines
• Debarking of the logs and relocation of the bark via a conveyer belt
• Logs are cut into parts using a band saw
• Five-meter long logs are, according to quality, processed in eight different ways
• According to the cut, the wood is transferred to different processing lanes
• Technical quality control
• Optical devises recognize quality defects in the raw material
• Automatic circular saws cut out defective wood parts
• Flawless timber is being sorted based on size and proceeded to the next production steps

Energy generation from CO

• neutral by-products

  2

  Echtle invested in renewable energy and has installed an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Generator on its company compound. During the wood production process saw mill waste products such as bark, chips, saw dust, or wood are produced and set aside because of inferior quality. This type of “waste” is completely used for energy generation and burned in the OCR power generator.

  In this way Echtle produces more power daily than it consumes. According to the German Renewable Energy Act, the electricity produced must be sold and fed into the electricity grid. This is how the company succeeds in supplying the neighbouring hospital with heat and making additional profits.

  Energy generation in the ORC Power Generator

  Harald Bröker

  Procurement manager at the Echtle saw mill GIZ: Every day you generate more electric power and heat than needed for your saw mill. What will happen to the surplus in the future? Harald Bröker: From our bark waste we pro- duce around 100 kWh more electricity than we need. Therefore, this winter we will distribute our surplus through a district heating grid to a nearby village where we provide energy from renewable resources to those who are willing to, for instance to a clinic, a hotel, the commu- nity hall, the town hall and private households. The expansion of the heating grid connections from our saw mill into the neighbouring village are currently under construction.

• Saw mill waste is channelled from the produc tion line through conveyer belts into the ORC Power Generator • Power generation starts in the ORC installation through a steam turbine, which is not driven by water vapour, but from organic liquid with low evaporation point
• The heat produced in a closed circuit is then used for heating

  Additional value of the power generator

• Energy generation from renewable resources
• CO
₂ -neutral power gener
• Covers the increasing need for energy and heat
• Utilization of all residual by-products

  Yield of the closed circuit Electricity: 1 MWh Heat: 4 MWh

27 PROFIT INCREASE THROUGH

  August WOOD GASIFICATION – Stephan Diener

  Stephan Diener is a private forest owner and forest- er. He fells timber for forest owners with self-owned machines and transports them to saw mills. Some tree parts cannot be processed at the mills and are thus set aside as seemingly worthless by-products. In October 2012 Stephan Diener built a wood gasifier on his company’s compound. In order to work more economically, electricity and heat are produced from residual wood material. His target is to feed the energy produced into the public grid and earn additional profits. ₃ At a weekly wood chip consumption of 20 m ,

  Stephan Diener produces 45 kWh of electricity, of which an additional 120 kWh of thermal discharge is generated. The heat is a by-product generated by the engine’s cooling system. In summer the heat is used to dry wood chips, in winter it is fed into the public heat grid and provides households with heat. All year long the electric power is sold and fed into

  Stephan Diener the grid.

  Private forest owner GIZ: How would you evaluate the wood gasifi- cation installation at your company?

  Stephan Diener: In my opinion, it can’t be any better! What is produced in conventional power plants, we produce here from renew- able energy. We achieve a double value crea- tion from wood chips. The investment was worth it.

  Wood gasification • A kettle is filled with dry wood chips.

  Moisture content <10%

• Wood chips are turned into charcoal at 900°C
• Wood gas develops
• The gas is cleansed of coal particles through a filter
• Clean wood gas drives the turbine and produces electricity
• Pure carbon is left behind
• Residue is returned into the natural cycle as fertilizer

28 August

  FSC / PEFC CERTIFICATION Julius Forneck

  Forest Service Officer GIZ: You are working at the Ministry for Rural Affairs and Consumer Protection in Baden-Würt- temberg. Eighty-two per cent of your region has been PEFC certified. In addition currently efforts are made to obtain FSC certification. What is the added value of having double certification? Julius Forneck: Firstly, the sustainable forest management we practice will be further empha- sized. Secondly, by having both certifications we can better meet the growing demand for certified wood. GIZ: In the production of certified wood there are stringent laws and regulations that must be strictly adhered to. What is the situation like regarding the implementation of the FSC guide- lines? Julius Forneck: Black Forest has been PEFC certified for more than ten years. This applies to state, community, and private forests. We do not have problems any more in implementing these guidelines. With FSC we have to work more with the public since the FSC certification has more stringent criteria, for example about the use of wood preservatives and pest man- agement in forests. This applies to living trees as well as harvested timber. Therefore we have to encourage our forest owners to participate more often in the discussions.

  GIZ: New restrictions demand an adjustment in the production techniques which often comes with higher expenditures. How do small forest enterprises succeed in complying with all guidelines? Julius Forneck: Under the PEFC scheme group certifications are possible. This is also aimed at in FSC. Following the implementation, private forest enterprises can also consolidate and be certified.

  Significant differences between the certification schemes FSC – Seal of approval for companies

  Certified forest areas 1,100,000 hectares in Baden-Württemberg (82%) 7,700,000 hectares in Germany (70%) 90,900,000 hectares in Europe (3.3%)

  In 1992 a United Nations Conference on Environment and Development took place in Rio de Janeiro. During the conference, principles for sustainable development and environmentally friendly econo- mies were adopted. Based on these statutes, in 1993 the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was estab- lished. In 1999 support for sustainable forest man- agement was further secured through the “Pro- gramme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes“ (PEFC).

  Nowadays, FSC and PEFC are the most important certification systems for wood from proven sustain- able forestry. Independent surveyors periodically determine whether all certification requirements are fulfilled. Following an examination, regions and companies are granted a seal of approval which helps to position themselves positively on the market.

  Demand for ecologically sound, socially compliant, economically and sustainably produced wood products is continually rising. Both certification schemes ensure responsible interaction with the environment and match the growing consumer demand for products that have been produced sustainably.

  Regional Administration (Regierungspräsidium) Freiburg Bertoldstraße 43, 79114 Freiburg

  www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de

• International accrediting system
• International FSC standards are compulsory

  FSC – seal of approval for companies

• National accrediting system
• National standards are compulsory

  

FOREST ADMINISTRATION REFORM

Baden-Württemberg / Forest Directorate Freiburg

  Following successful reforms of the past years with union-approved personnel reduction of 40% and achieving an efficiency rate of 20%, the administra- tive structure has been further optimized. In 2010 the Administrative Reform Act was passed and the Landesbetrieb (state enterprise) ForstBW established. With its establishment the enterprise, its services, and forest management authorities were restructured. Mr Hauck is the Leading Forest Director at ForstBW and in charge of the silviculture, forest conservation, and climate change department. He assesses the advantages of the reforms as follows: “Concerning the forest and forestry, we now have an assertive management with direct communication. Our techni- cal competence is very powerful. In technical mat- ters we work independently and have our own budget. In matters of personnel management there is still room for improvement. Currently efforts are under way to fine-tune the administration reform.“

  Basah Hernowo

  Director of Forestry and Water Resources, Indonesian Agency for National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) GIZ: During your visit, you exchanged views on forest administration reforms with co-workers of ForstBW. How is forest management admin- istration currently structured in Indonesia? Hernowo: The forest administration in Indone- sia is decentralized. There is on one side the state forest management which is concerned with financing and environmental laws, and has a supervisory function over the district governments. The district governments are then responsible for their respective depart- ments, economic feasibility of forest manage- ment, and implementation of practical nature conservation. 16 million hectares of natural forests are managed locally. These areas are very vulnerable to illegal logging and forest fires. We hope to be able to change the situa- tion through our continuous forest manage- ment reforms. In this matter the exchange with colleagues from ForstBW is very helpful.

  GIZ: Why is international cooperation important for climate change mitigation in Indonesia? Hernowo: The causes of climate change are global. Therefore we can only offset deficits and develop solution strategies through international cooperation. We have to exchange knowledge and act in concert. Through academic, technical, and economic exchange we can better learn from each other and find solutions.

  Regional Administration (Regierungspräsidium) Freiburg Bertoldstraße 43, 79114 Freiburg

  www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de

28 August

  Factors of forest planning

  Forest management planning (Forsteinrichtung) is a planning instrument to ensure professional, thor- ough, and sustainable forest management. Forest planning is necessary to prevent forest destruction by the wood-using industry. Since the 16th century efforts have been made to protect forests and since the year 1822 forest management planning became compulsory in Germany. Forest management planning takes place at ten-year inter- vals. It sets the scope of use for the next decade. Forest management planning enables long-term monitoring of forest development. In addition, a forester is responsible for annual assessments and monitoring of enforcement.

  The combination of long-term monitoring and periodic inspections has a supervisory function and helps to improve sustainable forest use.

  FORESTRY PLANNING Planning of State and Community Forests Hubertus von der Goltz

  Forestry Director GIZ: Forestry planning is part of the Federal State Forest Act. It includes many guidelines and details regarding forest use and forest manage- ment in Baden-Württemberg. What are the key statements of the Act? Goltz: In its basic outlines, the law requires scheduled, professional, thorough and sustain- able forest management. GIZ: The strict guidelines of the State Forest Act are binding for all forest owners, whether state or privately owned. Do these laws present obstacles for the commercial exploitation of forests? Goltz: Together with the forest owner, focus areas regarding the exploitation are determined prior to the forest management planning. Pro- duction, recreational, and protective functions of the forest area will be taken into account. These objectives are then included in the forest management planning. Conflicting objectives should be resolved through various uses within a forest enterprise. One of the central tasks of the forest management planning is to find a way between economic interests and nature conservation. GIZ: During forest management planning, electronic data are collected about the forest, its size and the current state of the area. The in- sights obtained during their inquiry are made accessible to the public. What is the role of digitizing the information for both your work and the citizens? Goltz: Electronic data processing (EDP) is very important for us. It serves as a record of all measurements, and at the same time we can compare and assess how the forest develops over a long period of time. It can also inform the public through an internet platform about the state and planning of the forest itself. Thus, EDP is a necessary tool for us and makes it possible for the community to participate in many proc- esses. That would not be possible without digital capture.

  Regional Administration (Regierungspräsidi- um) FreiburgBertoldstraße 43, 79114 Freiburg

  www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de

• Objective of the forest owner, whether private or state
• Natural and site-related factors
• Climatic changes
• Sustainability • Conservation of biodiversity

  The three stages of forest management planning Forest inventory

• Recording the state of the forest through sampling
• Measuring inventory: Size of trees, variety of tree species, rejuvenation, and damage are recorded

  Monitoring

• Monitoring compliance during operations over the last ten years
• Implementation of agreed objectives by forest owners and foresters are checked
• Changes during the past years
• Development of the forest
• Where have additional damages occurred

  Planning

• Timber utilization, intensity of intervention, natural rejuvenation and setup of nursing areas
• Integration of nature conservation measures

29 NATIONAL PARK OF THE BLACK FOREST

  August Protective Forest “Wild Lake” (Wilder See)

  Naturschutzzentrum Ruhestein in Black Forest (Nature Conservation Centre) Schwarzwaldhochstraße 2 77889 Seebach

  www.naturschutzzentrum-ruhestein.de

  In 1911 an area of 75 hectares in Baiersbronn was designated as a protected forest to give it a chance to recover from ruthless exploitation and deforesta- tion as it had been used as pastures for cattle herding in the past. In the centre of the area is the Wilde Lake offering vital drinking water to livestock and wildlife. Nowadays a nature reserve borders the protection forest. It is characterized by scarcely vegetated areas and highland marches. This envi- ronment offers an ideal habitat for the wood grouse and other wildlife. The Forestry Service (Forstamt) manages the reserve to artificially preserve this habitat, which would otherwise be subject to a continuous change process through natural succes- sion.

  Mr. Ziegler, Forestry Director in Baiersbronn, ex- plains the essential difference between a national park (Nationalpark) and a nature reserve (Natur- schutzgebiet): “The nature reserve serves the purpose of preserving the current state and the national park encourages the natural process of change. What happens in the nature reserve is regulated by the foresters. The development of a national park, however, is only known by nature.”

  Benefits for the region

• The establishment of an information centre and an administrative centre
• New jobs
• Enhanced tourist facilities
• Investments in the infrastructure and

  Today, for nearly 100 years the protection forest has

  expansion of the local transportation network

  stayed untouched by the people. In January 2014 Baden-Württemberg’s first National Park will be established in the same area, stretching across 10,000 hectares. Only up to a maximum of 25% of the area

  Concerns of the population

  would then be allowed for cultivation. In the remain- ing 75% of the forest nature would be allowed to

• Decline in biodiversity reign.
• Restricted use of the local forest
• Negative changes of scenery and landscape

  People may only observe what is happening. The

• Economic losses through restructuring of

  debate around the establishment of a national parked

  recreational facilities

  stirred up emotions. The likely impacts of the national park on the biodiversity, on tourism, and the natural state of the forest, are a question that can only be answered over time. In the meantime, politicians and citizens continue their debate.

  National Park Advantages

• Natural dynamics of forests can take place
• Scientific research about fully protected areas
• Old trees can store more CO
2<
• Deadwood stays in the forest
• Natural nutrievnt cycle

  Disadvantages

• Pest control may only be undertaken at a limited scale and pests may spread to managed forests
• Possible decline in biodiversity as endangered species will no longer receive special protection

  Nature Reserve Advantages

• Flora and fauna will be protected by foresters
• Biodiversity will be maintained in its actual state and promoted
• Current tree composition remains unchanged
• Exploitation may only take place if it serves species protection

  Disadvantages

• Protection applies to everything, no matter if native, close to nature or not

29 LOTHARPFAD

  August Wood damage, recovery, reforestation

  Lotharpfad, 72270 Baiersbronn

  www.schwarzwald.com

  On December 26, 1999 hurricane “Lothar” raged over large parts of Europe. Within a few minutes the hurricane also caused huge damages in Black Forest which are still felt to this day. In total, “Lothar” destroyed 40,000 hectares of forest area. Later, a total of 700,000 cubic meter of wind-blown timber, representing 16 times the annual timber cut, had to be recovered.

  Ten hectares of the affected area were not cleared after the storm but left to nature and its self-healing power. It was there where Lotharpfad (Lothar path) was built in 2003. Via a 800 meter long path the storm-affected area can be explored. Information panels explain about the storm damage, natural regrowth, and the growing biodiversity. Mr Ziegler, Forest Director in Baiersbronn, explains the reason for leaving the storm-affected areas untouched as follows: “On the one hand it serves to show how storm damage at this scale looks like. On the other hand, it demonstrates what happens to deadwood if it is not cleared and how nature deals with it.“ After the second world war this area was ruthlessly exploited to enable the country to pay for war reparations. Following the deforestation, fast grow- ing spruce in monocultures was planted. “The Lotharpfad shows,” continues Ziegler “that obvi- ously natural forests grow differently than those under human intervention. In general natural forests are richer in structure, have a higher biodiversity, grow more densely, and are less vulnerable to pests and diseases. We can see how a forests regenerates by itself and which trees survive naturally.”

  Indra Kumara

  Head of Planning Division of Kapuas Hulu Forestry Administration District Office GIZ: Mr. Kumara, your tasks include taking care of an area with two national parks in West Kalimantan. How important are the protected areas for your work? Kumara: Under my care is an area with the largest peat forest, many lakes and the source of a river which supplies the entire area south of the park with clean water.

  Only 20% of the area under my care can be used for forestry. So in order to stay eco- nomically efficient we have to invest in ecologically sustainable tourism. Our plan for the next five years is to expand the ecotouristic sector. Therefore the infrastruc- ture must be expanded and recreational facilities extended.

  GIZ: During the establishment of the Nation- al Park in Baden-Württemberg discussions seem never-ending. To resolve the conflicts, demoscopic surveys were carried out to allow the community to participate in the decision-making process. What is the con- clusion you can draw for your work? Kumara: Conflict management during the debates on the National Park in the Black Forest was particularly interesting. Social forestry has become increasingly important in Indonesia. We would also like to commu- nicate with the local community to finally work out mutually satisfactory solutions.

30 August

FORESTRY EXPERIMENTAL AND RESEARCH

  

INSTITUTE BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG

  The Forestry Experimental and Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA) is one of the largest German institutes in this field. The FVA is under the Ministry of Rural Affairs and Consumer Protection in Stuttgart, and organization-wise connected to ForstBW. The practice-oriented studies of the Busi- ness Research Institute (Betriebsforschungsinstituts) focus on the concerns of the forestry sector. Not only private, community and state forests will benefit from the research, but also international climate research.

  65-70% of the institute’s budget come from the national budget. The funds provided are designated for research projects and personnel costs. In addi- tion, the FVA receives external funding from re- search institutions and the European Union. The FVA has been practicing research for already 130 years. Today the research institute has 210 employ- ees dealing with critical issues on forests and climate change. The FVA is organized into nine departments. The board is responsible for administrative tasks such as supervision and management, but also public relations. The remaining eight departments devote themselves to research on forests, from both the perspective of social and natural sciences. FVA – Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Wonnhaldestraße 4, 79100 Freiburg im Breisgau

  www.fva-bw.de

  Structure of the FVA Forest growth Network of experimental areas, quality and susceptibility to damage, growth and environ- ment, growth simulation Forest conservation Tree nursery, forest genetics, forest protected areas, site/ soil science and site mapping, forest biotope mapping, wildlife ecology Soil and environment Forestry environmental monitoring, forest and water, regionalization of soil data, soil physics, forest nutrition and melioration, forest nutrient balance Forest conservation Integrated forest conservation – forest pathol- ogy, pest control and forecast Forest and society Sustainability and multifunctional forestry, recreation and tourism in the forest, landscape care Forest use Timber harvesting and logistics, forest mensu- ration and sorting, applied wood research, products and marketing, energy wood Forest economy Test operating networks (Testbetriebsnetze), economics of forestry, forest business manage- ment, multi-dimensional instruments Biometry and informatics Forest inventories, model development, re- search on climate impacts and integrated risk management, software solutions, statistics and GIS consulting, IT and GIS techniques Medical technology in wood processing

  A current FVA research project is: “What Makes Wood so Attractive?” The market psychological research looks at which natural properties to wood surfaces are perceived positively by consumers. On this basis, technical procedures are being developed, which ensure the resource-efficient processing of timber. For research purposes, newly felled trees are screened using computer tomography (CT) X-rays. The internal tree structure will be accurately visual- ized and will allow a three-dimensional view to recognize defects such as knots, cracks and resin inclusions. The advantage is that the process is completed before further processing of the timber. The imaging process helps to create a perfect cut pattern and to economically utilize wood.

  Franka Brüchert, the person responsible for scientific matters describes the economic relevance of the project as follows: “Everyone needs industrial wood, however, it is a limited commodity. The less waste is produced during wood processing, the less raw material needs to be removed from the forest and the higher the revenues obtained.”

  Franka Brüchert

  In charge of scientific matters of the re- search project “What Makes Wood so Attractive?“ GIZ: Your research has just started and the use of computed tomography in the wood industry is not common. Which benefits can be obtained from your long-term study for production? Brüchert: The device is in its early testing phase which is only the beginning for its industrial implementation. Thanks to our research, we will be able to use wood resources better and more efficiently by applying sawing techniques with lower losses. For which specific areas of applica- tion we can use this technique still has to be proven in the future. GIZ: Consuming less resources will be beneficial for environmental and climate protection but will also cause a decreasing demand for raw materials. Won’t this lead to less profits for forest owners and the wood processing industry? Brüchert: Obviously there is criticism from the wood industry. Some say we would malign their wood, while others fear a reduction in their profits. For sure, lumber and construction timber need to be of high grade in order to remain marketable. With our technique we can identify more details and so optimize the use of the raw material. The wood remains the same but the quality of the final product will be enhanced. This will certainly become apparent in the mon- etary value of the wood. I think that our technology will pay off.

  Klaus von Wilpert

  Head of the Soil and Environment Department GIZ: Your practice-oriented studies find them- selves between basic research, ecology and administration. Do your findings at the FVA have a direct impact on politics? Von Wilpert: What I can say about the FVA is that we do not have direct political decision- making authority. We can influence political decisions through our advice by conducting research, overseeing operations and providing forecasts. Laws and guidelines may be adopted on the basis of our work, but in the end it is politicians who pass the laws. Nevertheless, we have an influence and that we will also use it. GIZ: What are the latest findings of the FVA which will reach the political level? Von Wilpert: Our long-term measurements and observations show how the nutrient cycle of the forest has changed because of modern forest management. Today, logs are no longer debarked in the forest but at the sawmill. If the nutrient rich bark is removed from the ecosys- tem, the nutrient content of the soil decreases. This leads to discrepancies in the debate on sustainability. To this effect, we have developed strategies how to prevent the situation and these are now being discussed.

  GIZ: What are the possible actions taken? Von Wilpert: There were considerations to cut less wood to reduce the loss of nutrients. But our studies show that we could increase the volume harvested and use up to 30% of the logging volume for energy generation. The ash produced could then be returned to the forest.

  It is scientifically proven that overexploitation of the forests would be counterproductive.

31 August

  INTERVIEWS Tonny Suhartono

  Head of Regional Forestry Development GIZ: For you, issues such as environmental protection and climate change are part of your daily professional life. What is most interesting to you in a city such as Freiburg? Suhartono: Freiburg is an excellent example of a “green city”. Usually, I obtain my infor- mation from the Internet. But now I can make myself a picture of how climate-friend- ly measures are implemented and what positive effects they have on the quality of air and life. GIZ: What will you pass on to your fellow people following your visit in Freiburg? Suhartono: The Indonesian people are in a continues learning process. I would like to further raise the awareness of the next generation about climate protection and sustainability. I will tell them about the benefits of a modern and economically active life style, which does not exclude nature conservation.

  Wilistra Danny