The Development of Plantation in Jember during the late Colonial Period, 1859-1942
ilxJt[[ ltilfi
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PI-ANTAIIONS INJEMBER
DURING THE LATE COLONIAL
PERTOD 1859-1942
Nawiyanto
Lembah llanah
2008
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PLANTATIONS IN JEMBER
DURING THE LATE COLONIAL
PERTOD 185+1942
N:iiom
Li6rary of lndonesia
C:troging
n
CONTENTS
Publietion Data
D(ingthe Late Colonial
Pe.iod 135q lq42lNawiyanto Yo*akarta: Lnbah Maiah
The Developmeniol Plantalions in lember
Giant tobaM tree {C Vemeer, ,(ort
Oprnhring, B6t an and Redtijt d.r
'Ord OJer6$, Deventcr, rS09)
IISTOFTABLE5
@ 200!
ISBN : 97&6lD 3794 :143
1.2
Obj(tiws.....
I
SpatDl aid Tempora Setinss
3
1.4
LE[rBAH MANAH, Yosyakarta
D6un Ke6 Rt 6/No r (p.jok)
Tntonnnob, Kasihan, Bann'1, DIY
Ieh/Fax : \0274) 412 620
E m:it: tembah manrh64@yahoo coo
1
Hinorioszphy..
5Thoretiel Framemrk.............
1 6 sotrrc€
...
..
..6
............ .......
9
MrreiaG
Fl6t tuinting Otlober 2008
2.2
Xanisn's Printins,
Yosyiti r
16
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rrr rrrxrr;'r'r r,r r.^'r'r r,,,' ,,NrnL
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CHAPTER III
THE EMERGENCE OF THE WESTERN PLANTATIONS
1Bs9
- 1900
3.1 The Rise of Tobacco
Plantation..
.....33
Land
3.3 Problem of Labour
3.4 The lmprovement of Infrastructure
3.5 The lmpact of Plantations..............
3.2 Problem of
...........47
PREEACE
........43
....................47
...................53
CHAPTER IV
BOOM AND BUST OF THE PLANTATIONS
Further Development of Tobacco
19OO
- L942,.............59
Pla
ntations....................... 59
4.2The Rise of Rubber Plantations
.......70
4. 1
4.3 The Establishment of Besoekish Proefstation .......,...
...
his book is developed from a 1996 research project financed
"........7 6
lndustry
..............77
4.5 The Problem of Labour
...................83
4.6 lmprovement of lnfrastructure..............
.........87
4.7 The lmpacts of Western Plantations
......,.."........93
by The Committee on Summer Course in lndonesian Modern
4.4 The Rise of Sugar
held in Yogyakarta on July 3-29, 1995. The program was jointly organized
by the Department
of History Gadjah Mada University in cooperation
with the Leiden University. Minor improvement has been to the earlier
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION. ..
B|BL|OGRAPHY.... ..
Economic History. ljoined the first course program, which was
.
.
101
.. .10s
version of the manuscript.
lt
is expected
that the book could enrich our
understanding to the socio-economic history of Jember in particular and
Besuki residency in general.
I
grant
would like to thank to The Committee for providing me a research
to
investigate the history
of plantations in Jember. My
spe-
cial thanks go to a number of individuals: Dr. J. Thomas Lindblad of
the Leiden University, the Netherlands who helped me in many ways,
including research skills and improving my English. Dr. Vincent J.H.
Hauben, also from the Leiden University, taught and provided me with
valuable materials during the course. I also express my deep thanks to Dr.
Bambang Purwanto of the Gadjah Mada University for the opportunities
to join the course and for giving me generous financial support to do
research and to translate an lndonesian economic history text book. My
F
V
a
sntituh rrs sob
Dr.;
id Henleyorthe K|TLV(Lenen)ror herpins
lotsduitrg mv resea'ch ar the AEip N:sion, Reptrblik lndonesi:
(ANRI).lakrrtr and forhGcommenbon the repot dEft. l ako thank
ro Dl. rh"" Kii, wic. ro. hn vruabh (on nera dJiig rhe 5.miu
pr*niation of the rearch rcpon.
l!hank mycolleagues: Dc. rU.H. Sutrdorc, lhethen DeaiofFaculty
of Letes, lembe' UiiveBity giving me, sronE suppofr ro pafri.ip:te
in v:rious aGdemic adiviti6. My sEtnude also s.es to D6. Di$n
Molyad MSi thelormersecrei,ryolHidory D€partmeni, DB Sudro,
5.U., the forms chiefof Hinory Depanmeni Herc lam ako srrrcrrlto
D6 EdvBufi:i ArifinS.U a lowina meto.onstrlt hispereon:lar.hival
coledlon. lal$ thank to D6. Bamb:is Samsu BJdry.nro, M.5 for
hk helps. lhave ale b@n suppoted by Drs lC (istrrdi M ll,nn DB.
DewiSalindn and DE. Siti Sumardiaii, M Hum MysRtindcasoso6
*:ffoftheAEipNasiona Republikhdonesi.aMHi.ksColle ion,LlPl
me a
itr
labna lw:itbdedi.:teihis
my daughter, Nlna
bookto mywlfe, WcDy PtrdyJdtrti:nd
T.br..o Produ.iiof,of
rea
u
olland
Conposition of Tolracco Prodtrdion
Saekokeno
TobaccoProductionolthelardbotw
,'',,', '',,,,
ll'oI
rl'rt
rho
b.ok could make a v,lu:6le contibution to ilm nDdcrsr trhtra of the
Tob:..o tuodrcuon
.
39
1933
al the Landb@w Maa&h2ppij
Adjohe,!92t-t934 .... ....
Rctrk ADy.tro6:nd
shod.ominss in this book:reallmyown rcspoiibiliry
NV LMOD Jember.1359 1900
ertob:c.oin lem6er 1930
MutiaE Calvaryni.
A proved says: 'Ti3da Gdins Yans T:k
{onomic hinory of
LIST OF TABLES
........... .. ..... .64
Maarschappij Soekokerto Adjans,
'',,, ,..,,.''..,.''. ',.''..
65
of B6uki Plantations. 1900 1933
Jember
The Rrbber P'odu.iion of ih€ Besuki
Poptr ation
Pl3d:iion
DensityofIember 1920 and
Ltd. 1923'1936
1930..
Ri.e ProdD.iion in the Dinnds ofJembe' 1930
Oier lmpotuvb P:n:rukanSea Pot 1931-
1932..
1937
94
....
95
91
i
LIST OF PLATES
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
Bedadunciver
eGii Puee. .
Toba-oFieldinlenrher......
I
Atrlmaldrawn
...
...40
Worl€E of tob,ao drying
lembd
lember BondomscPaiarutGn Rairrcrd
.
Pa@r!kan5e.pot.................
TobacoFieldinlemher....
Oren-drawn
cafrsli:isportlnst br.coin
51
.52
53
62
Goen@nssrisusar mlll in Jember.. ..
Fenaerolke6of thetoba..ophntationsi',
RiverDadofKaliKaj,r...
M€w:i R:il,o:d
...
1.1 Background
ol
the study
20" centu es in
a piciurc is siven for
Some scholare have olten depicted rhe 19,\ and
tndonsian history 3s 3 penod of .hrnse
srh
elrmpe by wetheim Soehadjan, Kuntowijqo, Suh tono.I
icn,lxr
34
.AA
n
ai influenii:l work
hv Kartodirdio fo.using on
ro!nd I
A.6rdinglo
:
Even
difiereni rheme,
,
chaig6 BUhed
from the iiiens fi.rtion o{we*e .flrcn.es rTheinfruen.es perctrrred
ilo the lndonen3n socieiy th.oush ihe esbhlishmant ot pbntriion
sinilardepiction is ale
Btrrger, the
emerpi$s A..odins to Houbetr, lhe inrlrence grew not only rhro(gh
fornalchainek bul.s6iiformal.hainels. atrd evenihehtteroneswerc
f:r more importatrl than lhe former oies I
blei n f,Jn:nrli:i:nd
Bondowoso ,1934 'l
J^htionspr.yed.i npofrant
ro€ n nimuL:tnsth€eme,sen.eof cihere.onom.:dvit6lnlvhL.h
d ffc,c srctrps ol aopc w.rc invo ved Thc indsenous peope sot
ivorv!d n irE open ns ofsrr s whi.hprovrdeddtriyi{esiress!.hrs
crnomersoons:id food*uf6 \4h h the Ch nea p aycd an nrpofr:nt
roe in rerhs.nd nierhediry fiide ln addnioi, i ihe cow hlkns
busncs boih the lvstener and Ch ne* were advelv nvove{ The
iidgeno's p€ope ako took a pat i" d's busie$ ad,ol8h $i e$
signlfc:rt i Iq3B Resdeni Romondt repot€d ihrttherclvere 10 cow
nlkiissin Jember 5pe.ifi.rly5ownedbyw6ierner 4ownenbyChinese
n0
CONCLUSION
:nd onlyoieowned by iidiseious peophr!l
Thc.*ab shmcrtofp anhtionsa son mu atedioihedeve opmert
of smJ s.: e husne$ EiJn,plesrhJt.orld be mentorcd here:'e rcof
tie ndLnry bri.k indrnry im*tone nd6ry and we,n. The* sma
h:ve demoindtd the dev.opm€nt of
prit:iioasin lemberdorinsllre are.olsfi: pe,od Sevtrr .onc!!sotr!
phni:1otrs. The
dcmandfor mBioncrosesgnf.:rtysncethes.ab shmeniof sugr
idrn,y in lember The deveopmeii of the+ qn:rs.:re indrnies
h:J shifred Ed c: ly thc rcson or.lember Durng thre€ dc.ads unrler
thc .ukvJrioi sy{em the nvovement of lenrbe, .corcmy 1?ih the
pc,h:6.or dbe*en:sse.on&ryb:ckw:rdrnk:gesof p:rt:nois The
m: i b:.kw}d lin[:sas of p:trr]1.i:sftr lLre eire,pris.s i lember
y
were the enablshment ol ec: overhed Gpib fa.liiics o ii.!
ruilrcrds.id niqat oi tuc lties
Tr'e prc.ed
is .h:pt.E
"'t.'
'1r' 'oJlprcdom
i:itlyerbsiskn.c
typewrss
n
n:nrc. Evcnrhoush ir bes:i
ro.hrnse wth thc rtrodrcton ofthea:Eru,.offeectrtvaion. t,t
Ee4.rcap.ciry,rssrll sm:l ln:ddtion rhhzroce$:l$pro.eeded
sowy The p:.e of.Dnse on y b
of ih€plv ctob..cophrt:totrs wh.hw.rcsrbsequertlyfolowedlry
tubbfl:idsrs:rpl:t ons Thedeveophetrror.onmer.: panhiions
:nslormed lemberlrom
r e$
m
3 eadinsceile,of rhe:sricrtrclexpod iB6!kiresd€n.y
Tre opeEt on or pLantariois requnes hnd :nd lab.r,. To n, r I
the rcqr rcmeil ol rnds, the w€srern prntE6 leased aids rrom rhe
oclpo'rts/ftrrm.G ln the &sii is d'e esd rndsvrercdryfieds
(i.pr/,n) The decrcrsiia p,odu.tviiy of dry ird to erse wer :iss
,D-
rcq n Ei.i olp:tri otr::ook ph.. t rc rdot .r,t5
iicrca{d Lis s r[r d] p r.hel them to look tor :rcdEr :tL.hdiv. in
oblr i trg Jnds. From rhe sovenien l[ey lero granred : irn]b4 ol
:nds ersed otrrie btrs sor.,lpr.h.,c/r.s
ReEidinsthc :bom prcb en n,ec.*orlsf bershowstr sin rr ly
\rd, th:i or E:n srnrat.E Lrbour !y:s i.arce i lemb be.:rr itr!
regon r[sni sp:E.y )optrared Thu.fore rhe reqr re'naiof hborr
:rolc6 to'n orside espe.a y MaduE Plt
of thc workeE wrs:ho rccr! ted from th. dlisey p.prt ed l!ft ot
cenrtr rtrd E:n i:vr I he diors were mrde for bw aqq r!5qE
Fi6r th. need.r rborrcBon p iihr onsccni ru.d ro if.r.6e 5e.ond
iherc wrs ,so : shift ol phrt:toi :rai arcnr .lry fieds to wet lied5
Grwrl' rhe rectr tmml of p:nr:toi wo*eE hisf.rmcd lenber
r.gio, 1o tr more d.nscypoptr ed rre:
Evcntrr y ihe poD! aiion of icmbtr sootr b!.]ire rrre a4en onc ii
Howevtr, whur I
.-,.it
,. d \ c"roo,
.,
rom i diff.rcnt
erhiic bi.ksrornds M:duresa l;vir*e Usins.E Chire+ EtrrcpeJis
Jnd::ewothns Wththcdcvetopmerft orD:fhtofs lcmberforned:
trtr, rip. crhn. o. {y wri.rr pbv dc: fcrti. :r. D ror doiiJ r.+:J, oi
oflcnber rhahNonDopr ioi .ois
ned
.r
peop e
Th. rertoishp herwen Danbron:$cunrc.id pei'rt
:sr.dnne i lemb sso preserted:i irerenhe ph.nomenon The
6t.b shmentofp:rft:lioi.sricr turel,thcnexpodmr[eloreitaion
did iot Je{by the persrnt espe.iity food prod!.tioi Tr.csrr.tyof
roods l?rs E re y reporad to havc happened
tE
developmert of p
:rt3io's
torhe regioi orlember Ev.n
wrs p:ru e w ih ihe ris
ns.:p:.
ry of
res.i $[s :h e to prodr.e :rse
qr:rtitics ofr.e:nd Lporld the srrpu$ to othcr p:.es The.rse
of l.mher.h: eiged thcvicur prt fonv:rd lorai.noe Lry l(:dodrdlo
iid srryo thrr wes:e,f philrl ois hid : dd n.ta mp:cl on food
rh€ reson ro prcduce foodnuff The
t
2l-
'Jdro tlDL tlt optr on ol Pifrrors lliibo
d d nor
d d not do Um :o lrie s'bqner.e:srnL tue T E p: t
'ons
cnd:ne.r ihe psenG lvhosc lve ri.od,ei!d oi:srnt rre otr the
.otEry,ihcprcdrcloiolfoodnuff erEren.edr.otrtn! rg n.rcise
or i:. ries
lirerriontothebich!.d irk:ses t,een:blhhiieitof prnEtons
.en,tinsnon, mprovem.rt in
n mr
trted a
irnLErol
ag
smal
i*:n.es br.k ndtrnry rooriie ndunry.
:id 1re it ndrnry These sel.d the nt?rcn of
rEnon€
'ndlnry
plr^lrl.is Nowcv.r : mo,c,ipod:rft €ximpe or hi.kw:d,Lrges
hr^d i',digenous prop c, ror
wrsd,cdcveoomd,rorso.r overheid.rph f:. riess!.has rg ion
sc:pod ,ord5 rtrd E rords Thci f:.llteswere r irn(l mproved ro
nrpport the n.cd: or pr non; r v:s d{ereil ]rcm thc b:.kward
rhesbb sm€ntofpLnrr.'s i l.nb.,!vu.noiro owedby
.-'npls of fo^v:d rka!.s Thep:tnonshc,c !{prcd!.€dcw
w.,c .xDotcd t. nord mr*ei Th{e wis i3
i,dL{,y i l.mrc, u/h cr, p'od!.€d.et:ln soods u!iA rob:... rubrcr
orsus:,asirsiawmfie,rs A sood erdiDe.l foN:rd nks.5 wa.
nd,nry -h.h m ned toba..o 3s iE rw m erJl
tsut ihs ndtrnryh ediocncrs. nthe resoi of leinbe,
l.lo$,eve, n G obvious thil n,e esbblisrmert or p riEr oE nrd.
lnkrsc5
f hmb.,(,owins Thc
r.io, (e
cd
3eiotr! peope:nd immisrrnb r'o'. other
i, theerGtn.eor.bo eE'J sedthc
demannrord: yie.estcsn.hasclnone,soods:ndrood$trrrs Ths
.re ed : .ond6 ve. hite ld the emerscn.e or *: l! \th dr prov{ed
rob
opp.trrires forthc
nd
:bourersdi lvie.esr!s Treinvovemetrtol id senou5peoph I thn
iciiv !y w3s siEr fi.ant ex.ept i .ow mi k ns brsiness Arhorsrthc
nd seiors peop e: so p ti.ipned the niirr ro.wrsrtthc llnxls ol
_
{,1,,
irh impofradto nd€ h€rerhattheesEblishmentof pantaiiois
in Jemb.rwasableto$imuleth€adiv. ihrclvemedof the indisenous
Finally,
*pot
prcductid. Th€ phenmenon was clea y een in the
.aseottoba@, but norintheca*of tubberorsusarpanbrions Bestd€
people in
the pantation tob3c.o, the smalholder toba.@, which w6 plant.d on
the ininatiGof the peasnts, had a panmount position in lember The
widespreadof thenallholdertob.cco pavedthewryforthsoperarion
BIBLIOGRAPI:T
ol
tobaeo dealeE (oprtupd runninstohacco busine$ without dew opins
then Nn plantltions, Their adivhies fr.quedly b&am a caR of the
+ d mp.iition aith tha plantere. The eneqence
dslinss
of tob.c@ l€res
sg
.s sidd eff.cb of the ftrict
compd iion, rather than forfl ot $cial pbt€sts.
and sheds bumings @ud b€
.Algses
Verelas van de Reddotie Bd*ki, 1323, 1332,
1336,1337 136r, 1370, 1332, 1603, 1336, Ua7, 1333, 1390.
1391"
.Memo vanOreE!revan&nResid€ntvanBeckiE.M.Van
den BeAvan Heinenord, 190?'.
"lvemoie
En ovrgale
ven den Reident v.n
Bseki,
J.
'Mcmorie van OveGave van den R6idenr van B€e.ki FL
Beski,
''Memorie v:n olargave van den Resided van
''Memorie lan Owlgpw van
dd
Resident van
26
Beeki, I
P
.Nlemne En Owlgare van den Resident van B.soekidd
Pr@in.ie OodjaE owr het Jaar 192&1931
,Memoie van Oversave van d.n Resident van Beso€k, H.A.
'Memo
e
van overs.ve der Residsde (Afdeelins)
t0t
BondoMe
ANR
Memore
€n Oveq.vc
van
dei Rsdeft
aHrl
van Besoek
t926/1e271e34:1935
Mc'nore v:i ovssavev:i dar R6denrv:n tsesoeki
Romondr 19151913'
vir
ANR
opr.hinc v:i eei Su kcronCerneming in dc Bon{oroldo oo$
T:iCg r oon ei Keilloisoon
ANRI 'Ovtrz .],*.rtr dcr Bev,oe iglB.b.den ndeVtiltev:nZW
Dremb0 ZO Loanai.rnc
aNRr. Probornsco Bezoekiei Srnjo.wrtrs 1367
ANRI. Ser*ekvan l3v:. Resdor. Besce[.1320
K,rod rdro. Srrtono
(ed
)
rinu dJ rrtrr,
ll.
1336 ]361
Menon Senh hbn te2l
Ke.:rran l3t:r: ANR| rq73
$3a
Private and Offi.ial Publicarions
anonim Suftenvandevereeni!rcBEoekishpr.ekbnoi,
Anon
Jawa
m
Notrrai dnAcc.mene Vers:derinsCehordei
kmh*
oo Dofdcrdag
Drc2tac Repart 3nd Srrtehert ai A..otnts Th-" B.]*ki Ljtlicd
Pb,t,iions 1923 1s36
Dutch Tob:..o P:iE6 wand Tabxia conErcs An4ertt2h1 195):
Rdpart an Tahr..a CukiBtiaD )n tu./one.i, Amnerdrn,
i
p
1951.
otornder
T
B.soek
rh
Proefitri on i::rue6rE 1912,
Reqeeitgn Alndtrk hat 1333 Wcltev/edar: Landsdruk[4i]
Reqeerran AlnaEk
Staatbbd
nat
1929 \N. ievreden Lifdsdrukkcrl
r2n
Nedenrr.t+tndte
Landsdtukkerij,l335
avet het tr2t 1334. Barzu.:
Stz3tbta.l Er Nedenrnd.Jndi
LaMsdtukker, 1929
Srnatet r en l2e Tabak Sc.nE.h Av-qzicht ap H .tels er Finanoeel
rLbl€d ,llrlgars l9.Jd A'naerdirr Deni env:iderBregeei
Ardrrh,Tillik sqrrl, Lok,/C; hd.tesl: Yosyakana C:dFh Mrd:
Lri vaEity Pr.s 1935
A ef, C C :nd Ardrcy Doii thon. we*€tr Enrerytise ir tt\t.resz
a,./ Malayr NevrYork: TheMr.m llsn ComP:ry 1957
Anke6mt F R Rereksi sqrfah P€rtlrptt Pandrpxt M.,1en tentarg
Frrs,6. Sq,.rh Lki,$: Pl Crim.da,1937
E., lrbelcr h over d€ bbak A.o.lruG ArvIMOD l909
Aionim Mnedelirsen !n Bcreiei r^rl, i a'wesse Gjrg (1363).
An nin ]t-"bitkerEzn Pel.etir:h Htrdia Behdr D2l3n Bi.tanE
Eiono,x l:k3d. K TLV.ri LlPl lg73
Anon
A,li
i'
EdyBLrhai 'EnEsH'j:u d le'niFr Ae !n Pe rnbrh:rd:n
PcnS.nihny: dram Keli dup:i Sosia Eltotrom M:sv:ckrt
1360 lsso Lsis Yosyrkrfrr Fak! lrs P:(: sarriir
r,',iveEhscrjah M:dtr. rese
Aho!@d dro Shniet Prr@d Veuetiikln.te Ad rc.hftetijke Strd)e
Rr O\tj2v2se lladaete4r e,
St,do,:e,dtrk[{] Po.
Badrlya
Oc5nrsd^: An*.rdrm
Pers. 1952
SaiEr 'Adu:n Sapi AitD TEdis din l!dl"
au,er,n sas& r'01/l! i(1939)
o
&nrbanE
B:mbrnsPunvinlo LndrnriPc.amh:isrtrM nFkd SunrienB:cin
Se:b, p:d, Akhn ab:d XX dan a: Abr XX Pro.r
p,e*nted n se'ni'D, Sei:ch Ehoio'ni hed n Yosy:bt:
B:,ow Co iaidlohnDDbbe
Fene, ii3h Can
rd!+r
Krrei Y:ns
llrfc! d lidoncsad:i M::y!:1900 3940, iAnieBoo:h
wr :m I o Ma ey Atrn Wedemam Gds) setzlah Ekorann
,,ro,esi: Lksrr: Y:yJni Obo,lnd!iesi: 1qB0
Beek.,.P Fdsn,etetr€enerResoverltrvs RcGdoor0onetlkl:v:
rN, Meededce
11(13a9)
----{,,L
Baete,
)H
E.anonics and Ecohonic Patky ol DLtl Sa.i.tics 2s
Exenplified by lndone.ia. Ntu \orl: lntenrtionrl linitutc of
Bo.ke, J F. Pt2k2pirzlisne di Asia. lakarta:
S
nar Ha6patr, 1933.
Bos.h C l.A:ntekeninsen over de AldeLing BotrdMoso (Residentie
Bezeok ) IBC6(13s7).
Breman, Jan kolq P/:niers o, Kolaniale Palitiek. Doldtecht: Fotis,
1957
B,eman
l:n Th€civili,iion orR:citm"
ldankay
'
Bu$ins:
itr.lan Breimn (ed. ), /mper,a/
RaciatS\prenz.r in hruinist Theary and
ao,o,,,/Pr:.ra Am{e.d:m CASA 19qH.
Broe6ma, R aerelree,6ewen in Opkorst Amsteldam:
S.heltems
atrd Holhema, 1912.
Brset, D.H.
BurAer,
Petubahan Petubahan
Stuktut hhm Masyankar di
Jal, lekartr: Bhrab.: Karya Ak$6,1933
D H 5e,;r,1, Ekononis dah SGiotosis t.doresi..
Pdnj:panhla
Clemens,
Djak2nz:
1962.
I
Thonas Lindblad :id Jeroen Touwei. ahrrsin!:
Ecan@y in lntlonsia. Valune 12b: ReCionat Paien, Forcbn
Trzde 1911 t94A Anste'dan Roy, Tropica lnstiiute 1992
Adrlan
Laanen, lPmyuding) s.r'l,,
Statislik Ekanonj lndanesia )akafra: Yryasan Obor lndoneia,
Creutzbug, Piet€r Dan
LTH. van
J.P.
Cribb, Robed Dovelopmenl Policy in the Early 20h Ceiiury ,
'
Dnkse, F6ns H!iske', M Rriten {eds ). Development and
S.cial Welfate tndon6i2 s Expetience ndet the New O
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PI-ANTAIIONS INJEMBER
DURING THE LATE COLONIAL
PERTOD 1859-1942
Nawiyanto
Lembah llanah
2008
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PLANTATIONS IN JEMBER
DURING THE LATE COLONIAL
PERTOD 185+1942
N:iiom
Li6rary of lndonesia
C:troging
n
CONTENTS
Publietion Data
D(ingthe Late Colonial
Pe.iod 135q lq42lNawiyanto Yo*akarta: Lnbah Maiah
The Developmeniol Plantalions in lember
Giant tobaM tree {C Vemeer, ,(ort
Oprnhring, B6t an and Redtijt d.r
'Ord OJer6$, Deventcr, rS09)
IISTOFTABLE5
@ 200!
ISBN : 97&6lD 3794 :143
1.2
Obj(tiws.....
I
SpatDl aid Tempora Setinss
3
1.4
LE[rBAH MANAH, Yosyakarta
D6un Ke6 Rt 6/No r (p.jok)
Tntonnnob, Kasihan, Bann'1, DIY
Ieh/Fax : \0274) 412 620
E m:it: tembah manrh64@yahoo coo
1
Hinorioszphy..
5Thoretiel Framemrk.............
1 6 sotrrc€
...
..
..6
............ .......
9
MrreiaG
Fl6t tuinting Otlober 2008
2.2
Xanisn's Printins,
Yosyiti r
16
Illlfilllf,llllll
rrr rrrxrr;'r'r r,r r.^'r'r r,,,' ,,NrnL
liirrr.ir
irl,i, r.ri:r
CHAPTER III
THE EMERGENCE OF THE WESTERN PLANTATIONS
1Bs9
- 1900
3.1 The Rise of Tobacco
Plantation..
.....33
Land
3.3 Problem of Labour
3.4 The lmprovement of Infrastructure
3.5 The lmpact of Plantations..............
3.2 Problem of
...........47
PREEACE
........43
....................47
...................53
CHAPTER IV
BOOM AND BUST OF THE PLANTATIONS
Further Development of Tobacco
19OO
- L942,.............59
Pla
ntations....................... 59
4.2The Rise of Rubber Plantations
.......70
4. 1
4.3 The Establishment of Besoekish Proefstation .......,...
...
his book is developed from a 1996 research project financed
"........7 6
lndustry
..............77
4.5 The Problem of Labour
...................83
4.6 lmprovement of lnfrastructure..............
.........87
4.7 The lmpacts of Western Plantations
......,.."........93
by The Committee on Summer Course in lndonesian Modern
4.4 The Rise of Sugar
held in Yogyakarta on July 3-29, 1995. The program was jointly organized
by the Department
of History Gadjah Mada University in cooperation
with the Leiden University. Minor improvement has been to the earlier
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION. ..
B|BL|OGRAPHY.... ..
Economic History. ljoined the first course program, which was
.
.
101
.. .10s
version of the manuscript.
lt
is expected
that the book could enrich our
understanding to the socio-economic history of Jember in particular and
Besuki residency in general.
I
grant
would like to thank to The Committee for providing me a research
to
investigate the history
of plantations in Jember. My
spe-
cial thanks go to a number of individuals: Dr. J. Thomas Lindblad of
the Leiden University, the Netherlands who helped me in many ways,
including research skills and improving my English. Dr. Vincent J.H.
Hauben, also from the Leiden University, taught and provided me with
valuable materials during the course. I also express my deep thanks to Dr.
Bambang Purwanto of the Gadjah Mada University for the opportunities
to join the course and for giving me generous financial support to do
research and to translate an lndonesian economic history text book. My
F
V
a
sntituh rrs sob
Dr.;
id Henleyorthe K|TLV(Lenen)ror herpins
lotsduitrg mv resea'ch ar the AEip N:sion, Reptrblik lndonesi:
(ANRI).lakrrtr and forhGcommenbon the repot dEft. l ako thank
ro Dl. rh"" Kii, wic. ro. hn vruabh (on nera dJiig rhe 5.miu
pr*niation of the rearch rcpon.
l!hank mycolleagues: Dc. rU.H. Sutrdorc, lhethen DeaiofFaculty
of Letes, lembe' UiiveBity giving me, sronE suppofr ro pafri.ip:te
in v:rious aGdemic adiviti6. My sEtnude also s.es to D6. Di$n
Molyad MSi thelormersecrei,ryolHidory D€partmeni, DB Sudro,
5.U., the forms chiefof Hinory Depanmeni Herc lam ako srrrcrrlto
D6 EdvBufi:i ArifinS.U a lowina meto.onstrlt hispereon:lar.hival
coledlon. lal$ thank to D6. Bamb:is Samsu BJdry.nro, M.5 for
hk helps. lhave ale b@n suppoted by Drs lC (istrrdi M ll,nn DB.
DewiSalindn and DE. Siti Sumardiaii, M Hum MysRtindcasoso6
*:ffoftheAEipNasiona Republikhdonesi.aMHi.ksColle ion,LlPl
me a
itr
labna lw:itbdedi.:teihis
my daughter, Nlna
bookto mywlfe, WcDy PtrdyJdtrti:nd
T.br..o Produ.iiof,of
rea
u
olland
Conposition of Tolracco Prodtrdion
Saekokeno
TobaccoProductionolthelardbotw
,'',,', '',,,,
ll'oI
rl'rt
rho
b.ok could make a v,lu:6le contibution to ilm nDdcrsr trhtra of the
Tob:..o tuodrcuon
.
39
1933
al the Landb@w Maa&h2ppij
Adjohe,!92t-t934 .... ....
Rctrk ADy.tro6:nd
shod.ominss in this book:reallmyown rcspoiibiliry
NV LMOD Jember.1359 1900
ertob:c.oin lem6er 1930
MutiaE Calvaryni.
A proved says: 'Ti3da Gdins Yans T:k
{onomic hinory of
LIST OF TABLES
........... .. ..... .64
Maarschappij Soekokerto Adjans,
'',,, ,..,,.''..,.''. ',.''..
65
of B6uki Plantations. 1900 1933
Jember
The Rrbber P'odu.iion of ih€ Besuki
Poptr ation
Pl3d:iion
DensityofIember 1920 and
Ltd. 1923'1936
1930..
Ri.e ProdD.iion in the Dinnds ofJembe' 1930
Oier lmpotuvb P:n:rukanSea Pot 1931-
1932..
1937
94
....
95
91
i
LIST OF PLATES
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
Bedadunciver
eGii Puee. .
Toba-oFieldinlenrher......
I
Atrlmaldrawn
...
...40
Worl€E of tob,ao drying
lembd
lember BondomscPaiarutGn Rairrcrd
.
Pa@r!kan5e.pot.................
TobacoFieldinlemher....
Oren-drawn
cafrsli:isportlnst br.coin
51
.52
53
62
Goen@nssrisusar mlll in Jember.. ..
Fenaerolke6of thetoba..ophntationsi',
RiverDadofKaliKaj,r...
M€w:i R:il,o:d
...
1.1 Background
ol
the study
20" centu es in
a piciurc is siven for
Some scholare have olten depicted rhe 19,\ and
tndonsian history 3s 3 penod of .hrnse
srh
elrmpe by wetheim Soehadjan, Kuntowijqo, Suh tono.I
icn,lxr
34
.AA
n
ai influenii:l work
hv Kartodirdio fo.using on
ro!nd I
A.6rdinglo
:
Even
difiereni rheme,
,
chaig6 BUhed
from the iiiens fi.rtion o{we*e .flrcn.es rTheinfruen.es perctrrred
ilo the lndonen3n socieiy th.oush ihe esbhlishmant ot pbntriion
sinilardepiction is ale
Btrrger, the
emerpi$s A..odins to Houbetr, lhe inrlrence grew not only rhro(gh
fornalchainek bul.s6iiformal.hainels. atrd evenihehtteroneswerc
f:r more importatrl than lhe former oies I
blei n f,Jn:nrli:i:nd
Bondowoso ,1934 'l
J^htionspr.yed.i npofrant
ro€ n nimuL:tnsth€eme,sen.eof cihere.onom.:dvit6lnlvhL.h
d ffc,c srctrps ol aopc w.rc invo ved Thc indsenous peope sot
ivorv!d n irE open ns ofsrr s whi.hprovrdeddtriyi{esiress!.hrs
crnomersoons:id food*uf6 \4h h the Ch nea p aycd an nrpofr:nt
roe in rerhs.nd nierhediry fiide ln addnioi, i ihe cow hlkns
busncs boih the lvstener and Ch ne* were advelv nvove{ The
iidgeno's p€ope ako took a pat i" d's busie$ ad,ol8h $i e$
signlfc:rt i Iq3B Resdeni Romondt repot€d ihrttherclvere 10 cow
nlkiissin Jember 5pe.ifi.rly5ownedbyw6ierner 4ownenbyChinese
n0
CONCLUSION
:nd onlyoieowned by iidiseious peophr!l
Thc.*ab shmcrtofp anhtionsa son mu atedioihedeve opmert
of smJ s.: e husne$ EiJn,plesrhJt.orld be mentorcd here:'e rcof
tie ndLnry bri.k indrnry im*tone nd6ry and we,n. The* sma
h:ve demoindtd the dev.opm€nt of
prit:iioasin lemberdorinsllre are.olsfi: pe,od Sevtrr .onc!!sotr!
phni:1otrs. The
dcmandfor mBioncrosesgnf.:rtysncethes.ab shmeniof sugr
idrn,y in lember The deveopmeii of the+ qn:rs.:re indrnies
h:J shifred Ed c: ly thc rcson or.lember Durng thre€ dc.ads unrler
thc .ukvJrioi sy{em the nvovement of lenrbe, .corcmy 1?ih the
pc,h:6.or dbe*en:sse.on&ryb:ckw:rdrnk:gesof p:rt:nois The
m: i b:.kw}d lin[:sas of p:trr]1.i:sftr lLre eire,pris.s i lember
y
were the enablshment ol ec: overhed Gpib fa.liiics o ii.!
ruilrcrds.id niqat oi tuc lties
Tr'e prc.ed
is .h:pt.E
"'t.'
'1r' 'oJlprcdom
i:itlyerbsiskn.c
typewrss
n
n:nrc. Evcnrhoush ir bes:i
ro.hrnse wth thc rtrodrcton ofthea:Eru,.offeectrtvaion. t,t
Ee4.rcap.ciry,rssrll sm:l ln:ddtion rhhzroce$:l$pro.eeded
sowy The p:.e of.Dnse on y b
of ih€plv ctob..cophrt:totrs wh.hw.rcsrbsequertlyfolowedlry
tubbfl:idsrs:rpl:t ons Thedeveophetrror.onmer.: panhiions
:nslormed lemberlrom
r e$
m
3 eadinsceile,of rhe:sricrtrclexpod iB6!kiresd€n.y
Tre opeEt on or pLantariois requnes hnd :nd lab.r,. To n, r I
the rcqr rcmeil ol rnds, the w€srern prntE6 leased aids rrom rhe
oclpo'rts/ftrrm.G ln the &sii is d'e esd rndsvrercdryfieds
(i.pr/,n) The decrcrsiia p,odu.tviiy of dry ird to erse wer :iss
,D-
rcq n Ei.i olp:tri otr::ook ph.. t rc rdot .r,t5
iicrca{d Lis s r[r d] p r.hel them to look tor :rcdEr :tL.hdiv. in
oblr i trg Jnds. From rhe sovenien l[ey lero granred : irn]b4 ol
:nds ersed otrrie btrs sor.,lpr.h.,c/r.s
ReEidinsthc :bom prcb en n,ec.*orlsf bershowstr sin rr ly
\rd, th:i or E:n srnrat.E Lrbour !y:s i.arce i lemb be.:rr itr!
regon r[sni sp:E.y )optrared Thu.fore rhe reqr re'naiof hborr
:rolc6 to'n orside espe.a y MaduE Plt
of thc workeE wrs:ho rccr! ted from th. dlisey p.prt ed l!ft ot
cenrtr rtrd E:n i:vr I he diors were mrde for bw aqq r!5qE
Fi6r th. need.r rborrcBon p iihr onsccni ru.d ro if.r.6e 5e.ond
iherc wrs ,so : shift ol phrt:toi :rai arcnr .lry fieds to wet lied5
Grwrl' rhe rectr tmml of p:nr:toi wo*eE hisf.rmcd lenber
r.gio, 1o tr more d.nscypoptr ed rre:
Evcntrr y ihe poD! aiion of icmbtr sootr b!.]ire rrre a4en onc ii
Howevtr, whur I
.-,.it
,. d \ c"roo,
.,
rom i diff.rcnt
erhiic bi.ksrornds M:duresa l;vir*e Usins.E Chire+ EtrrcpeJis
Jnd::ewothns Wththcdcvetopmerft orD:fhtofs lcmberforned:
trtr, rip. crhn. o. {y wri.rr pbv dc: fcrti. :r. D ror doiiJ r.+:J, oi
oflcnber rhahNonDopr ioi .ois
ned
.r
peop e
Th. rertoishp herwen Danbron:$cunrc.id pei'rt
:sr.dnne i lemb sso preserted:i irerenhe ph.nomenon The
6t.b shmentofp:rft:lioi.sricr turel,thcnexpodmr[eloreitaion
did iot Je{by the persrnt espe.iity food prod!.tioi Tr.csrr.tyof
roods l?rs E re y reporad to havc happened
tE
developmert of p
:rt3io's
torhe regioi orlember Ev.n
wrs p:ru e w ih ihe ris
ns.:p:.
ry of
res.i $[s :h e to prodr.e :rse
qr:rtitics ofr.e:nd Lporld the srrpu$ to othcr p:.es The.rse
of l.mher.h: eiged thcvicur prt fonv:rd lorai.noe Lry l(:dodrdlo
iid srryo thrr wes:e,f philrl ois hid : dd n.ta mp:cl on food
rh€ reson ro prcduce foodnuff The
t
2l-
'Jdro tlDL tlt optr on ol Pifrrors lliibo
d d nor
d d not do Um :o lrie s'bqner.e:srnL tue T E p: t
'ons
cnd:ne.r ihe psenG lvhosc lve ri.od,ei!d oi:srnt rre otr the
.otEry,ihcprcdrcloiolfoodnuff erEren.edr.otrtn! rg n.rcise
or i:. ries
lirerriontothebich!.d irk:ses t,een:blhhiieitof prnEtons
.en,tinsnon, mprovem.rt in
n mr
trted a
irnLErol
ag
smal
i*:n.es br.k ndtrnry rooriie ndunry.
:id 1re it ndrnry These sel.d the nt?rcn of
rEnon€
'ndlnry
plr^lrl.is Nowcv.r : mo,c,ipod:rft €ximpe or hi.kw:d,Lrges
hr^d i',digenous prop c, ror
wrsd,cdcveoomd,rorso.r overheid.rph f:. riess!.has rg ion
sc:pod ,ord5 rtrd E rords Thci f:.llteswere r irn(l mproved ro
nrpport the n.cd: or pr non; r v:s d{ereil ]rcm thc b:.kward
rhesbb sm€ntofpLnrr.'s i l.nb.,!vu.noiro owedby
.-'npls of fo^v:d rka!.s Thep:tnonshc,c !{prcd!.€dcw
w.,c .xDotcd t. nord mr*ei Th{e wis i3
i,dL{,y i l.mrc, u/h cr, p'od!.€d.et:ln soods u!iA rob:... rubrcr
orsus:,asirsiawmfie,rs A sood erdiDe.l foN:rd nks.5 wa.
nd,nry -h.h m ned toba..o 3s iE rw m erJl
tsut ihs ndtrnryh ediocncrs. nthe resoi of leinbe,
l.lo$,eve, n G obvious thil n,e esbblisrmert or p riEr oE nrd.
lnkrsc5
f hmb.,(,owins Thc
r.io, (e
cd
3eiotr! peope:nd immisrrnb r'o'. other
i, theerGtn.eor.bo eE'J sedthc
demannrord: yie.estcsn.hasclnone,soods:ndrood$trrrs Ths
.re ed : .ond6 ve. hite ld the emerscn.e or *: l! \th dr prov{ed
rob
opp.trrires forthc
nd
:bourersdi lvie.esr!s Treinvovemetrtol id senou5peoph I thn
iciiv !y w3s siEr fi.ant ex.ept i .ow mi k ns brsiness Arhorsrthc
nd seiors peop e: so p ti.ipned the niirr ro.wrsrtthc llnxls ol
_
{,1,,
irh impofradto nd€ h€rerhattheesEblishmentof pantaiiois
in Jemb.rwasableto$imuleth€adiv. ihrclvemedof the indisenous
Finally,
*pot
prcductid. Th€ phenmenon was clea y een in the
.aseottoba@, but norintheca*of tubberorsusarpanbrions Bestd€
people in
the pantation tob3c.o, the smalholder toba.@, which w6 plant.d on
the ininatiGof the peasnts, had a panmount position in lember The
widespreadof thenallholdertob.cco pavedthewryforthsoperarion
BIBLIOGRAPI:T
ol
tobaeo dealeE (oprtupd runninstohacco busine$ without dew opins
then Nn plantltions, Their adivhies fr.quedly b&am a caR of the
+ d mp.iition aith tha plantere. The eneqence
dslinss
of tob.c@ l€res
sg
.s sidd eff.cb of the ftrict
compd iion, rather than forfl ot $cial pbt€sts.
and sheds bumings @ud b€
.Algses
Verelas van de Reddotie Bd*ki, 1323, 1332,
1336,1337 136r, 1370, 1332, 1603, 1336, Ua7, 1333, 1390.
1391"
.Memo vanOreE!revan&nResid€ntvanBeckiE.M.Van
den BeAvan Heinenord, 190?'.
"lvemoie
En ovrgale
ven den Reident v.n
Bseki,
J.
'Mcmorie van OveGave van den R6idenr van B€e.ki FL
Beski,
''Memorie v:n olargave van den Resided van
''Memorie lan Owlgpw van
dd
Resident van
26
Beeki, I
P
.Nlemne En Owlgare van den Resident van B.soekidd
Pr@in.ie OodjaE owr het Jaar 192&1931
,Memoie van Oversave van d.n Resident van Beso€k, H.A.
'Memo
e
van overs.ve der Residsde (Afdeelins)
t0t
BondoMe
ANR
Memore
€n Oveq.vc
van
dei Rsdeft
aHrl
van Besoek
t926/1e271e34:1935
Mc'nore v:i ovssavev:i dar R6denrv:n tsesoeki
Romondr 19151913'
vir
ANR
opr.hinc v:i eei Su kcronCerneming in dc Bon{oroldo oo$
T:iCg r oon ei Keilloisoon
ANRI 'Ovtrz .],*.rtr dcr Bev,oe iglB.b.den ndeVtiltev:nZW
Dremb0 ZO Loanai.rnc
aNRr. Probornsco Bezoekiei Srnjo.wrtrs 1367
ANRI. Ser*ekvan l3v:. Resdor. Besce[.1320
K,rod rdro. Srrtono
(ed
)
rinu dJ rrtrr,
ll.
1336 ]361
Menon Senh hbn te2l
Ke.:rran l3t:r: ANR| rq73
$3a
Private and Offi.ial Publicarions
anonim Suftenvandevereeni!rcBEoekishpr.ekbnoi,
Anon
Jawa
m
Notrrai dnAcc.mene Vers:derinsCehordei
kmh*
oo Dofdcrdag
Drc2tac Repart 3nd Srrtehert ai A..otnts Th-" B.]*ki Ljtlicd
Pb,t,iions 1923 1s36
Dutch Tob:..o P:iE6 wand Tabxia conErcs An4ertt2h1 195):
Rdpart an Tahr..a CukiBtiaD )n tu./one.i, Amnerdrn,
i
p
1951.
otornder
T
B.soek
rh
Proefitri on i::rue6rE 1912,
Reqeeitgn Alndtrk hat 1333 Wcltev/edar: Landsdruk[4i]
Reqeerran AlnaEk
Staatbbd
nat
1929 \N. ievreden Lifdsdrukkcrl
r2n
Nedenrr.t+tndte
Landsdtukkerij,l335
avet het tr2t 1334. Barzu.:
Stz3tbta.l Er Nedenrnd.Jndi
LaMsdtukker, 1929
Srnatet r en l2e Tabak Sc.nE.h Av-qzicht ap H .tels er Finanoeel
rLbl€d ,llrlgars l9.Jd A'naerdirr Deni env:iderBregeei
Ardrrh,Tillik sqrrl, Lok,/C; hd.tesl: Yosyakana C:dFh Mrd:
Lri vaEity Pr.s 1935
A ef, C C :nd Ardrcy Doii thon. we*€tr Enrerytise ir tt\t.resz
a,./ Malayr NevrYork: TheMr.m llsn ComP:ry 1957
Anke6mt F R Rereksi sqrfah P€rtlrptt Pandrpxt M.,1en tentarg
Frrs,6. Sq,.rh Lki,$: Pl Crim.da,1937
E., lrbelcr h over d€ bbak A.o.lruG ArvIMOD l909
Aionim Mnedelirsen !n Bcreiei r^rl, i a'wesse Gjrg (1363).
An nin ]t-"bitkerEzn Pel.etir:h Htrdia Behdr D2l3n Bi.tanE
Eiono,x l:k3d. K TLV.ri LlPl lg73
Anon
A,li
i'
EdyBLrhai 'EnEsH'j:u d le'niFr Ae !n Pe rnbrh:rd:n
PcnS.nihny: dram Keli dup:i Sosia Eltotrom M:sv:ckrt
1360 lsso Lsis Yosyrkrfrr Fak! lrs P:(: sarriir
r,',iveEhscrjah M:dtr. rese
Aho!@d dro Shniet Prr@d Veuetiikln.te Ad rc.hftetijke Strd)e
Rr O\tj2v2se lladaete4r e,
St,do,:e,dtrk[{] Po.
Badrlya
Oc5nrsd^: An*.rdrm
Pers. 1952
SaiEr 'Adu:n Sapi AitD TEdis din l!dl"
au,er,n sas& r'01/l! i(1939)
o
&nrbanE
B:mbrnsPunvinlo LndrnriPc.amh:isrtrM nFkd SunrienB:cin
Se:b, p:d, Akhn ab:d XX dan a: Abr XX Pro.r
p,e*nted n se'ni'D, Sei:ch Ehoio'ni hed n Yosy:bt:
B:,ow Co iaidlohnDDbbe
Fene, ii3h Can
rd!+r
Krrei Y:ns
llrfc! d lidoncsad:i M::y!:1900 3940, iAnieBoo:h
wr :m I o Ma ey Atrn Wedemam Gds) setzlah Ekorann
,,ro,esi: Lksrr: Y:yJni Obo,lnd!iesi: 1qB0
Beek.,.P Fdsn,etetr€enerResoverltrvs RcGdoor0onetlkl:v:
rN, Meededce
11(13a9)
----{,,L
Baete,
)H
E.anonics and Ecohonic Patky ol DLtl Sa.i.tics 2s
Exenplified by lndone.ia. Ntu \orl: lntenrtionrl linitutc of
Bo.ke, J F. Pt2k2pirzlisne di Asia. lakarta:
S
nar Ha6patr, 1933.
Bos.h C l.A:ntekeninsen over de AldeLing BotrdMoso (Residentie
Bezeok ) IBC6(13s7).
Breman, Jan kolq P/:niers o, Kolaniale Palitiek. Doldtecht: Fotis,
1957
B,eman
l:n Th€civili,iion orR:citm"
ldankay
'
Bu$ins:
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