Spatial information is particularly complex as it requires two descriptors—

Taufik Hery Purwanto, S.Si., M.Si.
Laboratorium SIG Prodi Kartografi dan Penginderaan Jauh
Jurusan Sains Informasi Geografis dan Pengembangan Wilayah
Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada

Information has always been the cornerstone of effective decisions.
Spatial information is particularly complex as it requires two descriptors—
Where is What

Longley, 2005

Sistem Informasi

Non-Spasial

Spasial
Non-Geografi

Sistem Informasi
Geografis

CAD/CAM

Liputan Lahan

Penduduk

Sosioekonomi

……..

GIS is fundamentally about solving
real-world problems.

Where has GIS come from?
Relative Dominance of the
Disciplines of
Spatial Information Technology
Professionals

1960s






mainframe computers
automated cartography beginning; remote
sensing & GIS are mostly just concepts
CGIS - Roger Tomlinson
Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics And
Spatial Analysis

1970s




Landsat program establishes remote
sensing
GIS still being developed but

overshadowed by remote sensing
MAP analysis program - Dana Tomlin &
Joseph Berry
from Piwowar, 1999. "A Brief History of Time", Cartouche, No. 34:

Where has GIS come from?
1980s





GIS comes of age: ARC/INFO, GRASS,
SPANS
IBM PC begins the desktop computing
revolution
Automated Cartography practitioners
evolve into GIS practitioners
remote sensing seen by increasing
numbers as just another GIS data source

from Piwowar, 1999. "A Brief History of Time", Cartouche, No. 34:

Where has GIS come from?
1990s









GIS dominates spatial information
technologies
GISs are now being used by people who
have no formal training in geography,
cartography or remote sensing
o on one hand, this can be seen as a

measure of the success of GIS
o it should also be viewed as a
warning flag that some of this
development may be happening
too quickly: sound principles of
map design are frequently abused
in GIS output
"Geomatics" term adopted by the
Canadian government to encompass all
the spatial information technology
disciplines
GPS becomes an important tool (see
Piwowar, 1988. "A GPS
Primer",Cartouche, No. 27).
first-generation spatial data archives are
becoming obsolete (see Piwowar, 1988.
"Putting Your Data Out to Pasture",
Cartouche, No. 29).

Where has GIS come from?

2000s










renewed interest in remote sensing as a
suite of new generation of highresolution and hyperspectral sensors are
launched (see Piwowar, 1998. "Remote
Sensing: The Next Generation",
Cartouche, No. 28).
the emergence of seamlessly integrated
"spatial information systems" which
embrace the traditional sub-disciplines of
cartography, remote sensing and GIS in a

unified package
these new GISs will also become more
integrated into our everyday lives so that,
in many cases, we may not even be aware
that we are using a GIS (see Piwowar,
1998. "2001: A Societal GIS Odyssey",
Cartouche, No. 31 and Homes Online)
the internet (or its successors) will
become the medium for spatial data
distribution and communication (see
Piwowar, 1998. "Interactive Web Map
Publishing", Cartouche, No. 30 and The
National Atlas of Canada Online).
there will be a paradigm change in the
map itself - virtual maps will become a
reality (see Virtual Cities Resource
Centre:
www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/vc/cities.htm)

• Geographic Information

information about places on the earth's surface
knowledge about "what is where“

• Geographic Information Technologies
Automated Cartography
Remote Sensing (RS)
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

• GIS--what's in the S?
Systems : teknologinya
Science : konsep dan teori
Studies : aplikasi (untuk membantu kehidupan manusia)
(Briggs, 1999)

System:
Technology for the acquisition and management of spatial
information

Science:

Comprehending the under-laying conceptual issues of
representing data and process in space-time.
The science (or theory and concepts) behind the technology

Studies:
Understanding the social, legal and ethical issues associated with
the application of GISy and GISc.
(Briggs, 1999)

GIS is an acronym for:
• Geographic Information Systems (US)
• Geographical Information Systems (UK, Aust.,
Canada)
• Geographic Information Science (Academia)

Definitions of GIS
• A GIS is an information system that is designed to work with
data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. It is
both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially
referenced data as well as a set of operations for working with

the data."
Star and Estes, 1990
• A GIS is a system that contains spatially referenced data that
can be analyzed and converted to information for a specific set
of purposes, or application ... The key feature of a GIS is the
analysis of data to produce new information."
Parent, 1988
• "A system of computer hardware, software, and procedures
designed to support the capture, management, manipulation,
analysis, modelling, and display of spatially referenced data for
solving complex planning and management problems."
U.S. Federal Interagency Coordinating Committee, 1988

Definitions of GIS
• A GIS is a computer-based system that provides the following
four sets of capabilities to handle georeferenced data:
 input
 data management (data storage and retrieval)
 manipulation and analysis
 output

Aronoff, 1989

• A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware,
software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and
displaying all forms of geographically referenced
information.
ESRI, 1997

Definitions of GIS

• ‘A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at
will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real
world for a particular set of purposes’.
Burrough and McDonnell, 1998.
• ‘…tools that allow for the processing of spatial data into
information…and used to make decisions about, some portion
of the earth’.
De Mers, 1997.

Definitions of GIS
Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) atau Geographic Information
System (GIS) diartikan sebagai sistem informasi yang digunakan
untuk memasukkan, menyimpan, memanggil kembali, mengolah,
menganalisis dan menghasilkan data bereferensi geografis atau data
geospatial, untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan dalam
perencanaan dan pengelolaan penggunaan lahan, sumber daya
alam, lingkungan, transportasi, fasilitas kota, dan pelayanan umum
lainnya. (Murai S. dalam Prayitno, 2000)

SIG sebagai suatu kumpulan yang terorganisir dari perangkat
keras komputer, perangkat lunak, data geografi dan personil
yang dirancang secara efisien untuk memperoleh, menyimpan,
mengupdate, memanipulasi, menganalisis, dan menampilkan
semua bentuk informasi yang bereferensi geografi (ESRI, 1990)

The GI Science–System cycle (after Fisher, 1998)

Teknologi

Peranan teknologi dalam rangka peningkatan kemampuan teknologi GIS

Data Base Management System
(DBMS)
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Menyimpan atribut untuk ditampilkan di GIS; Pelacakan data, penyortiran, penggabungan,
penambahan, memperbarui, restrukturisasi, terkait table dan field-field..
Memperluas geometri data 2D menjadi data GIS 3D
Kemampuan dalam rendering.
Memperluas kemampuan GIS untuk survei tanah dan perekamannya dalam aspek
legal/hukum, administrasi dan untuk tujuan perencanaan dan pembangunan.
Meningkatkan fungsi GIS dalam pemetaan automatis dan
peta pemeliharaan utilitas untuk umum seperti
air, drainase, gas dan listrik.
Meningkatkan akurasi lokasi dan obyek
memverifikasi akurasi atribut dalam SIG;
Kemampuan dalam navigasi dan tracking/pelacakan.
Integrasi fungsi-fungsi SIG dan analisis dan hasil pengolahan data dan analisis data
Sumber data Raster
Integrasi GIS dan prosedur statistik
Memperluas fungsi GIS untuk pengambilan keputusan

Land Information System (LIS)
Automated Mapping/Facilities
Mapping (AM/FM)
GPS

Remote sensing and
Photogrammetry (RSP)
Statistical Software (SS)
Spatial Decision Support Systems
(SDSS)
SES (Spatial Expert Systems)
PSS (Planning Support Systems)
Multimedia Systems (MS)
Internet-based Systems (IS)
Groupware Systems (GW)

Mengintegrasikan kemampuan Expert Systems dan fungsi GIS
Memperluas fungsi GIS untuk perencanaan
Meningkatkan visualisasi dari informasi geografi dengan penggunaan suara, video, gambar,
hypertext dan hotlink
Meningkatkan komunikasi, berbagi data (data sharing), joint task operation dan layanan
online GIS
Mengaktifkan beberapa pengguna (multiple users) di lokasi yang berbeda
untuk melakukan tugas-tugas yang terkait dengan perencanaan dan pengambilan keputusan

35.000 tahun
yang lalu, di dinding gua
Lascaux, Perancis, para
pemburu Cro-Magnon
menggambar hewan
mangsa mereka, juga
garis yang dipercaya
sebagai rute migrasi
hewan-hewan tersebut.
Catatan awal ini sejalan
dengan dua elemen
struktur pada sistem
informasi gegrafis
modern sekarang ini,
arsip grafis yang
terhubung ke database
atribut.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_inform
asi_geografis

Today, biologists use
collar transmitters and
satellite receivers to
track the migration
routes of caribou and
polar bears to help
design programs to
protect the animals. In a
GIS, the migration routes
were indicated by
different colors for each
month for 21 months (fig.
2). Researchers then
used the GIS to
superimpose the
migration routes on maps
of oil development plans
to determine the potential
for interference with the
animals.

adalah suatu data yang memiliki referensi spasial atau
posisi geografis (georeferenced)

Sistem

Suatu rangkaian kerja, komputerisasi dan
terintegrasi

Informasi

Data, informasi, keterangan

Geografi

Lokasi, koordinat, tempat, alamat

Spasial adalah aspek keruangan suatu objek atau kejadian yang mencakup
lokasi, letak, dan posisinya.
Geospasial atau ruang kebumian adalah aspek keruangan yang menunjukkan
lokasi, letak, dan posisi suatu objek atau kejadian yang berada di bawah,
pada, atau di atas permukaan bumi yang dinyatakan dalam sistem
koordinat tertentu.
Data Geospasial adalah data tentang lokasi geografis, dimensi atau ukuran,
dan/atau karakteristik objek alam dan/atau buatan manusia yang berada
di bawah, pada, atau di atas permukaan bumi.
Informasi Geospasial adalah Data Geospasial yang sudah diolah sehingga dapat
digunakan sebagai alat bantu dalam perumusan kebijakan, pengambilan
keputusan, dan/atau pelaksanaan kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan
ruang kebumian

Information System

+
Geographic Position

=
A means of storing, retrieving,
sorting, and comparing spatial
data to support some analytic
process.

to produce
new information

accurate
decision
making

Geographic referencing
– explicit geographic reference, is absolutely tied to the earth
such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate.
Data from GPS units.
– implicit geographic reference such as an address, postal
code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, road name
or county, can be included by joining tables or using an
automated process called "geocoding."

Contoh

34°26'41.00"N
119°48'26"W

6°29'30.00"S
106°50'58.00“E

Contoh

• 80% of all information held in databases anywhere
in the world contains some kind of geographic
element, Ron Brigs, 1997.
• an estimated 90% of all information used by
government has spatial characteristics or attributes
Joep Crompvoets, 2003.
• Data from most sciences can be analyzed
“spatially” (ESRI)

DATA SPASIAL (SIG)
REAL WORLD

DATA SIG
(Geographical
data)

Raster

Data Attribut
(Attribute Data)
mis.: *.dbf

Link

Grafis
Vektor

(Geometric Data)
• Titik (Point)
• Garis (Arc/Line)
• Poligon (region/Polygon)
• Permukaan (Surface)

Qualitative
Data

Quantitative
Data
− Ordinal
− Interval
− Ratio

Smart Map
(linking a database to the map)

- Siapa/Apa ….. ?
(What is at …. ?)
- Dimana ……. ?
(Where is it … ?)

Components of geographic data
• Three general components to geographic information

Streets

Attributes

Geometry

Behavior
Rules
Streets and
highways may
not intersect

DATA GRAFIS (GRAPHIC DATA)
• continuous: elevasi, curah hujan, salinitas air laut
• area:
- unbounded: penggunaan lahan, area pasar, jenis tanah, jenis batuan
- bounded: batas kota/negara, persil
- moving: massa udara, kumpulan binatang, kumpulan ikan
• networks: jalan, pipa/kabel transmisi, sungai
• points:
- fixed: sumur, lampu jalan, alamat
- moving: mobil, ikan, rusa

DATA ATTRIBUT (ATRIBUTE DATA)
* Categorical (name):
- nominal
• classified, no order
• 0...255, whole values
contoh : tipe penggunaan lahan, kelas tanah, nama kota, daerah
administrasi
- ordinal
• classified, no order
• 0...255, whole values
contoh : succession stages, income groups
* Numerical :
- interval
• tidak mempunyai nilai nol mutlak
• tidak dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x
contoh : temperatur (Celsius atau Fahrenheit)
- ratio
• mempunyai nilai nol mutlak
• dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x
• disajikan dalam tipe integer atau floating point [decimal fraction] sehingga
dapat dipergunakan untuk perhitungan aritmatika
contoh : pendapatan, umur, curah hujan

data type

description
attributes

domain

boolean

boolean

0 (false), 1 (true)

nominal

classified, no order

0...255, whole
values

ordinal
scalar

directional

ldd

0...255, whole
values
continuous, lineair 10exp(37)...10exp(
37), real values
0 to 2 pi (radians),
or to 360 (degrees),
continuous,
and -1 (no
directional
direction), real
values
local drain direction 1...9 (codes of
to neighbour cell
drain directions)
classified, order

example
suitable/unsuitable
, visible/non visible
soil classes,
administrative
regions
succession stages,
income groups
elevation,
temperature

aspect

drainage networks,
wind directions

• Vector – points, lines and
polygons
• Raster – gridded, classified
space

Representations of Geographic Data

Conceptual and logical abstraction levels

STRUKTUR DATA VEKTOR

STRUKTUR DATA VEKTOR

* Titik (node/point): 0-dimension
• koordinat tunggal (x,y)
• area/luasan nol
contoh : pohon, sumur minyak, penempatan
label

* Garis (arc/line): 1-dimension
• dua ( atau lebih ] koordinat x,y yang
dihubungkan

2

Contoh : daerah/propinsi, danau

x=7

1
7

Point: 7,2

8

2
Line: 7,2 8,1
1

contoh : jalan, sungai

* Poligon (polygon/region) : 2-dimensions
• empat atau lebih koordinat x,y yang
dihubungkan
• koordinat awal dan akhir sama
• area yang tertutup

y=2

7

8

2

Polygon: 7,2 8,1 7,1 7,2

1
7

8

STRUKTUR DATA RASTER

STRUKTUR DATA RASTER

• Header : berisi informasi penting mengenai kode file, jumlah band
data yang dikandung, baris, kolom, tipe data, dan sebagainya.
• Data : blok data layer raster.
• Ancillary : berisi informasi tambahan yang biasanya meliputi data
statistik citra yang bersangkutan.
• Layer raster disimpan dalam format standar BIP (band-interleaved
by pixel), BIL (band-interleaved by line), dan BSQ (Band
Sequential), serta fomat kompresi RLE (run-length encoding)

STRUKTUR DATA RASTER
Contoh penyimpanan Layer(s) Raster:

Raster

Vector

Advantages

Compact data structure
Good for complex analysis
Efficient for encoding
Efficient for overlays
topology
Data structure common for
True representation of
imagery
shape

Disadvantages

Complex structure
Large datasets
Overlay operations difficult
Topology hard to represent
Might imply false sense of
Maps less "realistic"
accuracy

KONSEP LAYER PADA DATA SIG

Source: GAO (2004), p. 5.

7 (tujuh) fenomena geografis

1. Perangkat keras (hardware)
Komputer (komputer tunggal, komputer sistem jaringan dengan server,
komputer dengan jaringan global internet) dan periperalnya. Perangkaat keras
untuk SIG mepliputi perangkat keras : pemasukan data, pemrosesan data,
dan penyajian hasil, serta peyimpanan (storage).

2. Perangkat Lunak (software)
Perangkat lunak yang mempunyai fungsi di atas dan fasilitas untuk
penyimpanan, analisis, dan penayangan informasi geografi. Persyaratan yang
penting harus dipenuhi software SIG, adalah :merupakan Database
Management System (DBMS), fasilitas untuk pemasukan dan manipulasi data
geografis, fasilitas untuk query, analisis , dan visualisasi,Graphical User
Interface (GUI) yang baik untuk mempermudah akses fasilitas yang ada.

3. Data (Data)
Data merupakan komponen yang penting dalam SIG. Keakurasian data
dituntut dalam SIG. Dikenal konsep GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)
sebaliknya Gold In Gold Out.

4. Sumberdaya Manusia (people)
Teknologi SIG menjadi sangat terbatas kemampuannya jika tidak ada
sumberdaya yang mengelola sistem dan mengembangkan untuk aplikasi yang
sesuai. Pengguna dan pembuat sistem harus saling bekerjasama untuk
mengembangkan teknologi SIG.

5. Metode (methods)
Model dan teknik pemrosesan perlu dibuat untuk berbagai aplikasi SIG.

6. Network
With rapid development of IT, today the most fundamental of these is probably
the network, without which no rapid communication or sharing of digital
information could occur. GIS today relies heavily on the Internet, acquiring and
sharing large geographic data sets.

Paul A. Longley University College London, UK, 2005

EVOLUSI PEMANFAATAN DATA SPASIAL
Era
Komputer/
Sistem
GIS
menggunakan
Peta Cetak

Internet

SIG
1970

1980

SDI 1
1990

Pemetaan
Konvensional
1:25K
1:100K
1:250K

SDI 2
2000

Era ICT

Pemetaan Digital
Seamless/Scalable/
Multi-dimensional

Information
Management

?
Spatial Information
Management

"The Model-driven Approach to Geographic Information System Standardisation- Lessons Learned - "
Dr. Arne J. Berre SINTEF, Oslo, Norway, SINTEF

• Scientific visualization and computer
graphics will be increasingly integrated with
GIS capabilities
• Animated maps
• Interactive maps
• Augmented reality

MANAJEMEN INFORMASI (GEO)SPASIAL

Perbandingan dalam manajemen Informasi Geospasial

Tahapan

SIG

Pekerjaan Manual

Penyimpanan

Database digital dan terpadu

Skala dan standart berbeda

Pemanggilan kembali

Pencarian dengan komputer

Cek manual

Pemuktahiran

Sistematis

Mahal dan memakan waktu

Analisis data Attribut

Sangat cepat

Memakan waktu dan tenaga

Analisis data spasial

Mudah

Rumit

Penyangan

Murah dan cepat

Mahal

The following matrix is a comparison of digital and
manual mapping with respect to key activities:
ACTIVITIES:
PREPARATION

DIGITAL MAPPING
PAPER MAPPING
Initial version tedious to prepare but Start from scratch every time
quick and efficient to monitor

STORAGE

Digital Database Standardized and
integrated, compact memory
capacity
Quick retrieval
Automatic search and replace by
computer
Systematically done
Faster integration of complex,
multiple spatial and non spatial data
sets
Faster

RETRIEVAL
UPDATING
OVERLAY

SPATIAL ANALYSIS
DISPLAY

Easier and faster to prepare
Better quality Slow

Different scales on different
standards, voluminous and bulky
Paper maps and tables
Manual check and revision
Expensive and time consuming

Time and energy consuming,
slow
Tedious and time-consuming

1. Analysis of spatial data in a complex environment
2. Ability to integrate different databases into one
environment
3. Ability to display and manage spatial data in a
spatial context
4. Rapid production of specialized maps and graphic
products
5. Performs complex spatial analysis

1. better work flow;
2. higher quality information for decision-making;
3. better integration among different offices /
departments;
4. quicker access to information;
5. more efficient information dissemination.
All these lead to possible cost reduction and cost effectiveness.

Geographic
phenomena

Real world

Computer
representations

Visualitations

Aplication
computing

Simulation world

In order to bring the real world into GIS, one has to make
use of simplified models of the real world (Bernhardsen)

DATA MODEL

DATA BASE

MAP WITH SYMBOLS

Modelling process. The transformation of the real world into GIS
products is achieved by means of simplification and models
(Bernhardsen)

1. Data Retrieval
2. Map Generalization
3. Map Abstractions
4. Map Sheet Manipulation
5. Buffer Generation
6. Polgygon Overlay And Dissolve
7. Grid Cell Analysis - Network Analysis
8. Measurement
9. Digital Terrain Analysis, And
10. Output Techniques

•
•
•
•
•

Peta (Map Layout)
Tabel (Tables)
Grafik (Chart)
Laporan (Report)
Kombinasinya

Hardcopy/Softcopy

Data PJ

Peta/Data Sekunder:
Topografi, Geologi, Tanah, dll.

Pengolahan Citra
Manual/Digital

Editing, Transformasi,
Tagging

Survey
Lapangan

Informasi
Mutakhir

1. Pengukuran (Measurement)
2. Pemetaan (Mapping)
3. Pemantauan (Monitoring)
4. Pembuatan Model (Modelling)
(Estes, 1990)

Informasi
Sekunder
Integrasi

Pemetaan,
Inventarisasi

Pembuatan
Model

Pemantauan,
Monitoring

Pemetaan

Evaluasi

Prediksi

Kemampuan
Lahan

Kebakaran
hutan

Site Selection

Kekeringan

Perubahan
Peng. Lahan

TERIMA KASIH