Fiber Optic Sensor For Olive Oil Concentration Measurement And Optimization Of Sensor Performance.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FIBER OPTIC SENSOR FOR OLIVE OIL CONCENTRATION
MEASUREMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF SENSOR
PERFORMANCE

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering
Technology (Telecommunications) with Honours

by

SITI ANNISAQ BINTI IDRIS
B071210248
910815-09-5016

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
2015

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: Fiber Optic Sensor for Olive Oil Concentration Measurement and Optimization
of Sensor Performance
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2015/2016 Semester 1
Saya

SITI ANNISAQ BINTI IDRIS

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk
tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
SULIT
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan

atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD

TIDAK

Disahkan oleh:

TERHAD

(

)

(

)

Alamat Tetap:

No 211, Kampung Surau,

Cop Rasmi:

Utan Aji, 01000,
Kangar, Perlis.
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu
dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled “Fiber Optic Sensor for Olive Oil
Concentration Measurement and Optimization of Sensor Performance” is the results
of my own research except as cited in references.

Signature

:………………………

Name

: Siti Annisaq Binti Idris

Matric number

: B071210248

Date

: ………………………

iii

APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Electronic Engineering
Technology (Telecommunication) with honors. The member of the supervisory
is as follow:

………………………………………………

(Mr. Md Ashadi Bin Md Johari)

iv

ABSTRACT

Fiber optic was widely used in communication because of their
permit transmission over longer distances and higher bandwidth data rates
than wire cables. Fiber optic cable transfer data rates as high as 111
gigabits per second. Fiber optic cable has three types. There are multimode
step-index, multimode graded index and single mode. For fiber optic sensor
it is a sensor that used optical fiber as the sensing element which means of
relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the
signals. It also immune to electromagnetic interference and do not conduct
electricity, so it can be placed in high voltage or flammable area. his project
is to analyze the sensitivity of the fiber optic sensor for determining the
concentration of olive oil with different search . This analysis may be

useful to technology in the oil and gas sector.

v

ABSTRAK

Gentian optik telah digunakan secara meluas dalam komunikasi
kerana penghantaran permit mereka pada jarak yang lebih panjang dan
kadar data lebar jalur lebih tinggi daripada kabel wayar. Serat optik kadar
pemindahan data kabel setinggi 111 gigabit sesaat. Kabel gentian optik
mempunyai tiga jenis. Terdapat mod langkah - indeks, mod digredkan
indeks dan mod tunggal. Untuk serat sensor optik ia adalah sensor yang
menggunakan gentian optik sebagai unsur penderiaan yang bermakna bagi
menyampaikan isyarat daripada sensor jauh untuk elektronik yang
memproses isyarat . Ia juga kebal terhadap gangguan elektromagnet dan
tidak mengalirkan elektrik , jadi ia boleh diletakkan dalam voltan tinggi
atau kawasan mudah terbakar. projek ialah untuk menganalisis kepekaan
sensor gentian optik untuk menentukan kepekatan minyak zaitun dengan
carian yang berbeza. Analisis ini mungkin berguna untuk teknologi dalam
sektor minyak dan gas.

vi

DEDICATIONS

This humble effort specially dedicated to my beloved parents, family, lecturers
and friends, whose love can never be forgotten for their support, guidance and
encouragement upon completing this project and report.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah S.W.T, The most Merciful and The most
Passionate, I am thankful to Allah for enabling me to complete this report.

First and foremost, I would like to thanks to my supervisor Mr. Md
Ashadi Bin Md Johari, lecturer of Faculty Technology Engineering for giving
me a full cooperation and supervision during the making of this final year
report. Not to be forgotten, I would like to thanks my family and my friends

for contributing their ideas and also encourage me by giving moral support in
completing this report.

Last but not least, I would like to thanks for those who are directly or
indirectly involved during completion of this project. All of your kindness are
very much appreciated.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. iii
APPROVAL......................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................v
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATIONS .................................................................................................................. vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................xv

CHAPTER 1 ..........................................................................................................................1
1.0

Introduction .............................................................................................................1

1.1

Background .............................................................................................................1

1.2

Problem Statement ..................................................................................................2

1.3

Objectives ................................................................................................................3

1.4

Project Scope ...........................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2 ..........................................................................................................................4
2.0

Introduction .............................................................................................................4

2.1

Fiber Optic ...............................................................................................................5

2.1.1

All-Fiber Optic Acoustic Sensor based on Multimode-Singlemode-

Multimode Structure ......................................................................................................5

ix

2.2

Fiber Optic Sensor .................................................................................................10

2.2.1
2.3

Advanced on Optical Fiber Sensor ................................................................10

Olive Oil ................................................................................................................17

2.3.1

Olive Oil, Corn Oil and n-3 fatty acids diffrently affect lipids,

lipoproteins, platelets and superoxide formation in type II hypercholestrolemia ......17
2.4

Light Source ..........................................................................................................22

2.4.1

The fundamentals of optical light sources and transmission .........................22

CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................24
3.0

Introduction ...........................................................................................................24

3.1

Flow of Project Methodology................................................................................24

3.1.1

Title Finding ...................................................................................................25

3.1.2

Literature Survey/review ................................................................................25

3.1.3

Deciding Raw Material ..................................................................................26

3.1.4

Develop Sensor ..............................................................................................26

3.1.5

Testing Sensor ................................................................................................26

3.1.6

Analyze Sensor...............................................................................................26

3.1.7

Flowchart .......................................................................................................27

3.2

Splicing Method ....................................................................................................28

3.2.1

Stripping the Fiber .........................................................................................28

3.2.2

Cleaving the Fiber ..........................................................................................29

3.2.3

Cleaning the Fiber ..........................................................................................29

3.2.4

Splicing the Fiber ...........................................................................................30

3.3

Project Setup..........................................................................................................32

x

CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................35
4.0

Introduction ...........................................................................................................35

4.1

Block Diagram of Project ......................................................................................35

4.2

Experiment Result .................................................................................................36

4.3

Discussion Result ..................................................................................................38

CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................44
5.0

Introduction ...........................................................................................................44

5.1

Discussion and Conclusion for Chapter 3 .............................................................44

5.2

Discussion and Conclusion for Chapter 4 .............................................................45

5.3

Future Work ..........................................................................................................46

APPENDIX ..........................................................................................................................47
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................49

xi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.0: Model of “simple” optic data link .......................................................................4
Figure 2.1: Fabrication of MSM fiber ....................................................................................8
Figure 2.2: Structure of acoustic sensor .................................................................................8
Figure 2.3: Experimental setup for MSM fiber acoustic sensor ............................................8
Figure 2.4: Frequency response of MSM fiber sensor to sound wave at 9kHz .....................9
Figure 2.5: Frequency response of MSM fiber acoustic sensor .............................................9
Figure 2.6: The relationship between peak wavelength and liquid-level with the
surrounding liquid refractive indices ...................................................................................11
Figure 2.7: Set-up of the fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor
proposed ..............................................................................................................................12
Figure 2.8: Normalized transmission on spectra of the Miniaturized Long-Period
Fiber Grating Assisted Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor ...............................................13
Figure 2.9: LPG inscribed in microstructured optical fiber (MOF) filled with
ferrofluid ..............................................................................................................................14
Figure 2.10: Difference between cladding-mode and core-mode effective indices for
different applied magnetic fields ..........................................................................................14
Figure 2.11: 3D skecth of the ytterbium-doped MOF laser with the MLPGs-A grating
cascade .................................................................................................................................15
Figure 2.12: Power Pelad(λp), Pcore(λp), Pavg(λs), Pavg(λs) versus the position
along the fober longitudinal axis z, DS-MLPGs ..................................................................16
Figure 2.13: The common optical communications wavelength of 850 to 1550nm fall
between the ultraviolet and microwave frequencies in the light spectrum ..........................22
Figure 3.0: Show the steps of Project Methodology ............................................................25
Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the steps taken in Methodology ...................................................27
Figure 3.2: Stripping process ...............................................................................................28
Figure 3.3: The cleaving process .........................................................................................29
Figure 3.4: The cleaning process ........................................................................................30
Figure 3.5: Shows before the fusion splicing process ..........................................................30
Figure 3.6: The fusion splicing process was zoom in ..........................................................31
Figure 3.7: The ongoing fusion splicing process .................................................................31

xii

Figure 3.8: The fusion splicing process was perfectly done ................................................31
Figure 3.9: The complete parameter that have been used ....................................................32
Figure 3.10: Connector cleaner used to avoid dust ..............................................................33
Figure 3.11: The complete setting for fiber optic sensor .....................................................33
Figure 3.12: Show the drop of olive oil at the splicing area ................................................34
Figure 4.0: Block diagram of Fiber Optic Sensor ................................................................35
Figure 4.1: Output voltage versus PPM (%) ........................................................................37
Figure 4.2: The graph show the 1st slope for light source 850nm in sensitivity and
linearity ................................................................................................................................39
Figure 4.3: The graph show the 2nd slope for light source 850nm in sensitivity and
linearity ................................................................................................................................40
Figure 4.4: The graph show the 1st slope for light source 1300nm in sensitivity and
linearity ................................................................................................................................40
Figure 4.5: The graph show the 2nd slope for light source 1300nm in sensitivity and
linearity ................................................................................................................................41
Figure 4.6: The graph show the 1st slope for light source 1310nm in sensitivity and
linearity ................................................................................................................................41
Figure 4.7: The graph show the 2nd slope for light source 1310nm in sensitivity and
linearity ................................................................................................................................42
Figure 4.8: The graph show the slope for light source 1550nm in sensitivity and
linearity ................................................................................................................................42

xiii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.0: Mean composition of the prodent olive oil and corn oil diets ............................18
Table 2.1: Fatty acids composition of plasma phospholipids after three different
diets. .....................................................................................................................................21
Table 2.2: Fatty acids composition of platelet phospholipids ..............................................21
Table 4.0: Show the fiber optic sensor value for voltage and dB of olive oil ......................37
Table 4.1: Show the sensitivity (%) and linearity (%) .........................................................39

xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SBM

=

Shape-Based Matching

MSM

=

Multimode-single mode-multimode

MMF

=

Multimode fibers

SMF

=

Singlemode fibers

FBG

=

Fiber Bragg Grating

LPGs

=

Long Period Grating

DBR

=

Distributed Bragg Reflector

DFB

=

Distributed Feedback Bragg

LLS

=

Liquid Level Sensor

TM

=

Transverse Magnetic

MOFs

=

Microstructured Optical Fiber

dB

=

Decibels

ASE

=

Amplified Spontaneous Emission

OSA

=

Optical Spectrum Analyzer

xv

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.0

Introduction
Fiber optic cables is well known can transmit data fast and also carry more

data than metal cable. In this chapter, it will discuss about the project background. It
also consists the problem statement, the objective of this project and the scope of this
project.

1.1

Background

Nowadays, fiber optic became the best technology that uses glass (or plastic)
threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass
threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light
waves. Fiber optic has several advantages from metal communication. There are,
fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This is means
that its can carry more data. A fiber optic cable also less susceptible to interference
and it’s also much thinner and lighter than metal cables. Data from fiber optic can be
transmitted digitally (the natural form computer data) rather than analogically.
Unfortunately, fiber optic has the main advantages. There are, the cables are
expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to
splice.
A fiber optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber. It also immune to
electromagnetic interfaces, and do not conduct electricity. A fiber optic sensor also
ideal for harsh conditions such as in high vibration, extreme heat, noisy, wet,

1

corrosive or explosive environments. It also has small size to fit in confined areas
and can be positioned precisely where needed with flexible fibers.
Olive oil is a fat obtained from the olive (the fruit of Olea europaea;
family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. The oil is
produced

by

pressing

whole

olives

and

is

commonly

used

in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps, and as a fuel for traditional oil
lamps. Olive oil is used throughout the world and is often associated
with Mediterranean countries. The beneficial effects of consuming olive oil are
backed by lengthy, painstaking scientific research. Fats and oils have a common
denominator in the energy value (9 calories per gram) but the metabolism of each
different group differs greatly from the rest. Olive oil contains a series of compounds
that are very beneficial to most functions of the human body and its' biological and
therapeutic value is related in many aspects to its chemical structure.

1.2

Problem Statement
Currently, health becomes the first list for mankind. In order to get health,

human has to always check fat and cholesterol in their food. It has two ways either
do some exercise or control nutrition. Olive oil is believed to reduce some fat in
human body. But, it has its own concentration to reduce fat. Olive oil is a healthier
option than butter as olive oil contains only 33% saturated fat while butter is
composed of 66% saturated fat, beside olive oil has no cholesterol, while a serving
of butter has 33mg of cholesterol. Therefore, fiber optic was using to check the best
concentration for olive oil to reduce some fat. In other hand, the new sensor will
develop to check the concentrations of olive oil.

2

1.3

Objectives
Based on the problem statement above, the objectives for the project are:
i.

To study and understand fiber optic sensor.

ii.

To develop fiber optic sensor for olive oil detection.

iii.

To analyse the performance of fiber optic sensor using analysis
technique.

1.4

Project Scope
The main objective of this project is to develop fiber optic sensor. The main

scope will be discussed in this project is the used of fiber optic. The main of this
project scope is to make the objectives achieved.
The scopes of work are:
1. Study about fiber optic as sensor to find the concentration of olive oil.
2. Analyze the system establishment for fiber optic as sensor.
3. Data analyze is the power loss of the fiber optic.
4. Analysis will be done by used the olive oil as parameters which has
different concentration to obtain the result.
5. The result will analyze and study.

3

CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.0

Introduction
In this chapter, it will include the explanation of fiber optic, fiber optic sensor

and concentration of olive oil.

Figure 2.0: Model of “simple” fiber optic data link.
Figure above show three main parts in a model of simple fiber optic which
consists source-user pair, transmitter and receiver. The light source is used in fiber
optic to emit electromagnetic radiation in order to perform a specific task. While the
transmitter is to transmit the source to the receiver.

4

2.1

Fiber Optic
2.1.1 All-Fiber Optic Acoustic Sensor based on Multimode-SinglemodeMultimode Structure [An Sun, 2011]
Introduction
Acoustic sensor can be widely used in different measurement field of
city system engineering such as sound pollution monitoring, or structural
noise detection which can be employed for the evaluation of structure
health. Comparing with electronic acoustic sensor, many advantages such as
immunity to electromagnetic interference, long term monitoring and long
transmission distance, make optical fiber acoustic sensor more competitive
in extreme application environment than conventional methods. So far many
optical fiber related acoustic sensing schemes have been reported such as
fiber Bragg grating microphone or DFB fiber laser based hydrophone, and
so on.
For most of reported optical fiber acoustic sensors, however, complex
sensor structures or expensive demodulation systems are often employed
that greatly confines the practical application of optical fiber acoustic
sensor. In this paper, a novel optical fiber acoustic sensor based on
multimode-single mode-multimode (MSM) fiber structure has been studied.
Comparing with other reported scheme, the MSM fiber acoustic sensor has
the advantages of simple structure and low cost.
Method
Sensing Principle and Experimental Setup
Multimode-single mode-multimode fiber structure has been used for
refractive measurement of liquid in previous report which consists of two
multimode fibers (MMF) and a single-mode fiber (SMF). The structure of
MSM fiber acoustic sensor is as show in Figure 2.1 in which a piece of
single-mode fiber is spliced between two multimode fibers. When light

5

transmit from multimode fiber to single-mode fiber, part of light will leaks
from the core of MMF to the cladding layer of SMF due to the different core
diameter between SMF and MMF, which means that part energy of core
mode converse to cladding mode.
When the MSM structure is bended, the transmission loss of sensor
will be modulated because the coupling efficiency between different fiber
core and cladding changes. So the light intensity coupled into the MMF is
fluctuating accordingly. In order to detect acoustic wave, the MSM fiber
sensor is attached to a thin metal foil which works as an elastic component.
The single-mode fiber used in the experiment is SMF28 with a
9/125m core and cladding diameter. The multimode fiber is step- index
AFS105/125Y with a core diameter and cladding diameter of 105m and
125m, respectively. The MSM structure is fabricated by splice a 3cm single
mode fiber between two multimode fibers. The elastic metal foil is a circular
aluminium membrane with a thickness of 3m and diameter 3cm. Thee
single-mode fiber part of MSM sensor is placed at the middle of foil cross
the diameter axis. Both side of MSM fiber structure is attached to foil by
glue. And the foil is adherent to a fixed hollow circular mount as shown in
Figure 2.2.
When acoustic wave exert on foil, the sound pressure will induce the
deformation of foil, which cause the micro bending of MSM fiber structure.
The output intensity of transmission light will fluctuate correspondingly.
The vibration then can be detected by measuring the intensity change of
transmission light that pass through the MSM fiber sensor. The
experimental setup for MSM fiber sensor is illustrated in Figure 2.3.
ASE broadband light is used as sensing source with an output power
of 4MW and bandwidth 30nm. The output light of ASE source transmits
into MSM fiber sensor and a photo detector with a sensitivity of 0.05
V/W@1550nm is used to measure the power of transmitted light at the end
of MSM fiber sensor.

6

Because the frequency range of acoustic wave is up to 20 kHz, a data
acquisition card with a sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz and sampling
resolution of 16bits is employed to collect the output signal from photo
detector according to Nyquist sampling principle. Finally virtual instrument
software based on FFT transform is used to analyse the frequency spectrum
of signal.
Experiment is carried on to test the performance of MSM fiber
sensor. The acoustic wave is generated through a sine signal generator and a
loudspeaker. The typical detected acoustic signal at 9 kHz detected by MSM
fiber sensor is show in Figure 2.4, as frequency domain.
It can be seen clearly that strong background noise exists at low
frequency caused by instrument and outside equipment. It is verified by
using a sound level meter which shows an environmental noise level of
60dBA during the experiment and which can be eliminated by employing
suitable band pass filter.
The acoustic frequency is changed from 1kHz to 11kHz with a step
of 1kHz and the frequency response of MSM fiber sensor at different
frequency is recorded and analysed. In order to calibrate the frequency
characteristic of MSM fiber acoustic sensor, an electronic acoustic sensor
with a sensitivity of 1.17mV/Pa@1kHz is employed at mean time in the
experiment for contrast. The test results are shown in Figure 2.5.
In Figure 2.5, it is clear that both MSM and electronic acoustic
sensor can sensitively detect the sound signal within the frequency range of
11 kHz. But two sensors exhibit uneven frequency responses. There are
three peaks at 2kHz, 5kHz, 7kHz for both sensors but another peak at 10kHz
for MSM fiber acoustic sensor.
The unflatness is most likely caused by the uneven frequency
response of loudspeaker. In additional, the mechanic characteristics of
aluminium foil may also contribute to the frequency response of MSM
sensor which shows a more distinct fluctuation than that of electronic
sensor. The sensitivity of MSM fiber sensor is very low when sound

7

frequency is beyond 11kHz. But it is possible to achieve a larger frequency
detection range by using a proper electronic preamplifier.

Figure 2.1: Fabrication of MSM fiber.

Figure 2.2: Structure of acoustic sensor.

Figure 2.3: Experimental setup for MSM fiber acoustic sensor.

8

Figure 2.4: Frequency response of MSM fiber sensor to sound wave at 9kHz.

Figure 2.5: Frequency response of MSM fiber acoustic sensor.

9