Smart Parking System Using Wireless Connectivity.
i
SMART PARKING SYSTEM USING WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
MOHD FAREEZ BIN MOHD AFIF
This report is submitted in particular fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication) with Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
JUN 2013
ii
iii
iv
v
Specially Dedicates
To my beloved parents, family and all my friends
Not forgetting the supervisor who has the support,
assistance and suggestions
in completing this project.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praised be to Allah for his blessings and giving us the strength. I would like to
express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to
complete this report.
Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial
role of the staff of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, who gave the permission to use
all required equipment and the necessary material to complete the task Smart Parking
System Using Wireless Connectivity . And thanks to all my class mate member of 4
BENW students for helping to complete this report.
Last but not least, many thanks go to my supervisor of this project, Mr. Hamzah
Asyrani Bin Sulaiman who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance,
support and guidance in achieving the goal.
vii
ABSTRACT
With the increase in vehicle production and world population, more and more
parking spaces and facilities are required. In this paper a new parking system called
Smart Parking System is proposed to assist drivers to find vacant spaces in a car park in
a shorter time. IR sensors are used to detect either car park occupy or not. Different
detection technologies are reviewed and compared to determine the best technology for
developing smart parking system. Features of Smart Parking System include vacant
parking detection, display of available parking spaces, and directional indicators toward
vacant parking spaces through the use of specific LEDs. The technologies for
communication system that used in the Smart Parking System also have been discussed
in this paper.
viii
ABSTRAK
Dengan peningkatan dalam pengeluaran kenderaan dan penduduk dunia, tempat
letak kereta dan kemudahan yang lebih diperlukan. Dalam kertas kerja ini sistem letak
kereta baru yang dipanggil Smart Parking System dicadangkan untuk membantu
pemandu untuk mencari ruang kosong di tempat letak kereta dalam masa yang singkat.
Sensor Infrared digunakan untuk mengesan sama ada tempat letak kereta menduduki
atau tidak. Teknologi pengesanan yang berbeza dikaji dan dibandingkan untuk
menentukan teknologi yang terbaik untuk membangunkan sistem letak kereta pintar.
Ciri-ciri Sistem Parking Pintar termasuk pengesanan kosong tempat letak kereta,
paparan tempat letak kereta yang ada, dan penunjuk arah ke arah tempat letak kereta
yang kosong melalui penggunaan LED tertentu. Teknologi untuk sistem komunikasi
yang digunakan dalam Sistem Parking Pintar juga telah dibincangkan dalam kertas ini.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
II
TITLE
PAGES
TITLE PAGE
i
DECLARATION
iii
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ix
LIST OF TABLE
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Background
2
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of Work
3
1.5
Chapter Structure
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
5
Introduction
x
2.2
III
Type of Sensor Selection
5
2.2.1
Passive Infrared Sensor
6
2.2.2
Active Infrared Sensor
6
2.2.3
Inductive Loop Detector
7
2.2.4
Magnetometer
8
2.2.5
Anistropic Magnetoresistance Sensor
8
2.2.6
Piezoelectric Sensor
8
2.2.7
Pneumatic Road Tube
9
2.2.8
Weight-in-motion Sensor
9
2.2.9
Microwave Radar
10
2.2.10 Ultrasonic Sensor
11
2.2.11 Image Processing
11
2.2.12 Vehicle License Plate Recognition
11
2.3
PIC Microcontroller
12
2.4
Selection of Wireless Communication Device
15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
16
3.1
Introduction
16
3.2
Research Procedure
16
3.3
Analysis Circuit
18
3.3.1
PIC Microcontroller (16F877A)
18
3.3.2
Voltage Regulator Unit
21
3.3.3
IR Sensor
22
3.3.4
Interface LCD (2x16 Characters)
22
3.3.5
Electronic Component
24
3.3.5.1 Resistors
24
3.3.5.2 Capacitors
25
LM324
26
3.3.6
xi
IV
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
28
4.1
Introduction
28
4.2
Software Implementation
29
4.2.1
29
4.3
4.4
V
Visual Basic Studio
Hardware Implementation
34
4.3.1
Designing Circuit
34
4.3.2
Xbee Pro Setting
35
System Operation
39
4.4.1
Left Detection
41
4.4.2
Right Detection
44
CONCLUSION
48
5.1
Conclusion
48
5.2
Future Work
49
REFERENCES
50
APPENDIX A
51
APPENDIX B
56
xii
LIST OF TABLE
NO.
TITLE
PAGES
Table 2.1
Comparison between Zigbee and Bluetooth
15
Table 3.1
LCD Connection Pin
23
Table 3.2
Resistor color code
25
Table 3.3
Pin Description LM324
27
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
NO.
TITLE
PAGES
Figure 2.1
Passive Infrared Sensor
6
Figure 2.2
Active Infrared Sensor
7
Figure 2.3
Inductive Loop Detectors
7
Figure 2.4
Piezoelectric Sensor
9
Figure 2.5
Weight-in-motion Sensor
10
Figure 2.6
Microwave Radar
10
Figure 2.7
Ultrasonic Sensor
11
Figure 2.8
Vehicle License Plate Recognition
12
Figure 2.9
PIC Microcontroller
13
Figure 2.10
Overall Overview using PIC
13
Figure 2.11
Programming Software
14
Figure 2.12
Download Programmer
14
Figure 3.1
Flowchart of Project
17
Figure 3.2
Pin Description
19
Figure 3.3
Voltage Regulator
21
Figure 3.4
Model of the parking system
22
Figure 3.5
Interfac LCD
22
Figure 3.6
Example of Resistor
24
Figure 3.7
Example of Capacitor
25
Figure 3.8
Pin Diagram LM324
26
Figure 4.1
COM Port Selection
29
xiv
Figure 4.2
COM Port Connected
30
Figure 4.3
COM Port Disconnected
30
Figure 4.4
Software Monitoring System Flowchart
31
Figure 4.5
Detection Unit Flowchart
32
Figure 4.6
Parking System Flowchart
33
Figure 4.7
Overall Circuit
34
Figure 4.8
PCB Layout
35
Figure 4.9
COM Port Test
36
Figure 4.10
Modem Configuration
37
Figure 4.11
Configuration of Both Modules
38
Figure 4.12
Transmit and Receive Test
39
Figure 4.13
Xbee Startup
40
Figure 4.14
COM Port Selecting
40
Figure 4.15
System Connected
41
Figure 4.16
LEFT 1 Detection
41
Figure 4.17
LEFT 2 Detection
42
Figure 4.18
LEFT 1 Monitoring System
42
Figure 4.19
LEFT 2 Monitoring System
43
Figure 4.20
Display LEFT status FULL
43
Figure 4.21
LEFT Side Detection
44
Figure 4.22
RIGHT 1 Detection
45
Figure 4.23
RIGHT 2 Detection
45
Figure 4.24
RIGHT 1 Monitoring System
46
Figure 4.25
RIGHT 2 Monitoring System
46
Figure 4.26
Display RIGHT status FULL
47
Figure 4.27
RIGHT Side Detection
47
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
GUI
-
Graphical User Interface
PIC
-
Programmable Interface Controller
IC
-
Integrated Circuit
LED
-
Light Emitting Diode
MCLR
-
Master Clear Reset
IR
-
Infrared
LCD
-
Liquid Crystal Display
PCB
-
Printed Circuit Board
UART
-
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
USART
-
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter
USB
-
Universal Serial Bus
VB
-
Visual Basic
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Attractive place for locals and tourists to shop is in the shopping mall, it
became the focal point of a town that has a modern shopping center and also
provides a variety of services, where it became the attracted place to come. Many
shop owners prefer to locate their business in the shopping mall to increase revenue
and get more customers. They are two important factors of human life which is time
and cost, either to individuals or businesses. As the quality of life is increases, many
people inhabiting cities and urban life requires centralized utilities [1].
Recently, shopping mall has started providing a lot of services not just a place
that only has pure selling and buying. Customers can use cinemas, food court, post
offices, banking services, children play areas and much more. For example, windowshopping or visiting to shopping mall in Malaysia just to find and not to buy, is a
common activity. Development of shopping malls has influenced shopping culture
and behavior [2].
2
The main issue in developing shopping mall is providing sufficient parking
for a customer. A sufficient number of parking spaces and paying attention to
handicapped driver with offering safe and secure parking lots are a few of the factors
which can attract and increase customer loyalty to visit a shopping mall frequently.
There are various types of parking lots such as roadside, roadside with ticket, barrier
gate and multilevel parking. The most preferred by patrons is the multilevel parking
lot [3]. The main factors that customer choose a specific parking lot is weather
conditions, safety, proximity and car park fees respectively.
The objectives of this purpose are to identify the difficulty drivers to parking
their vehicles at shopping mall, propose a solution to solve the problems and outline
a Smart Parking System architecture design.
1.2
Problem Background
On weekend or public holidays, finding a vacant space in parking lot in
shorten time is difficult. 86% of drivers have a problem in finding a vacant parking
lot [3], 66% of visitors facing a problem to finding spaces during weekends or public
holidays can take more than 10 minutes. At peak hour shopping mall becomes
crowded, and difficulty in finding parking lot is a major problem for customers [4].
Insufficient parking spaces lead to traffic congestion and driver frustration [5].
The selection of detection technology is by referring the objective and scope
of the purpose. There are various types of detection discussed in this study, infra red,
ultrasonic, inductive loop detector, magnetometer, piezoelectric sensor, weigh in
motion sensor, microwave radar, image processing and vehicle license plate
recognition. Also the communication system between sensor modules and
monitoring system is how to transmit the data of sensor module to monitoring
system.
3
1.3
Objective
The objectives of this project are listed below:
i.
To design a parking system that will guide the drivers to vacant parking lots.
ii.
To design graphic user interface (GUI) for monitoring system.
iii.
To design a parking system that capable to determine parking availability.
1.4
Scope of Work
The scope of this project will focus on the following areas:
i.
To understand and learn the suitable sensor that will be use in the parking
system.
ii.
To understand and apply to transfer data by using wireless communication
system using Zigbee.
iii.
To design the graphic user interface (GUI) by using Visual Basic Studio for
monitoring system of the parking system.
4
1.5
Chapter Structure
This report have a 5 chapters consists of the introduction, literature review,
methodology, result, and discussion and the last chapter is conclusion and
recommendation.
The first chapter of this thesis is about an introduction of the project. It
explains the objectives and problem statement of this project in detail. The scope of
work for this project also discusses in this chapter.
The second chapter will discussed about the literature review of this project.
Gaining a knowledge and learn a method how to develop a smart parking system.
The third chapter focuses on the project methodologies. It explains the
method for develop this project such as designing a circuit, selecting a component
and workflow of this project.
The forth chapter discusses about the result of this project. It explains all the
results obtained, system operation, implementation of hardware and software for this
project.
The last chapter for this thesis is about conclusion and future work for this
project. This project was fully functional and tested as expected. The new ideas for
improving this system already explain in the future work part.
5
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This chapter reviews some information from previous project, journals,
articles, books and datasheets. In order to develop a Smart Parking System that will
demonstrate the objectives of the project, from the different sources such as library,
internet, product manual and etc these information were collected to overcome the
objective of this project.
2.2
Type of Sensor Technologies
There are a various detection technologies that being used in a parking
system. Each sensor determines the function to detect an object and have advantage
and disadvantage for using the technology to apply in parking system.
6
2.2.1 Passive Infrared Sensor
Passive infrared sensors measured the changes in the energy emitted by
vehicle and the roads for identify the occupancy status of a parking space [6]. The
sensitivity of the sensor is reduced in snow, heavy rain and fog, the sensors are able
to be implemented in a multilane environment to measure vehicle speed. And also
certain models are not recommended for presence detection.
Figure 2.1: Passive Infrared Sensor
2.2.2 Active Infrared Sensor
The emitting infrared energy and detecting the amount of energy reflected an
active infrared sensor will detects the vehicles [6]. The active infrared sensors are
used to measure of vehicle position, class and speed, multiple beams are measured
and transmitted from the sensor. This sensor is sensitive about environmental
conditions.
7
Figure 2.2: Active Infrared Sensor
2.2.3 Inductive Loop Detectors
A wire loop of various sizes is called an Inductive Loop Detectors, this sensor
using frequencies range from 10 to 50 kHz to send a signal [6]. The oscillation
frequency of the inductive loop is directly controlled by the inductance of the loop
which changes with vehicle presence.
Figure 2.3: Inductive Loop Detectors
8
2.2.4 Magnetometer
There are two type of magnetometer which is flux gate magnetometer and
search coil magnetometer [6]. The search coil magnetometer are insensitive and are
intrusive sensors, meanwhile the flux gate magnetometers are insensitive to weather
conditions, proximity is required for accurate detection.
2.2.5 Anistropic Magnetoresistance Sensors
These sensors are simply energized by providing a constant current:
Anistropic Magnetoresistance Sensors (AMR), Giant Magnetoresistance Sensors
(GMR), magnetic Tunnel Junction Sensors, Extraordinary Magnetoresistance and
Ballistic Magnetoresistance. In their research the AMR sensor is for detect a vehicle
and its sensitivity to position and orientation has noted.
2.2.6 Piezoelectric Sensor
When the specially processed material is subjected to vibration or mechanical
impact this sensor will convert kinetic energy to electrical energy [6]. It gives more
accurate and it needs multiple detectors. It is very sensitive to high temperature and
stress.
9
Figure 2.4: Piezoelectric Sensor.
2.2.7 Pneumatic Road Tube
When air pressure created, and closes a switch, and then produces the signal
when the vehicles pass over the vehicle will be detected [6]. It is temperature
sensitive and sometimes in accuracy, and it is easy to maintain and implement.
2.2.8 Weight-in-motion Sensor
This sensor is useful to highway planner, designers and law enforcement
agencies that will detect with their weight of the vehicle [6]. Piezoelectric, load cell,
bending plate and capacitance mat are the four technologies are used in this sensor.
SMART PARKING SYSTEM USING WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
MOHD FAREEZ BIN MOHD AFIF
This report is submitted in particular fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication) with Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
JUN 2013
ii
iii
iv
v
Specially Dedicates
To my beloved parents, family and all my friends
Not forgetting the supervisor who has the support,
assistance and suggestions
in completing this project.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praised be to Allah for his blessings and giving us the strength. I would like to
express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to
complete this report.
Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial
role of the staff of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, who gave the permission to use
all required equipment and the necessary material to complete the task Smart Parking
System Using Wireless Connectivity . And thanks to all my class mate member of 4
BENW students for helping to complete this report.
Last but not least, many thanks go to my supervisor of this project, Mr. Hamzah
Asyrani Bin Sulaiman who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance,
support and guidance in achieving the goal.
vii
ABSTRACT
With the increase in vehicle production and world population, more and more
parking spaces and facilities are required. In this paper a new parking system called
Smart Parking System is proposed to assist drivers to find vacant spaces in a car park in
a shorter time. IR sensors are used to detect either car park occupy or not. Different
detection technologies are reviewed and compared to determine the best technology for
developing smart parking system. Features of Smart Parking System include vacant
parking detection, display of available parking spaces, and directional indicators toward
vacant parking spaces through the use of specific LEDs. The technologies for
communication system that used in the Smart Parking System also have been discussed
in this paper.
viii
ABSTRAK
Dengan peningkatan dalam pengeluaran kenderaan dan penduduk dunia, tempat
letak kereta dan kemudahan yang lebih diperlukan. Dalam kertas kerja ini sistem letak
kereta baru yang dipanggil Smart Parking System dicadangkan untuk membantu
pemandu untuk mencari ruang kosong di tempat letak kereta dalam masa yang singkat.
Sensor Infrared digunakan untuk mengesan sama ada tempat letak kereta menduduki
atau tidak. Teknologi pengesanan yang berbeza dikaji dan dibandingkan untuk
menentukan teknologi yang terbaik untuk membangunkan sistem letak kereta pintar.
Ciri-ciri Sistem Parking Pintar termasuk pengesanan kosong tempat letak kereta,
paparan tempat letak kereta yang ada, dan penunjuk arah ke arah tempat letak kereta
yang kosong melalui penggunaan LED tertentu. Teknologi untuk sistem komunikasi
yang digunakan dalam Sistem Parking Pintar juga telah dibincangkan dalam kertas ini.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
II
TITLE
PAGES
TITLE PAGE
i
DECLARATION
iii
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ix
LIST OF TABLE
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Background
2
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of Work
3
1.5
Chapter Structure
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
5
Introduction
x
2.2
III
Type of Sensor Selection
5
2.2.1
Passive Infrared Sensor
6
2.2.2
Active Infrared Sensor
6
2.2.3
Inductive Loop Detector
7
2.2.4
Magnetometer
8
2.2.5
Anistropic Magnetoresistance Sensor
8
2.2.6
Piezoelectric Sensor
8
2.2.7
Pneumatic Road Tube
9
2.2.8
Weight-in-motion Sensor
9
2.2.9
Microwave Radar
10
2.2.10 Ultrasonic Sensor
11
2.2.11 Image Processing
11
2.2.12 Vehicle License Plate Recognition
11
2.3
PIC Microcontroller
12
2.4
Selection of Wireless Communication Device
15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
16
3.1
Introduction
16
3.2
Research Procedure
16
3.3
Analysis Circuit
18
3.3.1
PIC Microcontroller (16F877A)
18
3.3.2
Voltage Regulator Unit
21
3.3.3
IR Sensor
22
3.3.4
Interface LCD (2x16 Characters)
22
3.3.5
Electronic Component
24
3.3.5.1 Resistors
24
3.3.5.2 Capacitors
25
LM324
26
3.3.6
xi
IV
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
28
4.1
Introduction
28
4.2
Software Implementation
29
4.2.1
29
4.3
4.4
V
Visual Basic Studio
Hardware Implementation
34
4.3.1
Designing Circuit
34
4.3.2
Xbee Pro Setting
35
System Operation
39
4.4.1
Left Detection
41
4.4.2
Right Detection
44
CONCLUSION
48
5.1
Conclusion
48
5.2
Future Work
49
REFERENCES
50
APPENDIX A
51
APPENDIX B
56
xii
LIST OF TABLE
NO.
TITLE
PAGES
Table 2.1
Comparison between Zigbee and Bluetooth
15
Table 3.1
LCD Connection Pin
23
Table 3.2
Resistor color code
25
Table 3.3
Pin Description LM324
27
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
NO.
TITLE
PAGES
Figure 2.1
Passive Infrared Sensor
6
Figure 2.2
Active Infrared Sensor
7
Figure 2.3
Inductive Loop Detectors
7
Figure 2.4
Piezoelectric Sensor
9
Figure 2.5
Weight-in-motion Sensor
10
Figure 2.6
Microwave Radar
10
Figure 2.7
Ultrasonic Sensor
11
Figure 2.8
Vehicle License Plate Recognition
12
Figure 2.9
PIC Microcontroller
13
Figure 2.10
Overall Overview using PIC
13
Figure 2.11
Programming Software
14
Figure 2.12
Download Programmer
14
Figure 3.1
Flowchart of Project
17
Figure 3.2
Pin Description
19
Figure 3.3
Voltage Regulator
21
Figure 3.4
Model of the parking system
22
Figure 3.5
Interfac LCD
22
Figure 3.6
Example of Resistor
24
Figure 3.7
Example of Capacitor
25
Figure 3.8
Pin Diagram LM324
26
Figure 4.1
COM Port Selection
29
xiv
Figure 4.2
COM Port Connected
30
Figure 4.3
COM Port Disconnected
30
Figure 4.4
Software Monitoring System Flowchart
31
Figure 4.5
Detection Unit Flowchart
32
Figure 4.6
Parking System Flowchart
33
Figure 4.7
Overall Circuit
34
Figure 4.8
PCB Layout
35
Figure 4.9
COM Port Test
36
Figure 4.10
Modem Configuration
37
Figure 4.11
Configuration of Both Modules
38
Figure 4.12
Transmit and Receive Test
39
Figure 4.13
Xbee Startup
40
Figure 4.14
COM Port Selecting
40
Figure 4.15
System Connected
41
Figure 4.16
LEFT 1 Detection
41
Figure 4.17
LEFT 2 Detection
42
Figure 4.18
LEFT 1 Monitoring System
42
Figure 4.19
LEFT 2 Monitoring System
43
Figure 4.20
Display LEFT status FULL
43
Figure 4.21
LEFT Side Detection
44
Figure 4.22
RIGHT 1 Detection
45
Figure 4.23
RIGHT 2 Detection
45
Figure 4.24
RIGHT 1 Monitoring System
46
Figure 4.25
RIGHT 2 Monitoring System
46
Figure 4.26
Display RIGHT status FULL
47
Figure 4.27
RIGHT Side Detection
47
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
GUI
-
Graphical User Interface
PIC
-
Programmable Interface Controller
IC
-
Integrated Circuit
LED
-
Light Emitting Diode
MCLR
-
Master Clear Reset
IR
-
Infrared
LCD
-
Liquid Crystal Display
PCB
-
Printed Circuit Board
UART
-
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
USART
-
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter
USB
-
Universal Serial Bus
VB
-
Visual Basic
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Attractive place for locals and tourists to shop is in the shopping mall, it
became the focal point of a town that has a modern shopping center and also
provides a variety of services, where it became the attracted place to come. Many
shop owners prefer to locate their business in the shopping mall to increase revenue
and get more customers. They are two important factors of human life which is time
and cost, either to individuals or businesses. As the quality of life is increases, many
people inhabiting cities and urban life requires centralized utilities [1].
Recently, shopping mall has started providing a lot of services not just a place
that only has pure selling and buying. Customers can use cinemas, food court, post
offices, banking services, children play areas and much more. For example, windowshopping or visiting to shopping mall in Malaysia just to find and not to buy, is a
common activity. Development of shopping malls has influenced shopping culture
and behavior [2].
2
The main issue in developing shopping mall is providing sufficient parking
for a customer. A sufficient number of parking spaces and paying attention to
handicapped driver with offering safe and secure parking lots are a few of the factors
which can attract and increase customer loyalty to visit a shopping mall frequently.
There are various types of parking lots such as roadside, roadside with ticket, barrier
gate and multilevel parking. The most preferred by patrons is the multilevel parking
lot [3]. The main factors that customer choose a specific parking lot is weather
conditions, safety, proximity and car park fees respectively.
The objectives of this purpose are to identify the difficulty drivers to parking
their vehicles at shopping mall, propose a solution to solve the problems and outline
a Smart Parking System architecture design.
1.2
Problem Background
On weekend or public holidays, finding a vacant space in parking lot in
shorten time is difficult. 86% of drivers have a problem in finding a vacant parking
lot [3], 66% of visitors facing a problem to finding spaces during weekends or public
holidays can take more than 10 minutes. At peak hour shopping mall becomes
crowded, and difficulty in finding parking lot is a major problem for customers [4].
Insufficient parking spaces lead to traffic congestion and driver frustration [5].
The selection of detection technology is by referring the objective and scope
of the purpose. There are various types of detection discussed in this study, infra red,
ultrasonic, inductive loop detector, magnetometer, piezoelectric sensor, weigh in
motion sensor, microwave radar, image processing and vehicle license plate
recognition. Also the communication system between sensor modules and
monitoring system is how to transmit the data of sensor module to monitoring
system.
3
1.3
Objective
The objectives of this project are listed below:
i.
To design a parking system that will guide the drivers to vacant parking lots.
ii.
To design graphic user interface (GUI) for monitoring system.
iii.
To design a parking system that capable to determine parking availability.
1.4
Scope of Work
The scope of this project will focus on the following areas:
i.
To understand and learn the suitable sensor that will be use in the parking
system.
ii.
To understand and apply to transfer data by using wireless communication
system using Zigbee.
iii.
To design the graphic user interface (GUI) by using Visual Basic Studio for
monitoring system of the parking system.
4
1.5
Chapter Structure
This report have a 5 chapters consists of the introduction, literature review,
methodology, result, and discussion and the last chapter is conclusion and
recommendation.
The first chapter of this thesis is about an introduction of the project. It
explains the objectives and problem statement of this project in detail. The scope of
work for this project also discusses in this chapter.
The second chapter will discussed about the literature review of this project.
Gaining a knowledge and learn a method how to develop a smart parking system.
The third chapter focuses on the project methodologies. It explains the
method for develop this project such as designing a circuit, selecting a component
and workflow of this project.
The forth chapter discusses about the result of this project. It explains all the
results obtained, system operation, implementation of hardware and software for this
project.
The last chapter for this thesis is about conclusion and future work for this
project. This project was fully functional and tested as expected. The new ideas for
improving this system already explain in the future work part.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This chapter reviews some information from previous project, journals,
articles, books and datasheets. In order to develop a Smart Parking System that will
demonstrate the objectives of the project, from the different sources such as library,
internet, product manual and etc these information were collected to overcome the
objective of this project.
2.2
Type of Sensor Technologies
There are a various detection technologies that being used in a parking
system. Each sensor determines the function to detect an object and have advantage
and disadvantage for using the technology to apply in parking system.
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2.2.1 Passive Infrared Sensor
Passive infrared sensors measured the changes in the energy emitted by
vehicle and the roads for identify the occupancy status of a parking space [6]. The
sensitivity of the sensor is reduced in snow, heavy rain and fog, the sensors are able
to be implemented in a multilane environment to measure vehicle speed. And also
certain models are not recommended for presence detection.
Figure 2.1: Passive Infrared Sensor
2.2.2 Active Infrared Sensor
The emitting infrared energy and detecting the amount of energy reflected an
active infrared sensor will detects the vehicles [6]. The active infrared sensors are
used to measure of vehicle position, class and speed, multiple beams are measured
and transmitted from the sensor. This sensor is sensitive about environmental
conditions.
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Figure 2.2: Active Infrared Sensor
2.2.3 Inductive Loop Detectors
A wire loop of various sizes is called an Inductive Loop Detectors, this sensor
using frequencies range from 10 to 50 kHz to send a signal [6]. The oscillation
frequency of the inductive loop is directly controlled by the inductance of the loop
which changes with vehicle presence.
Figure 2.3: Inductive Loop Detectors
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2.2.4 Magnetometer
There are two type of magnetometer which is flux gate magnetometer and
search coil magnetometer [6]. The search coil magnetometer are insensitive and are
intrusive sensors, meanwhile the flux gate magnetometers are insensitive to weather
conditions, proximity is required for accurate detection.
2.2.5 Anistropic Magnetoresistance Sensors
These sensors are simply energized by providing a constant current:
Anistropic Magnetoresistance Sensors (AMR), Giant Magnetoresistance Sensors
(GMR), magnetic Tunnel Junction Sensors, Extraordinary Magnetoresistance and
Ballistic Magnetoresistance. In their research the AMR sensor is for detect a vehicle
and its sensitivity to position and orientation has noted.
2.2.6 Piezoelectric Sensor
When the specially processed material is subjected to vibration or mechanical
impact this sensor will convert kinetic energy to electrical energy [6]. It gives more
accurate and it needs multiple detectors. It is very sensitive to high temperature and
stress.
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Figure 2.4: Piezoelectric Sensor.
2.2.7 Pneumatic Road Tube
When air pressure created, and closes a switch, and then produces the signal
when the vehicles pass over the vehicle will be detected [6]. It is temperature
sensitive and sometimes in accuracy, and it is easy to maintain and implement.
2.2.8 Weight-in-motion Sensor
This sensor is useful to highway planner, designers and law enforcement
agencies that will detect with their weight of the vehicle [6]. Piezoelectric, load cell,
bending plate and capacitance mat are the four technologies are used in this sensor.