bahasa belanda dutchholandes
TRACK LISTING
CD 1
1 IntroductIon
2 WEEK 1. Sections 1-4
3 Exercise'
4 Drill and vocabulary
(pp.14-151
5 Section 4b
6 Sections 5-8
7 Vocabulary (p.20) and
8
9
10
Exercises 3-4
Drills (p.22)
Conversation: We
zijn allemaal ziek!
WeEK 2. Sections
9-11
11 Vocabulary (pp.27-28l
CD 2
1 Drills (pp.72-73)
2 Conversation: De
3
klapfoper
WEEK 5. Sections
4
Vocabulary
27-29
Ipp.79-801
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
and Section 12
12 Exercises 6-7
13 Drills (p.31l
14 Conversation:
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Mensjes kijken
Sections 13-16
Vocabulary (p.37)
Exercises 9-11
Drills (pp.39-40l
Conversation: Een
tevreden klant
WEEK 3. Sections
17-19
Vocabulary (p.47l
Exercises 14-15
Drills (pp.49--50)
Conversation: Snel
gedaan
WEEK 4. Sections
20-23
26 Vocabulary
(pp.59-601
27 Exercises 17-18
28 Drills (p.63)
29 Conversation: De
kfeine tiran
Sections 24-26
30
31 Vocabulary (p.70)
32 Exercises 20-21
13
Exercises 23-25
Drills (p.e2l
Conversation: Te laar!
Sections 30-31
Vocabulary (pp.87- 881
Exercise 28
Drills (p.gO)
Conversation:
HUiswerk
WEEK 6. Sections
32- 34
14 Vocabulary (p.96) and
Exercise 31
15 Drills (p.98)
16 Conversation: De
spelbreker
17 WEEK 7. Sections
35-37
18 Vocabulary (p.l08)
19 Exercises 33-34
20 Drills (p.llOl
21 Conversation:
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Theepauze
Sections 38-40
Vocabulary (p.118l
Exercises 36-37
Drills (p.120l
Conversation: Wie
Is de parient?
WEEK 8. Sections
41-43
Vocabulary
(pp.126-1271
29 Exercises 39-40
30 Drills (p.129J
31 Conversation: Snel
geregeld
32 Sections 44-46
33 Vocabulary
(pp.134-135)
34 Exercises 42-43
35 Drills (p.137l
36 Conversation: Een
roevallige ontmoeting
CD 3
1 WEEK 9. Sections
47-48
2 Vocabulary
(pp.I43-1441
3 Exercises 45-46
4 Drills (p.1461
5 Conversation: Wie
6
is her knapsre?
WEEK 10. Sections
49-52
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Vocabulary (p.156)
Exercise 48
Drills (p.158)
Conversation: Pauze
Sections 53- 56
Vocabulary (p.165)
Exercise 52
Drills (pp.167-168)
Conversation:
Solficitatiegesprek
WEEK 11. Sections
57-62
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Vocabulary (p.l76)
Exercises 54-55
Drills (p.179)
Conversation:
Frankrijk? Spaniel
Of Zandvoorr?
Sections 63-65
Vocabulary (p.186)
Exercises 57-58
Drills (p.189)
Conversation: Een
onwelkome afspraak
WEEK 12. Sections
66-68
27 Vocabulary
Ipp.196-1971
28 Exercise 61
29 Drills (p.l99)
30 Conversation: Rijjijof
rij ik?
31 Reading practice:
Lang en groen
32 Reading practice: De
gestranden
33 Reading practice: In
Amsrerdam
34 Reading practice: U of
jij: wat moet ie nou?
35 Reading practice:
36
Rechten en plichten
consument
Conclusion
hugo
in3MONTHS
DUTCH
Jane Fenoulhet
A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK
mID
LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH,
MELBOURNE, AND DELHI
This edition first published in Great Britain
in 2003 by Dorling Kindersley Limited,
80 Strand, London WC2R ORL
First published in Great Britain by
Hugo's Language Books Limited, 1983
Copyright © 1983, 2003 Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Penguin Company
2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record is available from the British Library.
ISBN 1 40530 1066
Hugo Dutch In Three Months is also available in
a pack with three CDs, ISBN 0 75 13 6993 4
Written by
Jane Fenou lhet M. Phil. (Dutch)
Senior Lecturer in Dutch at
University College London
Printed and bound by LegoPrint, Italy
see our complete catalogue at
www.dk.com
This new edition of Hugo Dutch in Three Months has been
written for us by Jane Fenoulhet, who has cons iderable
experience in teaching her subjea from university level
downwards. The book is designed for students learning at
home. who want to acquire a good working knowledge of
the language in a shon time. The grammar is presented
concisely and clearly, and the student is given plenty of
opportunity to praaise what has been learnt. In order to
gain the most from Hugo Dutch in Three Months, you should
spend about eight hours a week studying. Every three
weeks in the course there is time allowed for revision as
well as revision exerdses.
Start with sections 1-3 on pronundation. It is extremely
imponant that you master the sounds of Dutch before
moving on to the grammar. Each sound is described in
enough detail for you to work our its pronundation, but if
possible this should be done in conjunction with the CD
recordings that we offer as optional extras to the book.
The best way to master the sounds. stress and intonation
of a foreign language is by imitating a native speaker.
Failing this, you might be able to listen to Dutch on the
radio or via the internet; it wil1 at lea st give you some id ea
of the sounds and rhythm of spoken Dutch. You should
move on to the following seaions only when you are able
to recogn ize readily which letters spell which sounds. The
exercises and drills will serve as a test.
The rest of the book is organized in a pattern, enabling
you to develop a study routine. The work is divided into
five areas:
Grammar Read through each numbered section of
new grammar at least twice. Use the references to other
sections as opponunities for revision. Try to understand
rather than memorize; U you have understood. the
exercises and drills will ensure that you remember the
rules through applying them.
Vocabulary Lists of words contain all the vocabulary
needed for the week's work.
PREFACE
3
Exercises These are mainly straightforward translation
exercises carefully formulated to incorporate both the
grammar and the most important rules learnt so far, and
both old and new vocabulary. The student is expected to
have learnt the vocabulary as he or she progresses. The
language used is everyday, standard Dutch. It is most
important that you check your answers carefull y with the
key. If you don't understand a mistake, go back to lhe
grammar. At the back of the book there is a grammatical
index to help you find the section you require.
Drills These are intended to be spoken aloud, for both
pronunciation and grammar practice. Cover all but the top
line with a sheet of paper, because the answer is given on
the next line. Work through lhe drills line by line and use
them as a test to see if you are ready to move on to the
next chapter; if you can complete them fluently, then you
are. If you are not, carefull y go through the chapter again.
Conversation Each week contains a sample of standard
colloqu ial Dutch. It is important to remember that
idiomatic language cannot be translated word for word.
An English translation is given to enable you to compare
idioms. Practise reading the Dutch conversation aloud
until you can do so without hesitating.
The course is rounded off with a few reading passages that
have been graded according to their grammatical content;
by the time you have completed Week 8, you should have
sufficient knowledge to manage the first two passages. As
a whole, the book provides the sound grammatical basis
needed in order to speak, understand, read and write
Dutch. But it is important to continue expanding your
vocabulary through reading, listening to the radio if
possible and, best of all, through visiting the country. We
hope you will enjoy this course, and wish you success
with your studies.
Week 1
Dutch alphabet
Personal subject pronouns: I, you,
he, she, etc
Verbs 'zljn' ('to be') and 'hebben'
('to have')
Useful verbs: 'staan', 'Iiggen',
'zitten'
Perfect tense ('I have taken',
'I took')
Past participles of weak verbs
Exercises, drills, conversations
Question form
Exercises, drills, conversation
Week 6
Week 2
Past participles of strong verbs
'Hebben' or 'zijn' as auxiliaries,
forming the perfect tense
Irregular verbs
Exercises, drills, conversation
24
Nouns and articles
Demonstratives: this, that. those
Forms of address: Mr, Mrs, etc
Noun plurals
Feminine nouns
Exercises, drills, conversation
Week 3
42
Forming the present tense
Some useful verbs
Questions: where?, what?, who?
Exercises, drills, conversation
Revision exercises 1
52
Week 4
55
Commands
Word order
Negation: 'nee', 'niet', 'geen'
Use of the definite article
Object pronouns: me, you,
him, etc
Reflexive pronouns: myself,
yourself, etc
Reflexive verbs
Exercises, drills, conversations
Week 5
Possessive adjectives: my, your,
his, etc
Expressing possession ('John's
book')
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
7
Pronunciation and spelling
93
Revision exercises 2
101
Week 7
104
Adjectives in front of the noun
Comparison of adjectives ('larger',
'smaller')
Ways of making comparisons
Superlative of adjectives ('largest'.
'smallest')
Adverbs
Diminutives
Exercises, drills. conversations
Week 8
123
Modal verbs: can, must, may,
want
Adjective + s
Separable verbs
Some prefixes and verbs
Adjectives as nouns
Exercises, drills, conversations
Week 9
76
140
Talking about the future
Future tense
Verbs: infinitive constructions
Exercises, drills, conversation
Revision exercises 3
149
CONTENTS
5
WeeL
Wee k 10
152
Bead ing practice
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Word order in subclauses
Weak verbs: past tense
Strong verbs: past tense
'Hebben' and 'zijn': past tense
Uses of the past tense
Exercises, drills. conversations
Commonly used strong and
irregular verbs
Week 11
Mini-dictionary
171
Past perfect tense 1'1 had done')
Conditional tense ('I would do')
Numbers
Dates. days of the week, months
Money, weights. measures
Uses of 'er'
Relative clauses
'Om'+ 'te' + infinitive
Exercises. drills, conversations
Week 12
192
The passive
Present participle ('going', 'doing')
Expressions of time
Exercises. drills. conversation
Revision exercises 4
202
204
Key to exerc ises
214
Append ix
230
ｾ
You will learn:
stress, voiced consonants
consonants
vowels
spelling rules related to pronunciation
The grammar includes:
personal subject pronouns (' 1', 'you', 'he', etc)
present tense of 'zijn' ('to be'l and 'hebben' ('to have')
question form
233
. . PRONUNCIATION
Index
254
It cannot be emphasized strongly enough that the only
way the student will learn to pronounce Dutch sounds
correctly is by imitating a Dutch speaker. If at all
possible, then, you should listen to the pronunciation
on the CDs over and over again until you can make
the same sounds as the voice on the tape. Particular
attention should be paid to the vowel sounds which
are very different from English vowels. The consonants,
on the other hand, are the same as in English in
most cases.
Although the spelling of individual sounds is given
below in the pronunciation sections 1-3, we shall look
at the spelling of Dutch in more detail in section 4.
Stress in Dutch generally falls on the first syllable of
a word, as in English le.g. CAR-petl. On the first
appearance of any word that is an exception to this rule,
we will indicate where the stress falls by a stroke ('I
placed before the stressed syllable le.g, het 'zelfde,
where the second syllable is stressed, het-ZELF-de).
This will not apply, however, where the Dutch word
begins with an unstressed prefix (see section 31 cl, since
this is a rule you can learn and implement yourself,
NOTE: Voiced consonants are those which are produced
with vibration of the vocal cords, e,g, b, When voiceless
consonants are produced, the vocal cords do not vibrate,
6
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
WEEK 1
II
II
e.g. p. This distinction is important for the description of
certain Dutch consonants in section 2.
CONSONANTS
s, f, h, b, d, z, I, m, n , and n g (as in English 'sing') are
the same in Dutch as in English .
p, t, k are pronounced like their English counterparts but
without the puff of air which follows the English sound.
You can test this by holding your hand in front of your
mouth and saying 'put'. You should feel the escape of
breath immediately after the p sound. This must not
happen when making the Dutch sounds.
Practise saying the Dutch word pet (cap).
ch : Dutch ch spells one sound. It is the same sound as
the ch in Scottish 'loch' or German 'Bach' and made by
friction at the back of the mouth.
Practise saying licht (light!.
sch: Dutch has a combination of s followed by ch, as in
schip (ship) which is very difficult for an English speaker
to pronounce and requires special attention.
g: Beware! g in Dutch is never pronounced in the English
way. It is the same sound as ch, although it is voiced in
some parts of the country.
Practise: gek (mad). Occasionally g is pronounced like the
s in English 'measure'.
w is pronounced like English v when it occurs before r .
Otherwise it is made like English w but usually with the
bottom lip against the top teeth. Aim for a sound in
between an English v and an English w.
Practise: wi t (white) .
v is like English v in 'give' although its pronunciation is
sometimes closer to that of English f, especially at the
beginning of words.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
Practise: v et (fat).
r is made either by trilling the tongue against the back of
the top teeth (rolled r) or by friction at the back of the
mouth (guttural ri oIt is always pronounced in Dutch .
Practise: pret (fun).
There are three more consonants in Dutch which sound
the same as English sounds but which are spelt differently:
j is pronounced the same as English y
sj is pronounced similarly to English sh
tj is pronounced similarly to English ch
_VOWELS
This section is divided into four parts (A-D), which will be
explained further in section 4.
A Some of the vowels have alternative spellings as
indicated but the sound is the same in each case.
aa l a
This vowel is like English a in 'cat' but longer.
Practise: straat (street), water (water),
eel e This is similar to the English vowel sound in 'hail',
although it is shorter. The lips should be stretched
as if in a smile.
Practise: heel (whole), beter (bener).
ie
This is like the English vowel sound in 'neat',
but shorter.
Practise : niet (not).
00 /0
This vowel is similar to the English vowel sound in
'boat', but it is shorter. The lips must be rounded.
Practise: boot (boat), stra (straw).
oe
This vowel is very like the English 00 in 'pool',
but shorter and made further bad in the mouth.
WEEK 1
II
II
The lips should be rounded.
Practise: poel (pool).
eu
There is no equivalent sound in English . Make
Dutch eu by pronouncing the English vowel
sound in 'hurt', but with the lips tightly rounded.
Practise: neus (nose) .
uu/u There is no equivalent vowel sound in English.
Make Dutch uu by pronouncing English 00 as in
'loot' and tightly pursing the lips whilst pressing
the tongue against the bottom teeth.
Practise: muziek (music), buur (neighbour).
All the vowel sounds listed above are pronounced
much longer if followed by an r .
Practise: paar (pair), peer (pear), dier (animal),
noord (north), boer (farmer), deur (door),
duur (expensive).
B The following vowel sounds are different from those
spelt similarly in section 3A. They are, in addition, always
short:
a
There is no equivalent sound in English. Make
Dutch a by saying the English vowel sound as
in 'hard' but pronounced very short.
Practise: man (man).
e
This vowel is very like the English vowel sound in
'bet', but it is shorter.
Practise: vet (fat).
This is very like the English vowel sound in 'bit',
but it is shorter.
Practise: wit (white).
o
This vowel sound is similar to the English 0 as
in 'pot', but it is shorter and the lips are rounded.
Practise: pot (pot).
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
u
There is no equivalent sound in English. Make
the Dutch u by saying the English vowel sound
in 'dirt' but pronounced very short.
Practise: bus (bus).
II
C The following sounds are diphthongs or combinations
of two vowels.
ei / ij
This sound is not found in English. It is
somewhere between the sound in English
'light' and the sound in English 'late'.
Practise: trein (train), fijn (fine).
aai
This sound is a combination of Dutch aa and Ie.
Practise: taai (tough).
oei
This sound is a combination of Dutch oe and ie
Practise: groei (growth).
ooi
This sound is a combination of Dutch
Practise: mooi (beautiful).
00
and ie.
ou/au This sound is not found in English. Pronounce
the English diphthong in 'shout' but make the
first vowel of the diphthong more like English 0
as in 'shot'.
Practise: nou (now), blauw (blue).
eeuw This sound is a combination of Dutch ee and oe.
Practise: leeuw (lion).
ieuw This sound is a combination of Dutch ie and oe.
Practise: nieuw (new).
uw
This sound is a combination of Dutch uu and oe.
Practise : sluw (sly).
ui
This sound is not found in English . Make Dutch
ui by pronouncing the English vowel sound as
in 'house' with the lips tightly rounded and the
WEEK 1
11
l
II
tongue pressed against the bottom teeth.
Practise: huis (house), tuin (garden).
o There is one last vowel sound in Dutch. It is a short,
weak vowel occurring only in unstressed syllables. It is
like the English sound at the beginning of 'along'. It is
spelt in a variety of ways.
Practise : e
de (the)
ee een (a)
aardig (nice)
ij
vriendelijk (kind).
SPELLING
Dutch spelling poses few problems compared with
English spelling. But there are some points about vowels
that require your attention.
In section 3B there are four vowel sounds a: e; 0 ; u
which are always spelt with one letter. You will have
noticed, however, that some of the vowels described in
II
A 3B vowel must always be written in closed syllables.
So, for example, the plural of man (man) is mannen.
The final consonant is doubled, thus keeping the first
syllable closed.
The following table will give a clearer view of the spelling
system of Dutch vowels. The top line of each pair
represents the 3A class of vowel, the bottom line
represents the 3B class:
plural
compare:
singular
maan
man
compare:
peen (carrot)
pen (pen)
penen
pennen
compare:
poat (paw)
pot
paten
patten
compare:
buur
bus
buren
bussen
manen
mannen
3A are spa1t in two ways: aa or a; ee or e; 00 or 0 ; uu or
u . The most important spelling rule in Dutch deals with
the spelling of these vowel sounds:
In closed syllables, i.e. those that end in a consonant, the
letter is doubled - e.g . aa as in maan (moon).
If another syllable is added, such as the plural ending
-en, the vowel spelling changes to a single letter e.g.
manen (moons). This is because the syllable is now
open, i.e. it ends in a vowel, as the syllable division is
drawn before the consonant: ma/nen .
So with a 3A vowel the rule is: write double letters for
the vowel in syllables ending with a consonant, and a
single letter in syllables ending with a vowel. (Note that
the change of spelling does not affect the way the vowel
sounds.)
12
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
There is only one exception to this rule. A 3A vowel is
normally spelt with one letter at the end of a word (open
syllable) as in sla, stro, paraplu, with the exception of
ee, hence zee (sea). The spelling of the other vowel
sounds is invariable. All other spelling matters will be
dealt with as they arise.
,----_ Exercise 1
_
Read the following list of words aloud :
boer, peer, straat, boo!, poeI. man, pot, trein, lUin,
leeuw, bus, buur, pen, poot, taai, aardig, nieuw,
groei, mooi, nOll.
WEEK 1
13
Exercise 2
II
----,
Write down the plurals of these nouns by adding -en
and adjusting the spelling where necessary:
niet
nieuw
nu
paar
de para'plu
de peen
de peer
de pen
de pet
de poel
de poot
de pot
de sla
trein, leeuw, boer, peer, poot, buur, pen, win, bus,
boot. pot, straat. man, deur, maan.
ｾ｟ｄｲｩｬ ｳＭ
Ｍ
Ｍ｟Ｌ
Read the Preface on page 4 before starting drills.
Repeat the following sentences several times: first by
imitating what you hear without looking at the book
and then by listening and reading. If you do not have
the CDs, use the drill for reading practice. If you are
ever in doubt about pronunciation, refer back to this
lesson. Never hazard a guess.
De man is vriendelijk.
The man is kind.
De tuin is mooi.
The garden is beautiful.
De trein is nieuw.
The train is new.
De buurman is aardig.
The neighbour is nice.
De boer zit in de bus.
The farmer is sitting on the
bus.
Een leeuw is een dier.
A lion is an animal.
VOCABULARY
aardig
blauw
de boer
de boot
de bus
de buur
de buurman
de
de deur
het dier
14
I
nice
blue
farmer
boat
bus
neighbour
male
neighbour
the
door
animal
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
duur
een
fijn
groei
het huis
expensive
a
fine
growth
house
in
in
is
de leeuw
de maan
de man
mooi
is
lion
moon
man
beautiful
m
not
new
now
pair
umbreUa
carrot
pear
pen
cap
pool
paw
pot
lettuce
sluw
de straat
de stro
taai
de trein
de tuin
vriendelijk
het water
wit
de zee
zit
sly
street
straw
tough
train
garden
kind,
friendly
water
white
sea
sits, is
II
sitting
THE IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
Any system of 'imitated pronunciation' (where the sound
of the foreign word is w ritten down as if it was in English
syllables) is bound to have drawbacks. The author of this
book is totally against such imitative methods. However,
it must be said that some students will have no Dutch
speaker to help them , and will also be unable to use our
CD recordings of the text. They also need to be sure that
their pronunciation is reasonably accurate before they get
into bad habits. The use of 'imitated pronunciation' is
obviously helpful to such students, so we are maintaining
a well-known feature of Hugo language courses by
providing it for certain key words and the vocabulary lists
in the early part of the course. Refer to the guide only
as a last resort, and remember that the need to do so
means that you really ought to revise this first week.
Read the imitated pronunciation as if you were sounding
English syllables, bearing in mind these modifications:
HG represents the guttural ch or g .
r in italics is silent. being put there to ensure you sound
the preceding English vowel correctly.
EE represents the long Dutch uu / u .
W EEK 1
15
III
a in bold italics represents the short Dutch a.
3rd person
OW represents the Dutch ui sound.
ER represents the Dutch eu sound.
Remember that when you see ow (in small letters, not
capitals) in the imitated pronunciation, it should sound
more like ow in 'how' than in 'blow', but not emphatically
so. The ah in an imitation like 'strahl' (for the Dutch straat)
should not be 100 long. When we put a double ff, sound it
as an English f; a single f (standing for the Dutch v) may
be sounded somewhere between the English r and v.
The Dutch w is represented by a v in the imitated
pronunciation but you may modify this English v-sound
towards that of w , as the earlier notes instruct you.
':
A ah
B bay
C say
D day
E ay
F err
G HGay
H hah
I ee
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
Q
R
yay
kah
ell
emm
enn
oh
pay
kEE
5
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
ess
lay
EE
ray
yay
iks
ee-HGrek
zen
air
PERSONAL SUBJECT PRONOUNS: I, YOU,
HE,SHE,ETC
singular
1st person
2nd person
(informal)
(formal)
stressed
ik
unstressed
(' k)
jij
u
je
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
I
(ie)
ze
't
he
she
it
wij
we
we
jullie
u
zij
je
you
you
they
ze
II
The informal second person pronouns jij and jullie are
generally used when speaking to family and friends. The
second person formal pronoun u is used when talking to
strangers and to superiors.
THE DUTCH ALPHABET
The Dutch alphabet consists of the same letters as the
English, but the letters Q, X, and Yare only used in fore ign
words.
16
plural
1st person
2nd person
(informal)
(formal)
3rd person
hij
zij
het
Note that some pronouns have an unstressed form
which follows the stressed form in the table above. The
unstressed form is the one commonly used in speech
unless special emphasis is required. The stressed forms
are commonly used in writing. The unstressed forms
given in brackets are never used when writing. The other
unstressed pronouns - the ones without brackets - are
used in less forma l writing.
Je, the unstressed form of the informal plural 'you'
jullie, can only be used once jullie has been mentioned.
This avoids confusion with the singular. which also has je
as its unstressed form. The risk of confusion is particularly
strong as je is always used with a singular verb.
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (5)
ickl'k; yey/yer; EE; hey/ee; zey/zer; het/en; vey/ver;
yerI-lee/yer; EE; zey/zer.
you
you
WE EK 1
17
•
ZIJN ('TO BE')
One of the most useful parts of any language is the verb
'to be', But zijn is irregular and must therefore be learnt
by heart, Note that although the words for 'she' and
'they' are the same when used with a verb, the form of
the verb distinguishes between them ,
This switching round of subject and verb is called
'inversion', Whenever inversion occurs in Dutch, the jijform of the verb drops its -t ending, for example ben jij?
II
For more on questions, see section 19,
. . HEBBEN ('TO HAVE')
Present tense
Present tense
singular
ik ben
jij bent
u bent
hij i s
z ij is
het i s
plural
wij z ijn
jullie zijn
u bent
zij zijn
I am
you are
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
yo u are
th ey are
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (6)
zeyn; ick ben; yey bent; EE bent; hey iss; zey iss; het iss;
vey zeyn; yerl-lee zeyn; EE bent; zey zeyn,
singu lar
ik heb
jij hebt
u hebt/heeft
hij, zij, het
heeft
plural
wij hebben
jullie hebben
u hebt/heeft
zij hebben
I have
you have
you have
he, she,
il has
we have
you have
you have
th ey have
Like zijn, hebben is also irregular and it is best learnt by
heart,
When inverted for a question, th e second person
singular form of the verb also drops its -t ending , for
example heb jij?
QUESTION FORM
The interrogative or question form of zijn consists of
switching round the personal pronoun and the verb, just
as in English, For example:
benik?
ben jij?
i s hij ?
18
I
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (8)
heb-ber: ick hep; yey hept; EE hept/ hayft; heylyey/het
hayft; vey heb-ber; yerl-lee heb-ber; EE hept/hayft; zey
heb-ber,
am I?
are yo u?
is he?
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
W EEK 1
19
II
Exercise 4
aJlelbei
pre'cies
watvreemd!
ziek
II
Translate the following into Eng lish:
VOCABULARY
dus
en
erg
hebben
hoofdpijn hebben
keelpijn hebben
koorts hebben
het'zelfde
ja
mis'schien
moe
ook
--,
both
so
and
very
1
2
3
4
to have
to have a headache
to have a sore throat
5
6
to have a temperature
7
the same thing
yes
perhaps
tired
too, also
exactly, precisely
how funny! how odd!
8
9
10
Hij heeft een huis.
Het heeft een lUin.
Hebben de buren een boot?
Wij hebben een tuin en een boot.
Heb jij een paraplu?
Ik heb een peer.
Jullie hebben keelpijn.
Heeft de boer een leeuw in de tuin?
Leeuwen hebben poten.
Heeft u een pen?
Exercise 5
ill
--,
Translate the following into Dutch:
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
1 Are the neighbours friendly?
al-Ier-'bey; derss; en; erHG; heb-ber; hohft-peyn ...;
kayl-peyn ...; kohns ... ; ert-zelv-der; yah; miss-'HGeen;
moo; ohk; pray-'sees; vat fraymt; zeek.
2 He is nice.
3 She is very ill.
4 We have a house and a garden.
Exercise 3
Translate the following into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
I
Is de man aardig?
Jullie zijn gek.
Ik ben erg ziek.
Zij is ook ziek.
Ben jij moe?
Wij zijn ook moe.
De buren zijn vriendelijk.
Zij zijn erg aardig.
U bent erg vriendelijk.
Jij bent sluw.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
--,
5 The house is new.
6 Do you (forma l) have an animal in the garden?
7 Yes, I have a lion.
8 You (singular) have a pen and an umbrella .
9 They are both new.
10 You (plural) are tired and ill.
11 I am also ill.
12 You (formal) are very beautiful.
13 The moon is also beautiful.
14 They have a boat.
15 Do you (singular) have a boat too?
WEEK 1
I
21
Drills
III
,
For drills 1 and 2, substitute the word in the second
column for the word in bold type in the first. For drill
3, respond to the stimulus, in each case substituting
the first word as before. Alter the form of the verb if
necessary and always keep the next line covered.
II
CONVERSATION
We zijn allemaal ziek!
SEA Ben jij moe?
la, ik ben erg moe.
WILLEM
1 Substitution drill
Hij is ziek.
Wij zijn ziek.
Jullie zijn ziek .
Ik ben ziek.
Zij zijn ziek.
U bent ziek.
Zij is ziek.
Jij bent ziek.
BEA
wij
jullie
ik
zij (plural )
WILLEM
BEA
W1LLEM
BEA
W1LLEM
BEA
u
WILLEM
zij
jij
BEA
Is hij oak moe?
J", Wj is oak erg moe.
Dus jullie zijn alIebei moe.
We hebben alIebei hoofdpijn.
Hebben jullie misscbien oak koorts?
la, en keelpijn.
Wat vreemd! II< heb precies hetzelfde.
Ben jij ziek?
la. JuJlie zijn dus oak ziek.
TRANSLATION
2 Substitution drill
Ik heb hoofdpijn.
zij (plural)
Wj
Zij hebben hoofdpijn.
Hij heef! hoofdpijn.
u
jullie
U hebt hoofdpijn.
Jullie hebben hoofdpijn. zij
Zij heeft hoofdpijn.
jij
Jij hebt hoofdpijn.
wij
Wij he bben hoofdpijn.
We're all ill!
SEA
WILLEM
SEA Is he tired too?
WILlEM Yes. he's very tired too.
BEA
WILLEM
5
R
5
R
5
R
22
I
Ik heb hoofdpijn.
Wij hebben hoofdpijn.
Jij hebt koons.
Jullie hebben koons.
Zij heef! keelpijn.
Zij hebben keelpijn.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
WILLEM
5
R
5
R
5
R
Hij is aardig.
Zij zijn aardig.
Ik ben moe.
Wij zijn moe.
Jij bent ziek.
Jullie zijn ziek.
SO you're both tired.
We've both got a headache.
SEA Perhaps you've got a temperature too.
WllLEM Yes, and a sore throat.
BEA
3 Stimulus-response drill
Are you tired?
Yes, I'm very tired.
BEA
How funny! I've got exactly the same thing.
Are yOll ill?
Yes. 50 yOll are ill 100.
WEEK 1
I
23
WeeL
Continuing with some basic groundwork, including:
articles 'de' and 'het' ('the'), and 'een' ('a')
common gender and neuter nouns in the singular
demonstratives ('this', 'that', 'those')
forms of address
the various plural formations (-en, os, -eren)
feminine nouns, both singular and plural forms
objects denoted by neuter 'het-nouns' and hij to refer
to objects denoted by commonijender ' d e-nouns'.
For example:
Het huis: het is groot. The house: it is large.
De boot: hij is groot. The boat: it is large.
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (9)
NOUNS AND ARTICLES
The Dutch definite article (the equivalent of the English
'the') may be either de or het, depending on the type of
noun that follows it.
man; tOWn; hOWss; deT; deT man; deT tOWn: het; en
mey-sher; en hOWss; der man-ner; der howz-er; em; em
man; em hOWss; HGroht; boht.
IIl!I DEMONSTRATIVES: THIS THAT, THESE, THOSE
J
1 Common nouns, also known as nouns of common
gender, are preceded by de, for example, de man,
de tuin .
Dutch has two words for 'this': dele and dit. Dele is
used before common nouns and dit is used before
neuter nouns.
2 There are also neuter nouns in Dutch, for example
huis (housel. These are preceded by the definite article
het, for example het meisje, het huis . In speech, het
is nearly always pronounced et or 'to
For example:
deze man, dit huis.
Dele is used with all plurals.
3 All plural nouns have de as their definite article
whether they are of common or neuter gender. For
example: de mannen, de huizen
For example:
deze mannen, deze huizen.
NOTE: There is no easy way of telling whether a noun is
common or neuter. The only way to remember them is to
learn noun and article together.
Dutch also has two words for 'that': die and dat. Die
is used before common nouns and dat before neuter
nouns.
Een (English a, an) is the indefinite article in Dutch. It is
used before all singular nouns, both common and neuter,
e.g. een man and een huis. It is pronounced with the
weak vowel sound (see 3D). As in English, it cannot be
used before a plural noun.
For example:
die man, dat huis.
As you saw in section 5, English 'it' is sometimes
Die is used with all plurals.
For example:
die mannen, die huizen.
translated by het. But it is also sometimes represented
by hi j ('he'). Dutch uses het as a pronoun to refer to
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
W EEK 2
I
25
These demonstratives - deze/ dit and die/dat - can be
used independently to refer to a noun already mentioned .
English uses 'this (one)', 'that (one)', 'these (ones)' and
'those (ones)'.
For example:
Twee jurken: deze is mooi maar die is dUllr.
Two dresses: this one is pretty. but that one is expensive.
Deze and die are used in this case because jurk is a
common gender noun. As one would expect. dit and
dat are used with neuter nouns.
For example:
Twee huizen: dit is groot maar dat is klein.
Two houses: this one is big, but that one is small.
All plurals use deze and die.
For example:
Zie je de schoenen in die etalage? Deze zijn mooi
maar die zijn dUllr.
Do you see the shoes in that shop window? These are
pretty, but those are expensive.
Sometimes die is simply used as an alternative to the
pronouns hij/zij/zij (' he (ill/she/they'). Similarly, dat
sometimes replaces het ('it').
For example:
Zie je de buren? Die zijn erg aardig,
Do you see the neighbours? They are very nice.
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (10)
day-zer; dit; dee; dat; tvay yerrk -er; mah'ee; mahr;
dEEr; kleyn; sHGoon-er; ay-lah- 'Iah-zher; bEEr-er;
ahr-derHG .
26
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
IIDI DIT/DAT/HET + ZIJN + NOUN
Dutch has a special construction used when identifying
or describing people or things. It is introduced by either
dit, dat, or het.
For example:
Dit is Jan, This is Jan.
Dat is de buurman, That is th e neighbour.
Het is de buurvrouw. It's the neighbour.
If the noun is plural, the verb also takes the plural form,
but dit, dat, or het never change.
For example:
Oit zijn de schoenen. These are the shoes.
Oat zijn de jurken. Those are the dresses.
Het ZijD de buren. They are the neighbours.
VOCABULARY
bedoelje
een beetje
bijna
daar
do you mean
a bil
almost
there, over rhere
dik
fat
eigenlijk
aClually, really
de etal'age
shop window
het is geen gezicht! (iI'S) DOl a pretty sight!
groat
large
het haar
hair
de JODgeD
boy
de jurk
dress
kaal
bald
het kind
child
klein
small
kort
short
maar
bUI
het meisje
girl
me'juffrouw
Miss
W EEK 2
I
27
me'neer
me'vrouw
na'tuurlijk
normaal
nou!
of
de pruik
derok
de schoen
slecht
te
ten'minste
twee
van
veel
verschrikkelijk
versleten
de vrouw
wat jammer!
weg
wei nee
zie je
zo
Mr
Mrsl Ms
natural
nonnal
weill
or
wig
skirt
shoe
bad
too
at least
two
of
much, many, a lot
terrible
down at heel, worn out
woman
what a pity!
away, gone
oh no
do you see
so
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
ber-dool yer; em bayt-yer; bey-nah; dahr; dick; eyHGer-lerk; der ay-tah- 'Iah-zher; HGroht; en hahr; der
yong-er; der yerrk; kahl; en kint; kleyn; kon; mahr;
ert mey-sher; mer-'yer-frow; mer-'nayr: mer- 'vrow;
nah- 'tEEr-lerk; nor-mahl; now; off; der prOWk; der
rock; der sHGoon; sleHGt; ter; ［ｲ･ｴＭｳｮｩｭＧｾｮ･ｴ
tvay;
fan; fayl; fer-'sHGrick-er-lerk; fer- 'slay-ter; der frow;
vat yam-mer; veHG; vel nay; zee yer; zoh.
PRONUNCIATION NOTE: Words that have a prefix such
as ver- are stressed on the following syllable. This is
normal, so we don't indicate (') in the vocabulary list.
See further note in section 31.
28
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
m
FORMS OF ADDRESS
meneer (Mr), mevrouw (Mrs), mejuffrouw (Miss)
Each is written with a small initial letter and precedes the
surname. Mejuffrouw is only used in correspondence .
Meneer and mevrouw can be used on their own when
addressing a stranger.
For example:
Goede morgen, meneer Smit.
Good morning, Mr Smith.
Pardon, meneer.
Excuse me.
This latter usage is still current, whereas, the use of its
English equivalent, 'sir', is very restricted .
When addressing an envelope, put de Heer instead of
meneer. The feminine forms are abbreviated to Mevr.
and Mej. , while Mw. corresponds to the English Ms.
Exercise 6
_
Tra nslate the fo llowing int o English:
1 De ma n is klein .
2 Het meisje is erg dik .
3
4
5
6
7
De hu i zen zij n veel te groot.
De vrouw heeft een pruik.
De buren hebben een kin d.
Het is een meisj e.
Het meisj e zit in de tuin .
8 De schoenen zijn een beetj e versleten .
9 Het dier is niet vri endelijk.
10 Het is sluw.
W EE K 2
I
29
Exercise 7
-----,
Dit huis heeft een min.
Dat huis is te klein .
Die huize n zijn erg groot.
Deze jurk is te kort.
Deze schoenen zijn een beetje groot.
Die schoenen zijn veel te klein.
Zie je deze jongen en dit meisje?
Die zijn erg aardig.
Dat zijn de buren.
Die is aardig maar die is niet zo vriendelijk.
Exercise 8
--,
For drill 1, substitute the word in the second column
for the word in bold type in the first, altering the form
of the demonstrative and verb if necessary. For drill 2,
respond to the stimulus. In both cases, remember to
keep the next line covered.
Translate the followin g into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Drills
PI
1 Substitution drill
-----,
Dit huis is klein.
Deze boot is klein.
Dit meisje is klein.
boot
meisje
schoenen
Deze schoenen zijn klein.
Deze tuin is klein .
Dit kind is klein.
Deze huizen zij n klein.
Deze paraplu is klein.
tuin
kind
huizen
paraplu
Translate the following into Dutch :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
30
I
This boy has a boat.
That girl has a pen.
These men are very kind.
Those women are also kind.
Tnis house is large, but that one is sma ll.
That garden is too big.
Those shoes are very expensive.
That dress is too shorl, but this one is very pretty.
These are the neighbours.
They are not very nice.
That animal over there is a lion .
This is the farmer.
He is sitting in a boat.
This boat is new and that one is too.
These women are both tired.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
2 Stimulus-response drill
S Die jongen is erg aardig.
R Deze is ook aardig.
S Dat dier is erg ziek.
R Dit is ook ziek.
S Di e vrouwen hebben hoofdpijn.
R Deze hebben ook hoofdpijn.
S Dat kind heef! koorls.
R Dit heeft ook koorls.
S Die schoenen zijn erg versleten.
R Deze zijn ook versleten.
S Die jurk is erg kOrl.
R Deze is ook kOrl.
WEEK 2
I
31
CONVERSATION
Mensjes kijken / People-watching
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER OE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
Zie je die twee vrouwen daar?
Bedoel je die met de jurk en die met
het haar?
Ja. Dat haar is veel te kart. Ze is
bijna kaal.
Wei nee! NOll .... Maar zie je die met
de jurk!
Die is wei een beetje dik maar het haar
is tenminste nonnaal.
Die jurk is te kort,
Nou, de jurk is niet zo slecht - zie je
die schoenen?
Die zijn wei erg versleten. Het is geen
gezicht!
Bedoel je die met de jurk of die met
het haar?
Allebei eigenlijk, Wat jammer! Ze zijn
weg!
TRANSLATION
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
32
I
The most frequent way of forming noun plurals in Dutch
is to add -en to the singular noun, as in :
maan-+ manen
man-+ mannen
SPELLING NOTE : Please read section 4 again, and
remember to apply the spelling rules.
PRONUNCIATION NOTE: The final -n is not usually
pronounced, e.g. manne!n ).
sand f at the end of a noun are replaced by z and v
respectively on the addition of the plural ending :
huis-+ huizen,
wolf-+ wolven
PRONUNCIATION NOTE At the end of a word d and b
are pronounced t and p respectively. When the plural
ending is added, d and b are pronounced as themselves,
as in:
Do you see those two women over there?
Do you mean the one with the dress and
the one with the hair?
het bed-+ bedden
ik heb-+ wij hebben
That hair is much too shan. She's almost bald.
No It isn't. Well .... But do you see the one
with the dress!
She's a bil fat, but at least her hair's nonnal,
That dress is too shan.
Mm, the dress isn't so bad - do you see
A few nouns which add -en in the plural also change
their vowel sound. The most useful ones are:
those shoes?
MENEER DE WIT
IDI NOUN PLURALS ENDING -EN
They're very down at heel. Not a pretty
sight!
Do you mean the one with the dress or the
one with the hair?
Both, really. What a piry! They've gone.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
de dag (day)
het dak (roof)
het glas (glass)
het schip (ship)
de stad (town)
de weg (road)
dagen
daken
glazen
schepen
steden
wegen
Compare these w ith the examples in section 4 . If the
vow el sound of dag were to be preserved, the g would
be doubled in the plural, in the same way as the n is
WEEK 2
I
33
doubled in mannen. But the vowel sound in dagen is
the same as the vowel sound in maan . Similarly with
dak and glas and weg. In other words, class 3B vowels
in the singular become class 3A vowels in the plural.
For example;
de tram (tram)
het per'ron (platform)
trams
perrons
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (14)
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (13)
tah-ferl; tah-ferls: bay-zem; bay-zems; lah-ker; lah-kens;
fah-der; fah -ders; mey-sher; mey-shess; ffoh-lOh; ffohlOhs; pah -rah-'pIEE; pah-rah-'pIEEs; tan-ter; tan-ters;
am-'beet- see; am-'beet-sees: trem; trems; pehr- 'ron;
mahn; mahn-er; man; man-ner; hOWss; hOW -zer; Yolff;
voH-er; bet; bed-der; hep; heb-ber; daHG; dah-HGer;
dak; dah-ker; HGlass; HGlah- zer; sHGip; sHGa y-per;
stat; stay-der; ve HG: vay-ger.
NOUN PLURALS ENDING -S
pehr- 'rons.
m
Some Dutch nouns form the plural by adding -soThey are:
NOUN PLURALS ENDING -EREN
A small group of neuter nouns add -eren in the plural.
The most useful ones are listed below:
1 Nouns ending in -el, -em, -en, ·er or -je.
For example:
de tafel (table)
de bezem (broom)
het laken (sheet)
de vader (father)
het meisje (girl)
het
het
het
het
het
het
tafels
bezems
lakens
vaders
meisjes
bladeren
eieren
kinderen
liederen
yolkeren (also Yolken )
beenderen (inserts d
before suffix)
2 Nouns ending in -a, -0 or -u . The plural ending is
always preceded by an apostrophe in this case.
For example:
de foto (photograph)
de paraplu (umbrella)
blad (leaf)
ei (egg)
kind
lied (song)
Yolk (nation, people)
been (bone)
NOTE: het been (leg)
benen (legs)
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (15)
foto's
paraplu's
blat; blah-der-rer; ey; ey-er-rer; kint; kin -der-rer; leet:
lee-der-rer; folk; fol-ker-rer/fol -ker; bayn; bayn-der-rer;
bayn; bay-nero
3 Most nouns ending in an unstressed vowel;
de tante (aunt)
de am'bitie (ambition)
tantes
4 Most foreign words (usually English or French).
34
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
m
FEMININE NOUNS
ambities
To indicate the female of many occupations, nationalities
and animals, Dutch adds one of five endings - usually to
the masculine word for the same occupation, nationality,
etc. Each new feminine word needs to be learnt, but
W EE K 2
I
35
examples of the five suffixes are given below:
1 -in (plural -nen)This suffix is always stressed, as in:
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (16)
boor; boor- tin; lay'ao; lay'oo- 'in; rerss; rerss- 'in; kohning; koh-ning-'in; Iay-rahr; lay-rahr- 'ess; prins; prin-
'sess; sehk-rer-'tah-riss; sehk-rer-tah-'ress-er; bee-blee-
boer (farmer)
leeuw (lion)
Rus (Russian man)
koning (king)
boerin (farmer, farmer's wife)
leeuwin (lioness)
Russin (Russian woman)
koningin (queen)
2 -es (plural -sen) Stressed:
leraar (male teacher)
prins (prince)
lerares (female leacher)
prinses (princess)
3 -esse (plural on) Stressed. This suffix replaces the -is
ending of the masculine noun.
secret'aris
(male secretary )
bibliothek'aris
(male librarian)
secretar'esse
(female secretary)
bibliothekar'esse
(female librarian)
4 -e (plural -n or -5) Unstressed. For example:
stud'ent
(male sludent)
telefon'ist
(male telephon ist)
stud'ente
(fe male student)
telefon'iste
(female telephonist)
For most nationalities, an unstressed -e is added to the
adjective of nationality, as in:
Engels (English)
Nederlands (Dutch)
oh -tay- 'kah-riss; bee-blee-oh-tay-kah- 'ress-er; stEE'dent; stEE-'dent -er; tel-eh -fohn- 'ist; tel-eh-fohn- 'ist-er;
eng-els; eng-els -er; nay-der-Iants; nay-der-Iant-ser;
sHG reyff; sHG reyff-ster; fe r- 'playHG; fer-'playHG -ster.
VOCABULARY
alles
a1tijd
de biogra'fie
(plural:
biografieen)
het boek
de dag
Dag!
everything
always
biography
book
day
Hellol
Goodbyel
goed
good
goede morgen! good
morning!
(When an e is added to
goed, the d is pronounced
as a Dutch j.)
heel
very
bier
ja'zeker
kies'keurig
luistert u eens
mijn
moeilijk
de naam
deoom
(plural: ooms)
over
dero'man
saai
de schrijver
uit
weet ik veel?
here
indeed
choosy fussy
listen here
my
difficult
name
uncle
about
novel
dull, boring
author
from, out of
how do I
know?
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
Engelse (English woman)
Nederlandse (Dutch
al- Iers; al- teyt; bee-oh-HGrahff-'ee; bee-oh-HGrahff- 'ee-er;
book; daHG; HGoot; HGoo-yer mor-HGer; hayl; heer;
ya h- 'zay-ker; kees-'kER-rerHG; IOWss-tert EE ayns; meyn;
woman)
moo'ee-Ierk; nahm; ohm; ohms; oh-ver; roh- 'man; sah'ee;
sHGre y- ver; OWl; vayt ick fayi.
5 oster (plural -5) Unstressed. This ending is added to
the stem of a verb. For example:
schrijf (write)
verpleeg (nurse)
36
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
schrijfster (a uthoress)
verpleegster (female nurse)
WE EK 2
I
37
Exercise 9
---,
Translate the following into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
r--
Exercise 12
Translate the following into Dutch:
Ik heb twee pennen.
De boer heelt veel penen.
Wolven en leeuwen zijn dieren.
Huizen hebben daken.
De steden hebben veeI wegen en straten.
Die vrouwen hebben heel veeI boeken.
Studenten hebben altijd veeI boeken.
Biografieen zijn niet altijd saai.
Exercise 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Translate the following into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Dit zijn de jongens en meisjes van de buurvrouw.
Zij heelt twee tantes en twee ooms .
Deze foto's zijn erg goed.
De vaders en de moeders van die kinderen hebben
allebei veel ambities.
Die liederen zijn erg mooi.
Deze paraplu's zijn groat.
De stad heeft vee! trams.
Die tafels zijn nieuw.
Exercise 11
Translate the following into English:
1 De bibliothekaresse heeft veel romans.
2 De schrijfster heeft twee huizen.
3 De lerares is erg aardig.
4 Dit is mijn secretaresse.
5 De vader van de studente heelt een boot.
6 De boerinnen zijn vriendelijk.
7 Zijn prinsessen altijd mooi?
8 De Engelse is ziek: zij heeft koorts.
38
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
---,
-----,
12
13
14
15
These pears are expensive.
I have two dresses.
Are those novels dull?
The authoress has a lot of books.
Biographies are difficult.
The Dutch woman has two children.
Nurses are always kind.
The photographs of the lioness are very good.
The boys and girls are in the garden.
Are the roads good here?
Do you (singular) see those skirts in the shop
window?
I have a book about ships and boats.
Is the teacher (f) very tired?
Aunts and uncles are nice.
Does the prince have a secretary (m)?
Drills
1
S
R
S
R
S
R
S
R
S
R
S
R
---,
Stimulus-response drill
Dit boek is saai.
Deze boeken zijn oak saai.
Deze roman is slecht.
Deze romans zijn oak slecht.
Deze weg is nieuw.
Deze wegen zijn oak nieuw.
Dit kind is aardig.
Deze kinderen zijn oak aardig.
Deze etalage is groat.
Deze etalages zijn oak groat.
Dit huis is klein.
Deze huizen zijn oak klein.
WEEK 2
I
39
2 Stimulus-response drill
S De leraar zit in de tuin.
R De lerares zit in de tuin .
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE
MENEER DE BRUIN
Hier heeft u een biografie van een
telefoniste. Is dat goed?
la. Alles is goed. Dag mevrouw.
S De bibJiOlhekaris zit in de tuin.
R De bibJiothekaresse zit in de lUin.
TRANSLATION
S De schrijver zit in de win.
R De schrijlster zit in de lUin.
A satisfied customer
S De boer zit in de tuin.
R De boerin zit in de lUin.
S De teldonist zit in de lUin.
R De teleloniste zit in de tuin.
CONVERSATION
fen tevreden klant
Goede morgen. Heeft u dat boek over
de prinses?
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE II< heb veel boeken over prinsessen.
MENEER DE BRUIN Deze is Engelse.
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE Is het een biografie of een roman?
MENEER DE BRUIN Biografieen zijn saai.
BIBlIOTHEKARESSE Oak die over prinsen en prinsessen?
MENEER DE BRUIN Reeft u een roman over een prinses
uit Engeland?
MENEER DE BRUIN
MENEER DE BRUIN
Jazeker, meneer. En de naam van
de schrijver is ... ?
Weet ik veel? U bent de
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE
bibliothekaresse.
Oat is een beetje moeilijk, meneer.
B1BlIOTHEKARESSE
MENEER DE BRUIN
Luistert u eens. Het is ruet
Good morning. Have you got that book
about the princess?
LIBRARIAN rve got a lot of books about princesses.
MR DE BRUIN This one is English.
LIBRARIAN Is it a biography or a novel?
MR DE BRUIN Biographies are boring.
lIBRARIANE Even those about princes and princesses?
MR DE BRUIN Do you have a novel about a princess
from England?
LIBRARIAN Yes indeed. And the writer's name is ... ?
MR DE BRUIN How do I know? You're the librarian.
LIBRARIAN That makes it a bit difficult.
MR DE BRUIN Listen here. It isn't lor me. It's lor my
wile. She's not that fussy.
LIBRARIAN Here's a biography 01 a telephonist.
All right?
MR DE BRUIN Yes. Anything. Bye [madam].
MR DE BRUIN
S De slUdent zit in de lUin.
R De studente zit in de lUin.
vaar
mij.
Het is vaar mijn vrouw. Die is niet zo
kieskeurig.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
WEEK 2
WeeL
_
Here you will encounter some extra revision exercises. Take
time to run through the ground you have already covered.
New material includes:
forming the present tense of verbs
some useful verbs, including komen ('to come')
asking questions: where?, what?, who?, etc
zij drinkt
het drinkt
plural
w ij drinken
jullie drinken
u drinkt
zij drinken
she drinks
it drinks
we drink
you drink
you drink (formal)
they drink
FORMING THE PRESENTTENSE
English has two kinds of present tense where Dutch
has only one: hij drinkt can mean 'he drinks' or 'he is
drinking'.
To form the present tense, students first need to know
the stem of the verb. When a new verb is given, it will be
in the infinitive form:
The first person singular consists of the stem with no
ending. The second and third person singular add -t to
the stem, and -en is added for all plural forms.
REMEMB ER: When inversion (see section 7) occurs, the
second person singular form drops its -t ending; this is
the only form affected in this way:
Jij woont in Amsterdam. You live in Amsterdam.
drinken
wonen
Iiggen
(to drink)
(to live)
(to lie)
But:
WOOD jij in Amst e rdam? Do you live in Amsterdam?
Hij woont in Londen. He lives in London
The stem is formed by taking away the -en infinitive
ending, as in:
drink-, woon-, IigSPELLING NOTE: For verbs like wonen which require
doubled vowels in closed syllables (for example in the
stem woon) and verbs like Iiggen which require a
do
CD 1
1 IntroductIon
2 WEEK 1. Sections 1-4
3 Exercise'
4 Drill and vocabulary
(pp.14-151
5 Section 4b
6 Sections 5-8
7 Vocabulary (p.20) and
8
9
10
Exercises 3-4
Drills (p.22)
Conversation: We
zijn allemaal ziek!
WeEK 2. Sections
9-11
11 Vocabulary (pp.27-28l
CD 2
1 Drills (pp.72-73)
2 Conversation: De
3
klapfoper
WEEK 5. Sections
4
Vocabulary
27-29
Ipp.79-801
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
and Section 12
12 Exercises 6-7
13 Drills (p.31l
14 Conversation:
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Mensjes kijken
Sections 13-16
Vocabulary (p.37)
Exercises 9-11
Drills (pp.39-40l
Conversation: Een
tevreden klant
WEEK 3. Sections
17-19
Vocabulary (p.47l
Exercises 14-15
Drills (pp.49--50)
Conversation: Snel
gedaan
WEEK 4. Sections
20-23
26 Vocabulary
(pp.59-601
27 Exercises 17-18
28 Drills (p.63)
29 Conversation: De
kfeine tiran
Sections 24-26
30
31 Vocabulary (p.70)
32 Exercises 20-21
13
Exercises 23-25
Drills (p.e2l
Conversation: Te laar!
Sections 30-31
Vocabulary (pp.87- 881
Exercise 28
Drills (p.gO)
Conversation:
HUiswerk
WEEK 6. Sections
32- 34
14 Vocabulary (p.96) and
Exercise 31
15 Drills (p.98)
16 Conversation: De
spelbreker
17 WEEK 7. Sections
35-37
18 Vocabulary (p.l08)
19 Exercises 33-34
20 Drills (p.llOl
21 Conversation:
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Theepauze
Sections 38-40
Vocabulary (p.118l
Exercises 36-37
Drills (p.120l
Conversation: Wie
Is de parient?
WEEK 8. Sections
41-43
Vocabulary
(pp.126-1271
29 Exercises 39-40
30 Drills (p.129J
31 Conversation: Snel
geregeld
32 Sections 44-46
33 Vocabulary
(pp.134-135)
34 Exercises 42-43
35 Drills (p.137l
36 Conversation: Een
roevallige ontmoeting
CD 3
1 WEEK 9. Sections
47-48
2 Vocabulary
(pp.I43-1441
3 Exercises 45-46
4 Drills (p.1461
5 Conversation: Wie
6
is her knapsre?
WEEK 10. Sections
49-52
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Vocabulary (p.156)
Exercise 48
Drills (p.158)
Conversation: Pauze
Sections 53- 56
Vocabulary (p.165)
Exercise 52
Drills (pp.167-168)
Conversation:
Solficitatiegesprek
WEEK 11. Sections
57-62
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Vocabulary (p.l76)
Exercises 54-55
Drills (p.179)
Conversation:
Frankrijk? Spaniel
Of Zandvoorr?
Sections 63-65
Vocabulary (p.186)
Exercises 57-58
Drills (p.189)
Conversation: Een
onwelkome afspraak
WEEK 12. Sections
66-68
27 Vocabulary
Ipp.196-1971
28 Exercise 61
29 Drills (p.l99)
30 Conversation: Rijjijof
rij ik?
31 Reading practice:
Lang en groen
32 Reading practice: De
gestranden
33 Reading practice: In
Amsrerdam
34 Reading practice: U of
jij: wat moet ie nou?
35 Reading practice:
36
Rechten en plichten
consument
Conclusion
hugo
in3MONTHS
DUTCH
Jane Fenoulhet
A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK
mID
LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH,
MELBOURNE, AND DELHI
This edition first published in Great Britain
in 2003 by Dorling Kindersley Limited,
80 Strand, London WC2R ORL
First published in Great Britain by
Hugo's Language Books Limited, 1983
Copyright © 1983, 2003 Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Penguin Company
2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record is available from the British Library.
ISBN 1 40530 1066
Hugo Dutch In Three Months is also available in
a pack with three CDs, ISBN 0 75 13 6993 4
Written by
Jane Fenou lhet M. Phil. (Dutch)
Senior Lecturer in Dutch at
University College London
Printed and bound by LegoPrint, Italy
see our complete catalogue at
www.dk.com
This new edition of Hugo Dutch in Three Months has been
written for us by Jane Fenoulhet, who has cons iderable
experience in teaching her subjea from university level
downwards. The book is designed for students learning at
home. who want to acquire a good working knowledge of
the language in a shon time. The grammar is presented
concisely and clearly, and the student is given plenty of
opportunity to praaise what has been learnt. In order to
gain the most from Hugo Dutch in Three Months, you should
spend about eight hours a week studying. Every three
weeks in the course there is time allowed for revision as
well as revision exerdses.
Start with sections 1-3 on pronundation. It is extremely
imponant that you master the sounds of Dutch before
moving on to the grammar. Each sound is described in
enough detail for you to work our its pronundation, but if
possible this should be done in conjunction with the CD
recordings that we offer as optional extras to the book.
The best way to master the sounds. stress and intonation
of a foreign language is by imitating a native speaker.
Failing this, you might be able to listen to Dutch on the
radio or via the internet; it wil1 at lea st give you some id ea
of the sounds and rhythm of spoken Dutch. You should
move on to the following seaions only when you are able
to recogn ize readily which letters spell which sounds. The
exercises and drills will serve as a test.
The rest of the book is organized in a pattern, enabling
you to develop a study routine. The work is divided into
five areas:
Grammar Read through each numbered section of
new grammar at least twice. Use the references to other
sections as opponunities for revision. Try to understand
rather than memorize; U you have understood. the
exercises and drills will ensure that you remember the
rules through applying them.
Vocabulary Lists of words contain all the vocabulary
needed for the week's work.
PREFACE
3
Exercises These are mainly straightforward translation
exercises carefully formulated to incorporate both the
grammar and the most important rules learnt so far, and
both old and new vocabulary. The student is expected to
have learnt the vocabulary as he or she progresses. The
language used is everyday, standard Dutch. It is most
important that you check your answers carefull y with the
key. If you don't understand a mistake, go back to lhe
grammar. At the back of the book there is a grammatical
index to help you find the section you require.
Drills These are intended to be spoken aloud, for both
pronunciation and grammar practice. Cover all but the top
line with a sheet of paper, because the answer is given on
the next line. Work through lhe drills line by line and use
them as a test to see if you are ready to move on to the
next chapter; if you can complete them fluently, then you
are. If you are not, carefull y go through the chapter again.
Conversation Each week contains a sample of standard
colloqu ial Dutch. It is important to remember that
idiomatic language cannot be translated word for word.
An English translation is given to enable you to compare
idioms. Practise reading the Dutch conversation aloud
until you can do so without hesitating.
The course is rounded off with a few reading passages that
have been graded according to their grammatical content;
by the time you have completed Week 8, you should have
sufficient knowledge to manage the first two passages. As
a whole, the book provides the sound grammatical basis
needed in order to speak, understand, read and write
Dutch. But it is important to continue expanding your
vocabulary through reading, listening to the radio if
possible and, best of all, through visiting the country. We
hope you will enjoy this course, and wish you success
with your studies.
Week 1
Dutch alphabet
Personal subject pronouns: I, you,
he, she, etc
Verbs 'zljn' ('to be') and 'hebben'
('to have')
Useful verbs: 'staan', 'Iiggen',
'zitten'
Perfect tense ('I have taken',
'I took')
Past participles of weak verbs
Exercises, drills, conversations
Question form
Exercises, drills, conversation
Week 6
Week 2
Past participles of strong verbs
'Hebben' or 'zijn' as auxiliaries,
forming the perfect tense
Irregular verbs
Exercises, drills, conversation
24
Nouns and articles
Demonstratives: this, that. those
Forms of address: Mr, Mrs, etc
Noun plurals
Feminine nouns
Exercises, drills, conversation
Week 3
42
Forming the present tense
Some useful verbs
Questions: where?, what?, who?
Exercises, drills, conversation
Revision exercises 1
52
Week 4
55
Commands
Word order
Negation: 'nee', 'niet', 'geen'
Use of the definite article
Object pronouns: me, you,
him, etc
Reflexive pronouns: myself,
yourself, etc
Reflexive verbs
Exercises, drills, conversations
Week 5
Possessive adjectives: my, your,
his, etc
Expressing possession ('John's
book')
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
7
Pronunciation and spelling
93
Revision exercises 2
101
Week 7
104
Adjectives in front of the noun
Comparison of adjectives ('larger',
'smaller')
Ways of making comparisons
Superlative of adjectives ('largest'.
'smallest')
Adverbs
Diminutives
Exercises, drills. conversations
Week 8
123
Modal verbs: can, must, may,
want
Adjective + s
Separable verbs
Some prefixes and verbs
Adjectives as nouns
Exercises, drills, conversations
Week 9
76
140
Talking about the future
Future tense
Verbs: infinitive constructions
Exercises, drills, conversation
Revision exercises 3
149
CONTENTS
5
WeeL
Wee k 10
152
Bead ing practice
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Word order in subclauses
Weak verbs: past tense
Strong verbs: past tense
'Hebben' and 'zijn': past tense
Uses of the past tense
Exercises, drills. conversations
Commonly used strong and
irregular verbs
Week 11
Mini-dictionary
171
Past perfect tense 1'1 had done')
Conditional tense ('I would do')
Numbers
Dates. days of the week, months
Money, weights. measures
Uses of 'er'
Relative clauses
'Om'+ 'te' + infinitive
Exercises. drills, conversations
Week 12
192
The passive
Present participle ('going', 'doing')
Expressions of time
Exercises. drills. conversation
Revision exercises 4
202
204
Key to exerc ises
214
Append ix
230
ｾ
You will learn:
stress, voiced consonants
consonants
vowels
spelling rules related to pronunciation
The grammar includes:
personal subject pronouns (' 1', 'you', 'he', etc)
present tense of 'zijn' ('to be'l and 'hebben' ('to have')
question form
233
. . PRONUNCIATION
Index
254
It cannot be emphasized strongly enough that the only
way the student will learn to pronounce Dutch sounds
correctly is by imitating a Dutch speaker. If at all
possible, then, you should listen to the pronunciation
on the CDs over and over again until you can make
the same sounds as the voice on the tape. Particular
attention should be paid to the vowel sounds which
are very different from English vowels. The consonants,
on the other hand, are the same as in English in
most cases.
Although the spelling of individual sounds is given
below in the pronunciation sections 1-3, we shall look
at the spelling of Dutch in more detail in section 4.
Stress in Dutch generally falls on the first syllable of
a word, as in English le.g. CAR-petl. On the first
appearance of any word that is an exception to this rule,
we will indicate where the stress falls by a stroke ('I
placed before the stressed syllable le.g, het 'zelfde,
where the second syllable is stressed, het-ZELF-de).
This will not apply, however, where the Dutch word
begins with an unstressed prefix (see section 31 cl, since
this is a rule you can learn and implement yourself,
NOTE: Voiced consonants are those which are produced
with vibration of the vocal cords, e,g, b, When voiceless
consonants are produced, the vocal cords do not vibrate,
6
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
WEEK 1
II
II
e.g. p. This distinction is important for the description of
certain Dutch consonants in section 2.
CONSONANTS
s, f, h, b, d, z, I, m, n , and n g (as in English 'sing') are
the same in Dutch as in English .
p, t, k are pronounced like their English counterparts but
without the puff of air which follows the English sound.
You can test this by holding your hand in front of your
mouth and saying 'put'. You should feel the escape of
breath immediately after the p sound. This must not
happen when making the Dutch sounds.
Practise saying the Dutch word pet (cap).
ch : Dutch ch spells one sound. It is the same sound as
the ch in Scottish 'loch' or German 'Bach' and made by
friction at the back of the mouth.
Practise saying licht (light!.
sch: Dutch has a combination of s followed by ch, as in
schip (ship) which is very difficult for an English speaker
to pronounce and requires special attention.
g: Beware! g in Dutch is never pronounced in the English
way. It is the same sound as ch, although it is voiced in
some parts of the country.
Practise: gek (mad). Occasionally g is pronounced like the
s in English 'measure'.
w is pronounced like English v when it occurs before r .
Otherwise it is made like English w but usually with the
bottom lip against the top teeth. Aim for a sound in
between an English v and an English w.
Practise: wi t (white) .
v is like English v in 'give' although its pronunciation is
sometimes closer to that of English f, especially at the
beginning of words.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
Practise: v et (fat).
r is made either by trilling the tongue against the back of
the top teeth (rolled r) or by friction at the back of the
mouth (guttural ri oIt is always pronounced in Dutch .
Practise: pret (fun).
There are three more consonants in Dutch which sound
the same as English sounds but which are spelt differently:
j is pronounced the same as English y
sj is pronounced similarly to English sh
tj is pronounced similarly to English ch
_VOWELS
This section is divided into four parts (A-D), which will be
explained further in section 4.
A Some of the vowels have alternative spellings as
indicated but the sound is the same in each case.
aa l a
This vowel is like English a in 'cat' but longer.
Practise: straat (street), water (water),
eel e This is similar to the English vowel sound in 'hail',
although it is shorter. The lips should be stretched
as if in a smile.
Practise: heel (whole), beter (bener).
ie
This is like the English vowel sound in 'neat',
but shorter.
Practise : niet (not).
00 /0
This vowel is similar to the English vowel sound in
'boat', but it is shorter. The lips must be rounded.
Practise: boot (boat), stra (straw).
oe
This vowel is very like the English 00 in 'pool',
but shorter and made further bad in the mouth.
WEEK 1
II
II
The lips should be rounded.
Practise: poel (pool).
eu
There is no equivalent sound in English . Make
Dutch eu by pronouncing the English vowel
sound in 'hurt', but with the lips tightly rounded.
Practise: neus (nose) .
uu/u There is no equivalent vowel sound in English.
Make Dutch uu by pronouncing English 00 as in
'loot' and tightly pursing the lips whilst pressing
the tongue against the bottom teeth.
Practise: muziek (music), buur (neighbour).
All the vowel sounds listed above are pronounced
much longer if followed by an r .
Practise: paar (pair), peer (pear), dier (animal),
noord (north), boer (farmer), deur (door),
duur (expensive).
B The following vowel sounds are different from those
spelt similarly in section 3A. They are, in addition, always
short:
a
There is no equivalent sound in English. Make
Dutch a by saying the English vowel sound as
in 'hard' but pronounced very short.
Practise: man (man).
e
This vowel is very like the English vowel sound in
'bet', but it is shorter.
Practise: vet (fat).
This is very like the English vowel sound in 'bit',
but it is shorter.
Practise: wit (white).
o
This vowel sound is similar to the English 0 as
in 'pot', but it is shorter and the lips are rounded.
Practise: pot (pot).
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
u
There is no equivalent sound in English. Make
the Dutch u by saying the English vowel sound
in 'dirt' but pronounced very short.
Practise: bus (bus).
II
C The following sounds are diphthongs or combinations
of two vowels.
ei / ij
This sound is not found in English. It is
somewhere between the sound in English
'light' and the sound in English 'late'.
Practise: trein (train), fijn (fine).
aai
This sound is a combination of Dutch aa and Ie.
Practise: taai (tough).
oei
This sound is a combination of Dutch oe and ie
Practise: groei (growth).
ooi
This sound is a combination of Dutch
Practise: mooi (beautiful).
00
and ie.
ou/au This sound is not found in English. Pronounce
the English diphthong in 'shout' but make the
first vowel of the diphthong more like English 0
as in 'shot'.
Practise: nou (now), blauw (blue).
eeuw This sound is a combination of Dutch ee and oe.
Practise: leeuw (lion).
ieuw This sound is a combination of Dutch ie and oe.
Practise: nieuw (new).
uw
This sound is a combination of Dutch uu and oe.
Practise : sluw (sly).
ui
This sound is not found in English . Make Dutch
ui by pronouncing the English vowel sound as
in 'house' with the lips tightly rounded and the
WEEK 1
11
l
II
tongue pressed against the bottom teeth.
Practise: huis (house), tuin (garden).
o There is one last vowel sound in Dutch. It is a short,
weak vowel occurring only in unstressed syllables. It is
like the English sound at the beginning of 'along'. It is
spelt in a variety of ways.
Practise : e
de (the)
ee een (a)
aardig (nice)
ij
vriendelijk (kind).
SPELLING
Dutch spelling poses few problems compared with
English spelling. But there are some points about vowels
that require your attention.
In section 3B there are four vowel sounds a: e; 0 ; u
which are always spelt with one letter. You will have
noticed, however, that some of the vowels described in
II
A 3B vowel must always be written in closed syllables.
So, for example, the plural of man (man) is mannen.
The final consonant is doubled, thus keeping the first
syllable closed.
The following table will give a clearer view of the spelling
system of Dutch vowels. The top line of each pair
represents the 3A class of vowel, the bottom line
represents the 3B class:
plural
compare:
singular
maan
man
compare:
peen (carrot)
pen (pen)
penen
pennen
compare:
poat (paw)
pot
paten
patten
compare:
buur
bus
buren
bussen
manen
mannen
3A are spa1t in two ways: aa or a; ee or e; 00 or 0 ; uu or
u . The most important spelling rule in Dutch deals with
the spelling of these vowel sounds:
In closed syllables, i.e. those that end in a consonant, the
letter is doubled - e.g . aa as in maan (moon).
If another syllable is added, such as the plural ending
-en, the vowel spelling changes to a single letter e.g.
manen (moons). This is because the syllable is now
open, i.e. it ends in a vowel, as the syllable division is
drawn before the consonant: ma/nen .
So with a 3A vowel the rule is: write double letters for
the vowel in syllables ending with a consonant, and a
single letter in syllables ending with a vowel. (Note that
the change of spelling does not affect the way the vowel
sounds.)
12
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
There is only one exception to this rule. A 3A vowel is
normally spelt with one letter at the end of a word (open
syllable) as in sla, stro, paraplu, with the exception of
ee, hence zee (sea). The spelling of the other vowel
sounds is invariable. All other spelling matters will be
dealt with as they arise.
,----_ Exercise 1
_
Read the following list of words aloud :
boer, peer, straat, boo!, poeI. man, pot, trein, lUin,
leeuw, bus, buur, pen, poot, taai, aardig, nieuw,
groei, mooi, nOll.
WEEK 1
13
Exercise 2
II
----,
Write down the plurals of these nouns by adding -en
and adjusting the spelling where necessary:
niet
nieuw
nu
paar
de para'plu
de peen
de peer
de pen
de pet
de poel
de poot
de pot
de sla
trein, leeuw, boer, peer, poot, buur, pen, win, bus,
boot. pot, straat. man, deur, maan.
ｾ｟ｄｲｩｬ ｳＭ
Ｍ
Ｍ｟Ｌ
Read the Preface on page 4 before starting drills.
Repeat the following sentences several times: first by
imitating what you hear without looking at the book
and then by listening and reading. If you do not have
the CDs, use the drill for reading practice. If you are
ever in doubt about pronunciation, refer back to this
lesson. Never hazard a guess.
De man is vriendelijk.
The man is kind.
De tuin is mooi.
The garden is beautiful.
De trein is nieuw.
The train is new.
De buurman is aardig.
The neighbour is nice.
De boer zit in de bus.
The farmer is sitting on the
bus.
Een leeuw is een dier.
A lion is an animal.
VOCABULARY
aardig
blauw
de boer
de boot
de bus
de buur
de buurman
de
de deur
het dier
14
I
nice
blue
farmer
boat
bus
neighbour
male
neighbour
the
door
animal
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
duur
een
fijn
groei
het huis
expensive
a
fine
growth
house
in
in
is
de leeuw
de maan
de man
mooi
is
lion
moon
man
beautiful
m
not
new
now
pair
umbreUa
carrot
pear
pen
cap
pool
paw
pot
lettuce
sluw
de straat
de stro
taai
de trein
de tuin
vriendelijk
het water
wit
de zee
zit
sly
street
straw
tough
train
garden
kind,
friendly
water
white
sea
sits, is
II
sitting
THE IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
Any system of 'imitated pronunciation' (where the sound
of the foreign word is w ritten down as if it was in English
syllables) is bound to have drawbacks. The author of this
book is totally against such imitative methods. However,
it must be said that some students will have no Dutch
speaker to help them , and will also be unable to use our
CD recordings of the text. They also need to be sure that
their pronunciation is reasonably accurate before they get
into bad habits. The use of 'imitated pronunciation' is
obviously helpful to such students, so we are maintaining
a well-known feature of Hugo language courses by
providing it for certain key words and the vocabulary lists
in the early part of the course. Refer to the guide only
as a last resort, and remember that the need to do so
means that you really ought to revise this first week.
Read the imitated pronunciation as if you were sounding
English syllables, bearing in mind these modifications:
HG represents the guttural ch or g .
r in italics is silent. being put there to ensure you sound
the preceding English vowel correctly.
EE represents the long Dutch uu / u .
W EEK 1
15
III
a in bold italics represents the short Dutch a.
3rd person
OW represents the Dutch ui sound.
ER represents the Dutch eu sound.
Remember that when you see ow (in small letters, not
capitals) in the imitated pronunciation, it should sound
more like ow in 'how' than in 'blow', but not emphatically
so. The ah in an imitation like 'strahl' (for the Dutch straat)
should not be 100 long. When we put a double ff, sound it
as an English f; a single f (standing for the Dutch v) may
be sounded somewhere between the English r and v.
The Dutch w is represented by a v in the imitated
pronunciation but you may modify this English v-sound
towards that of w , as the earlier notes instruct you.
':
A ah
B bay
C say
D day
E ay
F err
G HGay
H hah
I ee
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
Q
R
yay
kah
ell
emm
enn
oh
pay
kEE
5
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
ess
lay
EE
ray
yay
iks
ee-HGrek
zen
air
PERSONAL SUBJECT PRONOUNS: I, YOU,
HE,SHE,ETC
singular
1st person
2nd person
(informal)
(formal)
stressed
ik
unstressed
(' k)
jij
u
je
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
I
(ie)
ze
't
he
she
it
wij
we
we
jullie
u
zij
je
you
you
they
ze
II
The informal second person pronouns jij and jullie are
generally used when speaking to family and friends. The
second person formal pronoun u is used when talking to
strangers and to superiors.
THE DUTCH ALPHABET
The Dutch alphabet consists of the same letters as the
English, but the letters Q, X, and Yare only used in fore ign
words.
16
plural
1st person
2nd person
(informal)
(formal)
3rd person
hij
zij
het
Note that some pronouns have an unstressed form
which follows the stressed form in the table above. The
unstressed form is the one commonly used in speech
unless special emphasis is required. The stressed forms
are commonly used in writing. The unstressed forms
given in brackets are never used when writing. The other
unstressed pronouns - the ones without brackets - are
used in less forma l writing.
Je, the unstressed form of the informal plural 'you'
jullie, can only be used once jullie has been mentioned.
This avoids confusion with the singular. which also has je
as its unstressed form. The risk of confusion is particularly
strong as je is always used with a singular verb.
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (5)
ickl'k; yey/yer; EE; hey/ee; zey/zer; het/en; vey/ver;
yerI-lee/yer; EE; zey/zer.
you
you
WE EK 1
17
•
ZIJN ('TO BE')
One of the most useful parts of any language is the verb
'to be', But zijn is irregular and must therefore be learnt
by heart, Note that although the words for 'she' and
'they' are the same when used with a verb, the form of
the verb distinguishes between them ,
This switching round of subject and verb is called
'inversion', Whenever inversion occurs in Dutch, the jijform of the verb drops its -t ending, for example ben jij?
II
For more on questions, see section 19,
. . HEBBEN ('TO HAVE')
Present tense
Present tense
singular
ik ben
jij bent
u bent
hij i s
z ij is
het i s
plural
wij z ijn
jullie zijn
u bent
zij zijn
I am
you are
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
yo u are
th ey are
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (6)
zeyn; ick ben; yey bent; EE bent; hey iss; zey iss; het iss;
vey zeyn; yerl-lee zeyn; EE bent; zey zeyn,
singu lar
ik heb
jij hebt
u hebt/heeft
hij, zij, het
heeft
plural
wij hebben
jullie hebben
u hebt/heeft
zij hebben
I have
you have
you have
he, she,
il has
we have
you have
you have
th ey have
Like zijn, hebben is also irregular and it is best learnt by
heart,
When inverted for a question, th e second person
singular form of the verb also drops its -t ending , for
example heb jij?
QUESTION FORM
The interrogative or question form of zijn consists of
switching round the personal pronoun and the verb, just
as in English, For example:
benik?
ben jij?
i s hij ?
18
I
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (8)
heb-ber: ick hep; yey hept; EE hept/ hayft; heylyey/het
hayft; vey heb-ber; yerl-lee heb-ber; EE hept/hayft; zey
heb-ber,
am I?
are yo u?
is he?
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
W EEK 1
19
II
Exercise 4
aJlelbei
pre'cies
watvreemd!
ziek
II
Translate the following into Eng lish:
VOCABULARY
dus
en
erg
hebben
hoofdpijn hebben
keelpijn hebben
koorts hebben
het'zelfde
ja
mis'schien
moe
ook
--,
both
so
and
very
1
2
3
4
to have
to have a headache
to have a sore throat
5
6
to have a temperature
7
the same thing
yes
perhaps
tired
too, also
exactly, precisely
how funny! how odd!
8
9
10
Hij heeft een huis.
Het heeft een lUin.
Hebben de buren een boot?
Wij hebben een tuin en een boot.
Heb jij een paraplu?
Ik heb een peer.
Jullie hebben keelpijn.
Heeft de boer een leeuw in de tuin?
Leeuwen hebben poten.
Heeft u een pen?
Exercise 5
ill
--,
Translate the following into Dutch:
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
1 Are the neighbours friendly?
al-Ier-'bey; derss; en; erHG; heb-ber; hohft-peyn ...;
kayl-peyn ...; kohns ... ; ert-zelv-der; yah; miss-'HGeen;
moo; ohk; pray-'sees; vat fraymt; zeek.
2 He is nice.
3 She is very ill.
4 We have a house and a garden.
Exercise 3
Translate the following into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
I
Is de man aardig?
Jullie zijn gek.
Ik ben erg ziek.
Zij is ook ziek.
Ben jij moe?
Wij zijn ook moe.
De buren zijn vriendelijk.
Zij zijn erg aardig.
U bent erg vriendelijk.
Jij bent sluw.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
--,
5 The house is new.
6 Do you (forma l) have an animal in the garden?
7 Yes, I have a lion.
8 You (singular) have a pen and an umbrella .
9 They are both new.
10 You (plural) are tired and ill.
11 I am also ill.
12 You (formal) are very beautiful.
13 The moon is also beautiful.
14 They have a boat.
15 Do you (singular) have a boat too?
WEEK 1
I
21
Drills
III
,
For drills 1 and 2, substitute the word in the second
column for the word in bold type in the first. For drill
3, respond to the stimulus, in each case substituting
the first word as before. Alter the form of the verb if
necessary and always keep the next line covered.
II
CONVERSATION
We zijn allemaal ziek!
SEA Ben jij moe?
la, ik ben erg moe.
WILLEM
1 Substitution drill
Hij is ziek.
Wij zijn ziek.
Jullie zijn ziek .
Ik ben ziek.
Zij zijn ziek.
U bent ziek.
Zij is ziek.
Jij bent ziek.
BEA
wij
jullie
ik
zij (plural )
WILLEM
BEA
W1LLEM
BEA
W1LLEM
BEA
u
WILLEM
zij
jij
BEA
Is hij oak moe?
J", Wj is oak erg moe.
Dus jullie zijn alIebei moe.
We hebben alIebei hoofdpijn.
Hebben jullie misscbien oak koorts?
la, en keelpijn.
Wat vreemd! II< heb precies hetzelfde.
Ben jij ziek?
la. JuJlie zijn dus oak ziek.
TRANSLATION
2 Substitution drill
Ik heb hoofdpijn.
zij (plural)
Wj
Zij hebben hoofdpijn.
Hij heef! hoofdpijn.
u
jullie
U hebt hoofdpijn.
Jullie hebben hoofdpijn. zij
Zij heeft hoofdpijn.
jij
Jij hebt hoofdpijn.
wij
Wij he bben hoofdpijn.
We're all ill!
SEA
WILLEM
SEA Is he tired too?
WILlEM Yes. he's very tired too.
BEA
WILLEM
5
R
5
R
5
R
22
I
Ik heb hoofdpijn.
Wij hebben hoofdpijn.
Jij hebt koons.
Jullie hebben koons.
Zij heef! keelpijn.
Zij hebben keelpijn.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
WILLEM
5
R
5
R
5
R
Hij is aardig.
Zij zijn aardig.
Ik ben moe.
Wij zijn moe.
Jij bent ziek.
Jullie zijn ziek.
SO you're both tired.
We've both got a headache.
SEA Perhaps you've got a temperature too.
WllLEM Yes, and a sore throat.
BEA
3 Stimulus-response drill
Are you tired?
Yes, I'm very tired.
BEA
How funny! I've got exactly the same thing.
Are yOll ill?
Yes. 50 yOll are ill 100.
WEEK 1
I
23
WeeL
Continuing with some basic groundwork, including:
articles 'de' and 'het' ('the'), and 'een' ('a')
common gender and neuter nouns in the singular
demonstratives ('this', 'that', 'those')
forms of address
the various plural formations (-en, os, -eren)
feminine nouns, both singular and plural forms
objects denoted by neuter 'het-nouns' and hij to refer
to objects denoted by commonijender ' d e-nouns'.
For example:
Het huis: het is groot. The house: it is large.
De boot: hij is groot. The boat: it is large.
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (9)
NOUNS AND ARTICLES
The Dutch definite article (the equivalent of the English
'the') may be either de or het, depending on the type of
noun that follows it.
man; tOWn; hOWss; deT; deT man; deT tOWn: het; en
mey-sher; en hOWss; der man-ner; der howz-er; em; em
man; em hOWss; HGroht; boht.
IIl!I DEMONSTRATIVES: THIS THAT, THESE, THOSE
J
1 Common nouns, also known as nouns of common
gender, are preceded by de, for example, de man,
de tuin .
Dutch has two words for 'this': dele and dit. Dele is
used before common nouns and dit is used before
neuter nouns.
2 There are also neuter nouns in Dutch, for example
huis (housel. These are preceded by the definite article
het, for example het meisje, het huis . In speech, het
is nearly always pronounced et or 'to
For example:
deze man, dit huis.
Dele is used with all plurals.
3 All plural nouns have de as their definite article
whether they are of common or neuter gender. For
example: de mannen, de huizen
For example:
deze mannen, deze huizen.
NOTE: There is no easy way of telling whether a noun is
common or neuter. The only way to remember them is to
learn noun and article together.
Dutch also has two words for 'that': die and dat. Die
is used before common nouns and dat before neuter
nouns.
Een (English a, an) is the indefinite article in Dutch. It is
used before all singular nouns, both common and neuter,
e.g. een man and een huis. It is pronounced with the
weak vowel sound (see 3D). As in English, it cannot be
used before a plural noun.
For example:
die man, dat huis.
As you saw in section 5, English 'it' is sometimes
Die is used with all plurals.
For example:
die mannen, die huizen.
translated by het. But it is also sometimes represented
by hi j ('he'). Dutch uses het as a pronoun to refer to
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
W EEK 2
I
25
These demonstratives - deze/ dit and die/dat - can be
used independently to refer to a noun already mentioned .
English uses 'this (one)', 'that (one)', 'these (ones)' and
'those (ones)'.
For example:
Twee jurken: deze is mooi maar die is dUllr.
Two dresses: this one is pretty. but that one is expensive.
Deze and die are used in this case because jurk is a
common gender noun. As one would expect. dit and
dat are used with neuter nouns.
For example:
Twee huizen: dit is groot maar dat is klein.
Two houses: this one is big, but that one is small.
All plurals use deze and die.
For example:
Zie je de schoenen in die etalage? Deze zijn mooi
maar die zijn dUllr.
Do you see the shoes in that shop window? These are
pretty, but those are expensive.
Sometimes die is simply used as an alternative to the
pronouns hij/zij/zij (' he (ill/she/they'). Similarly, dat
sometimes replaces het ('it').
For example:
Zie je de buren? Die zijn erg aardig,
Do you see the neighbours? They are very nice.
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (10)
day-zer; dit; dee; dat; tvay yerrk -er; mah'ee; mahr;
dEEr; kleyn; sHGoon-er; ay-lah- 'Iah-zher; bEEr-er;
ahr-derHG .
26
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
IIDI DIT/DAT/HET + ZIJN + NOUN
Dutch has a special construction used when identifying
or describing people or things. It is introduced by either
dit, dat, or het.
For example:
Dit is Jan, This is Jan.
Dat is de buurman, That is th e neighbour.
Het is de buurvrouw. It's the neighbour.
If the noun is plural, the verb also takes the plural form,
but dit, dat, or het never change.
For example:
Oit zijn de schoenen. These are the shoes.
Oat zijn de jurken. Those are the dresses.
Het ZijD de buren. They are the neighbours.
VOCABULARY
bedoelje
een beetje
bijna
daar
do you mean
a bil
almost
there, over rhere
dik
fat
eigenlijk
aClually, really
de etal'age
shop window
het is geen gezicht! (iI'S) DOl a pretty sight!
groat
large
het haar
hair
de JODgeD
boy
de jurk
dress
kaal
bald
het kind
child
klein
small
kort
short
maar
bUI
het meisje
girl
me'juffrouw
Miss
W EEK 2
I
27
me'neer
me'vrouw
na'tuurlijk
normaal
nou!
of
de pruik
derok
de schoen
slecht
te
ten'minste
twee
van
veel
verschrikkelijk
versleten
de vrouw
wat jammer!
weg
wei nee
zie je
zo
Mr
Mrsl Ms
natural
nonnal
weill
or
wig
skirt
shoe
bad
too
at least
two
of
much, many, a lot
terrible
down at heel, worn out
woman
what a pity!
away, gone
oh no
do you see
so
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
ber-dool yer; em bayt-yer; bey-nah; dahr; dick; eyHGer-lerk; der ay-tah- 'Iah-zher; HGroht; en hahr; der
yong-er; der yerrk; kahl; en kint; kleyn; kon; mahr;
ert mey-sher; mer-'yer-frow; mer-'nayr: mer- 'vrow;
nah- 'tEEr-lerk; nor-mahl; now; off; der prOWk; der
rock; der sHGoon; sleHGt; ter; ［ｲ･ｴＭｳｮｩｭＧｾｮ･ｴ
tvay;
fan; fayl; fer-'sHGrick-er-lerk; fer- 'slay-ter; der frow;
vat yam-mer; veHG; vel nay; zee yer; zoh.
PRONUNCIATION NOTE: Words that have a prefix such
as ver- are stressed on the following syllable. This is
normal, so we don't indicate (') in the vocabulary list.
See further note in section 31.
28
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
m
FORMS OF ADDRESS
meneer (Mr), mevrouw (Mrs), mejuffrouw (Miss)
Each is written with a small initial letter and precedes the
surname. Mejuffrouw is only used in correspondence .
Meneer and mevrouw can be used on their own when
addressing a stranger.
For example:
Goede morgen, meneer Smit.
Good morning, Mr Smith.
Pardon, meneer.
Excuse me.
This latter usage is still current, whereas, the use of its
English equivalent, 'sir', is very restricted .
When addressing an envelope, put de Heer instead of
meneer. The feminine forms are abbreviated to Mevr.
and Mej. , while Mw. corresponds to the English Ms.
Exercise 6
_
Tra nslate the fo llowing int o English:
1 De ma n is klein .
2 Het meisje is erg dik .
3
4
5
6
7
De hu i zen zij n veel te groot.
De vrouw heeft een pruik.
De buren hebben een kin d.
Het is een meisj e.
Het meisj e zit in de tuin .
8 De schoenen zijn een beetj e versleten .
9 Het dier is niet vri endelijk.
10 Het is sluw.
W EE K 2
I
29
Exercise 7
-----,
Dit huis heeft een min.
Dat huis is te klein .
Die huize n zijn erg groot.
Deze jurk is te kort.
Deze schoenen zijn een beetje groot.
Die schoenen zijn veel te klein.
Zie je deze jongen en dit meisje?
Die zijn erg aardig.
Dat zijn de buren.
Die is aardig maar die is niet zo vriendelijk.
Exercise 8
--,
For drill 1, substitute the word in the second column
for the word in bold type in the first, altering the form
of the demonstrative and verb if necessary. For drill 2,
respond to the stimulus. In both cases, remember to
keep the next line covered.
Translate the followin g into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Drills
PI
1 Substitution drill
-----,
Dit huis is klein.
Deze boot is klein.
Dit meisje is klein.
boot
meisje
schoenen
Deze schoenen zijn klein.
Deze tuin is klein .
Dit kind is klein.
Deze huizen zij n klein.
Deze paraplu is klein.
tuin
kind
huizen
paraplu
Translate the following into Dutch :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
30
I
This boy has a boat.
That girl has a pen.
These men are very kind.
Those women are also kind.
Tnis house is large, but that one is sma ll.
That garden is too big.
Those shoes are very expensive.
That dress is too shorl, but this one is very pretty.
These are the neighbours.
They are not very nice.
That animal over there is a lion .
This is the farmer.
He is sitting in a boat.
This boat is new and that one is too.
These women are both tired.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
2 Stimulus-response drill
S Die jongen is erg aardig.
R Deze is ook aardig.
S Dat dier is erg ziek.
R Dit is ook ziek.
S Di e vrouwen hebben hoofdpijn.
R Deze hebben ook hoofdpijn.
S Dat kind heef! koorls.
R Dit heeft ook koorls.
S Die schoenen zijn erg versleten.
R Deze zijn ook versleten.
S Die jurk is erg kOrl.
R Deze is ook kOrl.
WEEK 2
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31
CONVERSATION
Mensjes kijken / People-watching
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER OE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
Zie je die twee vrouwen daar?
Bedoel je die met de jurk en die met
het haar?
Ja. Dat haar is veel te kart. Ze is
bijna kaal.
Wei nee! NOll .... Maar zie je die met
de jurk!
Die is wei een beetje dik maar het haar
is tenminste nonnaal.
Die jurk is te kort,
Nou, de jurk is niet zo slecht - zie je
die schoenen?
Die zijn wei erg versleten. Het is geen
gezicht!
Bedoel je die met de jurk of die met
het haar?
Allebei eigenlijk, Wat jammer! Ze zijn
weg!
TRANSLATION
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MEVROUW SMIT
MENEER DE WIT
32
I
The most frequent way of forming noun plurals in Dutch
is to add -en to the singular noun, as in :
maan-+ manen
man-+ mannen
SPELLING NOTE : Please read section 4 again, and
remember to apply the spelling rules.
PRONUNCIATION NOTE: The final -n is not usually
pronounced, e.g. manne!n ).
sand f at the end of a noun are replaced by z and v
respectively on the addition of the plural ending :
huis-+ huizen,
wolf-+ wolven
PRONUNCIATION NOTE At the end of a word d and b
are pronounced t and p respectively. When the plural
ending is added, d and b are pronounced as themselves,
as in:
Do you see those two women over there?
Do you mean the one with the dress and
the one with the hair?
het bed-+ bedden
ik heb-+ wij hebben
That hair is much too shan. She's almost bald.
No It isn't. Well .... But do you see the one
with the dress!
She's a bil fat, but at least her hair's nonnal,
That dress is too shan.
Mm, the dress isn't so bad - do you see
A few nouns which add -en in the plural also change
their vowel sound. The most useful ones are:
those shoes?
MENEER DE WIT
IDI NOUN PLURALS ENDING -EN
They're very down at heel. Not a pretty
sight!
Do you mean the one with the dress or the
one with the hair?
Both, really. What a piry! They've gone.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
de dag (day)
het dak (roof)
het glas (glass)
het schip (ship)
de stad (town)
de weg (road)
dagen
daken
glazen
schepen
steden
wegen
Compare these w ith the examples in section 4 . If the
vow el sound of dag were to be preserved, the g would
be doubled in the plural, in the same way as the n is
WEEK 2
I
33
doubled in mannen. But the vowel sound in dagen is
the same as the vowel sound in maan . Similarly with
dak and glas and weg. In other words, class 3B vowels
in the singular become class 3A vowels in the plural.
For example;
de tram (tram)
het per'ron (platform)
trams
perrons
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (14)
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (13)
tah-ferl; tah-ferls: bay-zem; bay-zems; lah-ker; lah-kens;
fah-der; fah -ders; mey-sher; mey-shess; ffoh-lOh; ffohlOhs; pah -rah-'pIEE; pah-rah-'pIEEs; tan-ter; tan-ters;
am-'beet- see; am-'beet-sees: trem; trems; pehr- 'ron;
mahn; mahn-er; man; man-ner; hOWss; hOW -zer; Yolff;
voH-er; bet; bed-der; hep; heb-ber; daHG; dah-HGer;
dak; dah-ker; HGlass; HGlah- zer; sHGip; sHGa y-per;
stat; stay-der; ve HG: vay-ger.
NOUN PLURALS ENDING -S
pehr- 'rons.
m
Some Dutch nouns form the plural by adding -soThey are:
NOUN PLURALS ENDING -EREN
A small group of neuter nouns add -eren in the plural.
The most useful ones are listed below:
1 Nouns ending in -el, -em, -en, ·er or -je.
For example:
de tafel (table)
de bezem (broom)
het laken (sheet)
de vader (father)
het meisje (girl)
het
het
het
het
het
het
tafels
bezems
lakens
vaders
meisjes
bladeren
eieren
kinderen
liederen
yolkeren (also Yolken )
beenderen (inserts d
before suffix)
2 Nouns ending in -a, -0 or -u . The plural ending is
always preceded by an apostrophe in this case.
For example:
de foto (photograph)
de paraplu (umbrella)
blad (leaf)
ei (egg)
kind
lied (song)
Yolk (nation, people)
been (bone)
NOTE: het been (leg)
benen (legs)
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (15)
foto's
paraplu's
blat; blah-der-rer; ey; ey-er-rer; kint; kin -der-rer; leet:
lee-der-rer; folk; fol-ker-rer/fol -ker; bayn; bayn-der-rer;
bayn; bay-nero
3 Most nouns ending in an unstressed vowel;
de tante (aunt)
de am'bitie (ambition)
tantes
4 Most foreign words (usually English or French).
34
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
m
FEMININE NOUNS
ambities
To indicate the female of many occupations, nationalities
and animals, Dutch adds one of five endings - usually to
the masculine word for the same occupation, nationality,
etc. Each new feminine word needs to be learnt, but
W EE K 2
I
35
examples of the five suffixes are given below:
1 -in (plural -nen)This suffix is always stressed, as in:
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION (16)
boor; boor- tin; lay'ao; lay'oo- 'in; rerss; rerss- 'in; kohning; koh-ning-'in; Iay-rahr; lay-rahr- 'ess; prins; prin-
'sess; sehk-rer-'tah-riss; sehk-rer-tah-'ress-er; bee-blee-
boer (farmer)
leeuw (lion)
Rus (Russian man)
koning (king)
boerin (farmer, farmer's wife)
leeuwin (lioness)
Russin (Russian woman)
koningin (queen)
2 -es (plural -sen) Stressed:
leraar (male teacher)
prins (prince)
lerares (female leacher)
prinses (princess)
3 -esse (plural on) Stressed. This suffix replaces the -is
ending of the masculine noun.
secret'aris
(male secretary )
bibliothek'aris
(male librarian)
secretar'esse
(female secretary)
bibliothekar'esse
(female librarian)
4 -e (plural -n or -5) Unstressed. For example:
stud'ent
(male sludent)
telefon'ist
(male telephon ist)
stud'ente
(fe male student)
telefon'iste
(female telephonist)
For most nationalities, an unstressed -e is added to the
adjective of nationality, as in:
Engels (English)
Nederlands (Dutch)
oh -tay- 'kah-riss; bee-blee-oh-tay-kah- 'ress-er; stEE'dent; stEE-'dent -er; tel-eh -fohn- 'ist; tel-eh-fohn- 'ist-er;
eng-els; eng-els -er; nay-der-Iants; nay-der-Iant-ser;
sHG reyff; sHG reyff-ster; fe r- 'playHG; fer-'playHG -ster.
VOCABULARY
alles
a1tijd
de biogra'fie
(plural:
biografieen)
het boek
de dag
Dag!
everything
always
biography
book
day
Hellol
Goodbyel
goed
good
goede morgen! good
morning!
(When an e is added to
goed, the d is pronounced
as a Dutch j.)
heel
very
bier
ja'zeker
kies'keurig
luistert u eens
mijn
moeilijk
de naam
deoom
(plural: ooms)
over
dero'man
saai
de schrijver
uit
weet ik veel?
here
indeed
choosy fussy
listen here
my
difficult
name
uncle
about
novel
dull, boring
author
from, out of
how do I
know?
IMITATED PRONUNCIATION
Engelse (English woman)
Nederlandse (Dutch
al- Iers; al- teyt; bee-oh-HGrahff-'ee; bee-oh-HGrahff- 'ee-er;
book; daHG; HGoot; HGoo-yer mor-HGer; hayl; heer;
ya h- 'zay-ker; kees-'kER-rerHG; IOWss-tert EE ayns; meyn;
woman)
moo'ee-Ierk; nahm; ohm; ohms; oh-ver; roh- 'man; sah'ee;
sHGre y- ver; OWl; vayt ick fayi.
5 oster (plural -5) Unstressed. This ending is added to
the stem of a verb. For example:
schrijf (write)
verpleeg (nurse)
36
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
schrijfster (a uthoress)
verpleegster (female nurse)
WE EK 2
I
37
Exercise 9
---,
Translate the following into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
r--
Exercise 12
Translate the following into Dutch:
Ik heb twee pennen.
De boer heelt veel penen.
Wolven en leeuwen zijn dieren.
Huizen hebben daken.
De steden hebben veeI wegen en straten.
Die vrouwen hebben heel veeI boeken.
Studenten hebben altijd veeI boeken.
Biografieen zijn niet altijd saai.
Exercise 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Translate the following into English:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Dit zijn de jongens en meisjes van de buurvrouw.
Zij heelt twee tantes en twee ooms .
Deze foto's zijn erg goed.
De vaders en de moeders van die kinderen hebben
allebei veel ambities.
Die liederen zijn erg mooi.
Deze paraplu's zijn groat.
De stad heeft vee! trams.
Die tafels zijn nieuw.
Exercise 11
Translate the following into English:
1 De bibliothekaresse heeft veel romans.
2 De schrijfster heeft twee huizen.
3 De lerares is erg aardig.
4 Dit is mijn secretaresse.
5 De vader van de studente heelt een boot.
6 De boerinnen zijn vriendelijk.
7 Zijn prinsessen altijd mooi?
8 De Engelse is ziek: zij heeft koorts.
38
I
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
---,
-----,
12
13
14
15
These pears are expensive.
I have two dresses.
Are those novels dull?
The authoress has a lot of books.
Biographies are difficult.
The Dutch woman has two children.
Nurses are always kind.
The photographs of the lioness are very good.
The boys and girls are in the garden.
Are the roads good here?
Do you (singular) see those skirts in the shop
window?
I have a book about ships and boats.
Is the teacher (f) very tired?
Aunts and uncles are nice.
Does the prince have a secretary (m)?
Drills
1
S
R
S
R
S
R
S
R
S
R
S
R
---,
Stimulus-response drill
Dit boek is saai.
Deze boeken zijn oak saai.
Deze roman is slecht.
Deze romans zijn oak slecht.
Deze weg is nieuw.
Deze wegen zijn oak nieuw.
Dit kind is aardig.
Deze kinderen zijn oak aardig.
Deze etalage is groat.
Deze etalages zijn oak groat.
Dit huis is klein.
Deze huizen zijn oak klein.
WEEK 2
I
39
2 Stimulus-response drill
S De leraar zit in de tuin.
R De lerares zit in de tuin .
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE
MENEER DE BRUIN
Hier heeft u een biografie van een
telefoniste. Is dat goed?
la. Alles is goed. Dag mevrouw.
S De bibJiOlhekaris zit in de tuin.
R De bibJiothekaresse zit in de lUin.
TRANSLATION
S De schrijver zit in de win.
R De schrijlster zit in de lUin.
A satisfied customer
S De boer zit in de tuin.
R De boerin zit in de lUin.
S De teldonist zit in de lUin.
R De teleloniste zit in de tuin.
CONVERSATION
fen tevreden klant
Goede morgen. Heeft u dat boek over
de prinses?
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE II< heb veel boeken over prinsessen.
MENEER DE BRUIN Deze is Engelse.
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE Is het een biografie of een roman?
MENEER DE BRUIN Biografieen zijn saai.
BIBlIOTHEKARESSE Oak die over prinsen en prinsessen?
MENEER DE BRUIN Reeft u een roman over een prinses
uit Engeland?
MENEER DE BRUIN
MENEER DE BRUIN
Jazeker, meneer. En de naam van
de schrijver is ... ?
Weet ik veel? U bent de
BIBLIOTHEKARESSE
bibliothekaresse.
Oat is een beetje moeilijk, meneer.
B1BlIOTHEKARESSE
MENEER DE BRUIN
Luistert u eens. Het is ruet
Good morning. Have you got that book
about the princess?
LIBRARIAN rve got a lot of books about princesses.
MR DE BRUIN This one is English.
LIBRARIAN Is it a biography or a novel?
MR DE BRUIN Biographies are boring.
lIBRARIANE Even those about princes and princesses?
MR DE BRUIN Do you have a novel about a princess
from England?
LIBRARIAN Yes indeed. And the writer's name is ... ?
MR DE BRUIN How do I know? You're the librarian.
LIBRARIAN That makes it a bit difficult.
MR DE BRUIN Listen here. It isn't lor me. It's lor my
wile. She's not that fussy.
LIBRARIAN Here's a biography 01 a telephonist.
All right?
MR DE BRUIN Yes. Anything. Bye [madam].
MR DE BRUIN
S De slUdent zit in de lUin.
R De studente zit in de lUin.
vaar
mij.
Het is vaar mijn vrouw. Die is niet zo
kieskeurig.
DUTCH IN THREE MONTHS
WEEK 2
WeeL
_
Here you will encounter some extra revision exercises. Take
time to run through the ground you have already covered.
New material includes:
forming the present tense of verbs
some useful verbs, including komen ('to come')
asking questions: where?, what?, who?, etc
zij drinkt
het drinkt
plural
w ij drinken
jullie drinken
u drinkt
zij drinken
she drinks
it drinks
we drink
you drink
you drink (formal)
they drink
FORMING THE PRESENTTENSE
English has two kinds of present tense where Dutch
has only one: hij drinkt can mean 'he drinks' or 'he is
drinking'.
To form the present tense, students first need to know
the stem of the verb. When a new verb is given, it will be
in the infinitive form:
The first person singular consists of the stem with no
ending. The second and third person singular add -t to
the stem, and -en is added for all plural forms.
REMEMB ER: When inversion (see section 7) occurs, the
second person singular form drops its -t ending; this is
the only form affected in this way:
Jij woont in Amsterdam. You live in Amsterdam.
drinken
wonen
Iiggen
(to drink)
(to live)
(to lie)
But:
WOOD jij in Amst e rdam? Do you live in Amsterdam?
Hij woont in Londen. He lives in London
The stem is formed by taking away the -en infinitive
ending, as in:
drink-, woon-, IigSPELLING NOTE: For verbs like wonen which require
doubled vowels in closed syllables (for example in the
stem woon) and verbs like Iiggen which require a
do