Pages from 5. Session Environment dan Climate Change decrypted 8
ISBN 978-979-98938-5-7
EC 09
VEGETATIONAL STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION IN PULOKERTO ISLAND,
MUSI RIVER-PALEMBANG, SOUTH SUMATRA
Indra Yustian dan Hilda Zulkifli
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sriwijaya
Email: [email protected], Mobile: 081271260812
ABSTRACT
Vegetation covering an area has a definite structure and composition developed as a result
of long term interaction with biotic and abiotic factors, and any change in the status of these factors
will disturbs the floristic composition of the environment. Five quadrates each in six line-transects,
or total 30 quadrates, with sampling size of 20x20 m2 for trees, 10x10 m2 for poles, 5x5 m2 for
sapling and 2x2 m2 for seedlings was selected for analysis of vegetation to quantify the composition
and dominance of the species. The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) for tree species was that of
Lagerstroemia speciosa (89.45) followed by Gluta renghas (64.53) and Mangifera indica (22.48)
For poles, the highest IVI values was also Lagerstroemia speciosa (106.04), followed by Psidium
guajava (32.20) and unidentified species #17 (28.04). In saplings stage, Mimosa vigra (177.11) has
the highest IVI, followed by Strobilanthus sp. (50.13) and Lagerstroemia speciosa (14.28). For
seedlings, the highest IVI values was that of Micania mucronata (90.26), followed by Centrosoma sp
(33.38) and Mimosa vigra (31.93). Lagerstroemia speciosa, Gluta renghas and Mimosa vigra were
found to be the most dominant species in the study area.
Key words: Vegetation Analysis, Pulokerto, Agropolitan ecosystem, Importance Value Index
INTRODUCTION
Forest and vegetation of particular ecosystem generally influenced by the external factors
especially the man made development activities. For a long time it was believed by some ecologists
like Clements (1916), Braun-Blanquet (1932) and Odum (1971), that vegetation is composed of
certain distinct and fairly discrete plant communities. This view regards communities as having a
degree of internal organization which jointly modifies the environment with sharp delimitation from
other communities (Odum, 1971). The composition of plant structures is closely associated with the
biotic and abiotic environmental factors which make sudden changes due to external factors of
disturbances.
The state of vegetation not only depicts the health of the ecosystem but also determines the
range of resources that it provisions and the composition of users that these resources are available
to. A vegetation study assessing the nature and quantum of vegetation growth on the an ecosystem
type such as swampy Pulokerto Island, which have received bio-physical support and have
witnessed the setting up of institutional arrangements for governance of their resources is thus seen
as an important part of any study on the development of the area. Given the changes in allotment
plan has been established in the Master Plan Area (Bappeda, 2009) into an agro-ecosystem area, so
it can be used as a baseline of vegetation structure and composition prior to the transition activities
designated area. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and composition of
vegetation in Pulokerto.
Proceedings of the International Seminar, Palembang 20-22 October 2011
195
ISBN 978-979-98938-5-7
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Area
The study area is located between 3º01' 47”-3º 02’26” south longitudes and 104º3λ'13”104º40'14 east latitudes, in the Musi River, Gandus Subdistrict in Palembang (Figure 1). The area
has an extent area of about 112 ha with elevation ranging only 2-4 m asl. The area located in the
upstream of Palembang city and could function as the water-catchments area. The Pulokerto Island
has a permanently flooded swamp ecosystem (37.36%) and seasonally flooded (14.88%).
According to Palembang law no. 23/2000, Pulokerto island region has been established as the region
of agro-ecosystem. The highest rainfall usually in October of 469 mm and the lowest was in July,
amounting to 77 mm (Bappeda, 2009). The temperature average was 23,40C – 31,70C.
Figure 1. Aerial view of Pulokerto Island, Musi River, Palembang
METHODS
Field study was carried out in July 2011 by measuring five plots each in six line-transects.
The line transects were purposively located in the vegetation area on the island. The Plant species of
all growth forms within each quadrate were enumerated. The sampling size were of 20x20 m2 for
trees, 10x10 m2 for poles, 5x5 m2 for sapling and 2x2 m2 for seedlings which was selected for
analysis of vegetation to quantify the composition and dominance of the species in the area. The
vegetation was analyzed by adopting relieve analysis approach (Mueller-Dumbois and Ellenberg,
1974). The diameter at breast height of each trees having more than 35cm diameter at breast hight
(dbh) were measured. Poles are young trees with a diameter of 10-35 cm, saplings with diameter <
10cm, while seedlings are all plants with height < 1.5 m. Density, frequency, basal area and their
relative values and importance value index (IVI) were calculated following Mueller-Dumbois and
Ellenberg (1974). Botanical name and author citation was made following van Steenis (1997).
Proceedings of the International Seminar, Palembang 20-22 October 2011
196
ISBN 978-979-98938-5-7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vegetation composition
A total of 48 species were recorded within the six line-transects (5 quadrates in each), or totally
within 1.2 ha area of the study (Table 1). Among the 48 species, tree species as many as twelve,
thirteen species are pole, also thirteen species of sapling and twenty-four species are seedlings
and/or weeds.
Table1. Composition and Importance Value Index of the species in the sampling area of Pulokerto
Nr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Name
Lagerstroemia speciosa
Gluta renghas
Mangifera indica
Nypa fruticans
Oleocarpus sp
Sp 14
sp 5
Sp 2
Sp 10
Sp 18
Sp 20
Sp 17
Sp 3
Ficus sp
Psidium guajava
Sp 8
Ceiba petandra
Sp 11
Sp 9
Sp 15
Eugenia aquea
Mimosa vigra
Strobilanthes sp
Curculigo sp
Araceae
Sp 7
Stochlaena volustris
Schleria sumatranensis
Sp 16
Sp 24
Sp 25
Sp I
Micania mucronata
Centrosoma sp
Jusseaea
Hibiscus sp
Sp 6
Sp 12
Sp 13
Urena lobata
Sp 19
Cyperus rotundus
Imperata cylindrica
Oryza sativa
Nephrolepis sp
Sp 22
Sacharum spontaneum
Sp 23
Tree
89.45
64.53
22.48
21.89
16.15
14.16
13.67
13.67
12.30
11.04
10.42
10.29
Importance Value Index
Pole
Sapling
106.04
14.28
4.94
Seedling
8.39
10.76
28.04
7.67
14.72
32.20
8.62
25.14
8.86
8.87
14.58
26.63
2.32
4.43
177.11
50.13
12.65
5.14
4.21
3.83
5.40
9.25
4.21
4.43
Proceedings of the International Seminar, Palembang 20-22 October 2011
31.93
11.61
12.49
7.83
13.36
2.32
2.32
90.26
33.38
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
28.16
6.96
4.64
8.88
4.64
18.57
3.19
3.19
2.32
197
ISBN 978-979-98938-5-7
Vegetation Structure
Table 1 also depicts the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) for each species found. The
highest IVI For tree species was that of Lagerstroemia speciosa (89.45) followed by Gluta renghas
(64.53) and Mangifera indica (22.48). The high value of Lagerstroemia speciosa and Gluta renghas
because both species are resistant to conditions that most of the study area were flooded
permanently or seasonally. This species also did not experience significant disruption due to human
activities, such as felled for timber. Although the Gluta renghas was traditionally often used as base
material boat building, the individuals’ species present are left for not having a good form or volume
to be made boats (personal observation).
The high value of Lagerstroemia speciosa applies also in poles stage. The highest IVI
values for poles was also Lagerstroemia speciosa (106.04), followed by Psidium guajava (32.20)
and unidentified species #17 (28.04). Lagerstroemia speciosa is also one of the highest IVI in
sapling stage. This condition indicates that the species are able to adapt and regenerate well in
flooded swampy area such Pulokerto island.
In saplings stage, Mimosa vigra (177.11) has the highest IVI, followed by Strobilanthus sp.
(50.13) and Lagerstroemia speciosa (14.28). Mimosa and Strobilanthus are not tree. They will never
become a tree. The high value of Mimosa and Strobilanthus indicated that the area of the study often
susceptible to interference in the form of flooded.
For seedlings, the highest IVI value was that of Micania mucronata (90.26), followed by
Centrosoma sp (33.38) and Mimosa vigra (31.93).
Based on the IVI value, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Gluta renghas and Mimosa vigra were
found to be the most dominant species in the study area. These species were found almost
throughout the plots and transects of observations, with a plenty number of individuals and have a
basal area or canopy which is relatively large compared to other species.
Although the vegetation existed in several stages, there was a reduced number of small tree
individuals (
EC 09
VEGETATIONAL STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION IN PULOKERTO ISLAND,
MUSI RIVER-PALEMBANG, SOUTH SUMATRA
Indra Yustian dan Hilda Zulkifli
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sriwijaya
Email: [email protected], Mobile: 081271260812
ABSTRACT
Vegetation covering an area has a definite structure and composition developed as a result
of long term interaction with biotic and abiotic factors, and any change in the status of these factors
will disturbs the floristic composition of the environment. Five quadrates each in six line-transects,
or total 30 quadrates, with sampling size of 20x20 m2 for trees, 10x10 m2 for poles, 5x5 m2 for
sapling and 2x2 m2 for seedlings was selected for analysis of vegetation to quantify the composition
and dominance of the species. The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) for tree species was that of
Lagerstroemia speciosa (89.45) followed by Gluta renghas (64.53) and Mangifera indica (22.48)
For poles, the highest IVI values was also Lagerstroemia speciosa (106.04), followed by Psidium
guajava (32.20) and unidentified species #17 (28.04). In saplings stage, Mimosa vigra (177.11) has
the highest IVI, followed by Strobilanthus sp. (50.13) and Lagerstroemia speciosa (14.28). For
seedlings, the highest IVI values was that of Micania mucronata (90.26), followed by Centrosoma sp
(33.38) and Mimosa vigra (31.93). Lagerstroemia speciosa, Gluta renghas and Mimosa vigra were
found to be the most dominant species in the study area.
Key words: Vegetation Analysis, Pulokerto, Agropolitan ecosystem, Importance Value Index
INTRODUCTION
Forest and vegetation of particular ecosystem generally influenced by the external factors
especially the man made development activities. For a long time it was believed by some ecologists
like Clements (1916), Braun-Blanquet (1932) and Odum (1971), that vegetation is composed of
certain distinct and fairly discrete plant communities. This view regards communities as having a
degree of internal organization which jointly modifies the environment with sharp delimitation from
other communities (Odum, 1971). The composition of plant structures is closely associated with the
biotic and abiotic environmental factors which make sudden changes due to external factors of
disturbances.
The state of vegetation not only depicts the health of the ecosystem but also determines the
range of resources that it provisions and the composition of users that these resources are available
to. A vegetation study assessing the nature and quantum of vegetation growth on the an ecosystem
type such as swampy Pulokerto Island, which have received bio-physical support and have
witnessed the setting up of institutional arrangements for governance of their resources is thus seen
as an important part of any study on the development of the area. Given the changes in allotment
plan has been established in the Master Plan Area (Bappeda, 2009) into an agro-ecosystem area, so
it can be used as a baseline of vegetation structure and composition prior to the transition activities
designated area. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and composition of
vegetation in Pulokerto.
Proceedings of the International Seminar, Palembang 20-22 October 2011
195
ISBN 978-979-98938-5-7
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Area
The study area is located between 3º01' 47”-3º 02’26” south longitudes and 104º3λ'13”104º40'14 east latitudes, in the Musi River, Gandus Subdistrict in Palembang (Figure 1). The area
has an extent area of about 112 ha with elevation ranging only 2-4 m asl. The area located in the
upstream of Palembang city and could function as the water-catchments area. The Pulokerto Island
has a permanently flooded swamp ecosystem (37.36%) and seasonally flooded (14.88%).
According to Palembang law no. 23/2000, Pulokerto island region has been established as the region
of agro-ecosystem. The highest rainfall usually in October of 469 mm and the lowest was in July,
amounting to 77 mm (Bappeda, 2009). The temperature average was 23,40C – 31,70C.
Figure 1. Aerial view of Pulokerto Island, Musi River, Palembang
METHODS
Field study was carried out in July 2011 by measuring five plots each in six line-transects.
The line transects were purposively located in the vegetation area on the island. The Plant species of
all growth forms within each quadrate were enumerated. The sampling size were of 20x20 m2 for
trees, 10x10 m2 for poles, 5x5 m2 for sapling and 2x2 m2 for seedlings which was selected for
analysis of vegetation to quantify the composition and dominance of the species in the area. The
vegetation was analyzed by adopting relieve analysis approach (Mueller-Dumbois and Ellenberg,
1974). The diameter at breast height of each trees having more than 35cm diameter at breast hight
(dbh) were measured. Poles are young trees with a diameter of 10-35 cm, saplings with diameter <
10cm, while seedlings are all plants with height < 1.5 m. Density, frequency, basal area and their
relative values and importance value index (IVI) were calculated following Mueller-Dumbois and
Ellenberg (1974). Botanical name and author citation was made following van Steenis (1997).
Proceedings of the International Seminar, Palembang 20-22 October 2011
196
ISBN 978-979-98938-5-7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vegetation composition
A total of 48 species were recorded within the six line-transects (5 quadrates in each), or totally
within 1.2 ha area of the study (Table 1). Among the 48 species, tree species as many as twelve,
thirteen species are pole, also thirteen species of sapling and twenty-four species are seedlings
and/or weeds.
Table1. Composition and Importance Value Index of the species in the sampling area of Pulokerto
Nr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Name
Lagerstroemia speciosa
Gluta renghas
Mangifera indica
Nypa fruticans
Oleocarpus sp
Sp 14
sp 5
Sp 2
Sp 10
Sp 18
Sp 20
Sp 17
Sp 3
Ficus sp
Psidium guajava
Sp 8
Ceiba petandra
Sp 11
Sp 9
Sp 15
Eugenia aquea
Mimosa vigra
Strobilanthes sp
Curculigo sp
Araceae
Sp 7
Stochlaena volustris
Schleria sumatranensis
Sp 16
Sp 24
Sp 25
Sp I
Micania mucronata
Centrosoma sp
Jusseaea
Hibiscus sp
Sp 6
Sp 12
Sp 13
Urena lobata
Sp 19
Cyperus rotundus
Imperata cylindrica
Oryza sativa
Nephrolepis sp
Sp 22
Sacharum spontaneum
Sp 23
Tree
89.45
64.53
22.48
21.89
16.15
14.16
13.67
13.67
12.30
11.04
10.42
10.29
Importance Value Index
Pole
Sapling
106.04
14.28
4.94
Seedling
8.39
10.76
28.04
7.67
14.72
32.20
8.62
25.14
8.86
8.87
14.58
26.63
2.32
4.43
177.11
50.13
12.65
5.14
4.21
3.83
5.40
9.25
4.21
4.43
Proceedings of the International Seminar, Palembang 20-22 October 2011
31.93
11.61
12.49
7.83
13.36
2.32
2.32
90.26
33.38
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
28.16
6.96
4.64
8.88
4.64
18.57
3.19
3.19
2.32
197
ISBN 978-979-98938-5-7
Vegetation Structure
Table 1 also depicts the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) for each species found. The
highest IVI For tree species was that of Lagerstroemia speciosa (89.45) followed by Gluta renghas
(64.53) and Mangifera indica (22.48). The high value of Lagerstroemia speciosa and Gluta renghas
because both species are resistant to conditions that most of the study area were flooded
permanently or seasonally. This species also did not experience significant disruption due to human
activities, such as felled for timber. Although the Gluta renghas was traditionally often used as base
material boat building, the individuals’ species present are left for not having a good form or volume
to be made boats (personal observation).
The high value of Lagerstroemia speciosa applies also in poles stage. The highest IVI
values for poles was also Lagerstroemia speciosa (106.04), followed by Psidium guajava (32.20)
and unidentified species #17 (28.04). Lagerstroemia speciosa is also one of the highest IVI in
sapling stage. This condition indicates that the species are able to adapt and regenerate well in
flooded swampy area such Pulokerto island.
In saplings stage, Mimosa vigra (177.11) has the highest IVI, followed by Strobilanthus sp.
(50.13) and Lagerstroemia speciosa (14.28). Mimosa and Strobilanthus are not tree. They will never
become a tree. The high value of Mimosa and Strobilanthus indicated that the area of the study often
susceptible to interference in the form of flooded.
For seedlings, the highest IVI value was that of Micania mucronata (90.26), followed by
Centrosoma sp (33.38) and Mimosa vigra (31.93).
Based on the IVI value, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Gluta renghas and Mimosa vigra were
found to be the most dominant species in the study area. These species were found almost
throughout the plots and transects of observations, with a plenty number of individuals and have a
basal area or canopy which is relatively large compared to other species.
Although the vegetation existed in several stages, there was a reduced number of small tree
individuals (