The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western (3)

  

The Emergence of Mass Society

in the Western World

  

The Industrial Regions of Europe at

the End of the Nineteenth Century

  The First Industrial Revolution

• Textiles
• Iron
• Coal
• Railroads

The Second Industrial Revolution

• Steel
• Electricity
• Chemicals Economies even more productive
• Petroleum

  

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

^• New Products and New Patterns

  ▫ Substitution of steel for iron major change

  ▫ Electricity – easily converted into heat, light, motion

  ▫ First practical generators

  ▫ Graham Bell invents the telephone

  ▫ Guglielmo Marconi sends the first radio wave across Atlantic

  ▫ Increased industrial production

  ▫ Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader

  ▫ Europe’s two economic zones : industrial (NW) & agricultural (S & SE) Industrialization and workers

• Some welcomed higher
• Some had to give up standards of living former occupations and accept longer work hours and mind- numbing tasks

  

Organizing the Working Class

^• Karl Marx (1818-1883) - The Communist Manifesto (1848)

  ▫ The abolishment of capitalism through violent revolutions

  ▫ Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

• two hostile camps or two great classes

  ▫ History is that of class struggles – ultimately leading to revolutions

  ▫ Calls for overthrow of the bourgeoisie and dictatorship of the proletariat

  ▫ Eventually there would be a

  

Organizing the Working Class

^• German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875

  ▫ Outlawed by Bismarck, later legalized in 1890

  ▫ Lobbied to improve working conditions

  ▫ 4 million votes in 1912 elections – but not able to bring changes

• ^• Revisionists

  ▫ Rejected revolutionary approach and believed socialism and reform could be achieved through gradual work in a parliamentary system

• ^• Trade Unions: improving working conditions through collective bargaining (negotiations with employers)

  ▫ Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s

  ▫ 4 million members by 1914 in Britain

  

Population Growth in Europe1820-

1900 _{W sw ad 03 20} ©

  The Emergence of Mass Society

• New Urban Environment

  ▫ Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800) _

  Migration from rural to urban ▫

  Improving living conditions _ Boards of health set up – innovations to prevent diseases _ Clean running water required (dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, _ tunnels) Expulsion of sewage – critical to public health (underground pipes)

  “From the toilet to the river in half an hour”

  The Social Structure of Mass Society

• _• The Elite

  ▫ 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth

  ▫

Alliance of wealthy business elite (the upper middle class) and

traditional aristocracy

  ▫ Became leaders in government and military _•

  The Middle Classes ▫

  Middle Class: lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, chemists ▫

  Lower Middle Class: small shopkeepers, traders, prosperous farmers ▫

  White-collar workers: between the the middle and lower classes: traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department store sales people, secretaries – low pay but committed to middle- class values

  ▫ Middle class values in the Victorian period _•

  The Working Classes ▫

  80 percent of the European population ▫

  

In Eastern Europe peasants, sharecroppers, and farm workers The Experiences of Women ^• Defined by families and household roles ▫

  Difficulty for single women to earn a living _

Most women married, legally inferior to their husbands

  ▫ Birth control _

  Female control of family size ▫

  Middle-class family _ Men provided income and women focused on household and child _ care Fostered the idea of togetherness _

  Victorian ideas ▫

  Working-class families _{ } Daughters work until married 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the _ husband’s wages Material consumption

Movement for Women’s Rights • Modern feminism had its

  beginnings during the Enlightenment

• ^• Fight to own property ^•

  Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle class women ^• Could not access jobs dominated by men – instead turned to teaching, nursing ^• Demand for equal political rights

  ▫ Most vocal was the British movement

  ▫ Suffrage, or the right to vote key to improving women’s position

  ▫ Emmeline Pankhurst (1858- 1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903

  ▫ Suffragette getting arrested Education in an Age of Mass Society In early 19th century reserved for elites or middle class ^{• •}

Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to

offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12 – required _ ^• Western nations make a commitment to education _ Needs of industrialization – required higher level of education

  Need for an educated electorate: if voting, people need to be able to _ read and know about citizenship To instill patriotism

• ^• Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women ^•

  Men saw teaching as a “natural role” of women ^• States set up teacher-training schools for women. The first women’s colleges were teacher-training schools (less pay incentive) ^• Improved literacy – mass media development – leisure time Leisure in an Age of Mass Society

Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls,

beaches, and team sporting activities

  The National State and Democracy ^• Western Europe and Political Democracy: growing prosperity after 1850 contributed to the expansion of democracy

  Great Britain: two-party parliamentary system: Liberal

   & Conservative – competing to win popular support ^ Labour party emerges, supporting liberals ^ Social reform for working class (universal male suffrage, work benefits, compensation)

  France: the Third French Republic after the collapse of

   the Napoleon’s Second Empire government ^ President and a legislature of two houses

  The upper house or Senate, the lower house the Chamber

   of Deputies The powers of the president not defined in the

   constitution; premier or prime minister actually led the Europe in 1871

  The Balkans in 1913 Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments ^• Challenging the Known: A New Physics

  ▫ Marie Curie : one of the first scientists to challenge older views _

  Discovered that radium gives off energy or radiation, directly challenging the theory of atom ▫

  Albert Einstein _ Theory of relativity – space and time are not absolute but relative to _ the observer Energy of matter is equivalent to its mass times the square of the velocity of light

  ▫ Sigmund Freud and the emergence of Psychoanalysis _

  Human behavior determined by the unconscious, past experience, _ and internal forces Repression begins in childhood The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism

• ^• Darwin’s ideas applied to human society (discus) ^•

  British philosopher Herbert Spencer: the most popular exponent of Social Darwinism

• ^• Houston Stewart Chamberlain:

  ▫ Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the Aryans

• ^• Anti-Semitism: discrimination or hostility against Jews

  ▫ Portrayed as murderers of Christ, subjected to prosecution

  ▫

In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto and

became assimilated into the cultures around them

  ▫ Anti-Jewish parties

  ▫ 72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in eastern Europe

  ▫ Russian Jews forced to live in certain regions. ▫

  Prosecutions and bloody pogroms (organized massacres) Zionism

Hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated to escape

^• persecution

• ^• Many left for United States ^•

  About 25,000 immigrated to Palestine - becoming the center of Zionism (Jewish national movement)

• ^•

  Zionist’s main goal – establishment of a Jewish State

  in Palestine ^•

  Theodor Herzl – a key figure in the growth of political Zionism ^• Palestine a part of Ottoman Empire, opposed to Jewish settlements

  

Palestine _{W or sw ad 03 20} © _{, a d} th Culture of Modernity Modernism – ^• rebellion against traditional literary and artistic styles dominating since the Renaissance

• ^• Literature: writers explored ideas of Freud and role of women in society

  ▫ Emil Zola

  ▫ Henrik Ibsen Culture of Modernity

• 1870-1914: one of the most productive periods in the history of visual arts:

  modernism

• Impressionism: movement began in France - artists rejected to paint nature directly
• Artists seeking ideas to represent their changing ideas about the world

  P Monet’s Blue Water Lily

  Claude Monet

• Sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and sky

  Pablo Picasso

• Created cubism – a new

  style that uses geometric designs to re-create reality into the viewer’s mind Modernist Architecture

• Modernism gave rise to a new principle –

  functionalism

• Buildings, like machines, should be useful
• Frank Lloyd Wright specialized in building homes with long geometric lines and overhanging roofs

  ▫ Pioneered the modern American home Lloyd’s Fallingwater outside of Pittsburgh