Global Warming, Emission Of Methane Gas And Rice Production
Crcp
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P?"OCEEDJ i. IC5
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lTE itt' IATJ O
i\lrtL
SErV\ Ji\lAi{
PROCEEDINGS
ilTERilIATIONAL SEMINAR
PROSPECT AND THE ROLE OF
,TURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
WELFARE IN II\TDONESIA
MEDAN, JULY 29'N,2OOB
Editor
Edison Punba, Ph.D.
Jointly Organized By:
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
UNTYERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
AND CROP LIFE INDONESIA
.$+ c i 1\ Y r
f!'r.. ll\tl
Adj \-l i-l t-.J
:
Fil 061€213737
trftilEnion 2008
o USU Press 2008
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any
printed
or elektronic from without permission. Please do not participate in or encorrage piracy
of copyrighted materials in violation of the author's rights. Purchase'only authorized
editions.
ISBN: 979 458 388 X
Perpustakaan Nasional: Katatog Dalam Terbitan
6Df)
Proceedings lnternational Seminar: the prospect and the role of agricultural
biotechnology
for community welfare in lndonesia / Editor Edison Purba. -- Medan: USU press,
2oog.
vi,162 p. ; ilus. ; 28 cm
Bibliografi
ISBN: 979-458-388-X
1. Bioteknologi - Pertanian
620.859.802 ddc22
Printed in Medan, lndonesia
2. Purba, Edison
Ihagruizing committee of The International Seminar on
Agftultral Biotechnology, Juli 29,2008 in Medan
Hycgpired
lv
by The Faculty of Agriculture, universitas sumatera utara
and Crop Life Indonesia
Stlcring Committee
Prof. Ir. Zulkifli Nasution, MSc. Ph.D.
Dr. Pratama Yudfi
Ir. Johannes Silalahi
Ir. Idham
Dr. Askif Pasaribu
Chairperson
Edison Purba, Ph. D.
Seminar/paper
Dr. Askif Pasaribu
Dr. Tantono Subagyo
Publication
Yoga, SP
Sudarmono
Secretariat
Dr. Diana Chalil
Dinana Nasution
Jonaha Purba
Junaidi Damanik
Proceeding
Edison Purba, Ph. D.
CONTENT
llt
V
the Benefits of Agribiotechnology: The Case of Bt Corn in the Philippines
A. Gonzales
Towards A gribiotechnologY
...................
M.
Ellasus..
of
Competition and Influence
Resistant Corn Yield
Period
37
of
Glyphosate Application Timing on
51
and Biofuel
55
on Protein Incorporated of Calcium Phosphate on Growth and Carcass Composition in
Tilapia
biyusni and T.K. Mukheriee..
Qtimation Exploiting of Plantation to Improve Earnings of Farmer in North
,lful
Sumatera
65
Rauf.
How is the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Production Agriculture?
Ilelvian
72
fcsponses of Jathropa on Combination of Plant Growth Regulators (BA and NAA) In Vitro
78
Swnmiah........:..........
Auahty Growth and Productivty with Biotechnology
Mi Utomo....
83
Herbicide-resistant Crops: Their Benefits and Risks
Etlison Purba.........
89
Cilowth and Yield of Maize Characteristic Which Have Been Planted at Dry Climate E
(OHeman Clasification)
Eluirani
Hanum.......
94
Effect of Organic and Liquid Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Corn
Ginting.......
btdan
&ganic Matter: In Search of Weed Control Method in Paddy in the System of
97
Rice
Intemification (SRI)
Zilmudi, M. Kas im, Iraw ati, and Agustian.................
IAA Content of
101
Soybean Genotypes to AMF Inoculation on Selected Drought Stress Levels
flqxoh
104
Sofuing Poverty Problem and Save Environment by Using Agroforestry System
lfud Rouf and T. Sabrina......
107
Proceedings International Seminar
The Prospect and the Role of Agricultural Biotechtrology for Conmrunity Welfare in Indonesia
GLOBAL WARMING, EMISSION OF METHANE GAS
AND RICE PRODUCTION
Yoyo Hosonoh
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan
e-mail: azkia-khairunnisa@ yahoo.co.id
Abstract
Global warming nowadays has became the world attention. Glass house gas such as CO2, N2O, and CFI+ can
cause the global warming. Emission of CO2, N2O, and Clfu contribute about 55, 15, and 6 percent of total
glass house effects. Atmospheric methane (CfL) as glass house gas is more effective than COz. The global
warming is stimulated by incraasing of glass house gas emission continuously as side effect of human being
activities (anthropogenic) and it is yielded also by burning the forest, agricultural and livestock activities. In
the agricultural sector, the efforts to increase the rice production and its qualrty have conducted. The problem
of global warming must be one of the factors in watching the agricultural problems. Global warming will
influence on crop productions and water availability. Some innovations of paddy culture have done'
Therefore, cultural techniques for food crops that consider the environment are necessa.ry. The research at
China has shown that the paddy culture will decrease about 5-12% if the temperature increases about 3,6o C.
The same case also happens at Bangladesh. Rice production in the country will decrease about 10 percent'
The relation of global warming on agricultural sector, especially on paddy production has been the attention
of stakeholders. The global warming conference that done at Bangkok, Thailand months ago reminded to
study the system of rice culture to eliminate the glass house effect that becomes the cause of global warming.
There is no culture of crop that supports the biggest of methane emission except paddy. The emission of
methane gas at paddy is rurique. Paddy produces the methane gas that produced from the organic manure
decomposition, and also produces the carbon dioxide that yielded from buming of paddy waste. The effort of
paddy culture also produces the nitrogen dioxide from decomposition of fertilizer. All of the gasses are the
cause ofgreen house effects.
Keywords: global warming, rice production, emission of methane gas
Introduction
Some innovations in increasing the rice production and its quality have conducted. Otherwise, the
challenge of global warming makes the researchers must study hard because there is an assumption
which rice culture supports the biggest of methane emission. The problem of global warming must
be one of the factors in watching the agricultural problems. Global warming will influence on crop
productions and water availability.
The study at China has shown that the rice culture will decrease about 5-12% if the temperature
increases about 3,6o C. The same case also happens at Bangladesh. Rice production in the country
will decrease about 10 percent. The relationship of global warming on agricultural sector, especially
on rice production has been the attention of stakeholders. The global warming conference that done
at Bangkok, Thailand some months ago reminded to study the system of rice culture to eliminate the
glass house effect that becomes the cause of global warming.
Inter governmental Panel about global warming as news of Environmental News Network said that
rice culture is one of the primary cause in increasing of methane emission. It is one of the green
house gasses that has the biggest potency ofglass house effect (GIIE), causes the damage ofozone
and increases the temperature. Decreasing of methane gas is hoped about 56 percent if compared the
methane production nowadays if the repairing of rice production is done.
There is no culture of crop that supports the biggest of methane emission except paddy. The
emission of methane gas at paddy is unique. Paddy produces the methane gas that produces from
the organic manure decomposition, and also the carbon dioxide that yielded from burning of paddy
159
Global Warming, Emission of Methane Gas and Rice Production
Yaya Hasanah
waste. The effort of paddy culture also produces the nitrogen dioxide from decomposition of
fertilizer. All of the gasses are the causes of GHE.
If
the peoples in Asia want to eliminate the production of green house gas, they must watch the rice
culture. Agricultural paddy is not the biggest producer of methane gas, but in Asia the agricultural
effort of paddy does not eliminate in relation at methane gas production. The study about decreasing
the methane gas emission in paddy production was done since 2005. Aslam Khalil and Martha
Searer from University of Portland USA have tried the change of agricultural effort to be stability of
methane gas emission. According to their research is known that more watering of rice field will
support the methane gas emission.
Some countries have done the effort to eliminate the methane gas production. The problems of them
are the alternative culture technique and the socialization to eliminate the methane gas production.
Glass House Effect and
Agricultural Sector
According to the GHE data emission from the Environmental Ministry in National Communication
(1997) has said that the agricultural and livestock sector give the biggest contribution in increasing
the GHE emission, especially the methane gas that produced from lowland area (rice field).
The large of rice field in Indonesia about more than one million hectare is predicted to give the
contribution about one percent of total methane global. The rice field is the biggest source of
methane gas than other sources. As the research, rice field yields 21.9 percent of methane gas by
adding velocifv about 1-2 percent per year.
However, there are the trend of land conversion in Indonesia nowadays to become the regency,
industry and other usages but the Government always conducts the effort to make the new rice field
especially at out ofJava Island.ln2002, the large ofharvest rice field in Indonesia reaches about
10.484 million ha. It will contribute enough on methane gas emission to the atmospheric so
becomes the global warming and ozone damage.
As an illustration, if the total of methane global compared than the total in increasing rice
production so every effort in increasing the rice production must be paid by increasing the
environmental damage. That is the reason, the efforts of eliminate in increasing of methane gas is
the exact way in anticipating of global warming.
The Strategy to Eliminate the Methane Gas Emission
In the agricultural
sector, especially rice culture, there are the main strategies to eliminate the
capacity and velocity of methane gas emission such as choosing the rice variety and the exact of
rice culture.
Rice crop gives the active role as the transportation medium of methane from rice field to the
atmospheric. More than 90 percent of methane gas is emitted through aerenchyma tissue and
intercellular of rice crop, while there are less than 10% of them emitted by water bubble.
a.
Choosing the rice variety
As long as the increasing of food crops production especially rice production so the best rice variety
is needed by the farmers. The criteria of the best variety are delicious of taste, high of yield potency
and tolerant of pest, drought and high salinity.
Rice crop has the difference ability of methane emission. It depends on physiology and morphology
characteristic of rice variety. Each variety of rice also has the difference of age and root activities in
160
I
Proceedings International Seminar
The Prospect and the Role of Agricultural Biotechnology for Corrmunity Welfare in
Indresia
relation of methane emission. It is influenced by crop characteristic, diameter of aererrcltyma, root
exudation, potency of root oxidation, fertilizer and water management- It is the reason; tre
sustainable researches to know the rice variety that has an ability to eliminate of methane gas, high
of yield potency, tolerant of extreme conditions are needed.
The research was conducted at Pati (Jawa Tengah) at 1996-2000 showed that some varieties of rice
that high potency of yield had the difference potency on methane emission. IR 64 variety is lower
methane emission than other varieties that generally planted by the farmers. Ciherang, Balian and
Way Apoboru varieties give the new hope because they have the ability to eliminate the total of
methane emission to the atmospheric. The total methane gas emission at some varieties have the
positive non linier relationship with rice root biomass that has the active role as producer of root
exudates as carbon source for methanogen bacteria.
I
L
U
The research was Aor" ly Mulyadi et al (2002) indicated that in combination treatment between
tillage and variety showed that the difference of methane emission. Way Rarem variety that was
transplanted using walik jerami system emitted methane
lower than Limboto and IR 64 in treatment of zero tillage. All values of them are 59,73; 69,96 and,
106,6kglha/season while in treatment of maximumtillage are 123,5;128,5 and 138,8 kg4ra/season.
Sustainable research that done in Research of Environmental Agricultural Institution (Jakenan pati)
since 1995 at irrigation rice field and rain fed rice field indicated that Cisadane variety emitted the
highest of methane, while IR 64 andDodokan has emitted the lower of methane. Cisadane variety is
predicted that has better of photosynthesis' ability than other variety so the root exudation that
yielded is easier to be degradation. On the other hand, IR 64 and Dodokan are predicted that have
the better capacity of root exudation than other variety, so the oxygen concentration around the
roots increase and methane is oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria.
The growth period also influences the methane emission. Result of research showed that the growth
period of rice is similar to sum of root exudation and root biomass that produced so the methane
emission is higher.
Result of research was done by Mulyadi, et. al. (2002) indicated that Way Rarem variety and
Limboto can decrease methane emission about 34Yo and 24o/o even though tfre yietd of both varieties
are lower about 0.5 tlhaand0.3 t/hathan IR64.
b.
The Exact of Tillage Technique
The effort in eliminating of methane emission is the exact methane emission. The difference
of rice
tillage technique can cause the difference of methane emission that produced.
The research showed that some varieties of rice that transplanted at irrigation rice field such
as
Cisadane, Memberamo, IR 64, IR 36, Dodokhn and Batang Anai has
the higher methane
"rnitt.d
gas than the same varieties that transpl anted at rain fed lowland area
otherwise continuous of
watering.
Limboto and Way Rarem varieties produce higher of rice straw than IR 64. Rice straw of
both
varieties are higher significant in zero tillage and organic matter treatment as kinds of fresh
rice
straw and farmyardmanure (Mulyadi, 2002).
Cisadane varief is the rice variety that has high potencj, of yield but also high of methane
emission,
while IR 64 has high potency of yield but lower of methane emission. The research has done
by
Setyanto et al (2006) indicated that total methane emission of Memberamo, Cisadane, IR
64, Way
Apoboru at rice field that continuous watering are 61,7;94,8;37,7;58,9 kg CH4/ha/day. According
to Nue and Scharpense (1990) watering condition continuously is a good condition for conductin!
the decomposition of organic manure in rice field.
161
Global_Warndng, F.mission of Methane
Gas aad
Yaya Hasanah
Rie hoduction
The research of Naharia (2006) showed
that rice field at zero tillage treatuent
can eliminated afosu1
30Yo of an aerobic condition in
neta ircompareo than other tillug".
An
aerobic
is a good condition
for an aerobic bacteria life that
the organic
of
root
exudation
aid degradation
of root to be acetic and carbon oioxiJ!.-itre
carboln aioria"irri decomposed
w,l
do the reaction
with H2 to produce methane
sfl througrr three processe;r";y ebullition (emission
of methane
kind of bubble water), airrtior"p.ocess
and emission of methane gas through
f;3:#
aerenchyma
o".offir
-;;;
As the conclusion of the paper, the
efforts that done to eliminate the
methane emission must watch
r" that lower of methane
emission, so we can anticipate the global
".t"iqr."utt
warming.
the increasing of rice production and
tillage.
"ilj",
References
Mulyadi' A' wiharjaka, Shri H.M., I. Johari
Sasa dan partohardjo no. 2[[2.penekanan
Emisi rran
Mitigasi Gas cH4 Melalui Teknik Budidaya puJi
wuiit Jerami di Lahan Sawah Tadah
Hujan. warta peneritian pertanian Talaman pangan
Vor. 21 No. 1 Tahun iooz. nogor.
Neue' H'u and H'w' Scharpenseel. tqqo.
cur.ou, pro"d*t;i;g Decomposition
of orgaic Matter
in Sub mergend soili' In: orgaic matter
and soil. International Rice Research
Institute. Los
_ Banos. philiphines p.3tt_325.
Setyanto' P' 2006' varietas padi
Rendah Emisi Gas Rumah
tqr \4s,.
penelitian dan
Kaca. warta
wana r(
pertanian vol. 2g
No. 4 Th. 2006.
fgngembangan
Yarbtas Padi ungeut dengan Emisi
Gas Rumah Kaca Rendah. Sinar
''n^tl
Tani.
h2006'
162
lNlialSaslA
ftr
E
F
i
i
P?"OCEEDJ i. IC5
l t'
lTE itt' IATJ O
i\lrtL
SErV\ Ji\lAi{
PROCEEDINGS
ilTERilIATIONAL SEMINAR
PROSPECT AND THE ROLE OF
,TURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
WELFARE IN II\TDONESIA
MEDAN, JULY 29'N,2OOB
Editor
Edison Punba, Ph.D.
Jointly Organized By:
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
UNTYERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
AND CROP LIFE INDONESIA
.$+ c i 1\ Y r
f!'r.. ll\tl
Adj \-l i-l t-.J
:
Fil 061€213737
trftilEnion 2008
o USU Press 2008
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any
printed
or elektronic from without permission. Please do not participate in or encorrage piracy
of copyrighted materials in violation of the author's rights. Purchase'only authorized
editions.
ISBN: 979 458 388 X
Perpustakaan Nasional: Katatog Dalam Terbitan
6Df)
Proceedings lnternational Seminar: the prospect and the role of agricultural
biotechnology
for community welfare in lndonesia / Editor Edison Purba. -- Medan: USU press,
2oog.
vi,162 p. ; ilus. ; 28 cm
Bibliografi
ISBN: 979-458-388-X
1. Bioteknologi - Pertanian
620.859.802 ddc22
Printed in Medan, lndonesia
2. Purba, Edison
Ihagruizing committee of The International Seminar on
Agftultral Biotechnology, Juli 29,2008 in Medan
Hycgpired
lv
by The Faculty of Agriculture, universitas sumatera utara
and Crop Life Indonesia
Stlcring Committee
Prof. Ir. Zulkifli Nasution, MSc. Ph.D.
Dr. Pratama Yudfi
Ir. Johannes Silalahi
Ir. Idham
Dr. Askif Pasaribu
Chairperson
Edison Purba, Ph. D.
Seminar/paper
Dr. Askif Pasaribu
Dr. Tantono Subagyo
Publication
Yoga, SP
Sudarmono
Secretariat
Dr. Diana Chalil
Dinana Nasution
Jonaha Purba
Junaidi Damanik
Proceeding
Edison Purba, Ph. D.
CONTENT
llt
V
the Benefits of Agribiotechnology: The Case of Bt Corn in the Philippines
A. Gonzales
Towards A gribiotechnologY
...................
M.
Ellasus..
of
Competition and Influence
Resistant Corn Yield
Period
37
of
Glyphosate Application Timing on
51
and Biofuel
55
on Protein Incorporated of Calcium Phosphate on Growth and Carcass Composition in
Tilapia
biyusni and T.K. Mukheriee..
Qtimation Exploiting of Plantation to Improve Earnings of Farmer in North
,lful
Sumatera
65
Rauf.
How is the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Production Agriculture?
Ilelvian
72
fcsponses of Jathropa on Combination of Plant Growth Regulators (BA and NAA) In Vitro
78
Swnmiah........:..........
Auahty Growth and Productivty with Biotechnology
Mi Utomo....
83
Herbicide-resistant Crops: Their Benefits and Risks
Etlison Purba.........
89
Cilowth and Yield of Maize Characteristic Which Have Been Planted at Dry Climate E
(OHeman Clasification)
Eluirani
Hanum.......
94
Effect of Organic and Liquid Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Corn
Ginting.......
btdan
&ganic Matter: In Search of Weed Control Method in Paddy in the System of
97
Rice
Intemification (SRI)
Zilmudi, M. Kas im, Iraw ati, and Agustian.................
IAA Content of
101
Soybean Genotypes to AMF Inoculation on Selected Drought Stress Levels
flqxoh
104
Sofuing Poverty Problem and Save Environment by Using Agroforestry System
lfud Rouf and T. Sabrina......
107
Proceedings International Seminar
The Prospect and the Role of Agricultural Biotechtrology for Conmrunity Welfare in Indonesia
GLOBAL WARMING, EMISSION OF METHANE GAS
AND RICE PRODUCTION
Yoyo Hosonoh
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan
e-mail: azkia-khairunnisa@ yahoo.co.id
Abstract
Global warming nowadays has became the world attention. Glass house gas such as CO2, N2O, and CFI+ can
cause the global warming. Emission of CO2, N2O, and Clfu contribute about 55, 15, and 6 percent of total
glass house effects. Atmospheric methane (CfL) as glass house gas is more effective than COz. The global
warming is stimulated by incraasing of glass house gas emission continuously as side effect of human being
activities (anthropogenic) and it is yielded also by burning the forest, agricultural and livestock activities. In
the agricultural sector, the efforts to increase the rice production and its qualrty have conducted. The problem
of global warming must be one of the factors in watching the agricultural problems. Global warming will
influence on crop productions and water availability. Some innovations of paddy culture have done'
Therefore, cultural techniques for food crops that consider the environment are necessa.ry. The research at
China has shown that the paddy culture will decrease about 5-12% if the temperature increases about 3,6o C.
The same case also happens at Bangladesh. Rice production in the country will decrease about 10 percent'
The relation of global warming on agricultural sector, especially on paddy production has been the attention
of stakeholders. The global warming conference that done at Bangkok, Thailand months ago reminded to
study the system of rice culture to eliminate the glass house effect that becomes the cause of global warming.
There is no culture of crop that supports the biggest of methane emission except paddy. The emission of
methane gas at paddy is rurique. Paddy produces the methane gas that produced from the organic manure
decomposition, and also produces the carbon dioxide that yielded from buming of paddy waste. The effort of
paddy culture also produces the nitrogen dioxide from decomposition of fertilizer. All of the gasses are the
cause ofgreen house effects.
Keywords: global warming, rice production, emission of methane gas
Introduction
Some innovations in increasing the rice production and its quality have conducted. Otherwise, the
challenge of global warming makes the researchers must study hard because there is an assumption
which rice culture supports the biggest of methane emission. The problem of global warming must
be one of the factors in watching the agricultural problems. Global warming will influence on crop
productions and water availability.
The study at China has shown that the rice culture will decrease about 5-12% if the temperature
increases about 3,6o C. The same case also happens at Bangladesh. Rice production in the country
will decrease about 10 percent. The relationship of global warming on agricultural sector, especially
on rice production has been the attention of stakeholders. The global warming conference that done
at Bangkok, Thailand some months ago reminded to study the system of rice culture to eliminate the
glass house effect that becomes the cause of global warming.
Inter governmental Panel about global warming as news of Environmental News Network said that
rice culture is one of the primary cause in increasing of methane emission. It is one of the green
house gasses that has the biggest potency ofglass house effect (GIIE), causes the damage ofozone
and increases the temperature. Decreasing of methane gas is hoped about 56 percent if compared the
methane production nowadays if the repairing of rice production is done.
There is no culture of crop that supports the biggest of methane emission except paddy. The
emission of methane gas at paddy is unique. Paddy produces the methane gas that produces from
the organic manure decomposition, and also the carbon dioxide that yielded from burning of paddy
159
Global Warming, Emission of Methane Gas and Rice Production
Yaya Hasanah
waste. The effort of paddy culture also produces the nitrogen dioxide from decomposition of
fertilizer. All of the gasses are the causes of GHE.
If
the peoples in Asia want to eliminate the production of green house gas, they must watch the rice
culture. Agricultural paddy is not the biggest producer of methane gas, but in Asia the agricultural
effort of paddy does not eliminate in relation at methane gas production. The study about decreasing
the methane gas emission in paddy production was done since 2005. Aslam Khalil and Martha
Searer from University of Portland USA have tried the change of agricultural effort to be stability of
methane gas emission. According to their research is known that more watering of rice field will
support the methane gas emission.
Some countries have done the effort to eliminate the methane gas production. The problems of them
are the alternative culture technique and the socialization to eliminate the methane gas production.
Glass House Effect and
Agricultural Sector
According to the GHE data emission from the Environmental Ministry in National Communication
(1997) has said that the agricultural and livestock sector give the biggest contribution in increasing
the GHE emission, especially the methane gas that produced from lowland area (rice field).
The large of rice field in Indonesia about more than one million hectare is predicted to give the
contribution about one percent of total methane global. The rice field is the biggest source of
methane gas than other sources. As the research, rice field yields 21.9 percent of methane gas by
adding velocifv about 1-2 percent per year.
However, there are the trend of land conversion in Indonesia nowadays to become the regency,
industry and other usages but the Government always conducts the effort to make the new rice field
especially at out ofJava Island.ln2002, the large ofharvest rice field in Indonesia reaches about
10.484 million ha. It will contribute enough on methane gas emission to the atmospheric so
becomes the global warming and ozone damage.
As an illustration, if the total of methane global compared than the total in increasing rice
production so every effort in increasing the rice production must be paid by increasing the
environmental damage. That is the reason, the efforts of eliminate in increasing of methane gas is
the exact way in anticipating of global warming.
The Strategy to Eliminate the Methane Gas Emission
In the agricultural
sector, especially rice culture, there are the main strategies to eliminate the
capacity and velocity of methane gas emission such as choosing the rice variety and the exact of
rice culture.
Rice crop gives the active role as the transportation medium of methane from rice field to the
atmospheric. More than 90 percent of methane gas is emitted through aerenchyma tissue and
intercellular of rice crop, while there are less than 10% of them emitted by water bubble.
a.
Choosing the rice variety
As long as the increasing of food crops production especially rice production so the best rice variety
is needed by the farmers. The criteria of the best variety are delicious of taste, high of yield potency
and tolerant of pest, drought and high salinity.
Rice crop has the difference ability of methane emission. It depends on physiology and morphology
characteristic of rice variety. Each variety of rice also has the difference of age and root activities in
160
I
Proceedings International Seminar
The Prospect and the Role of Agricultural Biotechnology for Corrmunity Welfare in
Indresia
relation of methane emission. It is influenced by crop characteristic, diameter of aererrcltyma, root
exudation, potency of root oxidation, fertilizer and water management- It is the reason; tre
sustainable researches to know the rice variety that has an ability to eliminate of methane gas, high
of yield potency, tolerant of extreme conditions are needed.
The research was conducted at Pati (Jawa Tengah) at 1996-2000 showed that some varieties of rice
that high potency of yield had the difference potency on methane emission. IR 64 variety is lower
methane emission than other varieties that generally planted by the farmers. Ciherang, Balian and
Way Apoboru varieties give the new hope because they have the ability to eliminate the total of
methane emission to the atmospheric. The total methane gas emission at some varieties have the
positive non linier relationship with rice root biomass that has the active role as producer of root
exudates as carbon source for methanogen bacteria.
I
L
U
The research was Aor" ly Mulyadi et al (2002) indicated that in combination treatment between
tillage and variety showed that the difference of methane emission. Way Rarem variety that was
transplanted using walik jerami system emitted methane
lower than Limboto and IR 64 in treatment of zero tillage. All values of them are 59,73; 69,96 and,
106,6kglha/season while in treatment of maximumtillage are 123,5;128,5 and 138,8 kg4ra/season.
Sustainable research that done in Research of Environmental Agricultural Institution (Jakenan pati)
since 1995 at irrigation rice field and rain fed rice field indicated that Cisadane variety emitted the
highest of methane, while IR 64 andDodokan has emitted the lower of methane. Cisadane variety is
predicted that has better of photosynthesis' ability than other variety so the root exudation that
yielded is easier to be degradation. On the other hand, IR 64 and Dodokan are predicted that have
the better capacity of root exudation than other variety, so the oxygen concentration around the
roots increase and methane is oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria.
The growth period also influences the methane emission. Result of research showed that the growth
period of rice is similar to sum of root exudation and root biomass that produced so the methane
emission is higher.
Result of research was done by Mulyadi, et. al. (2002) indicated that Way Rarem variety and
Limboto can decrease methane emission about 34Yo and 24o/o even though tfre yietd of both varieties
are lower about 0.5 tlhaand0.3 t/hathan IR64.
b.
The Exact of Tillage Technique
The effort in eliminating of methane emission is the exact methane emission. The difference
of rice
tillage technique can cause the difference of methane emission that produced.
The research showed that some varieties of rice that transplanted at irrigation rice field such
as
Cisadane, Memberamo, IR 64, IR 36, Dodokhn and Batang Anai has
the higher methane
"rnitt.d
gas than the same varieties that transpl anted at rain fed lowland area
otherwise continuous of
watering.
Limboto and Way Rarem varieties produce higher of rice straw than IR 64. Rice straw of
both
varieties are higher significant in zero tillage and organic matter treatment as kinds of fresh
rice
straw and farmyardmanure (Mulyadi, 2002).
Cisadane varief is the rice variety that has high potencj, of yield but also high of methane
emission,
while IR 64 has high potency of yield but lower of methane emission. The research has done
by
Setyanto et al (2006) indicated that total methane emission of Memberamo, Cisadane, IR
64, Way
Apoboru at rice field that continuous watering are 61,7;94,8;37,7;58,9 kg CH4/ha/day. According
to Nue and Scharpense (1990) watering condition continuously is a good condition for conductin!
the decomposition of organic manure in rice field.
161
Global_Warndng, F.mission of Methane
Gas aad
Yaya Hasanah
Rie hoduction
The research of Naharia (2006) showed
that rice field at zero tillage treatuent
can eliminated afosu1
30Yo of an aerobic condition in
neta ircompareo than other tillug".
An
aerobic
is a good condition
for an aerobic bacteria life that
the organic
of
root
exudation
aid degradation
of root to be acetic and carbon oioxiJ!.-itre
carboln aioria"irri decomposed
w,l
do the reaction
with H2 to produce methane
sfl througrr three processe;r";y ebullition (emission
of methane
kind of bubble water), airrtior"p.ocess
and emission of methane gas through
f;3:#
aerenchyma
o".offir
-;;;
As the conclusion of the paper, the
efforts that done to eliminate the
methane emission must watch
r" that lower of methane
emission, so we can anticipate the global
".t"iqr."utt
warming.
the increasing of rice production and
tillage.
"ilj",
References
Mulyadi' A' wiharjaka, Shri H.M., I. Johari
Sasa dan partohardjo no. 2[[2.penekanan
Emisi rran
Mitigasi Gas cH4 Melalui Teknik Budidaya puJi
wuiit Jerami di Lahan Sawah Tadah
Hujan. warta peneritian pertanian Talaman pangan
Vor. 21 No. 1 Tahun iooz. nogor.
Neue' H'u and H'w' Scharpenseel. tqqo.
cur.ou, pro"d*t;i;g Decomposition
of orgaic Matter
in Sub mergend soili' In: orgaic matter
and soil. International Rice Research
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_ Banos. philiphines p.3tt_325.
Setyanto' P' 2006' varietas padi
Rendah Emisi Gas Rumah
tqr \4s,.
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Kaca. warta
wana r(
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No. 4 Th. 2006.
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''n^tl
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162