Apress Expert Oracle Database 10g Administration Sep 2005 ISBN 1590594517 pdf

  

Expert Oracle Database

10g Administration Sam R. Alapati

  Expert Oracle Database 10g Administration Copyright © 2005 by Sam R. Alapati

  All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.

  ISBN (pbk): 1-59059-451-7 Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editor: Tony Davis Technical Reviewer: John Watson Development Editors: Robert Denn and Matthew Moodie Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Dan Appleman, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Tony Davis,

  Jason Gilmore, Jonathan Hassell, Chris Mills, Dominic Shakeshaft, and Jim Sumser Associate Publisher: Grace Wong Project Manager: Beckie Stones and Tracy Brown Collins Copy Edit Manager: Nicole LeClerc Copy Editors: Andy Carroll, Marilyn Smith, and Susannah Pfalzer Assistant Production Director: Kari Brooks-Copony Production Editor: Ellie Fountain Compositor: Dina Quan Proofreaders: Lori Bring and Liz Welch Indexer: John Collin Interior Designer: Van Winkle Design Group Cover Designer: Kurt Krames Manufacturing Director: Tom Debolski Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax 201-348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit http://www.springeronline.com.

  For information on translations, please contact Apress directly at 2560 Ninth Street, Suite 219, Berkeley, CA 94710. Phone 510-549-5930, fax 510-549-5939, e-mail info@apress.com, or visit http://www.apress.com. The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indi- rectly by the information contained in this work. The source code for this book is available to readers at http://www.apress.com in the Source Code section.

  To my grandfather, Alapati Pullayya, and grandmother, Bollu Seethamma, for their love, affection, strength, and wisdom

  Contents About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii

  ■ ■ ■

  PART 1 Background, Data Modeling, and UNIX/Linux CHAPTER 1 The Oracle DBA’s World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ■

  The Oracle DBA’s Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Different DBA Job Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Types of Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Background and Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The Daily Routine of a Typical Oracle DBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Some General Advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

  CHAPTER 2 Relational Database Modeling and Database Design . . . . . . . 19 ■

  Relational Databases: A Brief Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The Relational Database Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Relational Database Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Reverse-Engineering a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Object-Relational and Object Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

  CHAPTER 3 Essential UNIX (and Linux) for the Oracle DBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ■

  Overview of UNIX and Linux Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Understanding the UNIX Shell(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Overview of Basic UNIX Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Navigating Files and Directories in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Writing and Editing Files with the vi Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Extracting and Sorting Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Shell Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

  vi CONTENTS ■

  Disks and Storage in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 RAID Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 New Storage Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

  ■ ■ ■

  

PART 2 Oracle Database 10g Architecture,

Schema, and Transaction Management CHAPTER 4 Introduction to the Oracle Database 10g Architecture . . . . . 99 ■

  Oracle Database Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Oracle Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Oracle Memory Structures

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 A Simple Oracle Database Transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Data Consistency and Data Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Backup and Recovery Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 The Oracle Data Dictionary and the Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . 135 Talking to the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Oracle Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Scheduling and Resource-Management Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Automatic Database Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Common Manageability Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Efficient Managing and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

CHAPTER 5 Schema Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

  ■ Types of SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Oracle Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Creating and Managing Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Oracle Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Special Oracle Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Oracle Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Managing Database Integrity Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Using Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Using Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Using the SQL Access Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Using Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Using Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Using Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Viewing Object Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

  CONTENTS vii ■

  CHAPTER 6 Oracle Transaction Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 ■

  Oracle Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Transaction Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Transaction Concurrency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Isolation Levels and the ISO Transaction Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Oracle’s Isolation Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Implementing Oracle’s Concurrency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Using Undo Data to Provide Read Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Flashback Error Correction Using Undo Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Flashback Using the DBMS_FLASHBACK Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Flashback Transaction Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Discrete Transactions

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Autonomous Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Resumable Space Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Managing Long Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

  ■ ■ ■

  PART 3 Installing Oracle Database 10g, and Creating and Upgrading Databases CHAPTER 7 Installing the Oracle Database 10g RDBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 ■

  Installing Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Following the Optimal Flexible Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Performing Preinstallation Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 A Final Checklist for the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 After the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Uninstalling Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

  CHAPTER 8 Upgrading to Oracle Database 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 ■

  Routes to Oracle Database 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Upgrade Methods and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Upgrading with the DBUA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Upgrading Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 After the Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

  CHAPTER 9 Creating an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 ■

  Getting Ready to Create the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Creating the Parameter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

  viii CONTENTS ■

  ■ ■ ■

  PART 4 Connectivity and User Management Connectivity and Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 CHAPTER 10 ■

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Oracle Networking and Database Connectivity

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Networking Concepts: How Oracle Networking Works

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Establishing Oracle Connectivity

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 The Oracle Client

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 The Instant Client

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 The Listener and Connectivity

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Naming and Connectivity

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Oracle and Java Database Connectivity User Management and Database Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

  CHAPTER 11 ■

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Managing Users

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 The Database Resource Manager

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Controlling Access to Data

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Auditing Database Usage

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Authenticating Users

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Enterprise User Security

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Database Security Dos and Don’ts Using SQL*Plus and iSQL*Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

  CHAPTER 12 ■

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Starting a SQL*Plus Session

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 Exiting SQL*Plus

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 SQL*Plus and SQL Commands

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Key SQL*Plus “Working” Commands

  . . . . . . . . . . 512 Commands for Formatting SQL*Plus Output and Creating Reports

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Creating Command Files in SQL*Plus

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Editing Within SQL*Plus

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Key SQL*Plus Database Administration Commands

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Using SQL to Generate SQL

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 iSQL*Plus

  ■ ■ ■

  PART 5 Data Loading, Backup, and Recovery Loading and Transforming Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 CHAPTER 13 ■

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 An Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading

  CONTENTS ix ■

  Transforming Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Using Oracle Streams for Replication and Information Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 CHAPTER 14 Using Data Pump Export and Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

  ■ Introduction to the Data Pump Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Performing Data Pump Exports and Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 Monitoring a Data Pump Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 Using the Data Pump API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 Transportable Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

  CHAPTER 15 Backing Up Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 ■

  Backing Up Oracle Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Examining the Flash Recovery Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 The Recovery Manager (RMAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 Backing Up the Control File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 The Oracle Backup Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 User-Managed Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 Database Corruption Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Enhanced Data Protection for Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

  CHAPTER 16 Database Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 ■

  Types of Database Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 The Oracle Recovery Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Performing Recovery with RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Typical Media Recovery Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Cloning a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Techniques for Granular Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 Flashback Techniques and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 Using Restore Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Repairing Data Corruption and Trial Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 Troubleshooting Recovery Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754

  ■ ■ ■

  PART 6 Managing the Operational Oracle Database CHAPTER 17 Automatic Management and Online Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . 759 ■

  The Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

  x CONTENTS ■

  Automatic Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Automatic Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Online Capabilities of Oracle Database 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

  CHAPTER 18 Managing and Monitoring the Operational Database . . . . . . 823 ■

  Types of Oracle Performance Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 Server-Generated Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 The Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 Active Session History (ASH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 The Management Advisory Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Working with the Undo and the MTTR Advisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 Managing the Online Redo Logs

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 Managing Database Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 Copying Files with the Database Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 Mapping Oracle Files to Physical Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Using the Oracle Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863

  CHAPTER 19 Using Oracle Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 ■

  Oracle Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 OEM Architecture and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 OEM Database Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 OEM Grid Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899

  CHAPTER 20 Managing Oracle Databases on Windows and ■

  Linux Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 Oracle Database 10g and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 Essential Differences Between Managing Oracle on Windows and UNIX . . . . . 912 Installing Oracle Database 10g on a Windows System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 The Windows Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 Managing Oracle on Windows Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 Uninstalling Oracle on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 Oracle and Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

  ■ ■ ■

  PART 7 Performance Tuning CHAPTER 21 Improving Database Performance: ■

  SQL Query Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 An Approach to Oracle Performance Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937

  CONTENTS xi ■

  Writing Efficient SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 How the DBA Can Help Improve SQL Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 SQL Performance Tuning Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 Using the EXPLAIN PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 The SQL Tuning Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994 A Simple Approach to Tuning SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999

  CHAPTER 22 Performance Tuning: Tuning the Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001 ■

  An Introduction to Instance Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001 Automatic Performance Tuning vs. Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . 1003 Tuning Oracle Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004 Evaluating System Performance

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024 Measuring I/O Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030 Measuring Instance Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032 A Simple Approach to Instance Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066

  ■ ■ ■

  PART 8 The Data Dictionary, Dynamic Views, and the Oracle-Supplied Packages

  CHAPTER 23 The Oracle Data Dictionary and the ■

  Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083 The Oracle Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083 Using the Static Data Dictionary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084 Using the Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115

  CHAPTER 24 Using Oracle PL/SQL Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145 ■

  Overview of the Oracle-Supplied PL/SQL Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145 DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146 DBMS_MONITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148 UTL_COMPRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148 UTL_MAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149 DBMS_TDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150 DBMS_JOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151 DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153 DBMS_CRYPTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155 DBMS_SESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155 DBMS_SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156 DBMS_OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159

  xii CONTENTS ■

  DBMS_SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163 DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164 DBMS_PROFILER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165 DBMS_ERRLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167 UTL_FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168 UTL_SMTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 DBMS_SHARED_POOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 DBMS_WM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174 DBMS_RLMGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175 Oracle Packages in Earlier Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175

  APPENDIX A Oracle Database 10g SQL and PL/SQL: A Brief Primer . . . . 1183 ■

  The Oracle Database 10g Sample Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183 Oracle Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185 SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186 Abstract Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201 PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203 Using Cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207 Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209 Oracle XML DB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210 Oracle and Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214

  INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217 ■ About the Author ■

SAM R. ALAPATI

  is an experienced Oracle DBA who holds the Oracle OCP DBA certification and the Hewlett-Packard UNIX System Administrator certification. He currently manages Oracle databases at the Boy Scouts of America’s national office in Los Colinas, Texas. Previously, Alapati worked for AMR Holdings (Sabre) and the Blanch Company in Dallas. Alapati was a senior principal con- sultant for Oracle Corporation in New York and worked at NBC and Lehman Brothers on behalf of Oracle. Alapati’s other DBA experience, which includes Sybase and DB2 databases, consists of assignments with Lewco Securities and

AT&T in New Jersey. Sam can be reached at salapati@netbsa.org.

  About the Technical Reviewer ■

JOHN WATSON

  

was born, bred, and schooled in Oxford, England, and what he laughingly calls his career has been in London, then Germany, and now he’s based in South Africa. All John’s work has been in IT, starting with the PC revolution twenty years ago, but deep down inside he’s still some sort of organic free-range hippy. John first came across Oracle with version 5, but he couldn’t make it do anything, and it was only with version 7 that he really got to grips with it. After seven years full time with Oracle Corporation, John now works for a small Oracle consulting company and spends his time equally on teaching Oracle courses all over Africa and Europe; con- sulting; and research and development. But what he really likes is to be at home with his wife, cats, dogs, and vegetable patch; they live on two acres outside Johannesburg. Acknowledgments y first debt in writing this book is to my father Dr. Alapati Appa Rao, who is responsible for my

  M love for education and books. This book is a direct outcome of the early scholarly interest nurtured

by him, as well as his support and encouragement for writing the Oracle 9i book, which is this

book’s predecessor.

  John Watson, the Technical Reviewer for the book, did a superb job in not merely catching technical errors, but also in prodding me to explain several concepts clearly and accurately. I’ve gained immensely from John’s collaboration on this book.

  I am indebted to the trailblazing Gary Cornell, Publisher of Apress, for taking the lead in pub- lishing both the predecessor to this book as well as this one. Dominic Shakeshaft kindly helped sort out various issues that came up during the writing of the book, and I appreciate his lending his con- siderable talents to this project. I am fortunate to have had the highly accomplished Tony Davis as

the Lead Editor for this book. Tony has provided masterly editorial support and pulled many a

chestnut out of the fire during the last year. Tony has the knack for synthesizing complex issues and suggesting solutions with admirable efficiency and grace. Beckie Stones, Project Manager, cheer- fully and very efficiently planned and implemented the project plan. Beckie had the unenvious task of guiding this long book through several iterations of writing and editing. Thanks Beckie, for saving the project from my tendency to write incessantly, and for letting the book see the light of day now,

rather than a year or so later! Thanks are also due to Tracy Brown Collins, who was the Project

Manager during an early stage.

  Several people contributed to the editing of various sections of this book, and I thank them all for their help in improving the book’s quality. Robert Denn, Development Editor, worked admirably to make sure that the contents of all the chapters flowed together in a coherent fashion. Matthew Moodie pitched in to help at a critical time by ably editing a few chapters. All three Copy Editors— Andy Carroll, Marilyn Smith, and Susannah Pfalzer—did a marvelous job in improving the quality of the book. While it’s not fair to single out one of these three for special mention, I feel obliged to offer my special thanks to Andy, for working on the vast majority of the chapters with great dili- gence and acumen. Susannah worked extremely capably on several chapters as well, and I admire her devotion to accuracy and quality. This book is a much better offering due to the conscientious efforts of Andy and Susannah. Although I didn’t deal with them directly this time around, I’m sure the book benefited in several ways from the contributions of Nicole LeClerc, Copy Edit Manager, and Grace Wong, the Associate Publisher.

  Ellie Fountain, the Production Editor, has been simply superb in the way she managed her task. Ellie deserves thanks for enhancing the production quality of the book and working towards minimizing errors. I’m very appreciative of the diligent efforts of Assistant Production Director Kari Brooks-Copony, Compositor Dina Quan, and Indexer John Collin. The Proofreaders, Lori Bring and Liz Welch, saved me from some particularly insidious errors. My thanks to Kurt Krames for design-

ing the beautiful cover, and to Manufacturing Director Tom Debolski, who is responsible for

numerous issues during the printing of the book.

  My special thanks to my colleagues at the Boy Scouts of America national office in Texas. Nate Langston, Director of the Information Systems Division, has consistently encouraged us to stay at the forefront of technological change. By stressing the adoption of the most advanced technology available (including Oracle Database 10g!) in his role as the CIO, Nate has propelled the Boy Scouts

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv ■

  consistent encouragement and support. David Jeffress, Manager of Operations, has always been helpful and supportive regarding any issues. David’s great sense of humor has brightened many a day for me during the long course of writing this book.

  As usual, my colleague and friend Mark Potts has helped me during the course of the book, and I appreciate his help during the last year. I’m also fortunate to be working with a very supportive and friendly group at work, with my team members Lance Parkes, Rob Page, and Stan Galbraith.

  I want to acknowledge help from Linda Almanza, who has been a friend and a source of support. Thanks also to Myra Riggs, Sabrina Kirkpatrick, and Jan Haase, who’ve always been wonderful col- leagues. Don Rios and Robert Hernandez are thoughtful friends who’ve helped me. I’m grateful for the support shown by Dan Nelson and Jerry Hastings.

  My family in India has been a source of strength and inspiration in writing this book. I am thankful to my mother Swarna Kumari for her enormous love and kindness, and my brothers Hari and Sivasankar for their affection and support. Thanks also to Aruna and Vanaja for all the support over the years. My thanks to Ashwin, Teja, Aparna, and little Soumya for their affection and generosity.

  As before, much of the burden of writing this book has fallen on members of my immediate family—Valerie, Shannon, Nina, and Nicholas. I don’t see how I could have written this book with- out their sacrifices and support. My children Shannon, Nina, and Nicholas, as usual, have been very graceful and kind about my absences during the long stretch of writing the book. I admire their ability to understand and indulge my need to spend all my spare time on the book. They have made for a lot of happy moments in the little time that I did manage to spend with them, and I’m most grateful for those moments. My deepest thanks go to my wife, Valerie, who has carried a heavy burden for the last year while I was writing my book. She consistently supported my efforts, and nothing would have been possible without her selfless affection, love, and support. Introduction GRATIANO . . . As who should say “I am Sir Oracle, And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark!”

  —The Merchant of Venice, act 1, scene 1 Oracle Corporation used to print the preceding quotation from Shakespeare at the beginning of one of its chapters in the Oracle database administrator (DBA) manual (Oracle 6). I always thought the

quote was interesting. If you proceed a little further in the play, you’ll find this quotation:

  BASSANIO Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, more than any man in all Venice. His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of chaff: you shall seek all day ere you find them . . .

  —The Merchant of Venice, act 1, scene 1 Bassanio counters that, in truth, Gratiano speaks too much: from two bushels of chaff, two grains of wheat may be recovered. And that’s the raison d’être for this book: to separate the wheat from the chaff. This second part of the quotation is more apt when you consider the difficulty of extracting the right database management procedures from the tons of material available for the Oracle Database 10g database. Oracle Corporation publishes copious material to help you manage its increasingly complex databases. Oracle Corporation also conducts a variety of in-person and Web-based classes to explain the vast amount of subject matter that you need to understand to effectively work with the Oracle database today. Yet users will have a good deal of difficulty finding

the essential material for performing their jobs if they rely exclusively on Oracle’s voluminous

(albeit well-written) material in the form of manuals, class notes, Web-based seminars, and so on.

  The goal of this book is to provide you with a single source for most of your day-to-day Oracle database management tasks. Of course, it isn’t feasible to cover each and every DBA topic in detail. What I’ve done in this book is focus on the topics that are common to most enterprises, such as

installing the Oracle Database 10g software, creating and upgrading databases, exporting and

importing data, backing up and recovering data, and performance tuning. I place a lot of emphasis in this book on explaining all of Oracle’s automatic management solutions. Using Oracle’s auto- matic management features will keep you from reinventing the wheel each time. It also turns out that after several years of development, Oracle has finally placed in your hands a set of powerful management advisors and other tools that make a lot of traditional DBA work obsolete.

  How to Become an Oracle DBA

  INTRODUCTION xvii ■

• Oracle Database 10g database administration classes, which have now been boiled down to a pair of five-day long classes
• Oracle manuals—there’s an entire library of manuals available on the Oracle web sites
• Books from other publishers that impart various pieces of the knowledge required to become an accomplished Oracle DBA

  You’ll also need to acquire the necessary operating system knowledge. Most of the large Oracle databases are based on the UNIX (or Linux) operating system, so you’ll need to have a reasonably good understanding of UNIX. Again, you have many sources of information available. You can attend a class or two from the leading UNIX system vendors, such as Hewlett-Packard and Sun Microsystems, you can read the manuals, or you can buy some books. Microsoft Windows is another popular operating system for Oracle databases, so you need to have a basic understanding of the Windows Server operating system as well.

  As many of the new entrants to the Oracle Database 10g field find out, the Oracle DBA world is exhilarating, but alas, it’s also exhaustive in its reach and scope. It isn’t uncommon for DBAs to have an entire shelf full of books, all explaining various facets of the DBA profession—modeling books, UNIX texts, DBA handbooks, backup and recovery guides, performance-tuning manuals, and net- working and troubleshooting books. The amazing thing is, even after you run through the whole gauntlet of courses and books, you aren’t really assured of being fully prepared to handle complex, day-to-day database administration chores. There are many, many people who have taken all the requisite classes to become an Oracle DBA who won’t or can’t be competent Oracle DBAs based solely on their training. The reason? Refer back to that quotation from Shakespeare at the beginning of this introduction: You need to separate the grain from the chaff, and all the coursework and man- uals, while excellent in their content, can serve to muddy the waters further.

  The experienced Oracle DBA can find his or her way through this baffling amount of material, but how’s the neophyte DBA to cope with the overwhelming amount of information? That’s where this book comes in. This text will not only educate you in the theory and principles involved in managing relational databases, it will also help you translate that theory into the useful, practical knowledge that will enable you to manage real-life Oracle Database 10g databases with real-life data and real-life issues.

  Oracle Database 10g

  A recent article by one of Oracle Corporations’ senior executives refers to Oracle Database 10g as a “revolution in database technology.” I would slightly amend the statement by saying that Oracle Database 10g is more an “evolution” of database technology—a result of several improvements Oracle has made in its flagship product over the past few years. Oracle Database 10g is the real McCoy—it’s the culmination of a sustained effort on Oracle’s behalf to simplify and refine database management. This is a vastly improved database product compared to its predecessors, and it can truly lay claim to the title of a “self-managing” database.

  The g in Oracle Database 10g stands for “grid.” The idea is to enable software to access spare processing power across networks (grids) of inexpensive servers. Traditionally, database systems have been run on large servers capable of running several very large databases at once. However, there are distinct disadvantages inherent in the single-server model. For example, resources tied up in the large servers cannot be redistributed among the various databases and other services to ensure an optimal allocation of resources. If you need a massive amount of resources to handle your database’s peak needs, chances are that you’ll run with identical resources throughout the day, thus guaranteeing that you are going to waste critical resources during low-utilization periods.

  xviii

  INTRODUCTION ■

  to provide the computing power you need in a flexible manner. This hardware would be servers like the Intel-based blade servers, and the software would include the free (or almost free) open-source Linux operating system. By choosing small, generic servers, your system will cost much less than a traditional large server system, and because you can dynamically reallocate or provision resources based on actual needs, you’ll be using resources efficiently.

  Grid computing (also referred to as computing on demand and utility computing) isn’t a new innovation invented solely by Oracle. The idea of grid computing has been around for a while, pri- marily in the academic world. In fact, grid computing arose out of the academic community’s need for extremely fast and scalable computers to perform complex, massive research tasks. Another overriding goal of the academic community was to permit the sharing of computing resources among large numbers of researchers. Of course, the academics also aimed to keep the cost as low as possible. Grid computing emerged out of these efforts as a viable way to create huge sharable com- puting environments that are dynamically adjustable to changes in the demand for computing power.

  When we talk about harnessing the power of a number of commodity servers, realize that the number of computers may not be limited to just a handful. We are talking about combining the power of a fairly large number of small servers linked together to form a grid. Obviously, the key idea here is that the sum is far greater than the individual components. Enterprise grid computing, as envisioned by Oracle, uses large pools of modular storage and commodity servers. Underutiliza- tion of resources will be cut down, because capacity could be altered from the centralized pool of resources as necessary.

  Here is a summary of the key benefits of grid computing: