Faizurrahman Andi K 22010112140182 Lap.KTI BAB 7
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
Kemendag. Kemendag Mendorong Masyarakat Untuk Beralih Dari Minyak
Goreng Curah Ke Minyak Goreng Kemasan. www.kemendag.go.id.
Published 2013.
2.
Ng C, Kamisah Y, Faizah O, et al. Involvement of Inflammation and
Adverse Vascular Remodelling in the Blood Pressure Raising Effect of
Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil in Rats. 2012.
3.
Martin J, Joffre F, Vernevaut M. Biochemical and Molecular Action of
Nutrients Cyclic Fatty Acid Monomers from Heated Oil Modify the
Activities of Lipid Synthesizing and Oxidizing Enzymes in Rat Liver 1 , 2.
2000:1524-1530.
4.
Adam S, Das S, Jaarin K. A Detailed Microscopic Study of The Changes in
The Aorta of Experimental Model of Postmenopausal Rats Fed with
Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil. Int J Exp Pathol. 2009;90(3):321-327.
5.
Leong X, Aishah A, Nor AU, Das S, Jaarin K. Heated Palm Oil Causes
Rise in Blood Pressure and Cardiac Changes in Heart Muscle in
Experimental Rats. Acheives Med Res. 2008;39(6):567-572.
6.
Goodman LS, Gilman A. Dasar Farmakologi Terapi. X. (Hardman JG,
Limbird LE, Aisyah C, eds.). Jakarta: ECG; 2012.
7.
Wilmana PF, Gunawan SG. Analgesik-Antipiretik Analgesik Anti-Inflamasi
Nonsteroid Dan Obat Gangguan Sendi Lainnya. Dalam: Farmakologi Dan
Terapi. V. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2007.
8.
Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, Tata V, Casini A. The Changing
49
50
Faces of Glutathione, A Cellular Protagonist. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003;66
(8):1499-1503.
9.
Ulilalbab A. Aktivitas Antioksidan Tablet Effervescent Rosella Ungu
Sebagai Suplement Penghambat Laju Peroksidasi Melalui Pengujian In
Vivo. PKM-P. 2010.
10.
Qinna NA, Mallah EM, Arafat TA, Idkaidek NM. Effect Of Licorice and
Grapefruit Juice on Paracetamol Pharmacokinetics in Human Saliva. Int J
Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(4):158-162.
11.
Barshop NJ, Capparelli E V, Sirlin CB, Jeffrey B, Lavine JE.
Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics in Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty
Liver Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;52(2):198-202.
12.
Kumdi BV, Kolawole JA, Apeh E. The Effect of Yoyo Bitters on The
Pharmacokinetics of Single Oral Dose Paracetamol Tablet in Human
Volunteers. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2011;5:717-723.
13.
Pradana DA, Hayati F, Samudra AG, Setya A. Effect of Curcumin and
Honey to Pharmacokinetics of Paracetamol in Male Wistar Rats. Eksakta.
2013;12(1):193.
14.
Simaremare P, Andrie M, Bambang Wijianto. Effect of Durian Fruit Juice
(Durio zibethinus Murr.) to Pharmacokinetic Profile of Paracetamol on
Wistar Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). Tradit Med J. 2013;18(3):178186.
15.
Ketaren S. Minyak Dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia; 2005.
51
16.
Sartika RAD. Pengaruh Suhu dan Lama Proses Menggoreng (Deep Frying)
Terhadap Pembentukan Asam Lemak Trans. Markara Sains. 2009;13:2328.
17.
Lestari P. Pemanfaatan Minyak Goreng Jelantah Pada Pembuatan Sabun
Cuci Piring. Tesis. 2010.
18.
Rukmini A. Regenerasi Minyak Goreng Bekas dengan Arang Sekam
Menekan Kerusakan Organ Tubuh. Semin Nas Teknol 2007 (SNT 2007).
2007:1978-9777.
19.
Mulyati S, Meilina H. Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah dengan Menggunakan
Sari Mengkudu. 2007. http://222.124.186.229/gdl40/go.php?id=gdlnodegdl-res-2007-srimulyati-1082&node-3517&start=6 .
20.
Oktaviani ND. Hubungan Lamanya Pemanasan dengan Kerusakan Minyak
Goreng Curah Ditinjau dari Bilangan Peroksida. J Biomedika. 2009;1:3134.
21.
Lee J, Lee S, Lee H, Park K, Choe E. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) as A
Natural Food Grade Antioxidant in Deep Fat Fried Products. J Agric Food
Chem. 2002;50:5664-5669.
22.
Herawati, Akhlus S. Kinerja (Bht) sebagai Antioksidan Minyak Sawit pada
Perlindungan terhadap Oksidasi Oksigen Singlet. Akta Kim. 2006;2:1-8.
23.
Azeredo HMC, Faria JAF, Silva. Minimization of Proxide Formation Rate
in Soybean Oil by Antioxidant Combinations. Food Res Int. 2004;37:689694.
24.
Yustinah. Pengaruh Massa Absorben Chitin pada Penurunan Kadar Asam
52
Lemak Bebas (FFA), Bilangan Peroksida, dan Warna Gelap Minyak
Goreng Bekas. Semin Nas Tek Kim Indones – SNTKI 2009. 2009:1-14.
25.
Ghidurus M, Turtoi M, Boskou G, Niculita P, Stan V. Nutritional and
Health Aspects Related to Frying. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2010;15(6).
26.
Castillo’n PG, Artalejo FR, Fornés NS, et al. Intake of Fried Foods is
Associated with Obesity in The Cohort of Spanish Adults from The
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin
Nutr. 2007;86:198-205.
27.
Koch A, KÖnig B, Spielmann J, Leitner A, Stang GL, Eder K. Thermally
Oxidized Oil Increases the Expression of Insulin-Induced Genes and
Inhibits Activation of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-2 in Rat
Liver. J Nutr Biochem Mol Genet Mech. 2007;137:2018-2023.
28.
Toussaint K, Yang XC, Zielinski MA, et al. What Do We (Not) Know
About How Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Works? J Clin Pharm Ther.
2010:617-638. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01143.x.
29.
Liudmila LM, Sangkuhl K, Caroline FT, Garret AF, Russ BA, Teri EK.
PharmGKB Summary: Pathways of Acetaminophen Metabolism at The
Therapeutic Versus Toxic Doses. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2015.
30.
Katzung BG. Farmakologi: Dasar Dan Klinik Buku 2. I. Jakarta: Salemba
Medika; 2002.
31.
Ubaldo C, Hall NS, Le B. Postmarketing Review of Intravenous
Acetaminophen Dosing Based on Food and Drug Administration
Prescribing Guidelines. Pharmacother Publ. 2014;34:34-39.
53
32.
Parkinson A. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. V. (Klaassen C, ed.). New
York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.
33.
Gibson G. Introduction to Drug Metabolism. II. London: Blackie
Academics and Professional; 1994.
34.
Mitchell R, McGill, Jaeschke H. Metabolism And Disposition of
Acetaminophen: Recent Advances in Relation to Hepatotoxicity and
Diagnosis. Pharm Res. 2013;30(9):2174-2187.
35.
Short Communication. Involvement of Human Cytochrome P450 2D6 in
The Bioactivation of Acetaminophen. 2000;28(12):1397-1400.
36.
Winarsi H. Antioksidan Alami Dan Radikal Bebas: Potensi Dan
Aplikasinya Dalam Kesehatan. V. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius; 2011.
37.
Tjay TH, Rahardja K. Obat-Obat Penting : Khasiat, Penggunaan, Dan
Efek-Efek Sampingnya. VI. Jakarta: Penerbit PT. Elex Media Komputindo;
2002.
38.
Katzung BG. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XII. New York: McGrawHill; 2011.
39.
WHO. Research Guideliness For Evaluating The Safety and Efficacy of
Herbal Medicines. Manila: Regional Office for The Western Pasific; 2003.
40.
Leong X-F, Mustafa MR, Das S, Jaarin K. Association of Elevated Blood
Pressure and Impaired Vasorelaxation in Experimental Sprague-Dawley
Rats Fed with Heated Vegetable Oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9(66):1-10.
41.
Farmakope Indonesia. Daftar Dosis Lazim Dan Dosis Maksimum. III.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 1979.
54
42.
Laurence
DR,
Bacharach
AL.
Evaluation
of
Drug
Activities:
Pharmacometrics, Ed. by D.R. Laurence and A.L. Bacharach. London:
Academic Press; 1964.
43.
Rusdiana T, Sjuib F, Asyarie S. Interaksi Farmakokinetik Kombinasi Obat
Parasetamol dan Fenilpropanolamin Hidroklorida sebagai Komponen Obat
Flu. Skripsi. 2009:2-4.
44.
Depkes RI. Farmakope Indonesia. IV. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia; 1995.
45.
Sarwono J. Pintar Menulis Karya Ilmiah Kunci Sukses Dalam Menulis
Ilmiah. Yogyakarta: CV. Andi OFFSET; 2010.
46.
Hakim L. Farmakokinetik. Yogyakarta: Bursa Ilmu; 2010.
47.
Slattery JT, Wilson JM, BS TFK, Nelson SD. Dose-dependent
pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen: Evidence of glutathione depletion in
humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1987;41(4):413-418.
48.
Forrest JAH, Clements JA, Prescott LF. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of
Paracetamol. Springer Int Publ. 1982;7(2):93-107.
55
Lampiran 1. Ethical clearance
56
Lampiran 2. Surat ijin penelitian Laboratorium Hewan Coba FK UNDIP
57
Lampiran 3. Surat ijin penelitian Laboratorium Farmakologi dan Terapi FK
UGM
58
Lampiran 4. Surat keterangan bebas Laboratorium Hewan Coba FK UNDIP
59
Lampiran 5. Surat keterangan bebas Laboratorium Farmakologi dan Terapi
FK UGM
60
Lampiran 6. Tabel konversi perhitungan dosis
TABEL KONVERSI PERHITUNGAN DOSIS LAURENCE & BACHARACH42
Mencit
Tikus
20 gr
200 gr
400 gr
2 kg
2 kg
4 kg
12 kg
70 kg
1.0
7.0
12.25
27.8
29.7
64.1
124.2
387.9
0.14
1.0
1.74
3.9
4.2
9.2
17.8
56.0
0.08
0.57
1.0
2.25
2.4
5.2
10.2
31.5
0.04
0.25
0.44
1.0
1.08
2.4
4.5
14.2
0.03
0.23
0.41
0.92
1.0
2.2
4.1
13.0
0.016
0.11
0.19
0.42
0.45
1.0
1.9
6.1
0.008
0.06
0.1
0.22
0.24
0.52
1.0
3.1
Manusia 0.0026
0.018
0.031
0.07
0.076
0.16
0.32
1.0
Mencit
Marmot Kelinci Kucing Kera Anjing
Manusia
20 gr
Tikus
200 gr
Marmot
400 gr
Kelinci
1,5 kg
Kucing
2 kg
Kera
4 kg
Anjing
12 kg
70 kg
61
Lampiran 7. Berat badan tikus dan rerata sisa pakan perlakuan
1.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Berat badan tikus
Kelompok
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Berat
233 gram
189 gram
249 gram
217 gram
176 gram
255 gram
211 gram
274 gram
300 gram
257 gram
Dosis
1,45 mL
1,18 mL
1,55 mL
1,36 mL
1,1 mL
1,59 mL
1,31 mL
1,71 mL
1,87 mL
1,60 mL
Rerata sisa pakan perlakuan
Kelompok
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Rerata sisa pakan
2,83 gram
3,38 gram
2,36 gram
1,87 gram
2,78 gram
62
Lampiran 8. Absorbansi parasetamol pada darah tikus
1.
Absorbansi parasetamol pada darah kelompok kontrol
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
2.
K1
0
0,499
0,808
0,927
0,975
1,112
1,078
0,892
0,830
0,735
0,651
0,499
0,402
0,190
K2
0
0,523
0,836
0,927
1,141
1,001
0,943
0,895
0,843
0,749
0,671
0,496
0,426
0,219
Kelompok
K3
K4
0
0
0,497
0,613
0,833
0,857
0,957
0,732
0,923
1,133
1,124
1,008
0,914
0,940
0,783
0,926
0,829
0,840
0,869
0,770
0,671
0,766
0,466
0,512
0,419
0,469
0,189
0,172
K5
0
0,539
0,854
0,937
1,169
1,014
0,953
0,920
0,863
0,765
0,699
0,526
0,466
0,226
Rerata
0
0,534
0,838
0,896
1,068
1,052
0,966
0,883
0,841
0,778
0,692
0,500
0,436
0,199
Absorbansi parasetamol pada darah kelompok perlakuan
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
P1
0
0,849
1,059
1,156
1,344
1,318
1,286
1,257
1,156
1,052
0,906
0,859
0,730
0,462
P2
0
0,835
1,037
1,193
1,293
1,314
1,277
1,239
1,145
1,022
0,931
0,812
0,763
0,455
Kelompok
P3
P4
0
0
0,816
0,829
1,069
1,041
1,289
1,166
1,139
1,331
1,315
1,326
1,277
1,270
1,270
1,255
1,162
0,934
1,011
1,072
0,881
0,934
0,842
1,118
0,731
0,738
0,425
0,435
P5
0
0,837
1,193
1,041
1,337
1,307
1,294
1,276
1,143
1,030
1,109
0,859
0,765
0,452
Rerata
0
0,833
1,080
1,169
1,289
1,316
1,281
1,259
1,108
1,037
0,952
0,898
0,745
0,446
63
Lampiran 9. Kadar parasetamol pada darah tikus
1.
Kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok kontrol
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
2.
Kadar
K1
0
16,871
27,069
30,980
32,581
37,102
35,980
29,842
27,795
24,660
21,888
16,871
13,670
6,673
K2
0
17,663
27,993
30,997
38,059
33,439
31,525
29,941
28,224
25,122
22,548
16,772
14,462
7,630
K3
0
16,805
27,894
31,987
30,865
37,498
30,568
26,244
27,762
29,083
22,548
15,782
14,231
6,640
K4
0
20,634
28,686
24,561
37,795
33,670
31,426
30,964
28,125
25,815
25,683
17,300
15,881
6,079
K5
0
18,191
28,587
31,327
38,983
33,868
31,855
30,766
28,884
25,650
23,472
17,762
15,782
7,861
Rerata
0
18,033
28,046
29,970
35,657
35,116
32,271
29,551
28,158
26,066
23,228
16,898
14,805
6,977
Kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok perlakuan
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
Kadar
P1
0
28,422
35,353
38,554
44,759
43,901
42,845
41,888
38,554
35,122
30,304
28,752
24,495
15,650
P2
0
27,960
34,627
39,776
43,076
43,769
42,548
41,294
38,191
34,132
31,129
27,201
25,584
15,419
P3
0
27,333
35,683
42,944
37,993
43,802
42,548
42,317
38,752
33,769
29,479
28,191
24,528
14,429
P4
0
27,762
34,759
38,884
44,330
44,165
42,317
41,822
31,228
35,782
31,228
37,300
24,759
14,759
P5
0
28,026
39,776
34,759
44,528
43,538
43,109
42,515
38,125
34,396
37,003
28,752
25,650
15,320
Rerata
0
27,901
36,040
38,983
42,937
43,835
42,673
41,967
36,970
34,640
31,828
30,040
25,003
15,116
64
Lampiran 10. Ln kadar paraseamol pada darah tikus
1.
Ln kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok kontrol
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
2.
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
Rerata
0
2,826
3,298
3,433
3,484
3,614
3,583
3,396
3,325
3,205
3,086
2,826
2,615
1,898
0
2,871
3,332
3,434
3,639
3,510
3,451
3,399
3,340
3,224
3,116
2,820
2,672
2,032
0
2,822
3,328
3,465
3,430
3,624
3,420
3,267
3,324
3,370
3,116
2,759
2,655
1,893
0
3,027
3,356
3,201
3,632
3,517
3,448
3,433
3,337
3,251
3,246
2,851
2,765
1,805
0
2,901
3,353
3,444
3,663
3,522
3,461
3,426
3,363
3,245
3,156
2,877
2,759
2,062
0
2,889
3,334
3,396
3,570
3,557
3,472
3,384
3,338
3,259
3,144
2,826
2,693
1,938
Ln kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok perlakuan
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Rerata
0
3,347
3,565
3,652
3,801
3,782
3,758
3,735
3,652
3,559
3,411
3,359
3,198
2,750
0
3,331
3,545
3,683
3,763
3,779
3,751
3,721
3,643
3,530
3,438
3,303
3,242
2,736
0
3,308
3,575
3,760
3,637
3,780
3,751
3,745
3,657
3,520
3,384
3,339
3,200
2,669
0
3,324
3,548
3,661
3,792
3,788
3,745
3,733
3,441
3,577
3,441
3,619
3,209
2,692
0
3,333
3,683
3,548
3,796
3,774
3,764
3,750
3,641
3,538
3,611
3,359
3,245
2,729
0,000
3,329
3,583
3,661
3,758
3,780
3,754
3,737
3,607
3,545
3,457
3,396
3,219
2,715
65
Lampiran 11. Parameter farmakokinetik
1.
Parameter farmakokinetik kelompok kontrol
Parameter
Farmakokinetik
Kel
t1/2e
Ka
t1/2a
tmaks
Cmax
AUC0-inf
Vd
Cl
2.
Kelompok
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
Rerata
0,00445 0,00389 0,00416 0,00416
0,00374
0,00408
155,800 178,392 166,587 166,461
185,155
170,479
0,123
0,156
0,089
0,205
0,144
0,143
5,657
4,457
7,831
3,386
4,800
5,226
28,086
24,335
36,252
19,428
25,972
26,815
36,848
35,168
33,419
37,554
35,505
35,699
9386,096 9950,508 9341,139 9780,476 10454,477 9782,539
277,849 244,213 319,101 267,207
224,897
266,653
1,236
0,949
1,327
1,112
0,842
1,093
Parameter farmakokinetik kelompok perlakuan
Parameter
Farmakokinetik
Kel
t1/2e
Ka
t1/2a
tmaks
Cmaks
AUC0-inf
Vd
Cl
Kelompok
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Rerata
0,00271
0,00272
0,00292
0,00248
0,00265
0,00269
255,720
254,779
237,329
278,806
261,509
257,629
0,152
0,107
0,084
0,182
0,126
0,130
4,547
6,448
8,278
3,818
5,495
5,717
26,917
35,096
41,533
23,967
31,286
31,760
45,102
43,890
43,555
44,400
45,201
44,430
17902,400 17752,205 16839,270 18959,450 18531,310 17996,927
262,184
217,040
278,215
317,449
260,650
267,108
0,711
0,590
0,812
0,789
0,691
0,719
66
Lampiran 12. Hasil uji statistik
1.
Jumlah sampel tiap kelompok
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
Tikus
K
t1/2 e
Ka
t1/2 a
tmax
Cp max
AUC 0-inf
Vd
Cl
N
Missing
Percent
N
Total
Percent
N
Percent
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
67
Perlakuan
2.
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Hasil uji normalitas data pengaruh pemberian minyak jelantah terhadap profil
farmakokinetik parasetamol pada darah
Tests of Normality
a
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Tikus
K
t1/2 e
Ka
t1/2 a
tmax
Cp max
AUC 0-inf
Vd
Statistic
df
Shapiro-Wilk
Sig.
Statistic
df
Sig.
Kontrol
,215
5
,200
*
,955
5
,776
Perlakuan
,242
5
,200
*
,960
5
,806
Kontrol
,233
5
,200
*
,955
5
,775
Perlakuan
,224
5
,200
*
,960
5
,810
Kontrol
,186
5
,200
*
,987
5
,968
Perlakuan
,143
5
,200
*
,988
5
,974
Kontrol
,201
5
,200
*
,945
5
,705
Perlakuan
,151
5
,200
*
,967
5
,856
Kontrol
,218
5
,200
*
,961
5
,812
Perlakuan
,158
5
,200
*
,975
5
,907
Kontrol
,170
5
,200
*
,968
5
,860
Perlakuan
,223
5
,200
*
,913
5
,489
Kontrol
,208
5
,200
*
,923
5
,550
Perlakuan
,181
5
,200
*
,973
5
,896
Kontrol
,177
5
,200
*
,976
5
,915
Perlakuan
,229
5
,200
*
,963
5
,830
68
Cl
Kontrol
,165
5
,200
*
,963
5
,827
Perlakuan
,188
5
,200
*
,945
5
,702
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
3.
Data statistik tiap kelompok tikus
Group Statistics
Tikus
K
t1/2 e
t1/2 a
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
5
,00407972780
,000274126637
,000122593159
Perlakuan
5
,00269712000
,000155985487
,000069758830
170,479096609
11,4539973104
5,12238332004
829920
24269
1685
257,628618431
14,8945071830
6,66102611052
438200
27645
1743
Kontrol
5
5
Kontrol
5
,14310600
,042864090
,019169404
Perlakuan
5
,13025000
,038147003
,017059858
5,22606919674
1,66790022788
,745907657846
9445
1934
279
5,71698286521
1,74044517644
,778350745127
6155
2508
413
26,8146739056
6,16647524914
2,75773156773
70844
2414
0478
31,7597965211
6,91135484236
3,09085184882
85734
3327
9348
Kontrol
Perlakuan
tmax
Mean
Kontrol
Perlakuan
Ka
N
Kontrol
Perlakuan
5
5
5
5
69
Cp max
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
AUC 0-inf
5
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
Vd
5
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
Cl
5
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
5
35,6986385271
1,60294832713
,716860284777
20620
1813
261
44,4295873633
,725415300988
,324415584985
12020
269
648
9782,53915586
455,993310553
203,926407936
973400
765640
678430
17996,9273378
809,476730020
362,008998906
1966300
997500
239000
266,653455326
35,7895563981
16,0055761981
880360
15520
49765
267,107723967
36,1606095854
16,1715162281
029640
29930
70365
1,09323841562
,199821197738
,089362756297
9088
269
639
,718606093145
,088105330237
,039401901518
465
085
038
4. Hasil uji homogenitas varians
Independent Samples Test
K
Levene's Test for
t-test for
Equality of
Equality of
Variances
Means
F
t
Sig.
Equal
variances
assumed
2,026
,192
df
9,80
2
8
70
Equal
variances not
assumed
t1/2
Equal
e
variances
6,34
2
5
,039
,849
assumed
10,3
8
71
Equal
-
variances not
10,3
assumed
Ka
9,80
71
7,50
5
Equal
variances
,002
,963
,501
8
assumed
Equal
variances not
,501
assumed
t1/2
Equal
a
variances
,029
,869 -,455
7,89
4
8
assumed
Equal
variances not
-,455
assumed
tmax Equal
variances
6
,162
,698
1,19
assumed
4
Equal
-
variances not
1,19
assumed
4
Cp
Equal
-
max
variances
assumed
7,98
2,230
,174
11,0
96
8
7,89
8
8
71
Equal
-
variances not
11,0
assumed
AUC
Equal
0-inf
variances
96
2
1,261
,294
assumed
19,7
8
70
Equal
-
variances not
19,7
assumed
Vd
5,57
70
6,30
6
Equal
variances
,006
,940 -,020
8
assumed
Equal
variances not
-,020
assumed
Cl
Equal
variances
3,934
,083
3,83
6
assumed
Equal
variances not
9
8
3,83
5,49
6
9
assumed
5.
7,99
Hasil uji t test tidak berpasangan pengaruh pemberian minyak jelantah terhadap profil
farmakokinetik parasetamol
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
K
Equal variances
assumed
Sig. (2-
Mean
Std. Error
tailed)
Difference
Difference
,000
,0013826078 ,0001410509
00
73
72
Equal variances not
assumed
t1/2 e
,000
Equal variances
assumed
,0013826078 ,0001410509
00
-
,000 87,14952182
1608290
Equal variances not
assumed
,000 87,14952182
1608290
Ka
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
t1/2 a
Equal variances
assumed
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
,012856000
,025661348
,661 ,4909136684
,661 ,4909136684
,267 4,945122615
,267 4,945122615
,000 8,730948836
191395
Equal variances not
assumed
885635
,630
514890
Cp max
8,402861400
,025661348
514890
Equal variances not
885635
,012856000
66710
tmax
8,402861400
,630
66710
Equal variances not
73
,000 8,730948836
191395
1,078057566
400849
1,078057566
400849
4,142275769
558204
4,142275769
558204
,7868507734
45966
,7868507734
45966
73
AUC 0-
Equal variances
inf
assumed
,000 8214,388181
949930000
Equal variances not
assumed
,000 8214,388181
949930000
Vd
Equal variances
assumed
,985 ,4542686401
49280
Equal variances not
assumed
,985 ,4542686401
49280
Cl
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
,005
,010
415,4954814
95351500
415,4954814
95351500
22,75294281
0826816
22,75294281
0826816
,3746323224 ,0976637704
83623
38932
,3746323224 ,0976637704
83623
38932
74
Lampiran 13. Dokumentasi
Pembuatan minyak jelantah
Hewan coba dikandangkan individual
Larutan baku parasetamol
Pencampuran pakan dengan minyak jelantah
Pembuatan sediaan parasetamol
Penampungan darah pada tabung effendorf
75
Sentrifuge sampel
darah+EDTA+TCA5% pada 2500 rpm
Penambahan etil asetat pada plasma
Pengambilan supernatan
Pencarian panjang gelombang maksimal
dan pemeriksaan spektrofotometri
76
Lampiran 14. Biodata mahasiswa
I.
Identitas
1. Nama Lengkap
: Faizurrahman Andi Kusuma
2. NIM
: 22010112140182
3. Tempat, Tanggal lahir : Grobogan, 14 April 1994
4. Jenis Kelamin
: Laki-laki
5. Alamat Rumah
: Jl. Ahmad Yani 269 Purwodadi, Kab.Grobogan
6. E-mail
: faizurrahmanandi@ymail.com
7. Telepon rumah/HP
: 08574012498
II. Pendidikan
No.
Tingkat
Nama & Tempat
Tahun Lulus
1.
Sekolah Dasar
SD Negeri 1 Kuripan
2006
2.
Sekolah Menengah Pertama
SMP Negeri 1 Purwodadi
2009
3.
Sekolah Menengah Akhir
SMA Negeri 1 Purwodadi
2012
4.
Perguruan Tinggi
Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP
2012 - sekarang
III. Pengalaman Kepanitiaan
No
Jabatan
Tahun
Nama Kepanitiaan
1.
Sie Perlengkapan
Mei 2014
Scientific Fair
2.
Koordinator Sie Lomba
September - Desember 2014
Porseni
3.
Ketua Panitia
September - Oktober 2015
Kemah Bakti
IV. Pengalaman Bekerja
No.
Jabatan
Tahun
Nama Instansi
1.
Asisten Dosen
2014 - 2015
Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP
1.
Kemendag. Kemendag Mendorong Masyarakat Untuk Beralih Dari Minyak
Goreng Curah Ke Minyak Goreng Kemasan. www.kemendag.go.id.
Published 2013.
2.
Ng C, Kamisah Y, Faizah O, et al. Involvement of Inflammation and
Adverse Vascular Remodelling in the Blood Pressure Raising Effect of
Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil in Rats. 2012.
3.
Martin J, Joffre F, Vernevaut M. Biochemical and Molecular Action of
Nutrients Cyclic Fatty Acid Monomers from Heated Oil Modify the
Activities of Lipid Synthesizing and Oxidizing Enzymes in Rat Liver 1 , 2.
2000:1524-1530.
4.
Adam S, Das S, Jaarin K. A Detailed Microscopic Study of The Changes in
The Aorta of Experimental Model of Postmenopausal Rats Fed with
Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil. Int J Exp Pathol. 2009;90(3):321-327.
5.
Leong X, Aishah A, Nor AU, Das S, Jaarin K. Heated Palm Oil Causes
Rise in Blood Pressure and Cardiac Changes in Heart Muscle in
Experimental Rats. Acheives Med Res. 2008;39(6):567-572.
6.
Goodman LS, Gilman A. Dasar Farmakologi Terapi. X. (Hardman JG,
Limbird LE, Aisyah C, eds.). Jakarta: ECG; 2012.
7.
Wilmana PF, Gunawan SG. Analgesik-Antipiretik Analgesik Anti-Inflamasi
Nonsteroid Dan Obat Gangguan Sendi Lainnya. Dalam: Farmakologi Dan
Terapi. V. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2007.
8.
Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, Tata V, Casini A. The Changing
49
50
Faces of Glutathione, A Cellular Protagonist. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003;66
(8):1499-1503.
9.
Ulilalbab A. Aktivitas Antioksidan Tablet Effervescent Rosella Ungu
Sebagai Suplement Penghambat Laju Peroksidasi Melalui Pengujian In
Vivo. PKM-P. 2010.
10.
Qinna NA, Mallah EM, Arafat TA, Idkaidek NM. Effect Of Licorice and
Grapefruit Juice on Paracetamol Pharmacokinetics in Human Saliva. Int J
Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(4):158-162.
11.
Barshop NJ, Capparelli E V, Sirlin CB, Jeffrey B, Lavine JE.
Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics in Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty
Liver Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;52(2):198-202.
12.
Kumdi BV, Kolawole JA, Apeh E. The Effect of Yoyo Bitters on The
Pharmacokinetics of Single Oral Dose Paracetamol Tablet in Human
Volunteers. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2011;5:717-723.
13.
Pradana DA, Hayati F, Samudra AG, Setya A. Effect of Curcumin and
Honey to Pharmacokinetics of Paracetamol in Male Wistar Rats. Eksakta.
2013;12(1):193.
14.
Simaremare P, Andrie M, Bambang Wijianto. Effect of Durian Fruit Juice
(Durio zibethinus Murr.) to Pharmacokinetic Profile of Paracetamol on
Wistar Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). Tradit Med J. 2013;18(3):178186.
15.
Ketaren S. Minyak Dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia; 2005.
51
16.
Sartika RAD. Pengaruh Suhu dan Lama Proses Menggoreng (Deep Frying)
Terhadap Pembentukan Asam Lemak Trans. Markara Sains. 2009;13:2328.
17.
Lestari P. Pemanfaatan Minyak Goreng Jelantah Pada Pembuatan Sabun
Cuci Piring. Tesis. 2010.
18.
Rukmini A. Regenerasi Minyak Goreng Bekas dengan Arang Sekam
Menekan Kerusakan Organ Tubuh. Semin Nas Teknol 2007 (SNT 2007).
2007:1978-9777.
19.
Mulyati S, Meilina H. Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah dengan Menggunakan
Sari Mengkudu. 2007. http://222.124.186.229/gdl40/go.php?id=gdlnodegdl-res-2007-srimulyati-1082&node-3517&start=6 .
20.
Oktaviani ND. Hubungan Lamanya Pemanasan dengan Kerusakan Minyak
Goreng Curah Ditinjau dari Bilangan Peroksida. J Biomedika. 2009;1:3134.
21.
Lee J, Lee S, Lee H, Park K, Choe E. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) as A
Natural Food Grade Antioxidant in Deep Fat Fried Products. J Agric Food
Chem. 2002;50:5664-5669.
22.
Herawati, Akhlus S. Kinerja (Bht) sebagai Antioksidan Minyak Sawit pada
Perlindungan terhadap Oksidasi Oksigen Singlet. Akta Kim. 2006;2:1-8.
23.
Azeredo HMC, Faria JAF, Silva. Minimization of Proxide Formation Rate
in Soybean Oil by Antioxidant Combinations. Food Res Int. 2004;37:689694.
24.
Yustinah. Pengaruh Massa Absorben Chitin pada Penurunan Kadar Asam
52
Lemak Bebas (FFA), Bilangan Peroksida, dan Warna Gelap Minyak
Goreng Bekas. Semin Nas Tek Kim Indones – SNTKI 2009. 2009:1-14.
25.
Ghidurus M, Turtoi M, Boskou G, Niculita P, Stan V. Nutritional and
Health Aspects Related to Frying. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2010;15(6).
26.
Castillo’n PG, Artalejo FR, Fornés NS, et al. Intake of Fried Foods is
Associated with Obesity in The Cohort of Spanish Adults from The
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin
Nutr. 2007;86:198-205.
27.
Koch A, KÖnig B, Spielmann J, Leitner A, Stang GL, Eder K. Thermally
Oxidized Oil Increases the Expression of Insulin-Induced Genes and
Inhibits Activation of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-2 in Rat
Liver. J Nutr Biochem Mol Genet Mech. 2007;137:2018-2023.
28.
Toussaint K, Yang XC, Zielinski MA, et al. What Do We (Not) Know
About How Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Works? J Clin Pharm Ther.
2010:617-638. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01143.x.
29.
Liudmila LM, Sangkuhl K, Caroline FT, Garret AF, Russ BA, Teri EK.
PharmGKB Summary: Pathways of Acetaminophen Metabolism at The
Therapeutic Versus Toxic Doses. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2015.
30.
Katzung BG. Farmakologi: Dasar Dan Klinik Buku 2. I. Jakarta: Salemba
Medika; 2002.
31.
Ubaldo C, Hall NS, Le B. Postmarketing Review of Intravenous
Acetaminophen Dosing Based on Food and Drug Administration
Prescribing Guidelines. Pharmacother Publ. 2014;34:34-39.
53
32.
Parkinson A. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. V. (Klaassen C, ed.). New
York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.
33.
Gibson G. Introduction to Drug Metabolism. II. London: Blackie
Academics and Professional; 1994.
34.
Mitchell R, McGill, Jaeschke H. Metabolism And Disposition of
Acetaminophen: Recent Advances in Relation to Hepatotoxicity and
Diagnosis. Pharm Res. 2013;30(9):2174-2187.
35.
Short Communication. Involvement of Human Cytochrome P450 2D6 in
The Bioactivation of Acetaminophen. 2000;28(12):1397-1400.
36.
Winarsi H. Antioksidan Alami Dan Radikal Bebas: Potensi Dan
Aplikasinya Dalam Kesehatan. V. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius; 2011.
37.
Tjay TH, Rahardja K. Obat-Obat Penting : Khasiat, Penggunaan, Dan
Efek-Efek Sampingnya. VI. Jakarta: Penerbit PT. Elex Media Komputindo;
2002.
38.
Katzung BG. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XII. New York: McGrawHill; 2011.
39.
WHO. Research Guideliness For Evaluating The Safety and Efficacy of
Herbal Medicines. Manila: Regional Office for The Western Pasific; 2003.
40.
Leong X-F, Mustafa MR, Das S, Jaarin K. Association of Elevated Blood
Pressure and Impaired Vasorelaxation in Experimental Sprague-Dawley
Rats Fed with Heated Vegetable Oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9(66):1-10.
41.
Farmakope Indonesia. Daftar Dosis Lazim Dan Dosis Maksimum. III.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 1979.
54
42.
Laurence
DR,
Bacharach
AL.
Evaluation
of
Drug
Activities:
Pharmacometrics, Ed. by D.R. Laurence and A.L. Bacharach. London:
Academic Press; 1964.
43.
Rusdiana T, Sjuib F, Asyarie S. Interaksi Farmakokinetik Kombinasi Obat
Parasetamol dan Fenilpropanolamin Hidroklorida sebagai Komponen Obat
Flu. Skripsi. 2009:2-4.
44.
Depkes RI. Farmakope Indonesia. IV. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia; 1995.
45.
Sarwono J. Pintar Menulis Karya Ilmiah Kunci Sukses Dalam Menulis
Ilmiah. Yogyakarta: CV. Andi OFFSET; 2010.
46.
Hakim L. Farmakokinetik. Yogyakarta: Bursa Ilmu; 2010.
47.
Slattery JT, Wilson JM, BS TFK, Nelson SD. Dose-dependent
pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen: Evidence of glutathione depletion in
humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1987;41(4):413-418.
48.
Forrest JAH, Clements JA, Prescott LF. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of
Paracetamol. Springer Int Publ. 1982;7(2):93-107.
55
Lampiran 1. Ethical clearance
56
Lampiran 2. Surat ijin penelitian Laboratorium Hewan Coba FK UNDIP
57
Lampiran 3. Surat ijin penelitian Laboratorium Farmakologi dan Terapi FK
UGM
58
Lampiran 4. Surat keterangan bebas Laboratorium Hewan Coba FK UNDIP
59
Lampiran 5. Surat keterangan bebas Laboratorium Farmakologi dan Terapi
FK UGM
60
Lampiran 6. Tabel konversi perhitungan dosis
TABEL KONVERSI PERHITUNGAN DOSIS LAURENCE & BACHARACH42
Mencit
Tikus
20 gr
200 gr
400 gr
2 kg
2 kg
4 kg
12 kg
70 kg
1.0
7.0
12.25
27.8
29.7
64.1
124.2
387.9
0.14
1.0
1.74
3.9
4.2
9.2
17.8
56.0
0.08
0.57
1.0
2.25
2.4
5.2
10.2
31.5
0.04
0.25
0.44
1.0
1.08
2.4
4.5
14.2
0.03
0.23
0.41
0.92
1.0
2.2
4.1
13.0
0.016
0.11
0.19
0.42
0.45
1.0
1.9
6.1
0.008
0.06
0.1
0.22
0.24
0.52
1.0
3.1
Manusia 0.0026
0.018
0.031
0.07
0.076
0.16
0.32
1.0
Mencit
Marmot Kelinci Kucing Kera Anjing
Manusia
20 gr
Tikus
200 gr
Marmot
400 gr
Kelinci
1,5 kg
Kucing
2 kg
Kera
4 kg
Anjing
12 kg
70 kg
61
Lampiran 7. Berat badan tikus dan rerata sisa pakan perlakuan
1.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Berat badan tikus
Kelompok
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Berat
233 gram
189 gram
249 gram
217 gram
176 gram
255 gram
211 gram
274 gram
300 gram
257 gram
Dosis
1,45 mL
1,18 mL
1,55 mL
1,36 mL
1,1 mL
1,59 mL
1,31 mL
1,71 mL
1,87 mL
1,60 mL
Rerata sisa pakan perlakuan
Kelompok
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Rerata sisa pakan
2,83 gram
3,38 gram
2,36 gram
1,87 gram
2,78 gram
62
Lampiran 8. Absorbansi parasetamol pada darah tikus
1.
Absorbansi parasetamol pada darah kelompok kontrol
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
2.
K1
0
0,499
0,808
0,927
0,975
1,112
1,078
0,892
0,830
0,735
0,651
0,499
0,402
0,190
K2
0
0,523
0,836
0,927
1,141
1,001
0,943
0,895
0,843
0,749
0,671
0,496
0,426
0,219
Kelompok
K3
K4
0
0
0,497
0,613
0,833
0,857
0,957
0,732
0,923
1,133
1,124
1,008
0,914
0,940
0,783
0,926
0,829
0,840
0,869
0,770
0,671
0,766
0,466
0,512
0,419
0,469
0,189
0,172
K5
0
0,539
0,854
0,937
1,169
1,014
0,953
0,920
0,863
0,765
0,699
0,526
0,466
0,226
Rerata
0
0,534
0,838
0,896
1,068
1,052
0,966
0,883
0,841
0,778
0,692
0,500
0,436
0,199
Absorbansi parasetamol pada darah kelompok perlakuan
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
P1
0
0,849
1,059
1,156
1,344
1,318
1,286
1,257
1,156
1,052
0,906
0,859
0,730
0,462
P2
0
0,835
1,037
1,193
1,293
1,314
1,277
1,239
1,145
1,022
0,931
0,812
0,763
0,455
Kelompok
P3
P4
0
0
0,816
0,829
1,069
1,041
1,289
1,166
1,139
1,331
1,315
1,326
1,277
1,270
1,270
1,255
1,162
0,934
1,011
1,072
0,881
0,934
0,842
1,118
0,731
0,738
0,425
0,435
P5
0
0,837
1,193
1,041
1,337
1,307
1,294
1,276
1,143
1,030
1,109
0,859
0,765
0,452
Rerata
0
0,833
1,080
1,169
1,289
1,316
1,281
1,259
1,108
1,037
0,952
0,898
0,745
0,446
63
Lampiran 9. Kadar parasetamol pada darah tikus
1.
Kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok kontrol
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
2.
Kadar
K1
0
16,871
27,069
30,980
32,581
37,102
35,980
29,842
27,795
24,660
21,888
16,871
13,670
6,673
K2
0
17,663
27,993
30,997
38,059
33,439
31,525
29,941
28,224
25,122
22,548
16,772
14,462
7,630
K3
0
16,805
27,894
31,987
30,865
37,498
30,568
26,244
27,762
29,083
22,548
15,782
14,231
6,640
K4
0
20,634
28,686
24,561
37,795
33,670
31,426
30,964
28,125
25,815
25,683
17,300
15,881
6,079
K5
0
18,191
28,587
31,327
38,983
33,868
31,855
30,766
28,884
25,650
23,472
17,762
15,782
7,861
Rerata
0
18,033
28,046
29,970
35,657
35,116
32,271
29,551
28,158
26,066
23,228
16,898
14,805
6,977
Kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok perlakuan
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
Kadar
P1
0
28,422
35,353
38,554
44,759
43,901
42,845
41,888
38,554
35,122
30,304
28,752
24,495
15,650
P2
0
27,960
34,627
39,776
43,076
43,769
42,548
41,294
38,191
34,132
31,129
27,201
25,584
15,419
P3
0
27,333
35,683
42,944
37,993
43,802
42,548
42,317
38,752
33,769
29,479
28,191
24,528
14,429
P4
0
27,762
34,759
38,884
44,330
44,165
42,317
41,822
31,228
35,782
31,228
37,300
24,759
14,759
P5
0
28,026
39,776
34,759
44,528
43,538
43,109
42,515
38,125
34,396
37,003
28,752
25,650
15,320
Rerata
0
27,901
36,040
38,983
42,937
43,835
42,673
41,967
36,970
34,640
31,828
30,040
25,003
15,116
64
Lampiran 10. Ln kadar paraseamol pada darah tikus
1.
Ln kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok kontrol
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
2.
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
Rerata
0
2,826
3,298
3,433
3,484
3,614
3,583
3,396
3,325
3,205
3,086
2,826
2,615
1,898
0
2,871
3,332
3,434
3,639
3,510
3,451
3,399
3,340
3,224
3,116
2,820
2,672
2,032
0
2,822
3,328
3,465
3,430
3,624
3,420
3,267
3,324
3,370
3,116
2,759
2,655
1,893
0
3,027
3,356
3,201
3,632
3,517
3,448
3,433
3,337
3,251
3,246
2,851
2,765
1,805
0
2,901
3,353
3,444
3,663
3,522
3,461
3,426
3,363
3,245
3,156
2,877
2,759
2,062
0
2,889
3,334
3,396
3,570
3,557
3,472
3,384
3,338
3,259
3,144
2,826
2,693
1,938
Ln kadar parasetamol pada darah kelompok perlakuan
Menit
ke0
3
5
10
20
30
40
60
90
120
180
240
300
360
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Rerata
0
3,347
3,565
3,652
3,801
3,782
3,758
3,735
3,652
3,559
3,411
3,359
3,198
2,750
0
3,331
3,545
3,683
3,763
3,779
3,751
3,721
3,643
3,530
3,438
3,303
3,242
2,736
0
3,308
3,575
3,760
3,637
3,780
3,751
3,745
3,657
3,520
3,384
3,339
3,200
2,669
0
3,324
3,548
3,661
3,792
3,788
3,745
3,733
3,441
3,577
3,441
3,619
3,209
2,692
0
3,333
3,683
3,548
3,796
3,774
3,764
3,750
3,641
3,538
3,611
3,359
3,245
2,729
0,000
3,329
3,583
3,661
3,758
3,780
3,754
3,737
3,607
3,545
3,457
3,396
3,219
2,715
65
Lampiran 11. Parameter farmakokinetik
1.
Parameter farmakokinetik kelompok kontrol
Parameter
Farmakokinetik
Kel
t1/2e
Ka
t1/2a
tmaks
Cmax
AUC0-inf
Vd
Cl
2.
Kelompok
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
Rerata
0,00445 0,00389 0,00416 0,00416
0,00374
0,00408
155,800 178,392 166,587 166,461
185,155
170,479
0,123
0,156
0,089
0,205
0,144
0,143
5,657
4,457
7,831
3,386
4,800
5,226
28,086
24,335
36,252
19,428
25,972
26,815
36,848
35,168
33,419
37,554
35,505
35,699
9386,096 9950,508 9341,139 9780,476 10454,477 9782,539
277,849 244,213 319,101 267,207
224,897
266,653
1,236
0,949
1,327
1,112
0,842
1,093
Parameter farmakokinetik kelompok perlakuan
Parameter
Farmakokinetik
Kel
t1/2e
Ka
t1/2a
tmaks
Cmaks
AUC0-inf
Vd
Cl
Kelompok
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Rerata
0,00271
0,00272
0,00292
0,00248
0,00265
0,00269
255,720
254,779
237,329
278,806
261,509
257,629
0,152
0,107
0,084
0,182
0,126
0,130
4,547
6,448
8,278
3,818
5,495
5,717
26,917
35,096
41,533
23,967
31,286
31,760
45,102
43,890
43,555
44,400
45,201
44,430
17902,400 17752,205 16839,270 18959,450 18531,310 17996,927
262,184
217,040
278,215
317,449
260,650
267,108
0,711
0,590
0,812
0,789
0,691
0,719
66
Lampiran 12. Hasil uji statistik
1.
Jumlah sampel tiap kelompok
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
Tikus
K
t1/2 e
Ka
t1/2 a
tmax
Cp max
AUC 0-inf
Vd
Cl
N
Missing
Percent
N
Total
Percent
N
Percent
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Perlakuan
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Kontrol
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
67
Perlakuan
2.
5
100,0%
0
0,0%
5
100,0%
Hasil uji normalitas data pengaruh pemberian minyak jelantah terhadap profil
farmakokinetik parasetamol pada darah
Tests of Normality
a
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Tikus
K
t1/2 e
Ka
t1/2 a
tmax
Cp max
AUC 0-inf
Vd
Statistic
df
Shapiro-Wilk
Sig.
Statistic
df
Sig.
Kontrol
,215
5
,200
*
,955
5
,776
Perlakuan
,242
5
,200
*
,960
5
,806
Kontrol
,233
5
,200
*
,955
5
,775
Perlakuan
,224
5
,200
*
,960
5
,810
Kontrol
,186
5
,200
*
,987
5
,968
Perlakuan
,143
5
,200
*
,988
5
,974
Kontrol
,201
5
,200
*
,945
5
,705
Perlakuan
,151
5
,200
*
,967
5
,856
Kontrol
,218
5
,200
*
,961
5
,812
Perlakuan
,158
5
,200
*
,975
5
,907
Kontrol
,170
5
,200
*
,968
5
,860
Perlakuan
,223
5
,200
*
,913
5
,489
Kontrol
,208
5
,200
*
,923
5
,550
Perlakuan
,181
5
,200
*
,973
5
,896
Kontrol
,177
5
,200
*
,976
5
,915
Perlakuan
,229
5
,200
*
,963
5
,830
68
Cl
Kontrol
,165
5
,200
*
,963
5
,827
Perlakuan
,188
5
,200
*
,945
5
,702
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
3.
Data statistik tiap kelompok tikus
Group Statistics
Tikus
K
t1/2 e
t1/2 a
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
5
,00407972780
,000274126637
,000122593159
Perlakuan
5
,00269712000
,000155985487
,000069758830
170,479096609
11,4539973104
5,12238332004
829920
24269
1685
257,628618431
14,8945071830
6,66102611052
438200
27645
1743
Kontrol
5
5
Kontrol
5
,14310600
,042864090
,019169404
Perlakuan
5
,13025000
,038147003
,017059858
5,22606919674
1,66790022788
,745907657846
9445
1934
279
5,71698286521
1,74044517644
,778350745127
6155
2508
413
26,8146739056
6,16647524914
2,75773156773
70844
2414
0478
31,7597965211
6,91135484236
3,09085184882
85734
3327
9348
Kontrol
Perlakuan
tmax
Mean
Kontrol
Perlakuan
Ka
N
Kontrol
Perlakuan
5
5
5
5
69
Cp max
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
AUC 0-inf
5
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
Vd
5
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
Cl
5
Kontrol
5
Perlakuan
5
35,6986385271
1,60294832713
,716860284777
20620
1813
261
44,4295873633
,725415300988
,324415584985
12020
269
648
9782,53915586
455,993310553
203,926407936
973400
765640
678430
17996,9273378
809,476730020
362,008998906
1966300
997500
239000
266,653455326
35,7895563981
16,0055761981
880360
15520
49765
267,107723967
36,1606095854
16,1715162281
029640
29930
70365
1,09323841562
,199821197738
,089362756297
9088
269
639
,718606093145
,088105330237
,039401901518
465
085
038
4. Hasil uji homogenitas varians
Independent Samples Test
K
Levene's Test for
t-test for
Equality of
Equality of
Variances
Means
F
t
Sig.
Equal
variances
assumed
2,026
,192
df
9,80
2
8
70
Equal
variances not
assumed
t1/2
Equal
e
variances
6,34
2
5
,039
,849
assumed
10,3
8
71
Equal
-
variances not
10,3
assumed
Ka
9,80
71
7,50
5
Equal
variances
,002
,963
,501
8
assumed
Equal
variances not
,501
assumed
t1/2
Equal
a
variances
,029
,869 -,455
7,89
4
8
assumed
Equal
variances not
-,455
assumed
tmax Equal
variances
6
,162
,698
1,19
assumed
4
Equal
-
variances not
1,19
assumed
4
Cp
Equal
-
max
variances
assumed
7,98
2,230
,174
11,0
96
8
7,89
8
8
71
Equal
-
variances not
11,0
assumed
AUC
Equal
0-inf
variances
96
2
1,261
,294
assumed
19,7
8
70
Equal
-
variances not
19,7
assumed
Vd
5,57
70
6,30
6
Equal
variances
,006
,940 -,020
8
assumed
Equal
variances not
-,020
assumed
Cl
Equal
variances
3,934
,083
3,83
6
assumed
Equal
variances not
9
8
3,83
5,49
6
9
assumed
5.
7,99
Hasil uji t test tidak berpasangan pengaruh pemberian minyak jelantah terhadap profil
farmakokinetik parasetamol
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
K
Equal variances
assumed
Sig. (2-
Mean
Std. Error
tailed)
Difference
Difference
,000
,0013826078 ,0001410509
00
73
72
Equal variances not
assumed
t1/2 e
,000
Equal variances
assumed
,0013826078 ,0001410509
00
-
,000 87,14952182
1608290
Equal variances not
assumed
,000 87,14952182
1608290
Ka
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
t1/2 a
Equal variances
assumed
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
assumed
Equal variances
assumed
,012856000
,025661348
,661 ,4909136684
,661 ,4909136684
,267 4,945122615
,267 4,945122615
,000 8,730948836
191395
Equal variances not
assumed
885635
,630
514890
Cp max
8,402861400
,025661348
514890
Equal variances not
885635
,012856000
66710
tmax
8,402861400
,630
66710
Equal variances not
73
,000 8,730948836
191395
1,078057566
400849
1,078057566
400849
4,142275769
558204
4,142275769
558204
,7868507734
45966
,7868507734
45966
73
AUC 0-
Equal variances
inf
assumed
,000 8214,388181
949930000
Equal variances not
assumed
,000 8214,388181
949930000
Vd
Equal variances
assumed
,985 ,4542686401
49280
Equal variances not
assumed
,985 ,4542686401
49280
Cl
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
,005
,010
415,4954814
95351500
415,4954814
95351500
22,75294281
0826816
22,75294281
0826816
,3746323224 ,0976637704
83623
38932
,3746323224 ,0976637704
83623
38932
74
Lampiran 13. Dokumentasi
Pembuatan minyak jelantah
Hewan coba dikandangkan individual
Larutan baku parasetamol
Pencampuran pakan dengan minyak jelantah
Pembuatan sediaan parasetamol
Penampungan darah pada tabung effendorf
75
Sentrifuge sampel
darah+EDTA+TCA5% pada 2500 rpm
Penambahan etil asetat pada plasma
Pengambilan supernatan
Pencarian panjang gelombang maksimal
dan pemeriksaan spektrofotometri
76
Lampiran 14. Biodata mahasiswa
I.
Identitas
1. Nama Lengkap
: Faizurrahman Andi Kusuma
2. NIM
: 22010112140182
3. Tempat, Tanggal lahir : Grobogan, 14 April 1994
4. Jenis Kelamin
: Laki-laki
5. Alamat Rumah
: Jl. Ahmad Yani 269 Purwodadi, Kab.Grobogan
6. E-mail
: faizurrahmanandi@ymail.com
7. Telepon rumah/HP
: 08574012498
II. Pendidikan
No.
Tingkat
Nama & Tempat
Tahun Lulus
1.
Sekolah Dasar
SD Negeri 1 Kuripan
2006
2.
Sekolah Menengah Pertama
SMP Negeri 1 Purwodadi
2009
3.
Sekolah Menengah Akhir
SMA Negeri 1 Purwodadi
2012
4.
Perguruan Tinggi
Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP
2012 - sekarang
III. Pengalaman Kepanitiaan
No
Jabatan
Tahun
Nama Kepanitiaan
1.
Sie Perlengkapan
Mei 2014
Scientific Fair
2.
Koordinator Sie Lomba
September - Desember 2014
Porseni
3.
Ketua Panitia
September - Oktober 2015
Kemah Bakti
IV. Pengalaman Bekerja
No.
Jabatan
Tahun
Nama Instansi
1.
Asisten Dosen
2014 - 2015
Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP