Buddhism and Democracy in Indonesia

  Newsletter interfidei

  Edi si M ar et 20 0 4

  Penanggungjawab Editorial To write or to discuss on

  Elga Sarapung

  the relations between religion and Menulis atau mendiskusikan democracy, is most fascinating and

  Pemimpin Redaksi ra agama dan demokrasi,

  relasi anta a engaging thing to do, especially

  Noegroho Agoeng

menarik dan aktual, khususnya dalam

  seen in the Indonesian context for

  

konteks Indonesia. Karena agama dan

  religion and democracy are closely

  Redaksi

demokrasi adalah dua tema yang

interrelated topics. Wiwin Siti Aminah

berhubungan erat dengan kehidupan

  Haryandi

  This issue will highlight masyarakat Indon esia.

  Listia

  on the theme of “Religions' Role in Alfred Benedictus J.E. Newsletter Interfidei tahun Democracy in Indonesia.” The

  mengangkat tema “Peran

  2004 ini theme will be discussed in serial

  

A g a m a - A g a m a d a l a m P r o s e s

Konsultan

  issues of our Newsletters to

  

Demokratisasi di Indonesia”. Tema ini

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  provide ample opportunities to all

  

akan dibuat secara serial untuk

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memberi kesempatan kepada semua

Desain/Layout

  their experiences, causes as well as

  

agama dan kepercayaan membagi-

Haryandi & Sarnuji

  their concepts on democracy.

  

bagikan pengalaman, pergumulan

  In this edition the readers

  

serta perspektif mereka dalam proses

Keuangan

  will gain a deeper understanding of demokratisasi di Indonesia.

  Eko Putro

  the Buddhist experience and

  an kami, melalui terbitan

  Harap

  

kali ini, para pembaca semakin

  concepts as well as the challenges

  

memahami, apa pengalaman serta

Sekretaris

  faced by Indonesian Hindus with

  

gagasan yang ada dalam agama

Wiwin Siti Aminah

  regard to democracy. These

  

Buddha, apa yang perlu dilakukan

Octavia Christiani

  insights are brought to the fore

  oleh masyarakat, khususnya umat respectively in our Focal Point Distributor Hindu Indonesia berkaitan dengan column by Daniel Johan and in the

tema tersebut. Hal ini dapat dibaca

Susanto, Sarnuji

  Opinion column by Ari Dwipayana.

dalam Fokus yang ditulis oleh Daniel

In addition there is a Snapshot article

Johan dan Opini oleh Ari Dwipayana,

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at Ampel, Central Java.

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b e r s a m a d e n g a n P o k j a A n t i -

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Diskriminasi KOMNAS HAM dan

Editorial .................... 1

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Fokus ......................... 2

  

P e r b a n d i n g a n A g a m a d a n

  Comparative Religion and Cross

  Opini ......................... 6 L i n t a s b u d a y a , U G M d a l a m

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Kronik ......................10 Refleksi ................... 15

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Agenda......................16

  Newsletter Interfidei No. 18/IX Des 2003 -Februari 2004 Edisi M aret 2004

  1

  Fokus interfidei new sletter

  • Penulis mantan Sekjend Himpunan Mahasisw a Buddhis Indonesia (HIKMA HBUDHI), anggota Institut Transformasi Sosial (ITS)

  Edisi M aret 2004 Buddhisme dan Proses Demokratisasi di Indonesia

  • * Daniel Johan W.

  akekat sejati demokrasi adalah kedaulatan rakyat, bahwa setiap manusia adalah

  sama. Ia merupakan antitesis dari feodalisme purba di mana raja atau penguasa sebagai dewa atau wakil Tuhan harus ditaati. Buddhis menolak konsep ini, karena menurut Dharma, setiap orang dilahirkan sama. Ini merupakan akar dari demokrasi.

  Sangha sendiri merupakan wujud dari d e m o k r a s i . Istilah ini telah ada jauh sebelum zaman Buddha. S a n g h a m e r u p a k a n sebuah bentuk d a r i r e p u b l i k , suatu organisasi demokratis yang berlaku di salah satu negara kecil di India Utara. N e g a r a S a k y a milik Buddha dan negara Koliya yang berbentuk sangha. Mereka memilih perwakilan untuk memerintah.

  Sangha para bhikkhu yang didirikan Buddha merupakan tiruan dari sistem yang ada saat itu dalam bentuk yang paling maju. Sangha terbuka untuk siapa saja, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, kelas atas maupun bawah. Sekali seseorang bergabung ke dalam Sangha, dari orang terpandang, orang miskin, pelacur, pengemis, atau bahkan raja sekalipun, mereka menjadi sama. Persamaan merupakan kunci memasuki Sangha. Sangha merupakan nilai pembebasan itu sendiri. Pembebasan dari segala macam kasta, harta dan kepemilikan, bahkan sejatinya bebas dari keserakahan, kebencian, kelahiran dan kematian.

  Buddhism and Democracy in Indonesia Daniel Johan W.*

  he quintessence of democracy is the sovereignity of the people, that all men are created equally. Democracy is antithetical

H

T

  to ancient feudalism whereby the king or ruler is treated like a god or God's emmissary that need to be obeyed. But Buddhists reject concepts of these kinds, for according to Dharma, everyone is born and created equal, and this in other words is the roots of democracy.

  Sangha in i t s e l f i s a n embodiment of democracy. This concept has been e s p o u s e d l o n g before Buddha's time. Sangha in fact had then the structures of a republic, i.e. a d e m o c r a t i c o r g a n i s a t i o n which existed in one of the small states in North I n d i a : t h e

  Buddha's own Sakya and the Koliya state which took the form of a Sangha. In both cases cited, the people elect their representatives to govern them.

  The bhikhus' Sanghas founded by the Buddha were copies of the existing system of the time, albeit already the most advanced. The Sangha is open to anyone, male or female, regardless of social positions. Once a person joins the Sangha, regardless of his/her respected position, ecomical prosperity, immoral life, beggar, or even kings, they become equal. Equality is the key factor in joining the Sangha. Sangha is the the liberation value itself, liberation from all social stratification, wealth and ownership, indeed liberation from greed, hatred,

  Former General Secretary of Indonesian Buddhist Students Association (Hikmahbudhi), member of Social Transformation Institute Tampang sisi Candi Borobudur saat dihiasi untuk perayaan atau upacara keagamaan Buddha.

  Edisi M aret 2004 Focus

  3 Edisi M aret 2004

  Sangha merupakan kunci dari prinsip-prinsip demokrasi di dalam Buddhis.

  Salah satu tokoh pembebasan Buddhis yang secara keras mengkritik keberadaan Sangha masa kini adalah Dr. Ambedkar, Bapak Konstitusi India. Saat ia didaulat untuk berbicara pada Konferensi Persaudaraan Buddhis Dunia (WFB) ke-4 di Kathmandu, dengan tegas ia berkata: “Bila saya boleh menyimpulkan, bila ada marabahaya yang muncul terhadap Dharma di negara-negara Buddhis, maka kesalahan harus diarahkan kepada para Bikkhu, karena saya secara pribadi melihat kalau mereka tidak menjalankan tugas yang diemban mereka. Di manakah Dharma itu berada? Sahabat, saya ingin menegaskan bahwa saya tidak bermaksud mengkritik siapa pun, tapi agar agama dapat menjadi kekuatan moral bagi pembebasan dan pembaharuan masyarakat, kalian harus terus- menerus membeberkan 'kebenaran' ke telinga rakyat”.

  Ambedkar sejak awal memang dikenal sebagai tokoh pembebasan yang meletakkan dasar-dasar demokrasi bangsa India. Ia pembela kaum Dalit (kaum tak tersentuh yang lebih rendah dari kasta terendah, bahkan menyentuh bayangannya saja dianggap nista) secara kukuh. Bagi Ambedkar, istilah persaudaraan, persamaan, dan pembebasan yang tercetus pada Revolusi Perancis, sesungguhnya telah lama digunakan oleh Buddha, yang kemudian dikonkretkan dengan dibentuknya Sangha. Namun Ambedkar tidak melihat semangat demokrasi Sangha ini mampu memberi pengaruh kepada masyarakat dan sistem politik yang ada. Sebaliknya, Sangha cenderung mengambil jarak dengan persoalan derita masyarakat, bersifat pasif-apatis, bahkan menjadi pendukung kekuasaan dan terjebak ke dalam kultur feodal. Sekarang ditambah menjadi pendukung kapitalis yang banyak menimbulkan ketidakadilan dan kesengsaraan. Padahal menurut Ambedkar, hakekat Sangha adalah pembebasan (nibbana). Pembebasan dari “dikuasai” oleh realitas derita manusia.

  Kritik lain terhadap Sangha juga muncul dari Dr. Sulak Sivaraksa, tokoh demokrasi Thailand. Bagi Sulak, kesadaran demokrasi di dalam Buddhis amat fundamental. Manusia harus memiliki kesadaran atas dirinya sendiri dan masyarakat, sadar atas apa yang sesungguhnya birth and death. In Buddhism, Sangha forms the key to democratic tenets.

  One of the Buddhist liberation proponent who strongly lambasted the current state of the Sangha was Dr. Ambedkar, the Father of the Indian Constitution. When he was chosen to speak at the 4th World Fraternity of Buddhists (WFB) in Kathmandu, he firmly emphasised: “If I may sum it all up, should there arise dangers threatening the Dharma in Buddhist countries, then the blaming finger should be pointed at the Bikkhus, for as I witnessed it myself they are not doing the tasks assigned to them. So where is the Dharma to be found? My dear friend, I would like to emphasise here that I do not intend to criticise anyone, other than the religion may become a moral force for the liberation and renewal of the people, you all have to reveal 'truth' to the ears of the people.”

  From the start Ambedkar was well-known for being the liberation figure that laid down the foundations for the Indian nation. He was the staunch defender of the Dalit people (the untouchable people who are considered lower than the lowest castes, even touching or to be touched by their shado ws alone were considered a despicable thing). To Ambedkar, the cry of fraternity, equality and liberation which was proclaimed at the French Revolution, in fact has been in use for a long time by the Buddha, which later took its implementation in the forming of the Sangha. But Ambedkar saw that the Sangha's democratic spirit was not affecting the society or the existing political system. Instead, the Sangha even distanced itself from issues of the people's sufferings, became passive and apathetic, supporting the reigning power and got bogged down in the feudalistic culture. Lately it has also lent support to the capitalists that have caused many acts of injustices and untold sufferings. To Ambedkar, this is in stark contrast to the essence of the Sangha which is liberation (nibbana). Liberation from being “ruled” by the reality of human suffering.

  Other critics on the Sangha were also aired by Dr. Sulak Sivaraksa, democratic firebrand f r o m T h a i l a n d . To S u l a k , d e m o c r a t i c consciousness lies in the very base of Buddhism. Man has to have awareness of himself and the society aware of what is really taking place. But the weakness in the Buddhist community lies in the fact that “awareness of what is really taking place” is always and only limitedly understood i.e. in the realm of ideas and thoughts. What is

  Fokus interfidei new sletter

  terjadi.

  Namun kelemahan di dalam komunitas Buddhis adalah “kesadaran atas apa yang sesungguhnya terjadi” selalu dipahami hanya di dalam dunia ide dan pikiran. Yang diperlukan saat ini adalah kesadaran mengenai apa yang benar-benar terjadi di dalam “praktek dan realitas”, terutama mengenai realitas derita yang senyatanya berlangsung di masyarakat: realitas kaum buruh, kaum tani, kaum miskin lainnya, dan bagaimana proses pemiskinan dan kesengsaraan ini disebabkan. (Hal ini memerlukan pembahasan yang lebih lanjut).

  Kesadaran juga menyangkut apa yang terjadi di dalam diri sendiri, untuk melihat di dalam praktek apakah manusia sedang dikontrol oleh cinta, solidaritas, keserakahan, kebencian atau rasa takut. Hal ini bagi Sulak penting untuk diatasi. Karena bila ketakutan mengontrol kehendak bebas manusia, justru akan membuat nilai-nilai yang seharusnya diperjuangkan menjadi mati, demikian juga terhadap para bikkhu. Bila para bikkhu ingin berguna bagi masyarakat, mereka harus kritis terhadap kekuasaan. Dan inilah politik yang diajarkan Buddha.

  Politik dan kekuasaan di dalam Buddhis dipahami seperti sebuah kereta. Ia tergantung kepada kedua rodanya, yakni roda kekuasaan (anacakka) dan roda kebenaran (dhammacakka). Bila roda kekuasaan tidak dikendalikan oleh penguasa dengan baik, ia akan menjadi kekuasaan yang korup. Dan dalam kondisi ini, Sangha atau komunitas spiritual, harus mengimbanginya dengan roda kebenaran. Sayangnya seperti yang diungkapkan Sulak bahwa peran Sangha untuk mengimbangi roda kekuasaan dengan roda kebenaran sering tidak berjalan. Sebaliknya banyak bikkhu yang ikut hanyut dan menjadi pendukung kekuasaan dan kemapanan yang korup.

  Dalam konteks Indonesia, peran komunitas Buddhis kurang nampak, terutama di masa-masa rezim feodal-militeristik Orde Baru yang menghegemoni kehidupan masyarakat. Sekalipun diakui bahwa ada sekelompok kaum muda Buddhis yang turut bersama kelompok kaum muda umumnya, para mahasiswa, di dalam “ruang” demokrasi yang ada saat itu.

  Hal ini dapat dipahami, karena perjuangan meletakkan demokrasi ke dalam konteks masyarakat dan negara tidak harus selalu dari sudut agama sebagai lembaga. Ia lebih kepada nilai dan filsafat yang menuntun dan menyemangati. Ini berkaitan dengan pemahaman Buddhis tentang harkat dan martabat k e m a n u s i a a n y a n g h a r u s d i b e l a d a n diperjuangkan. currently needed is an awareness of what is really taking place in “the practice and reality,” especially on the reality of suffering which is in fact taking place within the society: the reality of the laborers, peasants, and other poor people, as well as how this pauperisation process and suffering is caused. (This certainly necessitates a further discussion).

  Awareness also has to do with what is taking place within oneself, to see in real practice whether a person is under the control of love, solidarity, greed, hatred or even fear. To Sulak this needs to be overcome, and very much so. For when fear is controlling a person's free will, this will unavoidably results in the death of the values being so fervently fought for. The same case can happen to the bikkhus. If the bhikkhus want to be of service to the community, they have to adopt a critical attitude toward power. This is the the politics taught by the Buddha.

  In Buddhism, politics and power are seen as it were as a vehicle. It relies on its two wheels, i.e. the wheel of power (aacakka), and the wheel of truth (dhammacakka). When a ruler is not properly in control of the wheel of power, then the power will become corrupted. In such a situation, the Sangha or the spiritual community, has to balance it with the wheel of truth. Unfortunately, says Sulak, the Sangha's role to balance the wheel of power with the wheel of truth often does not seem to work. Instead, many bikkhus in fact got carried away and became supporters of the corrupt power and establishment.

  Seen in the Indonesian context, the role of the Buddhist community does not seem prevalent, notably during the periods of the New Order's feudal- militaristic regime which reigned supreme over the everyday lives of the people. This is not to dispute that there were groups of Buddhist youths who took part, along with other youth groups in general, i.e. the students, in the existing democratic “space” at the time.

  The low-profile role of the Buddhist community can be explained by the fact that the efforts in laying the foundation of democracy with respect to the people and the state do not alwasy have to be seen from the perspective of institutionalised religion. I ts role is more seen through its the guiding and inspiring values which has to do with the Buddhist understanding of human values and dignity that need to be safeguarded and fought for.

  In many instances, democracy often misleads

  Edisi M aret 2004

  Focus

  5 Edisi M aret 2004

  Dalam banyak hal demokrasi sering

  mengilusi manusia tentang perwakilan, bahwa

  semua orang memiliki hak yang sama, kekuasaan sejati ada di tangan rakyat. Lalu rakyat menyerahkan nasibnya kepada orang yang dipilih sebagai wakilnya. Hal ini membuat demokrasi di dalam praktek menjadi pelimpahan kekuasan dan kekuatan masyarakat kepada segelintir orang yang disebut parlemen atau pemerintah. Segelintir orang ini kemudian mengkristal menjadi orang-orang yang hidup “khusus” untuk berkuasa, “khusus” untuk menerima limpahan kekuasaan rakyat. Kekuasaan ada di tangan mereka. Persoalan muncul ketika kekuasaan yang mengkristal itu, atas nama “demokrasi- kepentingan bersama-pembangunan-hukum- konstitusional”, melakukan penindasan terhadap orang-orang yang mereka wakili, para pemilik otentik dari kekuasaan sejati, yaitu rakyat.

  Komitmen terhadap nilai-nilai inilah yang membuat Sangha tidak dapat berdiam diri tetapi terlibat di dalam proses demokrasi. Meski pada awalnya terjadi tarik menarik antara kaum tua yang cenderung arif dengan kaum muda y a n g s e d a n g b e r s e m a n g a t menggelorakan jiwa demokrasi, Sangha secara diam-diam berperan di balik layar. Di dalam Buddhis memang dikenal istilah peran

  kebodhisattvaan atau kenabian. Di

  mana di dalam kondisi damai, Sangha cenderung menjalankan p e r a n k e b i k k h u a n y a n g mempertahankan status quo, bersifat konservatif dan keras dalam menghadapi perubahan. Namun dalam kondisi kacau yang penuh ketidakadilan, Sangha diminta u n t u k m e n i n g g a l k a n p e r a n kebikkhuannya dengan menjalankan peran

  kebodhisattvaan nya yang akan memanfaatkan ketidakstabilan untuk mendukung suatu perubahan.

  Itulah yang sempat dilakukan oleh sebagian bikkhu di Indonesia. Namun, mengapa peran itu harus dilakukan di balik layar?

  Mungkin ini selain soal latar belakang riwayat hidup dan kondisi posisi aktual para bikkhu, juga karena soal perhitungan pilihan dan kesetiaan kepada panggilan situasi. Atau mungkin juga persoalan sejarah Indonesia.[] people with its concept of representation, that everyone has equal right, that the real power is in the hands of the people. What follows was the submission of the people's fate to the people elected as their representatives. In practic

  e, this results in the transfer of power and power of the people to a handful few called the parliament or government. These handful few then developed itself to become people who lead “special” life to rule, “exclusively” to receive the relegation of power from the people. The power is in their hands. The problem arises, when the this devolved and amorphous power, in the name of “democracy-common interest- development-law- and constitution,” oppresses the people they represent, the authentic owner of the real power i.e. the people.

  It is commitment to intrinsic values such as these that does not allow the Sangha to sit back and stay mum but rather to take an engaged role in the upholding of the true democracy. Although in the beginning there were many acts of tug-of war among the older Sangha members that tend to be reserved and t h e y o u n g e r members, that are burning with the fiery idealism of d e m o c r a c y, t h e S a n g h a nevertheless, in their unobtrusive way, so far have managed to play their role behind t h e s c e n e s . I n Buddhism, there is a c o m m o n understanding and general acceptance of the bodhisattvic or prophetic role of the Sangha that will take the benefit of the instabillity to support and effect change. That has been the case so far for some of the engaged bikkhus of Indonesia. The question is, why should their role be limited to behind the scenes efforts?

  The answer lies in the background or personal history as well as the actual social postion and conditions of the bikkhus, which may be also due in part to the Indonesian historical issues.[ ]

  Edisi M aret 2004 Pa ra Pe m im p in Ag a m a Ind o ne sia sa a t m e ng ha d iri WBSC Me e ting d i C a nd i Bo ro b ud ur, 18 De se m b e r dipikirkan oleh seluruh elemen warga bangsa, termasuk seluruh umat Hindu di Indonesia. Pertama, apakah penataan sistem politik yang ada memungkinkan terbentuknya sistem politik yang demokratik? Penataan yang mencakup : penguatan sistem kepartaian yang memberi ruang bagi warga negara untuk berserikat dan mengorganisir diri; penataan sistem pemilihan umum yang menjamin prinsip partisipasi dan kompetisi politik berjalan dengan fair; penataan sistem perwakilan politik sehingga terjadi perimbangan kekuasaan dan terakhir terjaminnya kebebasan sipil (civil liberties).

OPINION: THE LONG and WINDING ROAD: Four Issues Facing Hindus in Democratic Life in Indonesia

D

W

  walfare )? Atau dengan kata lain: apakah

  Edisi M aret 2004 Patung Brahma, Creator

  Keempat, apakah dem okratisasi di I n d o n e s i a d i b a n g u n d i a t a s u p a y a memperkokoh 'harga diri' dan kemandirian nasional? Arah demokratisasi seharusnya lebih ditentukan oleh rakyat yang berdaulat bukan oleh kekuatan global, seperti lembaga donor global (IMF

  Ketiga, apakah demokratisasi di Indonesia telah mendorong terbangunnya budaya politik yang civility dan demokratik? Demokratisasi harus mencakup tumbuhnya budaya partisipan, kritis, nir kekerasan serta menghargai perbedaan (pluralisme).

  demokratisasi politik diikuti oleh demokratisasi ekonomi? Kebebasaan yang diberikan oleh demokras i tidak akan berarti sama sekali apabila tidak diikuti dengan upaya memperluas voice, akses, dan kontrol dari kelompok masyarakat miskin sehingga mereka juga merasakan kemakmuran ekonomi.

  Kedua, apakah demokratisasi di Indonesia sudah dipahami sebagai proses untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan bersama (social

  AA GN Ari Dwipayana*

  alam proses demokratisasi, setidaknya, ada empat persoalan krusial yang perlu

  Opini interfidei new sletter

  F o u r t h l y , w h e t h e r democracy is developed upon the foundation of a strong sense of national “self-respect” as well as national self-reliance? The orientation of democracy should be determined by a sovereign

  T h i r d l y , w h e t h e r democracy has induced the rise in civil and democratic poliitical culture. Democracy, indeed has t o e n t a i l t h e g r o w t h i n participatory, critical, nonviolent culture as well as tolerance to differing views (pluralism)

  Secondly, whether democracy is seen as a process toward the realization of social welfare? Or in other words, whether economic democracy will follow in the wake of political democracy. In other words, freedom granted by democracy will have no meaning if it is not accompanied with efforts to increase the poor people's say, access, as well as control thereby allowing them to take benefit of the economic prosperity.

  be considered and thought out by anyone, including Hindus, claiming to subscribe to a democratic ideal. Firstly, whether the existing political system allows for the creation of a truly democratic political system; the strengthening of the party system allows room for the citizens to form associations and organizations; a general election system that guarantees fair political participation and competition; a political representation system resulting in the balance of power and lastly, the safeguarding of civil liberties.

  hen it comes to discussing democracy, there are four crucial issues that need to

  • Penulis adalah Dosen FISIPOL UGM
  • The writer is a lecturer at the Faculty of Political Science at the Gajah Mada University.

  Opinion Edisi M aret 2004

  Then what Hindus need to do when faced with such conditions? Firstly, Hindus, along with other groups in Indonesia have to stick to the fight for constitutional reform for the constitution stipulates the economic, political, social and cultural rights of every citizen as well as his/her faith. Beyond that, the constitution should also strengthen that sovereignity remain in the hands of the people (swaraj) and not in the hands of a delegated person or political party.

  Edisi M aret 2004 Patung Lakshmi, Prosperity

  The road to be trodden is still long and winding, but we have to keep on moving and keep on trying until the goal is reaced. In light of this awesome journey to be undertaken, a robust and coordinated cooperation is needed among people of all faiths,

  Lastly on the agenda, to join hands with other segments of people in Indonesia in cultivating a sense of natioal “dignity.” Bung Karno has aptly stated it, “Indonesia is not a nation of coolies or a coolie nation among nations.”

  Third on the agenda, is building a democratic and pluralist political culture resulting in the cultivation of attitudes t h a t r e s p e c t a n d appreciate differences.

  K a r a m c h a n d G a n d h i could not sum it better when he said that political power is not the ultimate aim, but rather one of the means in enabling the people to improve their lot in every aspect of their lives.

  Second in the agenda, is a better understanding of democracy as not being an end in itself but rather as a means in achieving mutual w e l f a r e . M o h a n d a s

  It need to be acknowledged that the answers to the four crucial issues are far from satisfactory. In fact, some critical observers noted that the political transitions in the aftermath of the downfall of the New Order regime have not been going toward the strengthening of democracy, but rather became entrapped in authoritarianism and neoliberalism.

  atau Bank Dunia) atau n e g a r a - n e g a r a ' s u p e r power'.

  Perjalanan masih panjang, tetapi harus tetap jalan dan diusahakan terus-menerus sampai mencapai tujuan. Karena itu perlu ada kerjasama yang kuat dan konkrit dari semua umat beragama, termasuk umat Hindu. people and not by a global power, such as the global donor institution (IMF or World Bank) or “superpower” countries.

  Agenda terakhir adalah, ikut serta dengan elemen bangsa yang lain untuk m e m b a n g u n “ h a rg a d i r i ” n a s i o n a l . Sebagaimana yang dikatakan Bung Karno, “Indonesia bukanlah bangsa yang terdiri dari 'kuli-kuli' ataupun 'bangsa kuli' di antara bangsa- bangsa.

  Agenda ketiga, membangun budaya politik yang demokratis dan pluralis sehingga timbul penghormatan dan penghargaan terhadap perbedaan.

  Agenda kedua, adalah memperkuat keyakinan bahwa demokratisasi bukanlah tujuan melainkan sarana untuk mencapai kesejahteraan bersama. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, bahwa kekuasaan politik bukanlah tujuan akhir, melainkan hanya satu s a r a n a y a n g m e m u n g k i n k a n r a k y a t memperbaiki nasibnya dalam setiap bidang kehidupan.

  Apa yang harus dilakukan oleh umat Hindu dalam kondisi seperti ini? Pertama, umat Hindu bersama-sama dengan seluruh elemen bangsa harus berusaha untuk memperjuangkan agenda reformasi konstitusional. Karena dalam konstitusi diatur dan dijamin hak-hak ekonomi, politik, sosial dan kultural dari warga negara, termasuk kebebasan untuk memeluk agama, beribadah sesuai agama dan kepercayaan yang dianutnya. Di luar itu, konstitusi juga seharusnya memperkuat kedaulatan di tangan rakyat (swaraj) bukan di tangan orang per orang ataupun partai politik.

  Orde Baru tidak mengarah pada konsolidasi demokrasi, tetapi masuk pada jebakan otoritarianisme dan liberalisme baru.

  Memang, harus diakui bahwa jawaban atas keempat persoalan krusial di atas belum memuaskan. Bahkan, beberapa kalangan yang kritis berpendapat bahwa, transisi politik pasca keruntuhan rezim

  Pa tung Sa ra swa ti,

  SNAPSHOT: THE DYNAMICS OF SPIRITUAL LIFE AND EDUCATION AT THE VELUVANA VIHARA

  interfidei new sletter Potret

  POTRET: DINAMIKA KEHIDUPAN DAN PENDIDIKAN SPIRITUAL DI VIHARA VELUVANA

  Oleh: S. Kittiphalo Pendahuluan

  ihara (bahasa Pali), Wihara (bahasa Sansekerta) secara etimologis berarti suatu tempat yang disucikan atau

V

  ditinggikan, merupakan tempat atau pusat k e g i a t a n r e l i g i u s - s p i r i t u a l d a n s o s i a l kemasyarakatan serta pendidikan. Vihara berfungsi sebagai sarana pelaksanaan Puja atau tempat Ibadah bagi umat Buddha. Suatu kompleks Vihara terdiri dari beberapa bangunan, yaitu Uposathagara (bangunan induk untuk k e g i a t a n S a n g h a ) , B h a k t i s a l a ( u n t u k sembahyang), Dhammasala (untuk Ceramah),

  sanctified or revered place. Or in other words, a place or a center for religious-spiritual, social and educational activities. Vihara serves as a place to carry out puja or to worship for Buddhists.

  tymologically speaking, Vihara (in the Pali language) or Wihara (Sanskrit), means a

  By: S. Kittiphalo Introduction

E

  Buddha mengajarkan ajaran-Nya dengan mempertimbangkan dasar, pola pikir serta konteks yang dimiliki oleh para pengikut beliau (Saddharmapundarika Sutra.V). Ada beberapa metode yang digunakan, yang kemudian menimbulkan banyak penafsiran. Akibatnya lahir berbagai aliran atau sekte, sehingga agama Buddha kaya dengan berbagai tradisi. including the Hindus.

  Aliran-aliran Buddha di Indonesia

  Bhikkhu/Bhikshu/Bikshuni) dan sarana pendukung lain seperti perpustakaan. Vihara sebagai tempat tinggal para Bhikkhu/Bhikshu juga berfungsi sebagai pusat kegiatan Pendidikan Buddhis bagi para Bhikkhu/Bhikshu. Di sana mereka bersama-sama mempelajari ajaran Buddha (Dhamma/Dharma) dengan Sangha (pasamuan para Bhikkhu/Bhikshu). Institusi pendidikan tradisional Buddhis ini tidak hanya bertugas mendidik para Bhikkhu/Bhikshu tetapi juga membimbing para pelaku kerumahtanggaan.

  A vihara complex consists of several buildings, i.e., Uposathagara (main building for Sangha's activities), Bhaktisala (a building for worship), Dhammasala (for the purpose of lectures), Kuti (living quarters/boarding house for the bhikkhu/bhikshu/bhiksuni) and supporting facilities such as library. In addition to functioning as a place to live for the bhikkhus/bhisuni, the Vihara also serves as a center for education activities for bhikkhus/bhiksunis. Here they learn collectively on the teaching of the Buddha (Dhamma/Dharma) with the Sangha (the gathering of the Bhikkhus/Bhiksus). This traditional Buddhist educational institution does not only serve to teach the Bhikkhus/Bhikshu but also to give guidance to householders in their daily life.

  Buddhist Sects in Indonesia

  Buddha taught, through His teachings, by taking into account the base and thought pattern as well as the contextual understandings of his disciples (Saddharmapundarika Sutra. V). There are several methods applied by the Buddha, which later gave rise to numerous interpretations. As a

  Edisi M aret 2004

  Kuti (tempat tinggal/asrama bagi para

  • One of The Velunana Vihara’s Formator * Salah satu Formator di Vihara Veluvana

  9 Snapshot Edisi M aret 2004

  Up to the year 1999, the Buddhist community in Indonesia, which was formerly grouped in an entity called WALUBI, were divided into two large g r o u p i n g s : T h e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f I n d o n e s i a n B u d d h i s t s (NewWALUBI) and the Indonesian Grand Sangha Conference (KASI).

  The vihara was built at the instigation of Y.A. MNS Ashin Jinarakkhita and a number of prominent Buddhist figures. It is used as the Sangha's center for education and training. Daily routine at the Veluvana Vihara, consists of an established training with time management in such a

  The Veluvana Vihara complex derives its name from the Bambo Forest (Veluvana) area n the slope of Mt. Merbabu with miles and miles of bamboo forests split by a little river. The vihara itself is located at Ngelo hamlet (address: Jl. Semarang- Solo Km. 60, Ampel, Boyolali 57352), Kaligentong village, Subdistrict Ampel in the Boyolali regency.

  A brief sketch of Veluvana Vihara

  Buddhayana Council.

  The Veluvana Vihara and the writer himself belong to and member of Indonesian Grand Sangha as well as the Indonesian

  N o w a d a y s , t h e Buddhist faith in Indonesia encompasses a number of sects and streamings, i.e. Theravada (Sthaviravada) or H i n a y a n a , M a h a y a n a , Ta n t r a y a n a , N i c h i r e n , Maitreya and Kasogatan.

  The revival climaxed in the celebration of the first Waisak Puja at Candi Borobudur, in 1953 at t he instigation of the Late Mahathera.

  Perkembangan Agama Buddha di Indonesia secara historis terbagi dalam beberapa tahap, yang dimulai sejak jaman Sriwijaya dan Majapahit. Kemudian ketika Majapahit runtuh (tahun 1950-an), terjadi kebangkitan kembali Agama Buddha di Indonesia. Kebangkitan ini ditandai dengan pelaksanaan Waisaka Puja pertama di Candi Borobudur, pada tahun 1953 yang dipelopori oleh

  In Indonesia, historically speaking, the development of the Buddha religion is grouped into several stages, starting from the time of the Kingdom Sriwjaya and Majapahit. When Majapahit went into decline (around 1450 AD), there was a revival of Buddhism in the archipelago.

  Kompleks Vihara Veluvana sesuai dengan namanya berarti Vihara Hutan Bambu, terletak di lereng Gunung Merbabu dengan hamparan Hutan Bambu serta dibelah oleh sungai kecil. Vihara ini berlokasi di Dk. Ngelo, Ds. Kaligentong, Kec. Ampel Kab. Boyolali, dengan alamat: Jl. Semarang-Solo Km.60 Ampel Boyolali 57352. Dibangun pada awal tahun 1992 atas prakarsa Y.A. MNS. Ashin Jinarakkhita dan beberapa tokoh Buddhis lain. Digunakan sebagai pusat pendidikan dan latihan Sangha. Kehidupan sehari-hari yang dijalani di Vihara Veluvana, adalah latihan yang sudah tertata dengan pengaturan waktu sedemikian r upa sehingga tetap mengutamakan sebuah kedisiplinan, tanpa meninggalkan pola hidup bersama dengan masyarakat sekitar. Kegiatan result thereof, various sects or subfaiths thrived, making Buddhism rich with different traditions.

  Kehidupan dan dinamika di Vihara Veluvana

  Vihara Veluvana dan penulis sendiri berada dibawah n a u n g a n S a n g h a A g u n g I n d o n e s i a d a n M a j e l i s Buddhayana Indonesia

  Sekarang perkembangan agama Buddha di Indonesia berwujud dalam sejumlah sekte atau aliran, yaitu : Theravada (Sthaviravada) atau Hinayana, Mahayana, Tantrayana, Nichiren, Maitreya dan Kasogatan.

  Sampai dengan tahun 1999, komunitas Buddhis di Indonesia, yang tadinya terhimpun dalam wadah yang disebut WALUBI, pecah menjadi 2 (dua) : Perwakilan Umat Buddha Indonesia (WALUBI Baru) di satu pihak dan Konferensi Agung Sangha Indonesia (KASI) di pihak yang lain.

  Alm. Bhikkhu Ashin Jinarakkhita, dihadiri oleh Duta dari Srilanka, Bhikkhu Narada Mahathera.

  Edisi M aret 2004 Salah Patung Buddha

  interfidei new sletter Potret

  y a n g w a y t h a t dijalankan p r i o r i t i z e s

  , al. ritual, d i s c i p l i n e , l a t i h a n b u t s t i l l meditasi, w i t h i n t h e k e g i a t a n c o n t e x t o f pembelaja c o m m u n a l r a n , life pattern bimbingan w i t h t h e c e r a m a h , surrounding d a n l a i n c o m m u n i t y. sebagainy

  The activities

  a. Vihara include, daily

  Veluvana r i t u a l s , j u g a m e d i t a t i o n berfungsi t r a i n i n g , s e b a g a i

  Gambar Para Bikkhu sedunia, saat Conference of World Buddhist Sangha Council (WBSC),

  l e a r n i n g

  Semarang 17 Desember 2003

  laboratori a c t i v i t i e s , um dan pusat kajian Agama dan studi lintasbudaya guidance lectures, etc. The vihara also functions as a bagi Mahasiswa. Hal ini juga ditunjang dengan laboratory and center for discussions on religions as keberadaan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Agama Buddha well as intercultural studies for university students.

  (STIAB) Smaratunga.

  These activities get the support from the Buddhist Science Institute (STIAB) Smaratunga.

  Penutup

  Demikian, sekilas pandang tentang Vihara Veluvana sebagai salah satu komunitas Buddhis yang

  Closing

  berkembang di Indonesia. Akhir kata semoga semua makhluk hidup berbahagia dan sejahtera.

  Thus is the view on Veluvana Vihara as one of Buddhist community developing in Indonesia. To end it, may all living creatures live happily and prosperously.

  KRONIK: Studi Agama dan Masyarakat: CHRONICLE: Agama dan Politik Diskriminasi Religion and Society Studies

  ema “Agama dan Politik Diskriminatif” dipilih karena relevan dan aktual dengan Religion and the Politics of Discrimination konteks Indonesia. Banyak kebijakan

  T

  yang dikeluarkan oleh negara justru berimplikasi he topic of Religion and the Politics of langsung melanggar hak-hak warga negara.

  Discrimination has been chosen because of Misalnya menafsir pasal 29 UUD 1945 dengan its current relevance and actuality to

T

  cara membatasi agama yang diakui oleh negara Indonesian context. There are many policies hanya Islam, Katolik, Protestan, Hindu dan adopted by the government which in fact violate

  Buddha. Akibatnya banyak warga yang the rights of citizens. For instance, in interpreting menganut agama lain, seperti Konghucu, Baha'i article 29 of the 1945 Constitution by limiting the atau penganut Penghayatan, Kepercayaan, number of the authorised religions to only, Islam, Kerohanian serta agama-agama lokal (agama

  Catholicism, Protestantism, Hinduism and suku) tidak mendapat pengakuan, dan mengalami Buddhism. As a result many people who espouse

  Edisi M aret 2004

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  Edisi M aret 2004 Chronicle

  kesulitan dalam other religion, i.e. Konghucu, m e n e r i m a Baha'i or other Spiritual p e l a y a n a n b e l i e f s ( P e n g h a y a t a n , a d m i n i s t r a t i f Kepercayaan, Kerohanian) as u n t u k u r u s a n well as local religions (ethnic pernikahan, akte r e l i g i o n s ) d o n o t g e t k e l a h i r a n , r e c o g n i t i o n f o r t h e i r sumpah jabatan faiths/beliefs, and thereby d a n f a s i l i t a s undergo difficulties in getting p e n d i d i k a n administrative services for agama. matters such as marriages,

  S t u d i Elga Sarapung, S. Soegondo, D aniel D hakidae dan Sabikhis Para Pembicara dalam Studium Generale: birth certificates, taking of A g a m a d a n oaths in official situations as adalah salah satu program Masyarakat (SAM) well as facilities for religious education. Bidang Pe ndidikan Institut Dian/Interfidei yang The Study of Religion and Society (SAM) dilaksanakan secara berkala. SAM tahun ini is one of Dian/Interfidei Institute's Education dilaksanakan dalam kerjasama dengan Program Department programs which is organised Pasca Sarjana Ilmu Perbandingan Agama dan periodically. This year, the SAM's program is Lintasbudaya (CRCS) - UGM dan Kelompok carried out in cooperation with Gajah Mada Kerja (Pokja) Anti Diskriminasi KOMNAS University's (UGM) Comparative Religion and HAM pada tanggal 29 Januari - 1 Februari 2004. Crosscultural Studies (CRCS) Post-Graduate

  Biasanya program ini dilaksanakan di Program with Human Rights Committee's ruang kelas di kantor Interfidei. Tetapi kali ini (Komnas HAM) Work Committee at one of the dibuka dengan studium generale di Aula Fakultas university's auditorium on Jan. 29th to Feb. 1st.

  Filsafat UGM Lantai 3, Jl. Olah Raga Bulak Departing from the usual venue of Interfidei's classrooms, the studium generale was opened at

  Sumur, dengan pembicara: Daniel Dhakidae UGM's Philosophy Dept. auditorium. The main

  (perspektif politik), Sulistyawati Sugondo speakers were Daniel Dhakidae (providing the

  (perspektif hukum) dan Sabikhis (perspektif political perspectives), Sulistyawati Sugondo (legal negara). Studium generale diikuti oleh 97 orang perspective) and peserta, di luar peserta

  S a b i k h i s studi kelas. Mereka

  (state/government adalah mahasiswa S1, perspective). The pasca sarjana, wartawan,

  Studium Generale

  aktifis LSM, Dosen dan was attended by Tokoh Agama. no less than 97

  Bagian kedua dari invitees, other t h a n c l a s s kegiatan ini adalah studi participants pre- kelas. Interaksi di antara degree students, para peserta, juga dengan p o s t - g r a d u a t e para pembicara, berkisar s t u d e n t s , pada pengalaman serta journalist, NGO g a g a s a n t e n t a n g activists, lecturers persoalan umat beragama a n d r e l i g i o u s y a n g m e n g a l a m i figures. d i s k r i m i n a s i a t a u

  Foto bersama peserta Studi Agama dan M asyarakat

  The second m e n y a k s i k a n part of the activities was class study. Topics of the kelompoknya sendiri melakukan diskriminasi discussion among the participants, as well as with the speakers, ranged from experiences as well as ideas on terhadap kelompok lain. iss ues faced by religious followers that underwent

  Studi kelas ini dilaksanakan di Ruangan

  Edisi M aret 2004

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  interfidei new sletter

  306 CRCS, Jl. Teknika Utara Pogung, diikuti oleh 34-40 orang peserta. Narasumber adalah: Munir Mulkan (Islam), Gerrit Singgih (Protestan), Toto Baroto (Sapto Dharma), Nunuk P. Murniati (Katolik), Candra Setiawan (Konghuchu), Hasto Bramantyo (Buddha), Pande Made Kutanegara (Hindu), dan Rudy Soraya (Baha'i).