Pemanfaatan Abu Tulang Ayam sebagai Katalis Heterogen (CaO) dalam Proses Pembuatan Biodiesel dengan Menggunakan Pelarut Metanol dari CPO
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Huang, Jinjin., Ji Xia, Wei Jiang, Ying Li, dan Ji Lun. “Biodiesel Production
From Microalgae Oil Catalyzed By A Recombinant Lipase.” Bioresource
Technology, 180 : 47-53. 2015.
[2]
Julianti, Niar Kurnia., Tantri Kusuma Wardani, Ignatius Gunardi dan
Achmad Roesyadi. “Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit RBD
dengan Menggunakan Katalis Berpromotor Ganda Berpenyangga γ-Alumina
(CaO/MgO/ γ-Al2O3) dalam Reaktor Fluidized Bed”. JURNAL TEKNIK
POMITS. Vol. 3, No. 2, ISSN: 2337-3539. 2014.
[3]
Correia, Leandro Marques., Natália de Sousa Campelo, Denise Sousa
Novaes, Célio Loureiro Cavalcante Jr., Juan Antonio Cecilia, Enrique
Rodríguez-Castellón, dan Rodrigo Silveira Vieira. “Characterization and
Application of Dolomite as Catalytic Precursor for Canola and Sunflower
Oils for Biodiesel Production”. Chemical Engineering Journal. S1385-8947.
2015.
[4]
Abubakar, Usman., Srinivas Sriramula, dan Neill C. Renton. “Stochastic
Techno-Economic Considerations in Biodiesel Production”. Sustainable
Energy Technologies and Assessments. Vol 9: 1–11. 2015.
[5]
Borges M.E. dan L. Díaz. “Recent Developments on Heterogeneous Catalysts
for Biodiesel Production by oil Esterification and Transesterification
Reactions: A Review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 16 :
2839– 2849. 2012.
[6]
Mohadi, Risfidian., Aldes Lesbani dan Yosine Susie. “Preparasi dan
Arakterisasi Kalsium Oksida (CaO) dari Tulang Ayam”. Chemical Program.
Vol. 6 No.2. 2013.
[7]
GAPKI, “ Industri Minyak Sawit Indonesia Menuju 100 Tahun NKRI”. Edisi
Pertama. 2014.
[8]
Cukalovic, Ana., Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu, Yves Eeckhout, Camelia
Echim, Roland Verhe´, Geraldine Heynderickx, dan Christian V. Stevens.
“Development, Optimization and Scale-up of Biodiesel Production from
Crude Palm Oil and Effective Use in Developing Countries”. Biomass and
Bio Energy. Vol 56 : 62-69. 2013.
[9]
Hayyan, Adeeb., Farouq S. Mjalli, Mohd Ali Hashim, Maan Hayyan, Inas M.
AlNashef, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, dan Mohammed A. Al-Saadi.
“Ethanesulfonic Acid-Based Esterification of Industrial Acidic Crude Palm
Oil for Biodiesel Production” Bioresource Technology. Vol 102: 9564–9570.
2011.
[10]
Hayyan, Adeeb., Farouq S. Mjalli, Mohd Ali Hashim, Maan Hayyan, Inas M.
AlNashef, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, dan Mohammed A. Al-Saadi. A Novel
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Catalyst for Biodiesel Production From
Industrial Low Grade Crude Palm Oil”. Chemical Engineering Science. Vol
92 : 81-81. 2013.
[11]
Lund, Peter D., Juuso Lindgren, Jani Mikkola, dan Jyri Salpakari. Review of
Energy System Flexibility Measures to Enable High Levels of Variable
Renewable Electricity. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 45:
785–807. 2015.
[12]
Na, Kwangsam., Subhasis Biswas, William Robertson, Keshav Sahay, Robert
Okamoto, Alexander Mitchell, dan Sharon Lemieux. “Impact of Biodiesel
and Renewable Diesel on Emissions of Regulated Pollutants and Greenhouse
Gases on a 2000 Heavy Duty Diesel Truck”. Atmospheric Environment. Vol
107: 307-314. 2015.
[13]
Istadi, I., Sebastianus A. Prasetyo, dan Tito S. Nugroho. “Characterization of
K2O/CaO-ZnO Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel”.
Procedia Environmental Sciences. Vol 23: 394 – 399. 2015.
[14]
Lee, Seik Lih., Yong Chen Wong, Yen Ping Tan, dan Sook Yan Yew.
“Transesterification of Palm Oil to Biodiesel by Using Waste Obtuse Horn
Shell-Derived CaO Catalyst”. Energy Conversion and Management. Vol 93:
282–288. 2015.
[15]
He, Benqiao., Yixuan Shao, Yanbiao Ren, Jianxin Li, dan Yu Cheng.
“Continuous Biodiesel Production from Acidic Oil Using a Combination of
Cation- and Anion-Exchange Resins”. Fuel Processing Technology. Vol 130:
1–6. 2015.
[16]
Maneerung, Thawatchai., Sibudjing Kawi, dan Chi-Hwa Wang. “Biomass
Gasification Bottom Ash as a Source of CaO Catalyst for Biodiesel
Production via Transesterification of Palm Oil”. Energy Conversion and
Management. 92: 234–243. 2015.
[17]
Melero, Juan A., L. Fernando Bautista, Gabriel Morales, Jose Iglesias, dan
Rebeca S_Anchez-_Azquez. “Acid-Catalyzed Production of Biodiesel Over
Arenesulfonic SBA-15: Insights into the Role of Water in the Reaction
Network”. Renewable Energy. Vol 75: 425-432. 2015.
[18]
Zhu, Wei-Wei., Zhi-Min Zong, Hong-Lei Yan, Yun-Peng Zhao, Yao Lu,
Xian-Yong Wei, dan Dongke Zhang. “Cornstalk Liquefaction in
Methanol/Water Mixed Solvents”. Fuel Processing Technology. Vol 117:1–
7. 2014.
[19]
Ma, Yingqun., Qunhui Wang, Lu Zheng, Zhen Gao, Yajuan Yang, Nan
Wang, dan Hongzhi Ma. “Biodiesel Production Using Unrefined Methanol as
Transesterification Agent and the Research of Individual Effect Of
Impurities”. Energy. Vol xxx : 1-9. 2015.
[20]
Phiraphinyo,
Pianpan.,
Sutachai
Taepakpurenat,
Paungkaew
Lakkanatinaporn, Worapot Suntornsuk, dan Leena Suntornsuk. “Physical and
Chemical Properties of Fish and Chicken Bones as Calcium Source for
Mineral Supplements”. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Techno. Vol 28 No. 2. 2006.
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[21]
Galadima, Ahmad. dan Oki Muraza. “Biodiesel Production from Algae by
Using Heterogeneous Catalysts: A critical review”. Energy. Vol xxx:1-12.
2014.
[22]
Chouhan A.P. Singh. dan A.K. Sarma. “Modern Heterogeneous Catalysts for
Biodiesel Production: A Comprehensive Review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. Vol 15 : 4378–4399. 2011.
[23]
Liu, Wei., Ping Yin, Xiguang Liu, Wen Chen, Hou Chen, Chunping Liu,
Rongjun Qu, dan Qiang Xu. “Microwave Assisted Esterification of Free Fatty
Acid Over a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production”. Energy
Conversion and Management. 76: 1009–1014. 2013.
[24]
Xie, Wenlei. dan Liangliang Zhao. “Heterogeneous CaO–MoO3–SBA-15
Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil”. Energy Conversion
and Management. 79: 34–42. 2014.
[25]
Takase, Mohammed., Yao Chen, Hongyang Liu, Ting Zhao, Liuqing Yang,
dan Xiangyang Wu. “Biodiesel Production From non-Edible Silybum
Marianum Oil Using Heterogeneous Solid Base Catalyst under
Ultrasonication”. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. Vol 21: 1752–1762. 2014.
[26]
Farooq, Muhammad. dan Anita Ramli. “Biodiesel Production from Low Ffa
Waste Cooking Oil Using Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Chicken
Bones”. Renewable Energy. Vol 76: 362-368. 2015.
[27]
Sittikulwitit, Sirirat., Prapaisri P Sirichakwal, Prapasri Puwastien, Visith
Chavasit, dan Pongtorn Sungpuag. “In Vitro Bioavailability of Calcium from
Chicken Bone Extract Powder and Its Fortified Products”. Journal of Food
Composition and Analysis. Vol 17: 321–329. 2004.
[28]
An H., W.M. Yang, dan J. Li. ”Numerical Modeling on a Diesel Engine
Fueled by Biodiesel–Methanol Blends”.
Energy Conversion and
Management. Vol 93: 100–108. 2015.
[29]
Istadi, I., Didi D. Anggoro, Luqman Buchori, Dyah A. Rahmawati, dan
Dinnia Intaningrum. “Active Acid Catalyst of Sulphated Zinc Oxide For
Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Methanol to Biodiesel”. Procedia
Environmental Sciences 23: 385 – 393. 2015.
[30]
Malhotra, Deepika., Joyeeta Mukherjee, dan Munishwar N. Gupta. “Lipase
Catalyzed Transesterification of Castor Oil by Straight Chain Higher
Alcohols”. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. VOL. xx No. xx, 1-4,
2014.
[31]
Dahiya, Anju. “Biodiesel Sustainability Fact Sheet”. Bioenergy National
Biodiesel Board. 2015.
[32]
Valdés C.I. Rocabruno., L.F. Ramírez-Verduzco, dan J.A. Hernández.
“Artificial Neural Network Models to Predict Density, Dynamic Viscosity,
and Cetane Number of Biodiesel”. Fuel. Vol 147: 9–17. 2015.
[33]
Ping, Bonnie Tay Yen Ping. dan Mohtar Yusof. “Characteristics and
Properties of Fatty Acid Distillates from Palm Oil”. Oil Palm Bulletin. Vol
59: 5-11. 2009.
38
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[34]
Material Safety Data Sheet. “Methanol”. Terra Nitrogen Corporation. 2016.
[35]
Petrus, Bernandus. dan Andika Prasetyo Sembiring. “Pemanfaatan Abu
Cangkang Kerang (Anadara Granosa) sebagai Katalis dalam Pembuatan
Metil Ester dari Minyak Jelantah. 2014
[36]
Wang, Kai., Xiaochao Zhang, Jilong Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Caimei Fan,
dan Peide Han. “Theoretical Study on Free Fatty Acid Elimination
Mechanism for Waste Cooking Oils to Biodiesel over Acid Catalyst”.
Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling. Vol 66: 41–46. 2016.
[37]
Fu, Junying., Liangguang Chen, Pengmei Lv, Lingmei Yang, dan Zhenhong
Yuan. “Free Fatty Acids Esterification for Biodiesel Production Using SelfSynthesized Macroporous Cation Exchange Resin as Solid Acid Catalyst”.
Fuel. Vol 154: 1–8. 2015.
[38]
Jindapon, Wayu., Prapan Kuchonthara, dan Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai.
“Biodiesel Production Over Ca, Zn, and Al mixed Compounds in Fixed-bed
Reactor: Effects of Premixing Catalyst Extrudates with Methanol, Oil, and
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters”. Fuel Processing Technology. Vol 148: 67–7.
2016.
[39]
Madhu, Devarapaga., Supriya B. Chavan, Veena Singh, Bhaskar Singh, dan
Yogesh C. Sharma. “An Economically Viable Synthesis of Biodiesel from a
Crude Millettia pinnata oil of Jharkhand, India as feedstock and Crab Shell
Derived catalyst”. Bioresource Technology. VOl 214: 210–217. 2016.
[40]
Musa, Idris Atadashi. “The Effects of Alcohol to Oil Molar Ratios And the
Type of Alcohol on Biodiesel Production Using Transesterification Process”.
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. Vol xxx: xxx–xxx. 2016.
[41]
Svitlana Nitiema-Yefanova, Lucie Coniglio, Raphael Schneider, Roger H.C.
Nebie, Yvonne L. Bonzi-Coulibaly. “Ethyl biodiesel production from nonedible oils of Balanites aegyptiaca, Azadirachta indica, and Jatropha Curcas
Seeds - Laboratory Scale Development”. Bioresource Technology. Vol 214:
210–217. 2016.
[42]
Piker, Alla., Betina Tabah, Nina Perkas, dan Aharon Gedanken. “A Green
and Low-Cost Room Temperature Biodiesel Production Method from Waste
Oil Using Egg Shells as Catalyst”. Fuel. Vol 182: 34–41. 2016.
[43]
Verma, Puneet, dan M.P. Sharma. “Review of Process Parameters for
Biodiesel Production from Different Feedstocks”. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. Vol 62: 1063–1071. 2016.
[44]
Gülüm, Mert., dan Atilla Bilgin. “Density, Flash Point and Heating Value
Variations of Corn Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Fuel Blends”. Fuel Processing
Technology. Vol xxx: xxx–xxx. 2015.
[45]
Sarip, Mohd Sharizan Md., Noor Azian Morad, Yoshiyuki Yamashita,
Tomoya Tsuji, Mohd Azizi Che Yunus, Mustafa Kamal Abd Aziz, dan Hon
Loong Lam. “Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Extraction using Hot Compressed Water
(HCW)”.
Separation
Purification
Technology.
doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.-2016.06.001. 2016.
39
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[46]
Boro, Jutika., Lakhya Jyoti Konwar, Ashim Jyoti Thakur, dan Dhanapati
Deka.“Ba Doped CaO Derived from Waste Shells of T Striatula (TS-CaO) as
Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production”. Fuel. Vol 129; page 182 –
187. 2014.
[47]
Roschat, Wuttichai., Theeranun Siritanon, Boonyawan Yoosuk, dan Vinich
Promarak. “Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using Hydrated LimeDerived CaO as a Low-Cost Basic Heterogeneous Catalyst”. Energy
Conversion and Management. Vol 108 page 459–467. 2016.
[48]
Sharma, M.P., dan Puneet Verma. “Review of Process Parameters for
Biodiesel Production from Different Feedstocks”. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. VOl 62 page 1063 – 1071. 2016.
[49]
Roschat, Wuttichai., Theeranun Siritanon, Boonyawan Yoosuk, dan Vinich
Promarak
. “Rice Husk-Derived Sodium Silicate as a Highly Efficient
and Low-Cost Basic Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production”.
Energy Conversion and Management. Vol 119 : 453 – 462. 2016.
[50]
Dhawane, Sumit H., Tarkeshwar Kumar, dan Gopinath Halder. “Biodiesel
Synthesis from Hevea brasiliensis Oil Employing Carbon Supported
Heterogeneous Catalyst: Optimization by Taguchi Method”. Renewable
Energy. Vol 89 : 506 – 514. 2016.
[51]
Knothe, Gerhard. “Analyzing Biodiesel: Standards and Other Methods”.
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. Vol 83 No. 10. 2006.
[52]
Li, Hui., Shengli Niu, Chunmei Lu, Jing Li. “Calcium Oxide Functionalized
with Strontium as Heterogeneous Transesterification Catalyst for Biodiesel
Production”. Fuel. Vol 176 : 63 – 71. 2016.
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Huang, Jinjin., Ji Xia, Wei Jiang, Ying Li, dan Ji Lun. “Biodiesel Production
From Microalgae Oil Catalyzed By A Recombinant Lipase.” Bioresource
Technology, 180 : 47-53. 2015.
[2]
Julianti, Niar Kurnia., Tantri Kusuma Wardani, Ignatius Gunardi dan
Achmad Roesyadi. “Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit RBD
dengan Menggunakan Katalis Berpromotor Ganda Berpenyangga γ-Alumina
(CaO/MgO/ γ-Al2O3) dalam Reaktor Fluidized Bed”. JURNAL TEKNIK
POMITS. Vol. 3, No. 2, ISSN: 2337-3539. 2014.
[3]
Correia, Leandro Marques., Natália de Sousa Campelo, Denise Sousa
Novaes, Célio Loureiro Cavalcante Jr., Juan Antonio Cecilia, Enrique
Rodríguez-Castellón, dan Rodrigo Silveira Vieira. “Characterization and
Application of Dolomite as Catalytic Precursor for Canola and Sunflower
Oils for Biodiesel Production”. Chemical Engineering Journal. S1385-8947.
2015.
[4]
Abubakar, Usman., Srinivas Sriramula, dan Neill C. Renton. “Stochastic
Techno-Economic Considerations in Biodiesel Production”. Sustainable
Energy Technologies and Assessments. Vol 9: 1–11. 2015.
[5]
Borges M.E. dan L. Díaz. “Recent Developments on Heterogeneous Catalysts
for Biodiesel Production by oil Esterification and Transesterification
Reactions: A Review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 16 :
2839– 2849. 2012.
[6]
Mohadi, Risfidian., Aldes Lesbani dan Yosine Susie. “Preparasi dan
Arakterisasi Kalsium Oksida (CaO) dari Tulang Ayam”. Chemical Program.
Vol. 6 No.2. 2013.
[7]
GAPKI, “ Industri Minyak Sawit Indonesia Menuju 100 Tahun NKRI”. Edisi
Pertama. 2014.
[8]
Cukalovic, Ana., Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu, Yves Eeckhout, Camelia
Echim, Roland Verhe´, Geraldine Heynderickx, dan Christian V. Stevens.
“Development, Optimization and Scale-up of Biodiesel Production from
Crude Palm Oil and Effective Use in Developing Countries”. Biomass and
Bio Energy. Vol 56 : 62-69. 2013.
[9]
Hayyan, Adeeb., Farouq S. Mjalli, Mohd Ali Hashim, Maan Hayyan, Inas M.
AlNashef, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, dan Mohammed A. Al-Saadi.
“Ethanesulfonic Acid-Based Esterification of Industrial Acidic Crude Palm
Oil for Biodiesel Production” Bioresource Technology. Vol 102: 9564–9570.
2011.
[10]
Hayyan, Adeeb., Farouq S. Mjalli, Mohd Ali Hashim, Maan Hayyan, Inas M.
AlNashef, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, dan Mohammed A. Al-Saadi. A Novel
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Catalyst for Biodiesel Production From
Industrial Low Grade Crude Palm Oil”. Chemical Engineering Science. Vol
92 : 81-81. 2013.
[11]
Lund, Peter D., Juuso Lindgren, Jani Mikkola, dan Jyri Salpakari. Review of
Energy System Flexibility Measures to Enable High Levels of Variable
Renewable Electricity. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 45:
785–807. 2015.
[12]
Na, Kwangsam., Subhasis Biswas, William Robertson, Keshav Sahay, Robert
Okamoto, Alexander Mitchell, dan Sharon Lemieux. “Impact of Biodiesel
and Renewable Diesel on Emissions of Regulated Pollutants and Greenhouse
Gases on a 2000 Heavy Duty Diesel Truck”. Atmospheric Environment. Vol
107: 307-314. 2015.
[13]
Istadi, I., Sebastianus A. Prasetyo, dan Tito S. Nugroho. “Characterization of
K2O/CaO-ZnO Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel”.
Procedia Environmental Sciences. Vol 23: 394 – 399. 2015.
[14]
Lee, Seik Lih., Yong Chen Wong, Yen Ping Tan, dan Sook Yan Yew.
“Transesterification of Palm Oil to Biodiesel by Using Waste Obtuse Horn
Shell-Derived CaO Catalyst”. Energy Conversion and Management. Vol 93:
282–288. 2015.
[15]
He, Benqiao., Yixuan Shao, Yanbiao Ren, Jianxin Li, dan Yu Cheng.
“Continuous Biodiesel Production from Acidic Oil Using a Combination of
Cation- and Anion-Exchange Resins”. Fuel Processing Technology. Vol 130:
1–6. 2015.
[16]
Maneerung, Thawatchai., Sibudjing Kawi, dan Chi-Hwa Wang. “Biomass
Gasification Bottom Ash as a Source of CaO Catalyst for Biodiesel
Production via Transesterification of Palm Oil”. Energy Conversion and
Management. 92: 234–243. 2015.
[17]
Melero, Juan A., L. Fernando Bautista, Gabriel Morales, Jose Iglesias, dan
Rebeca S_Anchez-_Azquez. “Acid-Catalyzed Production of Biodiesel Over
Arenesulfonic SBA-15: Insights into the Role of Water in the Reaction
Network”. Renewable Energy. Vol 75: 425-432. 2015.
[18]
Zhu, Wei-Wei., Zhi-Min Zong, Hong-Lei Yan, Yun-Peng Zhao, Yao Lu,
Xian-Yong Wei, dan Dongke Zhang. “Cornstalk Liquefaction in
Methanol/Water Mixed Solvents”. Fuel Processing Technology. Vol 117:1–
7. 2014.
[19]
Ma, Yingqun., Qunhui Wang, Lu Zheng, Zhen Gao, Yajuan Yang, Nan
Wang, dan Hongzhi Ma. “Biodiesel Production Using Unrefined Methanol as
Transesterification Agent and the Research of Individual Effect Of
Impurities”. Energy. Vol xxx : 1-9. 2015.
[20]
Phiraphinyo,
Pianpan.,
Sutachai
Taepakpurenat,
Paungkaew
Lakkanatinaporn, Worapot Suntornsuk, dan Leena Suntornsuk. “Physical and
Chemical Properties of Fish and Chicken Bones as Calcium Source for
Mineral Supplements”. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Techno. Vol 28 No. 2. 2006.
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[21]
Galadima, Ahmad. dan Oki Muraza. “Biodiesel Production from Algae by
Using Heterogeneous Catalysts: A critical review”. Energy. Vol xxx:1-12.
2014.
[22]
Chouhan A.P. Singh. dan A.K. Sarma. “Modern Heterogeneous Catalysts for
Biodiesel Production: A Comprehensive Review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. Vol 15 : 4378–4399. 2011.
[23]
Liu, Wei., Ping Yin, Xiguang Liu, Wen Chen, Hou Chen, Chunping Liu,
Rongjun Qu, dan Qiang Xu. “Microwave Assisted Esterification of Free Fatty
Acid Over a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production”. Energy
Conversion and Management. 76: 1009–1014. 2013.
[24]
Xie, Wenlei. dan Liangliang Zhao. “Heterogeneous CaO–MoO3–SBA-15
Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil”. Energy Conversion
and Management. 79: 34–42. 2014.
[25]
Takase, Mohammed., Yao Chen, Hongyang Liu, Ting Zhao, Liuqing Yang,
dan Xiangyang Wu. “Biodiesel Production From non-Edible Silybum
Marianum Oil Using Heterogeneous Solid Base Catalyst under
Ultrasonication”. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. Vol 21: 1752–1762. 2014.
[26]
Farooq, Muhammad. dan Anita Ramli. “Biodiesel Production from Low Ffa
Waste Cooking Oil Using Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Chicken
Bones”. Renewable Energy. Vol 76: 362-368. 2015.
[27]
Sittikulwitit, Sirirat., Prapaisri P Sirichakwal, Prapasri Puwastien, Visith
Chavasit, dan Pongtorn Sungpuag. “In Vitro Bioavailability of Calcium from
Chicken Bone Extract Powder and Its Fortified Products”. Journal of Food
Composition and Analysis. Vol 17: 321–329. 2004.
[28]
An H., W.M. Yang, dan J. Li. ”Numerical Modeling on a Diesel Engine
Fueled by Biodiesel–Methanol Blends”.
Energy Conversion and
Management. Vol 93: 100–108. 2015.
[29]
Istadi, I., Didi D. Anggoro, Luqman Buchori, Dyah A. Rahmawati, dan
Dinnia Intaningrum. “Active Acid Catalyst of Sulphated Zinc Oxide For
Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Methanol to Biodiesel”. Procedia
Environmental Sciences 23: 385 – 393. 2015.
[30]
Malhotra, Deepika., Joyeeta Mukherjee, dan Munishwar N. Gupta. “Lipase
Catalyzed Transesterification of Castor Oil by Straight Chain Higher
Alcohols”. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. VOL. xx No. xx, 1-4,
2014.
[31]
Dahiya, Anju. “Biodiesel Sustainability Fact Sheet”. Bioenergy National
Biodiesel Board. 2015.
[32]
Valdés C.I. Rocabruno., L.F. Ramírez-Verduzco, dan J.A. Hernández.
“Artificial Neural Network Models to Predict Density, Dynamic Viscosity,
and Cetane Number of Biodiesel”. Fuel. Vol 147: 9–17. 2015.
[33]
Ping, Bonnie Tay Yen Ping. dan Mohtar Yusof. “Characteristics and
Properties of Fatty Acid Distillates from Palm Oil”. Oil Palm Bulletin. Vol
59: 5-11. 2009.
38
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[34]
Material Safety Data Sheet. “Methanol”. Terra Nitrogen Corporation. 2016.
[35]
Petrus, Bernandus. dan Andika Prasetyo Sembiring. “Pemanfaatan Abu
Cangkang Kerang (Anadara Granosa) sebagai Katalis dalam Pembuatan
Metil Ester dari Minyak Jelantah. 2014
[36]
Wang, Kai., Xiaochao Zhang, Jilong Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Caimei Fan,
dan Peide Han. “Theoretical Study on Free Fatty Acid Elimination
Mechanism for Waste Cooking Oils to Biodiesel over Acid Catalyst”.
Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling. Vol 66: 41–46. 2016.
[37]
Fu, Junying., Liangguang Chen, Pengmei Lv, Lingmei Yang, dan Zhenhong
Yuan. “Free Fatty Acids Esterification for Biodiesel Production Using SelfSynthesized Macroporous Cation Exchange Resin as Solid Acid Catalyst”.
Fuel. Vol 154: 1–8. 2015.
[38]
Jindapon, Wayu., Prapan Kuchonthara, dan Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai.
“Biodiesel Production Over Ca, Zn, and Al mixed Compounds in Fixed-bed
Reactor: Effects of Premixing Catalyst Extrudates with Methanol, Oil, and
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters”. Fuel Processing Technology. Vol 148: 67–7.
2016.
[39]
Madhu, Devarapaga., Supriya B. Chavan, Veena Singh, Bhaskar Singh, dan
Yogesh C. Sharma. “An Economically Viable Synthesis of Biodiesel from a
Crude Millettia pinnata oil of Jharkhand, India as feedstock and Crab Shell
Derived catalyst”. Bioresource Technology. VOl 214: 210–217. 2016.
[40]
Musa, Idris Atadashi. “The Effects of Alcohol to Oil Molar Ratios And the
Type of Alcohol on Biodiesel Production Using Transesterification Process”.
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. Vol xxx: xxx–xxx. 2016.
[41]
Svitlana Nitiema-Yefanova, Lucie Coniglio, Raphael Schneider, Roger H.C.
Nebie, Yvonne L. Bonzi-Coulibaly. “Ethyl biodiesel production from nonedible oils of Balanites aegyptiaca, Azadirachta indica, and Jatropha Curcas
Seeds - Laboratory Scale Development”. Bioresource Technology. Vol 214:
210–217. 2016.
[42]
Piker, Alla., Betina Tabah, Nina Perkas, dan Aharon Gedanken. “A Green
and Low-Cost Room Temperature Biodiesel Production Method from Waste
Oil Using Egg Shells as Catalyst”. Fuel. Vol 182: 34–41. 2016.
[43]
Verma, Puneet, dan M.P. Sharma. “Review of Process Parameters for
Biodiesel Production from Different Feedstocks”. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. Vol 62: 1063–1071. 2016.
[44]
Gülüm, Mert., dan Atilla Bilgin. “Density, Flash Point and Heating Value
Variations of Corn Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Fuel Blends”. Fuel Processing
Technology. Vol xxx: xxx–xxx. 2015.
[45]
Sarip, Mohd Sharizan Md., Noor Azian Morad, Yoshiyuki Yamashita,
Tomoya Tsuji, Mohd Azizi Che Yunus, Mustafa Kamal Abd Aziz, dan Hon
Loong Lam. “Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Extraction using Hot Compressed Water
(HCW)”.
Separation
Purification
Technology.
doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.-2016.06.001. 2016.
39
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[46]
Boro, Jutika., Lakhya Jyoti Konwar, Ashim Jyoti Thakur, dan Dhanapati
Deka.“Ba Doped CaO Derived from Waste Shells of T Striatula (TS-CaO) as
Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production”. Fuel. Vol 129; page 182 –
187. 2014.
[47]
Roschat, Wuttichai., Theeranun Siritanon, Boonyawan Yoosuk, dan Vinich
Promarak. “Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using Hydrated LimeDerived CaO as a Low-Cost Basic Heterogeneous Catalyst”. Energy
Conversion and Management. Vol 108 page 459–467. 2016.
[48]
Sharma, M.P., dan Puneet Verma. “Review of Process Parameters for
Biodiesel Production from Different Feedstocks”. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. VOl 62 page 1063 – 1071. 2016.
[49]
Roschat, Wuttichai., Theeranun Siritanon, Boonyawan Yoosuk, dan Vinich
Promarak
. “Rice Husk-Derived Sodium Silicate as a Highly Efficient
and Low-Cost Basic Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production”.
Energy Conversion and Management. Vol 119 : 453 – 462. 2016.
[50]
Dhawane, Sumit H., Tarkeshwar Kumar, dan Gopinath Halder. “Biodiesel
Synthesis from Hevea brasiliensis Oil Employing Carbon Supported
Heterogeneous Catalyst: Optimization by Taguchi Method”. Renewable
Energy. Vol 89 : 506 – 514. 2016.
[51]
Knothe, Gerhard. “Analyzing Biodiesel: Standards and Other Methods”.
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. Vol 83 No. 10. 2006.
[52]
Li, Hui., Shengli Niu, Chunmei Lu, Jing Li. “Calcium Oxide Functionalized
with Strontium as Heterogeneous Transesterification Catalyst for Biodiesel
Production”. Fuel. Vol 176 : 63 – 71. 2016.
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara