THE PASSAGE FOR TRLATMENT 2
APPEI\DICES
THE PASSAGE FOR TREATMENT
1
Healthy House Construction
Once you understandthe basic concepts,healthy house construction is no
more difficult than unhealthyhouseconstruction.However, it does involve more than
just selecting non-toxic materials. It also requires an understandingofhow a house
'breathes' naturally (and why that may not be
frrnctions-foi example how a house
desirable), and how heating and ventilatrng systems interact. There are some
considerationsto make in designing and constructing a house that will not make the
occupantssick.
Site selectionis the first considerationin healthyhouse constructionbecauseif
the outdoor air qualiry is poor, then the indoor air quality will also be poor. It is
possible to insta[ filtration equipmentto clean all of the air indoors, but this can be
expensive.While fil6ation may be necessaryin some instances,it is often easier to
build rn an unpolluted areain the firS ptace.Remember;do build in a clean locale.
Peopleneedfresh air. Mechanical v€ntilation can zupply that air at the correct
rate whenever it is required. Relyrng on filtration for the occupants' air supply is
unreliable at best and more often than not, insufficient. So, so install a sufficient
ventilation system.
Kitchen and batbroom cabinets e not only made of manufactured wood
products that contain glues high in formaldehyde (medium densrty fiber board,
'acid
particle board, hardwoodplywood) but &ey are also coated with a very potent
catalyzed' formaldehydefinish. The finish has v€ry high emissions for 6-12 months,
after which levels decreasesipificantly. The emissionsfrom the fonnaldehyde base
glues have half-lives of several years. Custom made a baked-on finish are better
choices.
In general,water basedproducts are more benigrrthan solvent basedproducts
becausethey have lower levels of volatile organic chemicals(VOCs). However, they
are not perfect becausethere are ingredientsbesidesVOCs that can be responsiblefor
negative health effects. For those interested in even healthier products,, several
spicialty manuftctures are now offering alternative materials that are more benign
than off-the-shelf products. If solvent-basedproducts must be used for some reason,
plenff of ventilation is mandatory to minimize exposures. Extra ventilation is
recommendedwith water based products. Therefore, it is better for us to use water
caulks,paints,etc.
basedadhesives,
(Adapted from rn'rv. house and homecom)
THE PASSAGE FOR TRLATMENT 2
Birth Control
Throughouthistorypeoplehaverecognizedthattheeartlrwouldbecome
workers in the.field of
overpopulated"ifthey couidn:t pievarl conception'tn the past,
family panning. The
birttr-control always thought hard to find an effective method in
good and easy
result of their *oik *u, simple; ef[ective family planning is found-in
Experts in
partly
true.
accessto obtain contraceptivemethods.But dris idea was only
greatlyto the effectives
f.*ii' pf"""irg hnally found out that humanerror contributes
ofany form ofbirth control.
method is
Researchershave found tliat the effectivenessof a contraceptive
trying to
who
are
related to the motrvation of the couple who are using it. Couples
methods'
Umit tne size of their families will be successfrrlin the useof contraception
Theimportantthingstoconsiderinusinqbirthcontrolmethodsare:l)no
birtlicontrol methods are in the theory' you must use them
matter how
and how
2) it is important for you to understaodhow the methodswork
consntently,"fi..tiu"
grouped into two
to use the method correctly. Birth contol methods can be
medical care'
requiring
methods
categories:methods requiring no medical care and
foams'
condoms"
Birth control methodswhich-are available without medical cnre ar€
.;"Ui.t,u"Ocreams.Whilemethodswhichareavailablewithmedicalcarear'oral
'contraceptiues,
intrauterinedevices,and natural lmily planning'
Acondomisathinrubberornatrnalskinsheathandbasbeenwidelyused
mechanicalmethod
tluoughout the world for centuries.It is also known as the leading
physical side-effects, and
of birth control in the world. condoms causeno hannful
prevent the spread of
helps
the only fo.to oJ *"tu"eption that dgfinitely
t1,"y;
are important
condoms
,"ruutty diseasei. With the present epidanic of the diseases,
for sexuallyactiv€ men and women.
Likecondoms,tbams,creanrs,andjelliesareusefulforindividualswho
be used as they
require u po,tubl", simple, inexperrsive,non-medicalmethod, that can
wantto.Therearenoharmfulsideeffectswiththesemethodswiththepossible
can usually
exceptionof the women *ho huu" allergic reactions.But thesereactions
be avoidedby changingbrands.
pill' was first used in 1g60. Most fonns of the pill
oral .ont u.-"ptiu.; the 'synttretic
equivalentsof the natural sex hormones' in
introduce into the body certain
to ovulate.isaltered
sucha *ay that the hormonerycle tttat leadsthe woman'Sbody
andovulationispreventcd.Thepillhasmanyserioussideeffects,includingblood
of fifteen and
.lotr, in...ur"d risk of n"u.t uttu"k, and for usersbetweenthe ages
disorders compared
thirty-four. about 8 times greaterrisk of death due to circulatory
to thoservho do not usethe Pill.
plastic,,produced
lntrauterinedevicesifUOt) aredevicesmadeof soft, flexible
physician. They do not
in various sizesand shapes.They are inserte / (.05), Ho is rejected.Hence,we canconcludethat
level there is a significant difference betweenpretestand posttest.
XXX
THE CALCUI.ATIONS OF T-TEST IN FACTUAL QUESTIONS
No
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
t'
9
10
11
12
1a
14
't5
15
Pretest Posttest
(x)
(Y)
20
20
't5
20
15
15
20
15
5
25
25
20
20
't5
o
25
25
o
25
25
6
0
25
o
25
20
U
U
0
0
20
20
20
20
25
20
20
0
o
6
25
25
100
0
20
21
20
10
20
15
10
20
20
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
25
20
AR
1q
36
20
38
Total
n
mean
SD
20
20
100
0
25
't'l
25
20
25
25
25
25
20
lu
26
20
10
0
5
5
0
-5
5
0
n
20
15
24
25
25
20
D2
20
17
18
'19
22
23
20
D
{Y-X)
0
5
5
'10
20
25
25
10
zu
15
20
20
710
25
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
6
10
0
0
0
10
100
25
0
0
0
0
0
525
5
0
0
10
0
5
25
20
10
20
0
525
110
z3
820
21.578
x)c\l
25
0
0
100
0
25
100
00
38
18.684
o
2.894
3.790
0
850
TEST OF ITYPOTHESIS
l.
.,
J.
Ho
: pA: pA, thereis no differencebetweenposttestandprotest
Ha
: pA > pB, score ofposttestis greaterthanpretest
t - tesl.wtreredb : n -l :37
r (.05): 1.684
Calculation for t - observation(lo)
D---
'D
n
=2894
n . r D 'z- (>D )'z
to
D
S l.tq
- 3.790
: 4 .7 1 3
4. Conclusion
Becauset - observation= 4.713 > t (.05) Ho is rejected.Hence,we can conclude
that at a 0.05 level there is a significant differencebetweenpretestand posttest.
XXXII
THE CALCULATIONSOF'T.TESTIN INFERENCEQUESTIONS
No
Pretest Posttest
(x)
(Y)
15
10
15
z
3
10
4
15
15
15
10
5
15
15
I
t
6
'f
8
o
10
10
E.
tl
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
15
10
15
15
15
5
10
15
5
15
10
5
10
't5
32
20
15
10
15
10
15
15
15
0
JJ
10
zo
27
2A
29
JU
'll
34
2tr
JO
38
Total
n
mean
SD
10
10
20
10
't5
10
10
15
15
15
15
10
20
20
15
20
20
15
5
20
20
15
20
20
20
20
15
15
15
20
5
D
{Y-X)
D2
0
0
25
25
5
-5
o
o
o
-5
25
o
o
5
0
25
't0
5
-5
5
5
10
10
5
10
-10
10
15
5
6
U
5
10
0
5
0
5
-10
20
10
460
550
1 2 . 1 0 5 14.473
25
100
100
25
100
100
100
225
25
25
0
25
100
0
25
0
25
A
25
-5
25
100
-10
90
38
2.368
6j22
X>O(III
25
25
0
.14
15
5
o
100
25
100
25
0
25
25
q
10
15
0
1600
TEST OF FTYPOTHESIS
pA: pB, there is no difference betweenposttestand pretest
1. Ho
pretest
UA > UB, scoreofposttestis greaterthan
Ha
2. t -- tesl,wheredb : n -t : 37
r (.05): 1.684
3. Calculationfor to:
'D
D = 1"
n
=2.368
n. tD' - (tD)'?
to
D
s/{,
:6.122
: 2.384
4. Conclusion:
that at a
Becauseto : 2.384 > / (.05), Ho is rejected.Hence,we call conclude
0.05 level there is a signifrcantdifference betweenpfetest and posttest
X)C(IV
THECALCULATIONSoFT-TESTINSUBJECTMATTERQUESTIONS
Pretest Posttest
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
o
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
(x)
ff)
5
10
5
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0
15
10
5
10
5
-5
5
10
10
4
10
U
10
5
5
5
5
A
15
15
10
q
15
5
10
15
5
10
15
5
5
15
10
10
15
5
5
5
10
10
't5
10
5
1E
ln
15
'15
Total
255
n
mean
SD
6.710
4
E
5
25
25
25
o
0
5
10
5
5
15
25
't00
25
25
225
25
25
-5
25
25
5
o
0
10
100
25
0
0
10
I
,ttr
10
10
10
15
10
400
10.526
25
-5
5
0
15
25
25
0
225
25
3
0
U
25
25
10
5
5
5
10
5
145
38
3.815
5.254
XXXV
0
0
100
25
E
10
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3B
10
25
10
15
10
10
5
10
0
G
t
D
(Y-X)
100
25
25
25
25
25
100
25
1575
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
pA: pB, there is no difference betweenposttestand pretest
pretest
UA > pB, scoreofposttest is greaterthan
1. Ho
Ha
2. | - lestvrheredb: n -l : 37
r (.05): 1.684
3. Calculationfor to:
'D
D _-"
n
=3.815
:5.254
lo
D
:4.477
SIJ;
4. Conclusion
at a 0'05
Becauseto = 4.477> t (.05),Ho is rqected.Hence,we can concludethat
level there is a signifrcantdifference betweenpretestand posttest'
XXXVI
OF T-TESTIN MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
THE CALCUT-ATIONS
10 t_- 15
15i15
10
11
12
15
15
'10i10
15
21
I
22
lto100
lo
10
',15
15
15
15
15,0
15
1010r0
IU
IU
10
100
10
31
0
rnJ
25
25
5-525
10
510525
J
I\J
{I n
\J
16
5
25
10
10
'r0
0
0
{t n
v
n
n
25
105-5
390
450
10.263 11.842
XXXVlI
1.578
TESTOF TTYPOTHESIS
pretest
UA: trB, there is no differencebetweenposttestand
pretest
uA > UB, scoreofposttestis greaterthan
l. Ho
Ha
: n-l :37
2. t - testwheredb
/ (.05): 1.684
3. Calculationfor to:
SI\
D = ""
n
:1.578
: 3.309
S:
to
: f,S l"ln
=2.944
4. Concluston
to:2.944 > t (.05),Ho is rejected.Hence,we canconcludethatat a 0 05
Because
level there is a signihcantditTerencebetweenpretestand posttest'
X)OryIII
THE CALCULATIONS OF T-TEST IN STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS
No
I
z
?
4
5
6
7
a
I
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
z5
26
27
2A
:29
30
Pretest Posttest
(Y)
(x)
5
't5
10
10
10
10
10
'10
15
20
o
E
0
25
5
5
10
15
20
20
0
o
U
-5
10
0
25
25
25
100
10
0
o
25
5
15
25
-5
5
15
25
25
25
225
o
o
0
q
0
5
0
25
6
10
25
25
10
20
20
ZU
25
25
10
0
5
15
10
5
5
5
5
10
JT
JtJ
Total
n
mean
SD
10
s55
s.342
15
20
15
15
0
25
225
100
25
25
25
25
100
25i
5
U
,tn
0
25
100
0
5
5
-10
10
10
15
34
35
0
.tt
10
10
5
25
10
20
5
5
10
5
0
10
0
JZ
D2
15
10
10
5
15
10
15
10
20
10
10
10
5
D
(Y-X)
q
.t<
25
25
25
25
225
25
100
48,
5
10
5
520
165
1725
13.684
38
4.342
5.220
XXXIX
25
TEST OF HI?OTHESIS
posttestandpretest
UA: pB. There is no differencebetween
pA > pB, scoreofposttestis greaterthanpretest
1. Ho
Ha
)
/
/e.s/wheredb: n -l :37
/ ( . 0 5 ) :1 . 6 8 4
J.
-Calculationfot lo
5n
D = "_:::--4.342
n
S:
to:----
n.LDz - (UD)'z
D
-- 5.220
: 5.137
S l.ln
4. Conclusion
a 0.05
to : 5.132>t (.05)'Ho is rejected.Hence'we carrconcludethatat
Because
posttest'
level there is a significant difference betweenpretestand
XL
THE GAIN SCOREOF EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND CONTROL GROUP
ExperimentalGrouP
x2
x
NO
1
00
10
1
')
5
4
5
b
7
I
!.1
10
11
15
,,^
225
400
15
10
40
5
22s
-5
14
15
15
15
20
to
35
15
15
5
tt
18
.to
zv
2n
21
zz
10
15
15
25
zc
zo
27
20
10
5U
5
4
q
-10
10
o
7
I
zZJ
A?5
400
100
900
100
25
ln
10
15
25
11
q
t?
10
1E
to
- tu
17
18
0
10
20
'10
to
20
21
220
24
25
20
15
20
zo
10
) 2,
,
10
-5
10
U
n
20
5
za
z3
JO
40
5
3t
15
34
DZJ
J
10
53
R
I
2OO
MEAN ] 5,263
SD
I 8,69-
XT-I
lz3
400
100
100
25
100
0
U
100
25
25
100
25
375
2a
TOTAL
100
100
0
100
400
100
25
0
400
2J
Jb
l23
0
0
570 \ 12704
i
15 l
10,59
10
5.,'_
1600
25
225
625
25
25
25
14
31
l23
0
0
0
100
100
'100
o
12
225
225
400
1225
225
225
25
900
100
100
U
JU
Jl+
MEAN
SD
0
0
0
2
100
400
10
i TOTAL
'10
tzJ
31
?R
1
400
JU
zv
100
1600
25
Nolxix'
27
28
29
10
15
20
{(
28
100
100
at
E
lz
'13
i
10
10
Control Group
ZJ
3850
TEST OF HYPOTHESTS
l.Ho:mA:mA,thereisnodiflerencebetweenthemeansofthegtoups
Ha : rnB > mB, mean score of group A is greater than mean score of
grouPB
tesl,wheredb : n -1 : 37
I ( . 0 5 ): 1 . 6 8 4
2
t
3.
(ftr)
for I - observation
Calcrrlation
A = STAD class(experimentalgroup)
t.
x =-
n
=l)'
n -38
ntx'-(tx)'
S=
:10.59
n(n-l)
B = Conventionalclass(control group)
X=-
t*
n
= 5 . 2 6 3 n; = 3 8
ntx'?-(tx)'_r.un
n(n-l)
XA-XB
TO:
T n A- t ) s '. 4 + ( n B - 1 ) . \ ' Bl f , I " l
\\
'n" 4' + r" r" l J - 2
\rA
-- 4.382
nB)
4. Conclusion
(b):4'382 > t ('05),Ha is accepted'
t - observation
Because
and
Hence.we concludethat the differencebetweengroupsis sigriflrcant
theSTADteclrrriquecanimprovethesnldent'sreadingcomprehension
achievetnentbettet than conventionaltechnique'
XLIi
THE PASSAGE FOR TREATMENT
1
Healthy House Construction
Once you understandthe basic concepts,healthy house construction is no
more difficult than unhealthyhouseconstruction.However, it does involve more than
just selecting non-toxic materials. It also requires an understandingofhow a house
'breathes' naturally (and why that may not be
frrnctions-foi example how a house
desirable), and how heating and ventilatrng systems interact. There are some
considerationsto make in designing and constructing a house that will not make the
occupantssick.
Site selectionis the first considerationin healthyhouse constructionbecauseif
the outdoor air qualiry is poor, then the indoor air quality will also be poor. It is
possible to insta[ filtration equipmentto clean all of the air indoors, but this can be
expensive.While fil6ation may be necessaryin some instances,it is often easier to
build rn an unpolluted areain the firS ptace.Remember;do build in a clean locale.
Peopleneedfresh air. Mechanical v€ntilation can zupply that air at the correct
rate whenever it is required. Relyrng on filtration for the occupants' air supply is
unreliable at best and more often than not, insufficient. So, so install a sufficient
ventilation system.
Kitchen and batbroom cabinets e not only made of manufactured wood
products that contain glues high in formaldehyde (medium densrty fiber board,
'acid
particle board, hardwoodplywood) but &ey are also coated with a very potent
catalyzed' formaldehydefinish. The finish has v€ry high emissions for 6-12 months,
after which levels decreasesipificantly. The emissionsfrom the fonnaldehyde base
glues have half-lives of several years. Custom made a baked-on finish are better
choices.
In general,water basedproducts are more benigrrthan solvent basedproducts
becausethey have lower levels of volatile organic chemicals(VOCs). However, they
are not perfect becausethere are ingredientsbesidesVOCs that can be responsiblefor
negative health effects. For those interested in even healthier products,, several
spicialty manuftctures are now offering alternative materials that are more benign
than off-the-shelf products. If solvent-basedproducts must be used for some reason,
plenff of ventilation is mandatory to minimize exposures. Extra ventilation is
recommendedwith water based products. Therefore, it is better for us to use water
caulks,paints,etc.
basedadhesives,
(Adapted from rn'rv. house and homecom)
THE PASSAGE FOR TRLATMENT 2
Birth Control
Throughouthistorypeoplehaverecognizedthattheeartlrwouldbecome
workers in the.field of
overpopulated"ifthey couidn:t pievarl conception'tn the past,
family panning. The
birttr-control always thought hard to find an effective method in
good and easy
result of their *oik *u, simple; ef[ective family planning is found-in
Experts in
partly
true.
accessto obtain contraceptivemethods.But dris idea was only
greatlyto the effectives
f.*ii' pf"""irg hnally found out that humanerror contributes
ofany form ofbirth control.
method is
Researchershave found tliat the effectivenessof a contraceptive
trying to
who
are
related to the motrvation of the couple who are using it. Couples
methods'
Umit tne size of their families will be successfrrlin the useof contraception
Theimportantthingstoconsiderinusinqbirthcontrolmethodsare:l)no
birtlicontrol methods are in the theory' you must use them
matter how
and how
2) it is important for you to understaodhow the methodswork
consntently,"fi..tiu"
grouped into two
to use the method correctly. Birth contol methods can be
medical care'
requiring
methods
categories:methods requiring no medical care and
foams'
condoms"
Birth control methodswhich-are available without medical cnre ar€
.;"Ui.t,u"Ocreams.Whilemethodswhichareavailablewithmedicalcarear'oral
'contraceptiues,
intrauterinedevices,and natural lmily planning'
Acondomisathinrubberornatrnalskinsheathandbasbeenwidelyused
mechanicalmethod
tluoughout the world for centuries.It is also known as the leading
physical side-effects, and
of birth control in the world. condoms causeno hannful
prevent the spread of
helps
the only fo.to oJ *"tu"eption that dgfinitely
t1,"y;
are important
condoms
,"ruutty diseasei. With the present epidanic of the diseases,
for sexuallyactiv€ men and women.
Likecondoms,tbams,creanrs,andjelliesareusefulforindividualswho
be used as they
require u po,tubl", simple, inexperrsive,non-medicalmethod, that can
wantto.Therearenoharmfulsideeffectswiththesemethodswiththepossible
can usually
exceptionof the women *ho huu" allergic reactions.But thesereactions
be avoidedby changingbrands.
pill' was first used in 1g60. Most fonns of the pill
oral .ont u.-"ptiu.; the 'synttretic
equivalentsof the natural sex hormones' in
introduce into the body certain
to ovulate.isaltered
sucha *ay that the hormonerycle tttat leadsthe woman'Sbody
andovulationispreventcd.Thepillhasmanyserioussideeffects,includingblood
of fifteen and
.lotr, in...ur"d risk of n"u.t uttu"k, and for usersbetweenthe ages
disorders compared
thirty-four. about 8 times greaterrisk of death due to circulatory
to thoservho do not usethe Pill.
plastic,,produced
lntrauterinedevicesifUOt) aredevicesmadeof soft, flexible
physician. They do not
in various sizesand shapes.They are inserte / (.05), Ho is rejected.Hence,we canconcludethat
level there is a significant difference betweenpretestand posttest.
XXX
THE CALCUI.ATIONS OF T-TEST IN FACTUAL QUESTIONS
No
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
t'
9
10
11
12
1a
14
't5
15
Pretest Posttest
(x)
(Y)
20
20
't5
20
15
15
20
15
5
25
25
20
20
't5
o
25
25
o
25
25
6
0
25
o
25
20
U
U
0
0
20
20
20
20
25
20
20
0
o
6
25
25
100
0
20
21
20
10
20
15
10
20
20
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
25
20
AR
1q
36
20
38
Total
n
mean
SD
20
20
100
0
25
't'l
25
20
25
25
25
25
20
lu
26
20
10
0
5
5
0
-5
5
0
n
20
15
24
25
25
20
D2
20
17
18
'19
22
23
20
D
{Y-X)
0
5
5
'10
20
25
25
10
zu
15
20
20
710
25
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
6
10
0
0
0
10
100
25
0
0
0
0
0
525
5
0
0
10
0
5
25
20
10
20
0
525
110
z3
820
21.578
x)c\l
25
0
0
100
0
25
100
00
38
18.684
o
2.894
3.790
0
850
TEST OF ITYPOTHESIS
l.
.,
J.
Ho
: pA: pA, thereis no differencebetweenposttestandprotest
Ha
: pA > pB, score ofposttestis greaterthanpretest
t - tesl.wtreredb : n -l :37
r (.05): 1.684
Calculation for t - observation(lo)
D---
'D
n
=2894
n . r D 'z- (>D )'z
to
D
S l.tq
- 3.790
: 4 .7 1 3
4. Conclusion
Becauset - observation= 4.713 > t (.05) Ho is rejected.Hence,we can conclude
that at a 0.05 level there is a significant differencebetweenpretestand posttest.
XXXII
THE CALCULATIONSOF'T.TESTIN INFERENCEQUESTIONS
No
Pretest Posttest
(x)
(Y)
15
10
15
z
3
10
4
15
15
15
10
5
15
15
I
t
6
'f
8
o
10
10
E.
tl
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
15
10
15
15
15
5
10
15
5
15
10
5
10
't5
32
20
15
10
15
10
15
15
15
0
JJ
10
zo
27
2A
29
JU
'll
34
2tr
JO
38
Total
n
mean
SD
10
10
20
10
't5
10
10
15
15
15
15
10
20
20
15
20
20
15
5
20
20
15
20
20
20
20
15
15
15
20
5
D
{Y-X)
D2
0
0
25
25
5
-5
o
o
o
-5
25
o
o
5
0
25
't0
5
-5
5
5
10
10
5
10
-10
10
15
5
6
U
5
10
0
5
0
5
-10
20
10
460
550
1 2 . 1 0 5 14.473
25
100
100
25
100
100
100
225
25
25
0
25
100
0
25
0
25
A
25
-5
25
100
-10
90
38
2.368
6j22
X>O(III
25
25
0
.14
15
5
o
100
25
100
25
0
25
25
q
10
15
0
1600
TEST OF FTYPOTHESIS
pA: pB, there is no difference betweenposttestand pretest
1. Ho
pretest
UA > UB, scoreofposttestis greaterthan
Ha
2. t -- tesl,wheredb : n -t : 37
r (.05): 1.684
3. Calculationfor to:
'D
D = 1"
n
=2.368
n. tD' - (tD)'?
to
D
s/{,
:6.122
: 2.384
4. Conclusion:
that at a
Becauseto : 2.384 > / (.05), Ho is rejected.Hence,we call conclude
0.05 level there is a signifrcantdifference betweenpfetest and posttest
X)C(IV
THECALCULATIONSoFT-TESTINSUBJECTMATTERQUESTIONS
Pretest Posttest
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
o
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
(x)
ff)
5
10
5
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0
15
10
5
10
5
-5
5
10
10
4
10
U
10
5
5
5
5
A
15
15
10
q
15
5
10
15
5
10
15
5
5
15
10
10
15
5
5
5
10
10
't5
10
5
1E
ln
15
'15
Total
255
n
mean
SD
6.710
4
E
5
25
25
25
o
0
5
10
5
5
15
25
't00
25
25
225
25
25
-5
25
25
5
o
0
10
100
25
0
0
10
I
,ttr
10
10
10
15
10
400
10.526
25
-5
5
0
15
25
25
0
225
25
3
0
U
25
25
10
5
5
5
10
5
145
38
3.815
5.254
XXXV
0
0
100
25
E
10
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3B
10
25
10
15
10
10
5
10
0
G
t
D
(Y-X)
100
25
25
25
25
25
100
25
1575
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
pA: pB, there is no difference betweenposttestand pretest
pretest
UA > pB, scoreofposttest is greaterthan
1. Ho
Ha
2. | - lestvrheredb: n -l : 37
r (.05): 1.684
3. Calculationfor to:
'D
D _-"
n
=3.815
:5.254
lo
D
:4.477
SIJ;
4. Conclusion
at a 0'05
Becauseto = 4.477> t (.05),Ho is rqected.Hence,we can concludethat
level there is a signifrcantdifference betweenpretestand posttest'
XXXVI
OF T-TESTIN MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
THE CALCUT-ATIONS
10 t_- 15
15i15
10
11
12
15
15
'10i10
15
21
I
22
lto100
lo
10
',15
15
15
15
15,0
15
1010r0
IU
IU
10
100
10
31
0
rnJ
25
25
5-525
10
510525
J
I\J
{I n
\J
16
5
25
10
10
'r0
0
0
{t n
v
n
n
25
105-5
390
450
10.263 11.842
XXXVlI
1.578
TESTOF TTYPOTHESIS
pretest
UA: trB, there is no differencebetweenposttestand
pretest
uA > UB, scoreofposttestis greaterthan
l. Ho
Ha
: n-l :37
2. t - testwheredb
/ (.05): 1.684
3. Calculationfor to:
SI\
D = ""
n
:1.578
: 3.309
S:
to
: f,S l"ln
=2.944
4. Concluston
to:2.944 > t (.05),Ho is rejected.Hence,we canconcludethatat a 0 05
Because
level there is a signihcantditTerencebetweenpretestand posttest'
X)OryIII
THE CALCULATIONS OF T-TEST IN STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS
No
I
z
?
4
5
6
7
a
I
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
z5
26
27
2A
:29
30
Pretest Posttest
(Y)
(x)
5
't5
10
10
10
10
10
'10
15
20
o
E
0
25
5
5
10
15
20
20
0
o
U
-5
10
0
25
25
25
100
10
0
o
25
5
15
25
-5
5
15
25
25
25
225
o
o
0
q
0
5
0
25
6
10
25
25
10
20
20
ZU
25
25
10
0
5
15
10
5
5
5
5
10
JT
JtJ
Total
n
mean
SD
10
s55
s.342
15
20
15
15
0
25
225
100
25
25
25
25
100
25i
5
U
,tn
0
25
100
0
5
5
-10
10
10
15
34
35
0
.tt
10
10
5
25
10
20
5
5
10
5
0
10
0
JZ
D2
15
10
10
5
15
10
15
10
20
10
10
10
5
D
(Y-X)
q
.t<
25
25
25
25
225
25
100
48,
5
10
5
520
165
1725
13.684
38
4.342
5.220
XXXIX
25
TEST OF HI?OTHESIS
posttestandpretest
UA: pB. There is no differencebetween
pA > pB, scoreofposttestis greaterthanpretest
1. Ho
Ha
)
/
/e.s/wheredb: n -l :37
/ ( . 0 5 ) :1 . 6 8 4
J.
-Calculationfot lo
5n
D = "_:::--4.342
n
S:
to:----
n.LDz - (UD)'z
D
-- 5.220
: 5.137
S l.ln
4. Conclusion
a 0.05
to : 5.132>t (.05)'Ho is rejected.Hence'we carrconcludethatat
Because
posttest'
level there is a significant difference betweenpretestand
XL
THE GAIN SCOREOF EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND CONTROL GROUP
ExperimentalGrouP
x2
x
NO
1
00
10
1
')
5
4
5
b
7
I
!.1
10
11
15
,,^
225
400
15
10
40
5
22s
-5
14
15
15
15
20
to
35
15
15
5
tt
18
.to
zv
2n
21
zz
10
15
15
25
zc
zo
27
20
10
5U
5
4
q
-10
10
o
7
I
zZJ
A?5
400
100
900
100
25
ln
10
15
25
11
q
t?
10
1E
to
- tu
17
18
0
10
20
'10
to
20
21
220
24
25
20
15
20
zo
10
) 2,
,
10
-5
10
U
n
20
5
za
z3
JO
40
5
3t
15
34
DZJ
J
10
53
R
I
2OO
MEAN ] 5,263
SD
I 8,69-
XT-I
lz3
400
100
100
25
100
0
U
100
25
25
100
25
375
2a
TOTAL
100
100
0
100
400
100
25
0
400
2J
Jb
l23
0
0
570 \ 12704
i
15 l
10,59
10
5.,'_
1600
25
225
625
25
25
25
14
31
l23
0
0
0
100
100
'100
o
12
225
225
400
1225
225
225
25
900
100
100
U
JU
Jl+
MEAN
SD
0
0
0
2
100
400
10
i TOTAL
'10
tzJ
31
?R
1
400
JU
zv
100
1600
25
Nolxix'
27
28
29
10
15
20
{(
28
100
100
at
E
lz
'13
i
10
10
Control Group
ZJ
3850
TEST OF HYPOTHESTS
l.Ho:mA:mA,thereisnodiflerencebetweenthemeansofthegtoups
Ha : rnB > mB, mean score of group A is greater than mean score of
grouPB
tesl,wheredb : n -1 : 37
I ( . 0 5 ): 1 . 6 8 4
2
t
3.
(ftr)
for I - observation
Calcrrlation
A = STAD class(experimentalgroup)
t.
x =-
n
=l)'
n -38
ntx'-(tx)'
S=
:10.59
n(n-l)
B = Conventionalclass(control group)
X=-
t*
n
= 5 . 2 6 3 n; = 3 8
ntx'?-(tx)'_r.un
n(n-l)
XA-XB
TO:
T n A- t ) s '. 4 + ( n B - 1 ) . \ ' Bl f , I " l
\\
'n" 4' + r" r" l J - 2
\rA
-- 4.382
nB)
4. Conclusion
(b):4'382 > t ('05),Ha is accepted'
t - observation
Because
and
Hence.we concludethat the differencebetweengroupsis sigriflrcant
theSTADteclrrriquecanimprovethesnldent'sreadingcomprehension
achievetnentbettet than conventionaltechnique'
XLIi