Coin Antenna Design.
i
COIN ANTENNA DESIGN
NUR FAISYA BINTI KHAIRUL NURIAL SAID
This Report is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek : HOME EQUIPMENT CONTROL USING HOME PHONE SIGNAL Sesi Pengajian : 2009/2010
Saya NUR FAISYA BINTI KHAIRUL NURIAL SAID
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT* (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD* (Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
98, JLN DESA JAYA 3, TMN DESA JAYA,
34600 KAMUNTING,
PERAK.
Tarikh: 30 April 2010 Tarikh: ………..
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“I hereby declare that this report is result of my own effort except for works that have been cited clearly in the references.”
Signature : ……….
Author : Nur Faisya Binti Khairul Nurial Said Date : 30 April 2010
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering
(Telecommunication)”
Signature : ………..
Supervisor’s Name : Encik Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Bin Abd Aziz Date : ...
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am most grateful to Almighty ALLAH s.w.t. for blessing me with good health and ideas for completing this “Projek Sarjana Muda” successfully. I would like to show my highest gratitude to my supervisor, Encik Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Bin Abd Aziz for his invaluable support, patient, assistance and especially his encouragement to this project. I truly have learnt a lot and all this would not be without his guidance.
I also would like to thank all my fellow friends for their contribution in giving me a moral support throughout my project development period. Last but not least, to all my beloved family members who were always, stand by my side to encourage, advice, comfort, cherish, and support me during this entire project. May Allah always with you. Last but not lease, to the Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering (FKEKK), because giving me chance to study and complete my project as part of the Bachelor program in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTEM).
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ABSTRACT
A wireless network system consists of several components that support communications using radio or light waves that propagating through an air medium. The coin antenna is used in wireless system that operates at the suitable frequency. There are many types of antenna which are microstrip, wire, array, dielectric resonator, reflector and so on. For this project, the coin antenna is related to the dielectric resonator antenna. This project is started by searching and finding all sorts of antenna theories and information, the existing coins of Malaysian Ringgit coins and find out the dielectric constant for each coin. After collect all the information that related to the antenna and coins, the calculation of designing the coin antenna can be started. The designing of the coin antenna will be continued by simulate the design that has been calculated. Then, the design will be continue by fabricate the design on FR4 board. The next step is measuring the parameters related to the coin antenna design by using Vector Analyzer which are return loss, resonant frequency, bandwidth and many more. The coin antenna met the specifications needed which operate at frequency of 2.4 GHz and the return loss that is below than -10 dB so that 90% power can be transmitted.
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ABSTRAK
Sistem rangkaian tanpa wayar merupakan suatu system yang mengandungi beberapa komponen yang dapat menampung komunikasi melalui radio atau gelombang cahaya di mana tersebar melalui medium udara. Terdapat lima langkah untuk merekabentuk antena yg menggunakan duit syiling. Projek ini dimulakan dengan mencari kesemua teori dan informasi yang berkaitan dengan antenna, duit syiling Ringgit Malaysia dan pemalar dielektrik untuk setiap duit syiling. Setelah mengumpul kesemua informasi berkaitan antena dan duit syiling, pengiraan untuk merekabentuk antena menggunakan duit syiling boleh dimulakan. Proses merekabentuk antenna menggunakan duit syiling disambung pula dengan membuat simulasi terhadap rekabentuk yang telah dikira sebelumnya. Seterusnya, proses merekebentuk diteruskan pula dengan proses fabrikasi antena duit syiling tersebut dengan menggunakan papan FR4. Langkah seterunya ialah membuat pengukuran terhadap parameter-parameter yang berkaitan dengan antena duit syiling tersebut dengan menggunakan Penganalisis Vektor. Projek ini dapat memenuhi spesifikasi yang diperlukan di mana ia beroperasi pada frekuensi 2.4 GHz dan kehilangan bertulis kurang daripada -10 dB supaya 90% kuasa dapat dihantar.
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CONTENT
CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE
TITLE i
VERIFICATION ii
CONFESSION iii
SUPERVISOR VERIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK vii
CONTENT ix
LIST OF FIGURE xiv
LIST OF TABLES xviii
LIST OF ABREVIATION/ SYMBOL xix
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 2
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 2
1.4 SCOPE 2
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CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE
II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODCUTION OF ANTENNA 4
2.2 ANTENNA PARAMETERS 5
2.2.1 Resonant Frequency 6
2.2.2 Gain 6
2.2.3 Radiation Pattern 7
2.2.4 Efficiency 7
2.2.5 Bandwidth 8
2.3 DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA 8
2.4 CYLINDRICAL DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA
9
2.5 MALAYSIAN RINGGIT COINS 10
2.5.1 First Series (1967) 10
2.5.2 Second Series (1989) 11
2.6 FR4 BOARD 12
2.6.1 Cost 12
2.6.2 Electrical Performance 12
2.7 WIRELESS BLOCK DIAGRAM 13
III PROJECT METHODOLOGY
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3.2 PARAMETRIC STUDY 14
3.3 CALCULATION 15
3.4 SOFTWARE SIMULATION 16
3.4.1 Design I 16
3.4.1.1 Microstrip Coin Resonator Design 16 3.4.1.2 Planar Coin Resonator Design 17 3.4.1.3 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Offset
Design
17 3.4.1.4 Planar Coin Resonator with Offset
Design
18
3.4.2 Design II 18
3.4.2.1 Microstrip Coin with Multiresonator Design
19 3.4.2.2 Planar Coin with Multiresonator
Design
20 3.4.2.3 Microstrip Coin Resonator with
Locator Design
20 3.4.2.4 Planar Coin Resonator with Locator
Design
21 3.4.2.5 Coin Resonator with Ground Height
Design
21 3.4.3 Design III
3.4.3.1 Microstrip Coin Resonator Design 22 3.4.3.2 Microstrip Coin with Multiresonator
Design
23 3.4.3.3 Planar Coin with Multiresonator
Design
24
3.5 FABRICATION 24
3.6 MEASUREMENT 25
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IV COIN ANTENNA DESIGN
4.1 CYLINDRICAL DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA
26
4.2 DESIGN CALCULATION 27
4.3 DESIGN SIMULATION 29
4.4.1 Design I 29
4.4.1.1 Microstrip Coin Resonator Design 29 4.4.1.2 Planar Coin Resonator Design 31 4.4.1.3 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Offset
Design
33 4.4.1.4 Planar Coin Resonator with Offset
Design
35
4.4.2 Design II 37
4.4.2.1 Microstrip Coin with Multiresonator Design
37 4.4.2.2 Planar Coin with Multiresonator
Design
40 4.4.2.3 Microstrip Coin Resonator with
Locator Design
41 4.4.2.4 Planar Coin Resonator with Locator
Design
43 4.4.2.5 Coin Resonator with Ground Height
Design
44
4.4.3 Design III 47
4.4.3.1 Microstrip Coin Resonator Design 47 4.4.3.2 Microstrip Coin with Multiresonator
Design
48 4.4.3.3 Planar Coin with Multiresonator
Design
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4.4 FABRICATION PROCESS 51
4.5 MEASUREMENT PROCESS 54
V RESULT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
5.1 OBSERVATION 57
5.2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT
59
VI CONCLUSION
6.1 CONCLUSION 60
6.2 FUTURE WORK 61
REFERENCES 62
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LIST OF FIGURE
NO TITLE PAGE
1.1 Flow Chart of Methodology 3
2.1 Radiation Pattern of DRA in 3D 7
2.2 Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna over a Ground Plane
9
2.5 Wireless Block Diagram 13
3.4 Microstrip Coin Resonator Design before Simulate by CST Software
17 3.5 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Offset Design before
Simulate by CST Software
18 3.6 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design
before Simulate by CST Software
19 3.7 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Locator Design before
Simulate by CST Software
20 3.8 Coin Resonator with Ground Height Design of 1 mm
before Simulate by CST Software
21 3.9 Coin Resonator with Ground Height Design of 28 mm
before Simulate by CST Software
22 3.10 Microstrip Coin Resonator Design before Simulate by
CST Software
23 3.11 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design
before Simulate by CST Software
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NO TITLE PAGE
4.1 Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna 27
4.3 Microstrip Coin Resonator Design by using Simulation 30 4.4 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator Design by using
Simulation for Frequency versus Thickness
30 4.5 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator Design by using
Simulation for Return Loss versus Thickness
31 4.6 Planar Coin Resonator Design by using Simulation 32 4.7 Result of Planar Coin Resonator Design by using
Simulation for Frequency versus Thickness
32 4.8 Result of Planar Coin Resonator Design by using
Simulation for Return Loss versus Thickness
33 4.9 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Offset Design by using
Simulation
34 4.10 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Offset Design
by using Simulation for Frequency versus Thickness
34 4.11 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Offset Design
by using Simulation for Return Loss versus Thickness
35 4.12 Planar Coin Resonator with Offset Design by using
Simulation
36 4.13 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Offset Design by
using Simulation for Frequency versus Thickness
36 4.14 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Offset Design by
using Simulation for Return Loss versus Thickness
37 4.15 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by
using Simulation for Three Coins
38 4.16 Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by
using Simulation for Ten Coins
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NO TITLE PAGE
4.17 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by using Simulation for Frequency versus Multiresonator
39
4.18 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by using Simulation for Return Loss versus Multiresonator
39
4.19 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by using Simulation for Frequency versus Multiresonator
40
4.20 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by using Simulation for Return Loss versus Multiresonator
41
4.21 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Locator Design by using Simulation for Frequency versus Coin Locator
42 4.22 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Locator Design
by using Simulation for Return Loss versus Coin Locator
42 4.23 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Locator Design by
using Simulation for Frequency versus Coin Locator
43 4.24 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Locator Design by
using Simulation for Return Loss versus Coin Locator
44 4.25 Coin Resonator with Ground Height Design of 1 mm by
using Simulation
45 4.26 Coin Resonator with Ground Height Design of 28 mm by
using Simulation
45 4.27 Result of Coin Resonator with Ground Height Design by
using Simulation for Frequency versus Ground Height
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NO TITLE PAGE
4.28 Result of Coin Resonator with Ground Height Design by using Simulation for Return Loss versus Ground Height
46 4.29 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator Design by using
Simulation for Frequency versus Thickness
47 4.30 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator Design by using
Simulation for Return Loss versus Thickness
48 4.31 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator
Design by using Simulation for Frequency versus Multiresonator
49
4.32 Result of Microstrip Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by using Simulation for Return Loss versus Multiresonator
49
4.33 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by using Simulation for Frequency versus Multiresonator
50
4.34 Result of Planar Coin Resonator with Multiresonator Design by using Simulation for Return Loss versus Multiresonator
51
4.35 The exported of simulation design in CorelDraw Software 52
4.36 FR4 Board in the UV Exposure 53
4.37 FR4 Board in the Pail to Develop the Design 53
4.38 Measurement Result for Coin Resonator with Ground Height of 15 mm
54 4.39 Measurement Result for Coin Resonator with Ground
Height of 2 mm
55 4.40 Measurement Result for Coin Resonator with Ground
Height of 7 mm
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LIST OF TABLE
NO TITLE PAGE
2.3 First Series of Malaysian Ringgit Coins 10
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xix
LIST OF ABREVIATION/ SYMBOL
D - Diameter
t - Thickness
DRA - Dielectric Resonator Antenna FR4 - Flame Retardant Type 4 PCB - Printed Circuit Board Tx - Transmitter
Rx - Receiver
CST - Computer System Technology UV - Ultra Violet
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains about the introduction of the project where it involved of the objectives, problem statements and research scope.
1.1 Introduction of Project
The first series of cent coins were introduced in 1967 in denominations of 1 cent, 5 cent, 10 cent, 50 cent then followed by 1 ringgit coin. The second series of cent coins entered circulation in late-1989, sporting completely redesigned observes and reverses, but remaining the designs of edges, diameters and composition of the previous series. Nowadays, the 1 ringgit coins have been terminated by Bank Negara Malaysia [3].
The existing coins are used in designing the coin antenna in this project. The antenna that has been refer to in designing this coin antenna is cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna. The coin antenna is used in wireless system that operates at the suitable frequency. A wireless network system consists of several components that support communications using radio or light waves that propagating through an air medium [7].
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2 1.2 Objectives
The objective of this project is to design coin antenna using the existing coins in the market with a low cost and a suitable frequency as stated in Industrial Science Medical (ISM). The coin antenna will be feed by using transmission line feeding system.
1.3 Problem Statement
This project is efficient to the environmental factors. This is because coins such as 1 cent and 5 cent are lack in used. To overcome this problem, those coins can be used to design the coin antenna. Besides that, the coin antenna will give a broader bandwidth. This is because usually the antenna comes with a narrow bandwidth.
1.4 Scope
This project is subjected to several scope and limitations that are narrowed down to the study. There are few scopes and guidelines listed to unsure the project is conducted within its intended boundary. This is to ensure the project is heading in the right direction to achieve its intended objectives. The scope of this project is started by designing the coin antenna using the existing coins. Next, simulate the parameter of the coin antenna in terms of the resonant frequency, bandwidth gain, directivity and so on using CST Software. After finished the simulation, the design is been fabricated by using FR4 board. Then, the parameter of the coin antenna is been measured by using Vector Analyzer.
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3 1.5 Methodology
There are few methods that have been taken to complete the project. The flow chart of the methodology is shown as Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: Flow Chart of Methodology END
Literature Review START
Fabrication of the Design Measurement Report Writing of the
Whole Project Simulate the Design of
the Coin Antenna Design the Coin
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4
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will discuss about the theory of the antenna in terms of various types, parameter and so on. Besides that, the information of the existing coins specific in size and composition also will be explained in this chapter.
2.1 Introduction of Antenna
An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless LAN, radar and space exploration. Antennas are most commonly employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain frequencies for short distances [1].
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5 Physically, an antenna is simply an arrangement of one or more conductors, usually called elements in this context. In transmission, an alternating current is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to radiate an electromagnetic field. In reception, for the inverse occurs, an electromagnetic field from another source induces an alternating current in the elements and a corresponding voltage at the antenna's terminals. Some receiving antennas (such as parabolic and horn types) incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to collect electromagnetic waves from free space and direct or focus them onto the actual conductive elements [1].
Antennas have practical uses for the transmission and reception of radio frequency signals such as radio and television. In air, those signals travel very quickly and with a very low transmission loss. The signals are absorbed when moving through more conductive materials, such as concrete walls or rock. When encountering an interface, the waves are partially reflected and partially transmitted through. A common antenna is a vertical rod a quarter of a wavelength long. Such antennas are simple in construction, usually inexpensive, and both radiate in and receive from all horizontal directions (omni directional). One limitation of this antenna is that it does not radiate or receive in the direction in which the rod points. This region is called the antenna blind cone or null [1].
2.2 Antenna Parameters
There are several critical parameters affecting an antenna's performance that can be adjusted during the design process. These are resonant frequency, return loss, gain, radiation pattern, polarization, dielectric and bandwidth. Transmit antennas may also have a maximum power rating, and receive antennas differ in their noise rejection properties. All of these parameters can be measured through various means.
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LIST OF ABREVIATION/ SYMBOL
D - Diameter
t - Thickness
DRA - Dielectric Resonator Antenna FR4 - Flame Retardant Type 4 PCB - Printed Circuit Board Tx - Transmitter
Rx - Receiver
CST - Computer System Technology UV - Ultra Violet
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains about the introduction of the project where it involved of the objectives, problem statements and research scope.
1.1 Introduction of Project
The first series of cent coins were introduced in 1967 in denominations of 1 cent, 5 cent, 10 cent, 50 cent then followed by 1 ringgit coin. The second series of cent coins entered circulation in late-1989, sporting completely redesigned observes and reverses, but remaining the designs of edges, diameters and composition of the previous series. Nowadays, the 1 ringgit coins have been terminated by Bank Negara Malaysia [3].
The existing coins are used in designing the coin antenna in this project. The antenna that has been refer to in designing this coin antenna is cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna. The coin antenna is used in wireless system that operates at the suitable frequency. A wireless network system consists of several components that support communications using radio or light waves that propagating through an air medium [7].
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The objective of this project is to design coin antenna using the existing coins in the market with a low cost and a suitable frequency as stated in Industrial Science Medical (ISM). The coin antenna will be feed by using transmission line feeding system.
1.3 Problem Statement
This project is efficient to the environmental factors. This is because coins such as 1 cent and 5 cent are lack in used. To overcome this problem, those coins can be used to design the coin antenna. Besides that, the coin antenna will give a broader bandwidth. This is because usually the antenna comes with a narrow bandwidth.
1.4 Scope
This project is subjected to several scope and limitations that are narrowed down to the study. There are few scopes and guidelines listed to unsure the project is conducted within its intended boundary. This is to ensure the project is heading in the right direction to achieve its intended objectives. The scope of this project is started by designing the coin antenna using the existing coins. Next, simulate the parameter of the coin antenna in terms of the resonant frequency, bandwidth gain, directivity and so on using CST Software. After finished the simulation, the design is been fabricated by using FR4 board. Then, the parameter of the coin antenna is been measured by using Vector Analyzer.
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1.5 Methodology
There are few methods that have been taken to complete the project. The flow chart of the methodology is shown as Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: Flow Chart of Methodology END
Literature Review START
Fabrication of the Design Measurement Report Writing of the
Whole Project Simulate the Design of
the Coin Antenna Design the Coin
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will discuss about the theory of the antenna in terms of various types, parameter and so on. Besides that, the information of the existing coins specific in size and composition also will be explained in this chapter.
2.1 Introduction of Antenna
An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless LAN, radar and space exploration. Antennas are most commonly employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain frequencies for short distances [1].
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Physically, an antenna is simply an arrangement of one or more conductors, usually called elements in this context. In transmission, an alternating current is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to radiate an electromagnetic field. In reception, for the inverse occurs, an electromagnetic field from another source induces an alternating current in the elements and a corresponding voltage at the antenna's terminals. Some receiving antennas (such as parabolic and horn types) incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to collect electromagnetic waves from free space and direct or focus them onto the actual conductive elements [1].
Antennas have practical uses for the transmission and reception of radio frequency signals such as radio and television. In air, those signals travel very quickly and with a very low transmission loss. The signals are absorbed when moving through more conductive materials, such as concrete walls or rock. When encountering an interface, the waves are partially reflected and partially transmitted through. A common antenna is a vertical rod a quarter of a wavelength long. Such antennas are simple in construction, usually inexpensive, and both radiate in and receive from all horizontal directions (omni directional). One limitation of this antenna is that it does not radiate or receive in the direction in which the rod points. This region is called the antenna blind cone or null [1].
2.2 Antenna Parameters
There are several critical parameters affecting an antenna's performance that can be adjusted during the design process. These are resonant frequency, return loss, gain, radiation pattern, polarization, dielectric and bandwidth. Transmit antennas may also have a maximum power rating, and receive antennas differ in their noise rejection properties. All of these parameters can be measured through various means.