Sumber Referensi - Program Pascasarjana Trade Apec Jerome

Exchange Faculty Program
Universitas Terbuka –
University of Maryland University College

APEC and Trade

By

Robert W. Jerome, PhD
Program Director, International Management and Collegiate Professor
The Graduate School
University of Maryland University College

APEC
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
• Cooperative, multilateral economic and trade forum
• 21 members with broad regional focus

 Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China (PRC), Hong Kong
(China), Indonesia, Japan, Korea (ROK), Malaysia, Mexico, New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, The Philippines, Russia,

Singapore, Taipei (China), Thailand, USA, Vietnam

• Estab. 1989
• APEC aims to “create greater prosperity for the people of the
region by facilitating balanced, inclusive, sustainable,
innovative, and secure economic growth and by accelerating
economic integration
• Indonesia – a respected leader in the group

APEC: some stats
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More than 2.7 billion people
53% of world real GDP
44% of world trade
Most economically dynamic region in the world

Ave. annual growth of 3.5% (vs. 3.0% for non-APEC)

APEC goals

• Can raise generic issues that cut across region
• Explore various alternatives
• Can deal with important new challenges:
pandemics, countering terrorism, addressing
climate change, and implementing structural
policy reform

Initial Objectives

• Develop and strengthen the multilateral
trading system
• Increase the interdependence and
prosperity of member economies, and
• Promote sustainable economic growth

Bogor Goals

• Free and open trade and investment (Bogor goals) by
further reducing barriers in the region and by promoting
the free flow of goods, services, and capital among
APEC economies.
• 2010 for industrialized economies
• 2020 for developing countries
• Bogor goals are voluntary, based on good faith and a
pledge of best endeavor

Results to date
• Average tariffs in the region have fallen from 17% to
6.1% in 2009.
• Non-tariff barriers have also been substantially reduced.
• Most of these are WTO-consistent measures
• Improved movement of goods, services, and people
(more secure and efficient)
• Commitment to a “standstill” (no new protectionist
barriers through the end of 2015)

Cooperation and Consensus

• Decision making is reached by consensus (all members
must agree)
• No binding commitments
 “Pathways” are plans agreed to by all economies for the
implementation of an initiative within or between all economies

• Compliance is achieved through discussion and mutual
support in the form of economic and technical
cooperation

APEC Structure
• Heads of state
• APEC Ministers, Senior Officials, and APEC Business
Advisory Council (ABAC)
• Four core committees:
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Committee on Trade and Investment
Steering Committee on Economic and Technical Cooperation
Economic Committee
Budget and Management Committee

• Subcommittees, Experts’ Groups, Working Groups, and
Task Forces
• Permanent Secretariat based in Singapore

Issue coverage
Action plans; agriculture; agriculture biotechnology; anticorruption; APEC Business Advisory Council; APEC study
centers; automotive; chemicals; competition policy;
consumer protection; counter-terrorism; customs; data
privacy; deregulation; economic and technical cooperation;
education; electronic commerce; emergency
preparedness; energy; finance; fisheries; food system’
free trade agreements and regional trade agreements;
gender issues; health; human resources development;
illegal logging; import regulation; intellectual property;
investment; life sciences;

Issue coverage, cont
• marine conservation; market access; mining; mobility of
business people; Osaka action agenda; rules of origin;
science and technology; services trade; small and
medium sized enterprises; standards and conformance;
structural reform; tariff and non-tariff measures;
telecommunications and information; tourism; trade
facilitation; transparency; transportation; youth

Some successes
• Align standards regimes with international norms to
facilitate innovation and new technologies and to offer
consumers better prices and greater choice
• Harmonize, standardize, and simplify customs
procedures
• Technical assistance projects which develop skills and
strengthen economic infrastructure
• APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) – used by over
100,000 travellers

APEC focus: 3 areas
1. Trade and Investment Liberalization

 Opening markets and reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers
 Since 1989, average tariffs have declined by 70%
 Development of “model” regional trade agreements (RTAs) and free
trade agreements (FTAs)

2. Business Facilitation

 Helps importers and exporters conduct business more efficiently
 Focus has been on reducing business transaction costs
 Reduction of 5% between 2002 and 2006
 A further 5% reduction achieved between 2007 and 2010

APEC Focus (cont)
• Business facilitation (cont)

 Reducing behind-the-border and across-the-border barriers, 5 areas

 Regulatory reform
 Competition (anti-trust) policy
 Public sector governance
 Corporate governance
 Strengthening economic and legal infrastructure
 2010: New Strategy for Structural Reform aims to promote balanced
and sustainable growth by fostering transpar4ency, competition, and
better functioning markets
 Includes opportunities for women, more education, and SME growth

APEC Focus (cont)
2. Business Facilitation (cont)
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APEC’s work on logistics and transport networks aimed at enhancing
physical connectivity across-the-border (under APEC Supply Chain
Connectivity Initiative) with goal of 10% improvement in supply-chain
performance by 2015

3. Economic and Technical Cooperation

 Training and other cooperative activities; capacity building

In short, APEC promotes market driven policies

Goals into action
• Osaka Action Agenda: Strategic roadmap agreed at
Osaka, Japan in 1995
• Includes the following General Principles:
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Comprehensiveness

WTO-consistency
Comparability
Non-discrimination
Transparency
Standstill (do not increase levels of protection)
Simultaneous start, continuous process, and differentiated timetables
Flexibility (taking into account differing levels of economic development
Cooperation

Individual Action Plans (IAPs) vs
Collective Action Plans (CAPs)
• “Regular” reports on member economies (IAPs) and
joint actions (CAPs)
• IAPs and CAPs contain chapters on:
• Tariffs; non-tariff measures; services; investment;
standards and conformance; customs procedures;
intellectual property; competition policy; government
procurement; deregulation/regulatory review; WTO
obligations (including Rules of Origin); dispute
mediation; mobility of business people; official websites

that gather economies’ information; transparency; and
regional trade agreements/free trade agreements

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011
• Three priority areas for 2011 (results at meeting)
1. Strengthening Regional Economic Integration and
Expanding Trade
2. Promoting Green Growth
3. Advancing Regulatory Convergence and Cooperation

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011
1. Strengthening Regional Economic Integration and
Expanding Trade

 Recognizes that trade and investment are critical to job creation and
greater economic prosperity
 Addressing next generation trade and investment issues
 Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP)
 Enhance small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) participation
in global production chains
 Promote effective, non-discriminatory, and market-driven innovation
policy
 Reporting on progress towards achievement of the Bogor Goals
 Encourage economies to report on progress in 2012 IAPs
 Urged creation of a “dashboard” of easy-to-understand figures to
summarize advances toward regional economic integration

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011, cont.
1. Expanding trade and regional integration, cont
 Reducing trade transaction costs
 APEC has achieved the Leaders’ goal of a 5% further reduction in
trade transaction costs over the 2nd Trade Facilitation Action Plan
(TFAP II) 2007-2010
 Improving supply chain performance
 Enhancing supply chains to reduce the time, cost, and uncertainty
of moving goods and services throughout the region
 Aiming for 10% improvement in supply chain performance by 2015.
Agreed on the following actions:
 Establish a commercially useful de minimus values that under
normal circumstances exempt express and postal shipments
from customs duties or taxes and from certain entry
documentation requirements
 De minimus threshold of $100 would save up to $19.8 billion
 7-10% of trade is indirect costs associated with documentation

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011, cont.
1. Expanding trade and regional integration, cont
 Endorsed the APEC Authorized Economic Operator (AEO)
Capacity Building Plan
 Endorsed the Guidelines for Customs Border Enforcement of
Counterfeiting and Piracy to assist customs authorities in
identifying effective practices for intellectual property
enforcement at the border.
 Welcomed the success of Operation on Counterfeit
Pharmaceuticals (led to enforcement actions on over 1,000
shipments of suspected counterfeit pharmaceuticals
 Addressing barriers to SMEs trading in the region
 At Big Sky, Montana meeting, identified top barriers to SMEs
 Establishing cross-border privacy rules to enhance consumer privacy
 Enables greater information flows to support innovation and
promote interoperability across global data privacy regimes
 Common principles, coordinated legal approaches

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011, cont.
1. Expanding trade and regional integration, cont
 Addressing unauthorized camcording in cinemas
 Facilitating investment
 Endorsed APECs Investment Facilitation Action Plan (IFAP)
 Endorsed APECs non-binding investment principles
 Strengthening food security
 Securing regional food supply from shortages and price shocks
requires open markets, increased transparency, and information
sharing on stocks and production
 As well as deepening commitment to long-term investments
 Progress on Niigata Declaration on APEC Food Security
 Implementing the APEC new strategy for structural reform
 Specific reform priorities and capacity building initiatives in each
economy

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011, cont.
1. Expanding trade and regional integration, cont
 Improving ease of doing business (EoDB)
 Aspirational goal of 25% improvement in EoDB by 2015
 Renewed commitment to make it cheaper, faster, and easier to do
business in APEC region
 Facilitating regional travel
 APEC represents the world’s biggest passenger aviation market
 APEC Travel Facilitation initiative
 APEC Business Travel Card program (ABTC)
 Facilitating secure trade
 Endorsed APEC Consolidated Counter-Terrorism and Secure Trade
Strategy to make regional commerce and travel more secure,
efficient, and resilient.
 Covers natural disasters and other major disruptions, such as
terrorist attacks.

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
• Three priority areas:

2. Promoting Green Growth
• 600 million MORE people will be living in cities in the
Asia-Pacific region in 2035 than now
• 38% jump in 25 years
• Raises concerns about traffic congestion, air pollution,
green house gas emissions, and overwhelming
demands for energy
• Goal to reduce energy intensity by 45% by 2035
• Focus on energy efficiency and green goods
 Speed transition to low-carbon economy

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
•

2. Promoting Green Growth, cont

• Leaders singled out the need for increased energy
efficiency: cut demand for fossil fuels, reduce emissions,
and save money.
• Encourage development of energy-smart, low-carbon
communities [Energy Smart Communities]
 30 projects:
 Smart transport
 Smart building (including retrofit, incl. roofs, windows, ventilation)
 Smart communities (incl. smart electricity grids: Smart Grid
 Smart-job education and training

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
•

2. Promoting Green Growth, cont

• Increase the flow of Green Goods

 Reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers
 Eliminate “local content” requirements that businesses source their
goods locally
 Reduce tariff rates to 5% or less by 2015
 Harmonize standards
 Promote development and trade of alternative fuels such as biofuels.

• Speed transition toward a global low-carbon economy
 Develop an APEC list of environmental goods that directly and
positively contribute to green growth and sustainable development
initiatives

• Prohibit trade in illegally harvested forest products;
combat illegal logging and associated trade

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
2. Promoting Green Growth, cont

More specifically at ministerial:
• Promoting liberalization of trade and investment in
environmental goods and services
• Streamlining import procedures for energy-efficient
demonstration vehicles
 To allow temporary access for non-salable, alternative-fueled
demonstration vehicles by the end of 2012
 Produce effective, targeted research outcomes
 Permit extended, public on-road demonstrations
 Streamline import procedures by providing expedited approval
processes and duty- and tax-exampt treatment during the
demonstration period

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011
2. Promoting Green Growth, cont

• Facilitating trade in remanufactured products

 Make existing and future tariff and non-tariff measures publicly
available, electronically, in their domestic languages, and, where
possible, in English.
 Provide meaningful process for stakeholders to comment
 Undertake additional capacity-building activities on trade in
remanufactured goods and remanufacturing

• Rationalizing and phasing-out fossil fuel subsidies that
encourage wasteful consumption
 Report on an annual basis, voluntarily
 Build regional capacity for subsidy reform

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011
2. Promoting Green Growth, cont.

• Reducing aggregate energy intensity

 Reducing aggregate energy intensity by at least 45% by 2035, (using
2005 as a base year)

• Developing low-emissions strategies

 Encouraged APEC economies to elaborate low-emission strategies as
part of their broader economic growth plans and in line with the Cancun
Agreements adopted in December 2010
 Focus this work on energy, transportation and land-use
 Transition to low-carbon, green economies

• Promoting SMEs participation in green growth sectors
 Encourage sharing best practices

Emerging Green Technologies
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2. Promoting Green Growth, cont

• APEC Regulatory Cooperation Advancement
Mechanism (ARCAM) on Trade-Related Standards and
Technical Regulations
• Smart Grid interoperability standards

 To achieve environmental sustainability, energy security, and economic
growth

• Recommendations:

 Promote transparency, collaboration, and global solutions
 Use international standards wherever possible
 For equipment, devices, and systems
 Enable competition and innovation; develop shared objectives
 Represent ARCAM outcomes in other bilateral, regional, and
international fora

Environmental Goods and Services
(EGS)
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2. Promoting Green Growth, cont

• In 2012, economies will work to develop an APEC list of
EGS that directly and positively contribute to green
growth and sustainable development
• Reduce applied tariff rates to 5% or less by 2015
• Eliminate local content requirements by 2012
• Ensure that government support and incentive programs
are transparent and consistent with WTO obligations
• Promote regulatory coherence and cooperation, incl.
better aligning approaches to standards and
conformance

Green buildings and green growth
• Meeting in Washington, DC, March 3-4, 2011
• Many differences exist related to
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“green” definitions
Criteria of green building policies
Various methods of implementing standards between economies
Lack of commonality in conformity assessment procedures
Difficulty in conveying meaning and scientific rigor behind various
“green labels” in APEC markets
 EPA says over 500 “green” product labels in global market
 “green washing”
 Confusing performance targets and rating systems for sustainable
buildings “green” definitions
 Divergent approaches and lack of predictability for market access

Green buildings and green growth
• Common challenges:
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Language
Climate
Green washing
Urban environmental needs

• Potential barriers:
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Multiple labeling
Certification marks
Rating systems
Associated marketing costs

More on Green Growth
• Other work being done on solar:

 Photovoltaic (PV) technologies
 Concentrated solar power (CSP)
 Solar Water Heating (SWH) technologies

• Similar issues:

 Policy makers need to understand standards and infrastructure
(standards, codes, and conformity assessment organizations
 Mix of mandatory codes and voluntary
 Need greater consistency in use of existing terms
 Build on international standards
 Better communication among stakeholders

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
• Three priority areas:
3. Advancing Regulatory Convergence and

Cooperation
• Strengthening implementation of good regulatory
practices
• Advancing regulatory cooperation on emerging
standards and regulatory issues

 Prevent unnecessary technical barriers to trade related to emerging
standards and regulatory issues in the areas of smart grid, green
buildings, and solar technologies
 Promote interoperable standards for smart grid
 APEC Regulatory Cooperation Advancement Mechanism on TradeRelated Standards and Technical Regulations (ARCAM)

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
3. Advancing Regulatory Convergence and Cooperation, cont

• Establishing an APEC regulatory cooperation action
plan
 To improve efficiency and effectiveness of regulations
 Build public trust in regulations
 Improve consumer confidence in globally traded products

• Achieving regulatory convergence on medical products
procedures by 2020
 Will allow patients more timely access to innovations
 Ensure transparency and stakeholder consultation

• Promoting regulatory cooperation on chemicals

 Endorsed the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) principles to
classification and labeling of consumer products

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
3. Advancing Regulatory Convergence and Cooperation, cont

• Promoting regulatory cooperation on services

 Welcomed Services Trade Access Requirements (STAR) database,
that catalogs regulatory requirements in a range of services sectors
 Single-window resource for market entry information
 Encourage increased transparency and cooperation of regulatory
issues affecting services trade

• Promotion regulatory cooperation on wine

 Reduce unnecessary testing and streamlining paperwork

• Strengthening food safety in the region

 Strengthen food safety systems, better align domestic regulations to
international standards, and expand the use of preventive controls in
food supply chaings in APEC

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
3. Advancing Regulatory Convergence and Cooperation, cont

• Facilitating trade in products derived from innovative
agriculture technologies

 Reaffirmed commitment to promote and adopt regulatory approaches
that are transparent, science-based, consistent with international
obligations, and to take into account, where appropriate, existing
international standards
 Publicize existing regulatory approaches for these technologies by
2012, conduct periodic self-reviews of these regulatory approaches,
provide meaningful and transparent public consultation and stakeholder
input into the development of these regulatory approaches, and
conduct capacity-building activities supporting the above stated goals
by the end of 2012

2011 APEC Ministerial Meeting
November 11, 2011 (cont)
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3. Advancing Regulatory Convergence and Cooperation, cont

• Ensure implementation of APEC anti-corruption and
open government commitments by 2014 through deeper
cooperation in APEC
• Regulatory reform, including eliminating unjustifiably
burdensome and outdated regulations, can boost
productivity and promote job creation, while also
protecting the environment and public health, safety,
and security.

Addressing Key Cross-Cutting Issues
 Addressing women and the economy
 San Francisco declaration on Women and the Economy
 Four challenges
 Access to capital
 Access to markets
 Capacity and skills building
 Women’s leadership
 Strengthening Health systems
 Reduce the economic burden of disease by sharing best practices
 Establishment of innovative public-private partnerships for the
prevention and control of non-communicable diseases
 APEC cooperation with WHO to develop a strategy on aging
 Advancing sustainable development of oceans
 Commitment to sustainable development of oceans and fisheries

New Trends and Problems
• No such thing as “free trade”

 All nations restrict in some way

• Much more difficult to tell “who is us”

 Global supply chains
 You don’t know if you are helping or hurting “domestic” industry
(because you may be hurting partners)

• Trade policy does not stop with “border barriers”

 “Unfair trade” and competitiveness Issues permeate society:
 Health standards, environmental regulations, antitrust enforcement,
tax incentives, etc.

 Trade has become the interface between different societies’
ways of structuring themselves

• Trade (economic) issues underlie tensions: talk or fight?

Questions?

• Any questions?
• Thank you for your attention