Proceeding of International Conference 2nd SHIELD 2017 Bandar Lampung, September 18-20
ISBN : 978-602- 61299-9- 4
social and humanities
development
PROCEEDINGS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
nd
2 SHIELD 2017
52nd Dies Natalis Unila
Organized by:
Postgraduate Program
and Institute for Research
and Community Services
University of Lampung
Supported by:
ISBN : 978-602- 61299-9- 4
social and humanities
development
PROCEEDINGS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
nd
2 SHIELD 2017
52nd Dies Natalis Unila
Organized by:
Postgraduate Program
and Institute for Research
and Community Services
University of Lampung
Supported by:
Proceeding of International Conference 2nd SHIELD 2017
Bandar Lampung, September 18-20th 2017
Editor:
Warsono, Ph.D
Prof. Dr. Sudjarwo, M.S.
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akib. S.H.M.Hum.
Dr. Ir. Slamet Budi Yuwono, M.S.
Bayu Sujadmiko, Ph.D
Dr. Hasan Hariri
Dr. Vivit Bertoven
Dr. Melya Riniarti
Publisher:
Postgraduate Program University of Lampung
and
Research and Community Service of University of Lampung
2017
Foreword
In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to remarkable gains
in life. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries particularly Asian countries
face inequalities and uneven progress. Even worse, these countries are facing many problems
such as poverty, terrorism, drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex
and multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems. Because
the problems are multidimensional, we need people from cross-disciplinary interests to work
hand in hand with strong commitment, not only to face, but also to change these problems
into opportunities.
Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research and
Community Service of University of Lampung provides a place for academicians,
practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines related to
Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development
(SHIELD) to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular
disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to helping solve the
real-world problems.
The authors of Proceeding of 2nd SHIELD International Conference come from
academicians, practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multidisciplines related to Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and
Sustainable Development.
This conference aims to share information and discuss resent developments and innovations
arising from research in a wide range of disciplines. Through this conference, it is expected
that the research articles can be documented and communicated throughout the countries.
Head of Commite
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akib, S.H., M.Hum.
Welcome Address
Report by the Organizing Committee
Dear
distinguished
participants,
guests
and
In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to
remarkable gains. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries
particularly Asian countries face inequalities and uneven progresses. Even
worse, these countries are facing many problems such as poverty, terrorism,
drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex and
multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems.
Because the problems are multidimensional, we need people from crossdisciplinary interests to work hand in hand with strong commitment, not only
to face but also to change these problems into opportunities.
Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research
and Community Service of University of Lampung holds The 2nd SHIELD
Conference as a place for academicians, practitioners, policy makers,
researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines relating to Social Science
and Humanities, Economic, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development
to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular
disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to
helping solve the real-world problems.
At this second international conference, four keynote speakers from different
disciplines and different countries were invited. Seventy-five authors
initially submitted their abstracts before submitting their full papers, but finally
only 49 full papers were accepted for publications. The authors are academicians,
practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals. This conference
aims to share information and discuss resent developments and innovations
arising from research in a wide range of disciplines. Through this conference,
we hope that the research articles can be documented and communicated
throughout the countries.
I would like to thank you for your participation and look forward to having
productive discussion among participants.
Sincerely yours,
Professor Muhammad Akib
Remarks by the Rector of the University of
Lampung
The Honorable keynote speakers, committees,
participants, ladies and gentlemen,
It gives me a great pleasure to welcome all of you and chair the Opening
Ceremony this morning to the Second SHIELD International Conference,
jointly organized by Postgraduate Program and Institute for Research and
Public Services, the University of Lampung. We’d like to say how grateful we
are to all the keynote speakers who have accepted our invitation. Also, we are
delighted to have all of participants here to participate and share in the Second
SHIELD International Conference.
Along with an increase in the activity of national development and dynamic
development of the international world due to globalization, then it always
be followed by the emergence of complex social, humanity, economics,
education, law and sustainable development issues. Therefore, the University
of Lampung, which has a vision to be the best 10 among public universities
nationwide, a mission to be a world class research university, and as the third
largest state university (outside Java Island) feels compelled to draw up concepts
and provide solutions to the various issues.
In relation to these issues, practically the University of Lampung through its
Postgraduate Program in collaboration with its Institute Research and Public
Services organizes the Second International
Conference with such disciplines as social sciences, humanities, economics,
education, law and sustainable development. This international conference
presents several keynote speakers who come from leading universities in the
world. These activities are held in Lampung, which is one area that has a
nationally important role, because it is the gateway of Sumatera Island and is
strategically located for the development progress.
As the arena for discussion, communication, and enrichment of the knowledge
of participants, this conference is expected to provide a significant contribution
to capturing opportunities for the development of science today. This conference
is intended to function as a forum among the participants from various walks of
life for dissemination of research results in the fields of social sciences,
humanities, economics, education, law and sustainable development. The
participants include practitioners, researchers, academics, students, industrialists
and science observers from various organizations such as industries, stateowned enterprises, research institutions, government agencies, and public and
private universities.
To expand the horizons of thinking for the participants and to share the
experiences of international researches from world experts, this conference
invites four keynote speakers from four countries who will present their main
papers. These speakers are:
1. Prof. Dr. Arief Hidayat, S.H., M.S., Chairman of the
Constitutional Court, Republic of Indonesia
2. Prof. Ryohei Kada from Shijyonawate Gakuen University,
Japan.
3. Dr. Fonny Dameaty H. from University of Malaya, Malaysia.
4. Dr. Jenny H. Panchal from James Cook University, Singapore.
We are honored to have you all the speakers here in this conference, and thank
you for being our keynote speakers in this conference.
Finally, I do hope that this seminar can run well and all participants can
participate actively.
Sincerely yours,
Rector,
Prof. Dr. Hasriadi Mat Akin
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
Tittle and Writer
COMMODIFICATION OF PAPUAN POVERTY IN TOURISM
MAGAZINE
Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi
Page
1-14
PAKSI BENAWANG AT TANGGAMUS :MARRIED RITE,
MARGINALIZED AND LOCAL WISDOM
Bartoven Vivit Nurdin, and Damayanti
16-24
A STUDY OF STUDENTS’ READING MOTIVATION FACTORS IN
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AT THE THIRD GRADE OF A
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN PANGKALPINANG
Erni Yulianti
25-31
THE EFFECT OF THE UNITED STATE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
ON JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA
STOCK EXCHANGE
Hiro Sejati, Erna Listyaningsih and Nur Baiti
32-39
PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN
STUDENTS
Iin Inawati
40-53
PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN
STUDENTS
54-62
Jeni Wulandari, Sam’un Jaja Raharja, Heru Nurasa, Herwan Abdul Muhyi
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIVERSION IN CHILD CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA
Nikmah Rosidah, Chaidir Ali
63-71
MODELS & PATTERNS OF CLIENTELISM IN LAMPUNG LOCAL
ELECTION
72-83
Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Utang Suwaryo, Muradi, R.Widya Setiabudi S
POSITIVE PROTECTION: PROTECTING GENETIC RESOURCES
RELATED TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN INDONESIA
Rohaini, Nenny Dwi Ariani
84-91
vii
THE MODEL OF SMES EMPOWERMENT THROUGH VILLAGE
RULES AS EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF PRIMARY
PRODUCT VILLAGE
Yusnani Hasyimzum, Utia Meylina
THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN LAND
ACQUISITION FOR PUBLIC INTEREST BASED ON LAND
SAVING MODEL REGULATION
92-101
102-111
Ade Arif Firmansyah, Yos Johan Utama and HS. Tisnanta
REPRESENTATION OF SUBJECT’S IDENTITY IN MIXED
MARRIAGE THROUGH CYBERMEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF
“NASIB SAYA KAWIN CAMPUR” AND “NIKAH SAMA LOKAL”
VIDEOS ON SACHA STEVENSON’S YOUTUBE ACCOUNT)
112-120
Alifia Oktrina Fayardi and Eduard Lukman
LEGAL PROTECTION ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS FROM BLOOD
RELATIONS MARRIAGE (INCEST) IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Amnawaty Hamid, Dina Juliana Anwari, Siti Nurhasanah
121-126
REPRESENTATION OF SPEECH POLITENESS CULTURE
THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF HATE
SPEECH INDONESIA NETIZEN TOWARD PRESIDENT JOKOWI IN
CYBERSPACE)
Annisa Nur Muslimah Koswara , Eduard Lukman
127-136
THE POSITION OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE
POSITIVE LAW OF INDONESIA
137-143
Bayu Sujadmiko, Dheka Ermelia Putri and Bismo Jiwo Agung
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN ARMED CONFLICT
ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Desy Churul Aini, Desia Rakhma Banjarani
144-152
THE PREFERENCE OF MULTIPLE REPRESENTATION ON
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT : IDENTIFICATION AND QUALITY
CONSTRUCTED REPRESENTATION
Dewi Lengkana, Fransisca Tapilow, Ana Ratnawulan
153-160
THE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR APPARATUS
THROUGH NEW GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP COOPERATION
IN LAMPUNG TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM PUBLIC SERVICE
Dian Kagungan, Devi Yulianti
161-167
viii
THE EFFECTS OF THE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
ON THE MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE (AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
ON BPR IN BANYUMAS REGENCY, INDONESIA)
Dona Primasari, Abdul Rohman, Fuad
168-178
EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
AND LOYALTY SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT ACEH INDONESIA AS THE WORLD’S BEST AIRPORT
FOR HALAL TRAVELLERS
Dorothy Rouly Haratua Pandjaitan
179-189
THE CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST CRIMINAL ACTS
BEGAL BY CHILD OFFENDERS
Eddy Rifai, Heni Siswanto, M. Farid, Anisa Cahaya Pratiwi
190-201
CHEMICAL CASTRATED SANCTION ON SEXUAL CRIME
CHILDREN REVIEWED FROM LAW AND HEALTH ASPECT
Erna Dewi, Rozi Kodarusman Warganegara
202-207
IN
CHAOS OF FOREST RESOURCE ACCESS REGULATION: STUDY
ON MORO-MORO FARMERS AT REGISTER 45 LAMPUNG
FX. Sumarja
208-215
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOCUS ON FORM AND FOCUS ON
MEANING INSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG
Gede Eka Putrawan, Rafista Deviyanti, Riyan Hidayatullah
216-222
STRENGTHENING MODEL CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT
CRIME SPOLIATION BY THE APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL AND
SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES
Heni Siswanto, Maroni, Fathoni
223-229
LEGAL ASPECT OF THE COOPERATION ON TRIPLE HELIX
MODELS IN MITIGATION ANAK KRAKATAU MOUNTAIN
Heryandi
230-243
WASTE BANK: THE STRATEGY AND COMMUNITY-BASED
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Intan Fitri Meutia
244-249
THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM ON MANAGERIAL
PERFORMANCE : TASK UNCERTAINTY UNCERTAINY TASK AS
MODERATING VARIABLE
Lego Waspodo, Rini Widianingsih, Dona Primasari
250-258
CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION OF KOREAN BEAUTY TREND WITH
HALAL-CERTIFIED LOCAL COSMETICS (ANALYSIS OF
“KOREAN MAKEUP LOOKS” TUTORIAL VIDEOS ON YOUTUBE)
Lidya Agustina, Eduard Lukman
259-266
ix
THE USE OF IMPORTED
INDUSTRY PRODUCTIVITY
Lies Maria Hamzah, Dian Fajarini
INPUT
AND
MANUFACTURING
THE LEGAL POLITICS OF RECALL RIGHT OF POLITICAL PARTIES
RELEVANCE WITH THE SYSTEM OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN
DYNAMICS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDONESIA
267-276
277-287
Malicia Evendia, Armen Yasir, and Yulia Neta
STRENGTHENING THE INTEGRITY OF LOCAL LEADERSHIP
AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE EFFORT TO RUN A DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
288-295
Maulana Mukhlis, Idil Akbar
NONPENAL EFFORT IN ADDRESSING ILLEGAL FISHING IN THE
LAMPUNG PROVINCE
Maya Shafira
296-304
REGULATION OF THE COOPERATION LAW INTER-REGIONAL IN
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE
Muhammad Akib, FX. Sumarja, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Hieronymus
Soerjatisnanta
305-311
HOW FAR IS THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE CONSIDERED IN
THE BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
WORLD WIDE?
Orima Melati Davey, Ahmad Syofyan , Melly Aida
312-322
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: POSSIBILITY OF
IMPLEMENTATION INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO
PROTECT CIVILIAN
Parulian Yusuf S, Rehulina
323 -331
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COORDINATION OF FINANCIAL
SERVICES AUTHORITY AND DEPOSIT INSURANCE AGENCY
(LPS) AND BANK INDONESIA TO THE TROUBLED BANK
Ratna Syamsiar
332-338
TRANSGENDER AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM: A FILM ANALYSIS OF
LOVELY MAN BY TEDDY SOERIAATMADJA
Ria Hasna Shofiyya, Udi Rusadi
339-347
TAX DEBT IN THE BANKRUPTCY DISPUTE: INDUSTRIES BADJA
GARUDA INC. V.S. TAX OFFICE OF MEDAN BELAWAN
Rilda Murniatia ,Richmond Cosmas Tobias
348-359
x
SPREADING OF POOR HOUSEHOLD AROUND WAN ABDUL
RACHMAN FOREST PARK AND MANGROVE FOREST IN
SIDODADI VILLAGE (STUDY IN SIDODADI VILLAGE SUB
DISTRICT OF TELUK PANDAN DISTRICT OF PESAWARAN)
Rizki Bahagia Utama, Rommy Qurniati, Arief Darmawan
360-366
THE
PROTECTION
OF
INDIGENOUS
PEOPLE’S
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: CASE OF KASEPUHAN CIPTAGELAR
Rudi Wijaya, Rudy
367-373
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION THROUGH A SHIFT IN
CROPPING AREA ONTO THE UPPER STREAM REGION:
MEASURING COFFEE BEANS RESPONSE IN PHYSICAL QUALITY
Samsul Bakri, Agus Setiawan, Ida Nurhaida
374-383
MARINE POLLUTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE
AND SETTLEMENT DISPUTES
Siti Azizah, Safira Salsabila Annisa Musthofa
384-392
LAW PROBLEM ON THE COASTAL VILLAGE
Siti Khoiriah, Rudi Wijaya
393-397
EFFECT OF SELF EFFICIENCY AND TRAINING TO CAREER
DEVELOPMENT IN TEACHER STUDENTS IN THE SUBJECT OF
BEKASI CITY
Suherman, Dede Hamdani, Romlie Ardie
398-402
THE ROLE OF CREATING SHARED VALUE (CSV) TO ENFORCE
SOCIAL WELFARE FOR STAKEHOLDER
Sunaryo; I Ketut Dharma, Putra Yoga
403-411
DRAMATURGY STUDY ON COMMUNICATIONS BY GAY IN
BANDAR LAMPUNG
Toni Wijaya
412-418
THE ETHNIC IMMIGRANT LIVING IN SIDOWALUYO VILLAGE,
SIDOMULYO SUBDISTRICT, SOUTH LAMPUNG DISTRICT
Trisnaningsih, Buchori Asyik, Sudjarwo
419-426
THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (FSA)
FUNCTION IN THE SUPERVISION OF THE GOOD CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
(GCG)
IMPLEMENTATION
FOR
BANKING
INSTITUTIONS IN INDONESIA
Yulia Hesti, Nenny Dwi Ariani
427-435
THE INFLUENCE OF SEGMENTING STRATEGY AND BRAND
POSITIONING STRATEGY ON CONSUMER PURCHASING
DECISION (STUDY AT SMARTPHONE SAMSUNG IN INDONESIA)
Annisa Nurawalia, Faila Shofa
436-448
xi
RESOLUTION MODEL ON HORIZONTAL VIOLENCE CONFLICTS
IN LOCAL MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES IN LAMPUNG
PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Hartoyo, Abdul Syani
449-455
LIVELIHOODS ASSETS CHANGES OF COMMUNITY FOREST
FARMERS ON PROTECTION FOREST
Hari Kaskoyo, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Christine Wulandari, Rommy Qurniati,
Irwan Sukri Banuwa
456-465
MAPPING THE INDIGENOUS CONFLICT OF INDONESIA: 1945-2017
Budiyono, Meylina U.
466-474
IMPLEMENTATION OF SYARI’AH ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES ON
THE MANAGAEMENT OF SYARI’AH MUTUAL FUND
IN INDONESIA
Nunung Rodliyah, Risti Dwi Ramasari
475- 482
1
Commodification of Papuan Poverty in Tourism Magazine
Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi
Faculty of Social Scirnce and Political Science, University of Lampung
amadea.dwi@alumni.ui.ac.id
Abstract
Tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand with text,
which shaped all forms of language including words and pictures. They are usually equipped with
beautiful photojournalism to attract tourists. However, in contrast to their articles in general, there is
an article featuring depressing photographs of Papuans who are perfunctory below the poverty line.
This research is conducted to analyze the discourse of photojournalism in Manusia Rawa Papua
article on National Geographic Traveler Indonesia magazine. The research was done by doing text
analysis using Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics theory. Based on the signs from the semiotics
perspective, the result of this study shows a hidden message that Papuans are still classified as poor.
This pathetic condition is then used as a commodification to attract the attention of magazine readers,
who come from the upper middle class.
Keywords: commodification, photojournalism, semiotics, tourism magazine;
1.
Introduction
Tourism plays an important role in the economic sector. The increase of visit numbers will
increase the profit for some types of business in the tourism industry and the employment
opportunities in tourist destinations (Wahab, 1997: 13). However, there are three stimuli that usually
affect these tourists’ decision to travel; one of them is symbolic stimulus. Symbolic stimulus is the
word, sentence, and image that the travel industry propagates for media promotion, such as
newspapers, general magazines, and tourism magazines (Ross, 1998: 69). The existence of a symbolic
stimulus that can influence the tourists’ visit impacts the media industry; whose stakeholders are
competing each other to feature interesting photojournalism.
Basically, tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand
by text. Peter Garrett and Allan Bell in their book, Approaches to Media Discourse, mentioned that
texts are all forms of language, including words, speech, music, images, sound effects, and imagery
(1998: 3). But, as a promotion media of tourist destinations, tourism magazines would require
photojournalism in order to describe the destination’s condition more clearly to the readers.
However, tourism magazines do not always featuring beautiful photojournalism. One of the
proofs can be seen in the article Manusia Rawa Papua in National Geographic Traveler Indonesia
volume 7 number 7, which was published in July 2015. Contrast to other articles in the same
magazine or other tourism magazines, this article shows the depressing photographs of Papuans who
are perfunctory under the poverty line. From this article, it is safe to see that communities in Udagaga,
Kayobiro, and Adona (UKA) village in Papua fulfill their daily necessities from local in their village.
Yet the fact that the article Manusia Rawa Papua became Editor’s Choice article in National
Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7 makes it more interesting.
National Geographic Traveler Indonesia is a reference for Indonesian readers who like to
travel, both inside and outside the country. The majority of its readers are groups of men and women
aged 20-35 years with Socioeconomic Status (SES) A+, A, and B and work as employees or
employers1. This reader group indicates that National Geographic Traveler Indonesia is a magazine
1
Pasang Iklan Majalah National Geographic Traveler. (n.d.). August 21, 2017.
https://pusatpemasanganiklan.com/majalah/76-national-geographic-traveler
2
that consumed by upper middle class. This fact is also reinforced by the high rate of advertising on
National Geographic Traveler Indonesia as can be seen in the following table.
Table 1. Rate card of National Geographic Traveler Indonesia 2015
Source: http://www.gramediamajalah.com/ratecard/print/6/national-geographic-travel
Media content actually does not reflect events perfectly. It is a representation of a world that
has been selected and translated by the media. It is very likely to be used as commodities in
commodification practice (Mosco, 2009: 133). Based on this statement, Papuan poverty reflection that
is featured in article Manusia Rawa Papua is then suspected of being deliberately commodified in
commodification practice. Therefore, the research question that will be discussed in this research is
“How the commodification process of poverty occurs in photojournalism in article Manusia Rawa
Papua, based on Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics analysis method?”. Regarding this research
question, the purpose of this research is to analyze the commodification process of poverty in article
Manusia Rawa Papua based on the study of meaning of icon, index, and symbol.
Prior to this research, the author have found some previous research on photojournalism
studying both non-tourism and tourism magazine, and the commodification of poverty in the mass
media. One research that discusses photojournalism is a research entitled “Problems in
Photojournalism: realism, the nature of news, and the humanitarian narrative” by John Taylor in 2010.
Through this research, Taylor raised three problems that often arise related to the importance of
photojournalism in the daily press. The first problem concerns to the compromised nature of
photography as a foundation for authentic eye-witness reports. The second problem derives from the
poor states of the newspaper industry as a reliable source of public record. Then, the third problem
relates to how effective hard-hitting documentary record might be, given that readers are supposed to
be quickly bored by images of suffering, unknown strangers. The result suggests that photography is
not present as a medium that offers meaning in a transparent way. Then, it also suggests that
depressing photos are allowed in the press, as long as it can lead readers to the truth and provide
positive knowledges.
Another research that discusses photojournalism in tourism magazine is a research entitled
“Analisis Foto Jurnalistik Majalah Travel Xpose (Studi Analisis Semiotika Mengenai Foto Wisata
Indonesia dalam Rubrik Domestik Majalah Travel Xpose)” by Dawam Syukron in 2013. This
research is conducted to gain the meaning of photojournalism in Travel Xpose magazine. The
meaning includes denotation, connotation, and mythology and ideology based on Roland Barthes’
theory. The research was conducted by qualitative approach using semiotics analysis method. The
result showed that photos, whether that records incidental events or planned and factually based on
the field, had a hidden meaning behind them. The photos are shown to attract public sympathy.
Meanwhile, the research that discuss commodification in mass media can be seen from a
research entitled “Komodifikasi Kemiskinan dalam Acara Televisi (Analisis Semiotika John Fiske
Mengenai Komodifikasi Kemiskinan dalam Acara “Orang Pinggiran” yang Ditayangkan di Trans 7)”
by Anis Haifa K. Nisa in 2014. This research raised the poverty that became a media product and a
popular show to attract the attention of the audience or advertisers. The purpose is to determine the
process of commodification poverty that occurred in the show Orang Pinggiran. The research was
conducted with qualitative approach using John Fiske’s semiotics analysis method, with level of
reality, representation, and ideology. The result showed that at the level of reality, the signs of poverty
are clearly displayed through the shabby clothes, the expression of sadness, and the house that is not
3
feasible. At the level of representation, editing techniques can make the show more dramatic and
moving. At the ideological level, it is clear that this show has a close relationship with capitalist
ideology. Poverty is seen as a high-value commodity. Then, the characteristics of audience that tend
to accept what they see without seeing what happens behind the text are exploited by the capitalist by
designing a product that has the greatest potential to profit as much as possible using the smallest
capital.
Based on the aforementioned research studies, the author have not found a study that focuses on
researching the commodification of poverty in tourism magazine using photo semiotics analysis
method. Thus, the result of this research are expected to complement some previous research on
commodification, semiotics, or photojournalism in tourism magazines.
1.1 Commodification
Vincent Mosco, in his book entitled The Political Economy of Communication, wrote that
commodification is the process of transforming use values into exchange values. Based on Adam
Smith’s explanation, the use values and exchange values are two values that can distinguish a product.
The use values come from human satisfaction of a particular want or need, while the exchange values
is based on what the product produces in exchange (2009: 129). More specifically, Mosco defines
commodification as the process of transforming goods and services, including communication, which
are valued for what they will bring in the marketplace. Meanwhile, commodities are a form of
production that is regulated through the exchange process. Commodities are a special form of product
when their production is organized through the exchange process (2009: 156).
Communication is mentioned as a potential arena as a place of commodification. Speaking of
communication, Mosco discloses three types of commodification that are important for
communication. The first type is commodification of content. This commodity is at the center of the
study of the political economy of media and communications. This commodity occurs when the
message or content of the communication is treated as a commodity. The second type is the
commodification of audiences. In this commodification, the political economy puts some attention on
the audience, especially in an attempt to understand the general practice in the way advertisers pay for
the size and quality (the trend for consumption) of audiences, magazines, websites, radio, or television
programs. The third type is the commodification of labor. Communications workers who are also
commodified as wage labor have grown significantly in the media job market (Mosco, 2009: 133141).
1.2 Market-Driven Journalism
John H. McManus, in explaining market-driven journalism, reveals that market advantage
should apply very well to commercially produced journalistic products. The journalistic product can
trade on four different types of markets at the same time. It starts from the market for audiences,
where media companies can sell a certain number of newspapers or parts of television viewing. Then,
the stock market, where the company's shares can be bought and sold. Furthermore, the advertising
market, where companies can sell the attention of audiences. Not to be missed, a market for resources,
where companies trade valuable information. However, market-based journalism can work well if
trading with three types of markets, with stock markets, with raw product suppliers, and with
consumers. The journalistic product can be a commodity of the media company if each market is
operating well (1994: 5).
1.3 Photojournalism
According to Edwin Emery Slosson, a well-known journalist from United States,
photojournalism has a function like words. It serves to inform, persuade, and entertain media
consumers. The effectiveness of the use of photojournalism depends largely on how the photograph
was taken by a photographer and precisely placed and combined by the editors in the mass media.
Moreover, in the technique of placement and arrangement of photographs or images, each media has
different characteristics. Sometimes, beauty is not the main consideration that determines whether or
not a photo is loaded in the mass media. Meaning and story can also be a decisive consideration of
whether or not a photo is published in the mass media (Muhtadi, 1999: 102-103).
4
2.
Representation
In his book, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, Stuart Hall
mentioned that representation is the production of the meaning of concepts in the mind through
language. Representation connects concepts and languages that allow humans to refer to things,
people, or events in both the real world and the fictional world. According to Hall, representation
arises because of the principle of similarity and difference to build relationships between concepts or
differentiate them from one another. In order to successfully elicit representation, humans need a
common conceptual map. However, the conceptual map also needs to be translated into a common
language so that people can connect concepts and ideas with some written words, spoken voices, and
meaningful visual images called “signs” (1997: 17-18).
2.1 Charles Sanders Peirce’s Semiotics Theory
Something can be called as a sign if it represents something. Charles Sanders Peirce explained,
semiotics depart from three main elements called triangle meaning theory. This theory consists of
sign, object, and interpretant (Kriyantono, 2006: 263). The object is something referencend by a sign.
Then, interpretation is a sign that is in someone’s mind about the object being referred to a sign
(Sobur, 2012: 115). These signs are identified by Peirce into 66 different types of signs. Three of them
commonly used for studying semiotics are: (1) icon, this sign is designed to represent a reference
source through a form of replication, simulation, imitation, or equation, (2) index, this sign
representing a reference source by pointing to it (explicitly or implicitly) with other reference sources,
(3) symbols, this sign representing the object by agreement in a specific context (Danesi, 2012: 33).
3.
Research Methods
This research applies qualitative research. There are three methods that can be used in
qualitative research (Baxter, 2004: 348). One of them is social text analysis. Something can be called
a social text, as long as it contains symbols and meanings: varies from conversations at home or at
work, to photos and movies. Baxter mentioned that the semiotics approach is included in social text
analysis (2004: 353).
The source of research data was collected from Manusia Rawa Papua article in National
Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7, published by Kompas Gramedia in July 2015.
The ten pages-article consists of written text and ten photos. The primary data used are the ten photos
that featured in the article. But, this research does not ignore the written text to see the photo context.
Literature review was also conducted to find out the larger content about poverty in Papua.
After collecting the data, the research continued by identifying the signs of poverty
commodification contained in the photo by analyzing the type of signs according to Peirce’s semiotic
analysis perspective. All of the photos that featured were analysed one by one by considering three
types of signs. Then, the research continued with the overall interpretation of the poverty
commodification in Manusia Rawa Papua article. The final step is to draw the conclusion of the
interpretation of the signs that has been identified previously and to give criticism of the results that
have been obtained.
4.
Results and Concluding Discussion
The analysis was conducted on ten photos that featured in Manusia Rawa Papua article using
Peirce’s semiotics theory. Here are the results of analysis that has been done by the author.
5
Figure 1. Photo from page 86-87
Type of sign
Icon
Index
Table 2. Sign identification of Figure 1
Sign
Visualization of two Papuans
Clothes
Index
Rowing boat
Symbol
The title of the article “Manusia Rawa di Tanah
Papua” (Human swamp in the land of Papua)
Photo caption “Menggunakan perahu
sederhana, penduduk setempat ini baru kembali
dari hutan rawa tempat mereka beraktivitas.
Sungai adalah nadi transportasi utama bagi
warga.” (Using a simple boat, these locals have
just returned from the swamp forest where they
do their activity. River is the main transportation
route for the residents.)
Symbol
Object
Same with the sign
Simple and shabby
clothes
Rowing boat that small
and simple in poor
condition
Written text in the
middle of the photo
Written text in the lower
left corner of the photo
Overall, this photo of two Papuans was taken to illustrate the daily life of the people living in
Papua. The Papuan are depicted as if very primitive with the writing of ‘manusia rawa’ (human
swamp). In the photograph, the two Papuans are seen wearing clothes that simple and shabby. In
addition, they are seen rowing small simple boat in poor condition to travel from one place to another.
Indonesian Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Badan Koordinasi Penanggulangan
Kemiskinan Republik Indonesia) and Research Institution SMERU (Badan Penelitian SMERU)
explained that two examples of poverty problems are the inability to meet basic consumption needs,
such as clothes, and lack of access to other basic living needs, such as transportation (Susanto, 2006:
35). This shows that the Papuan still have poverty problems. Judging from the aspect of taking photo,
the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital
Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of
One center of interest and a clean background.
6
Figure 2. Photo from page 88
Type of sign
Icon
Index
Symbol
Table 3. Sign identification of Figure 2
Sign
Object
Visualization of male workers in port
Same with the sign
Loading and unloading cargo
Loading and unloading cargo
with hands and a small wooden
board
Photo caption “Suasana aktivitas di Pelabuhan
Written text in the outside the
Teminabuan, Ibukota Kabupaten Sorong Selatan. photo
Pelabuhan ini menjadi titik awal perjalanan
panjang menuju Kampung Udagaga, Kayobiro,
dan Adona (UKA).” (Activity atmosphere at
Teminabuan Port, in the capital of South Sorong
Regency. This port became the starting point of a
long journey to Udagaga, Kayobiro, and Adona
(UKA) village.)
Overall, this photo of the harbour was taken to illustrate the profession of Papuan that living
around Teminabuan Port. The Papuan is shown earning money by doing lower class jobs, such as
being a longboat driver or unskilled laborers. Besides that, the activity of loading and unloading cargo
seen in the photograph relies solely on hands and a small wooden board. This activity will certainly
take a long time if done without the help of high-tech tools. Corruption Eradication Commission
(Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) explained that one of the characteristics of the poor is not having the
ability to conduct productive business activities (Papilaya, 2013: 21). Thus, the Papuan are still
classified as poor. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to
make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 72), the
composition of this photo is included in the category of Leading lines.
Figure 3. Photo from page 89
7
Type of sign
Icon
Icon
Icon
Index
Table 4. Sign identification of Figure 3
Sign
Visualization of a child
Visualization of houses on stilts
Visualization of bridge
Crossing the bridge
Symbol
Object
Same with the sign
Same with the sign
Same with the sign
Walking across the bridge
without fear of falling
Written text in the outside
the photo
Photo caption “Mentari menghangatkan Kampung
UKA pagi itu. Di kampung ini, arah bangunan rumah
menghadap ke sungai. Semua aktivitas dilakukan di
atas rumah panggung dan jembatan yang
menghubungkan satu rumah ke rumah lainnya.” (The
sun warmed up UKA village that morning. In this
village, the direction of the house building faces the
river. All activities are carried out on stilts and bridges
that connect one house to another.)
Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate neighbourhood residents in UKA village. Residents
live in houses on stilts whose condition looks easily damaged. The materials that used for the walls
and roofs of these houses appear to have inferior quality compared to most urban houses. Besides that,
residents have to cross the bridge that conditions is also fragile to move from one house to another.
The bridge is made using small woods that are unable to withstand heavy loads. However, a child that
featured in the photo is not afraid to cross the bridge without adult supervision. The photo shows that
situation like that is commonly experienced by children in UKA village. Judging from the aspect of
taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in
Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the
category of One center of interest and a clean background.
.
Figure 4. Photo from page 90
Type of sign
Icon
Icon
Index
Symbol
Table 5. Sign identification of Figure 4
Sign
Object
Same with the sign
Visualization of photos of former President and
Vice President of Indonesia
Visualization of old electronic equipments
Same with the sign
House interior
House interior that are not
durable, dirty, and messy
Photo caption “Interior rumah warga di Kampung Written text in the outside the
UKA. Sebuah televisi, aki untuk sumber listrik,
photo
dan tak lupa foto Presiden Republik Indonesia
8
SBY-Boediono yang belum diganti.” (The house
interior of a resident in UKA village. A television,
battery for power source, and photos of President
of the Republic of Indonesia SBY-Boediono that
has not been replaced.)
Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate the house interior of Papuans. The condition of the
house interior looks very different form the condition of the house interior in most urban areas. This
interior uses materials that are not durable, such as bamboo walls and floor woods. The furniture in
the house looks dirty and messy. This house also still has the old electronic equipment that is not
widely used anymore. Besides that, this house displays photos of former President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono and Vice President Boediono whose term has expired on October 20, 2014. The
backwardness of Papuans in possessing the latest goods can be caused by two reasons, the slow
distribution of goods in Papua and the inability of the Papuans to buy expensive goods. Because,
Papua is a province located in the easternmost region of Indonesia and difficult to reach by other
areas. This is consistent with John Kenneth Galbraith’s explanation that geographical location can be
a major cause of poverty (Susanto, 2006: xxv).
Figure 5. Photo from page 90
Type of sign
Icon
Index
Index
Symbol
Table 6. Sign identification of Figure 5
Sign
Object
Visualization of a woman
Same with the sign
Clothes
Simple and shabby clothes
Sago processing
Sago processing with simple
tools
Photo caption “Sementara pria bekerja ke hutan
Written text in the outside the
rawa, kaum perempuan mengolah sagu.” (While men photo
work in swamp forests, women process sago.)
Overall, this photo of sago processing was taken to illustrate the activities of men and women
in UKA village. The women in this village are described having the routine of sago processing using
their own hands. Sago processing is done with simple tools, such as bamboo and coconut leaves. In
addition, the men in this village are described having a routine to work in swamp forest. The research
conducted by Soedarto explains that people in Papua (formerly Irian Jaya) live in subsistence life
because of their socioeconomic and cultural environment, as well as their human resource capacity are
still very limited (Soeradji, 1998: 333). That research can be said is still relevant to the condition of
Papuan today. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make
this photo has a sale value. As described in National Geographic Photography Field Guide: Travel
(2005: 53), the composition of this photo is included in the category of The rule of thirds.
9
Figure 6. Photo from page 90
Table 7. Sign identification of Figure 6
Type of sign
Sign
Object
Icon
Visualization of cassowary bird
Same with the sign
Index
Eating food
Eating food calmly
Symbol
Written text in the outside the
Photo caption ‘Kasuari dijadikan hewan peliharaan
warga.’ (Cassowary is made into resident’s pet.)
photo
Overall, this photo of cassowary bird was taken to illustrate the life condition of Papuan who
are still very close to nature. In contrast to the condition of residence in the developed region that
overrides the existence of nature, Papua is still filled with simple places to live in the midst of nature,
without changing the natural conditions. Cassowary bird that featured in the photo is also seen eating
food calmly. This bird does not feel disturbed and feel safe as if it was in its natural habitat. However,
the bird is mentioned to be a resident’s pet. In fact, as the Encyclopædia Britannica explains,
cassowary is the most dangerous bird in the world2. This bird has fierce and aggressive nature, and
easy to attack if it feel disturbed. So, cassowary being resident pet can show that knowledge of the
Papuan is relatively low. Judging from the aspect of taking photos, the composition of photo that used
to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69),
the composition of this photo is included in the category of One center of interest and a clean
background.
Figure 7. Photo from page 92-93
Type of sign
Icon
Index
2
Table 8. Sign identification of Figure 7
Sign
Object
Visualization of a man
Same with the sign
Catching fish
Catching fish in a blackish
6 of the world’s most dangerous birds. (n.d.). May 7, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/list/6-of-the-worldsmost-dangerous-birds
10
Index
Symbol
River
Photo caption “Salah satu rutinitas kaum pria
adalah menjaring ikan di sungai. Air sungai dengan
rupa cokelat kehitaman ini bersumber dari rawa.”
(One of the men's routines is catching fish in
the river. The river with this blackish brown water
is came from the swamp.)
brown river
Blackish brown river
Written text in the outside the
photo
Overall, this photo of fish catching was taken to illustrate one of men activities in UKA village.
As mentioned in figure 5 analysis, this activity shows that Papuans are still live in subsistence life.
Besides that, the fish catching is done in the river whose water is blackish brown. The color of this
river water shows that the availability of clean water is still limited in UKA village. National
Development Planning Agency of Republic of Indonesia (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan
Nasional) explained that the inability to fulfill basic needs, such as clean water, is one element of
poverty (Papilaya, 2013: 21). Thus, Papuan are still classified as poor. Judging from the aspect of
taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in
Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the
category of One center of interest and a clean background.
Figure 8. Photo from page 94
Table 9. Sign identification of Figure 8
Sign
Type of
sign
Icon
Index
Visualization of a boy
Taking water
Index
Water source
Symbol
Photo caption “Entong di Kampung UKA menggiring
jeriken air dari sungai melewati papan kayu menuju
rumahnya. Meskipun berair keruh, tak ada pilihan lain
untuk mendapat sumber air.” (Entong in UKA village bring
water jerrycan from the river through a wooden board to his
house. Though the water is turbid, there is no other choice
to get a water source)
Object
Same with the sign
Taking water that is dark
brown and turbid
Water source that came
from the blackish brown
river
Written text in the outside
the photo
11
Overall, this photo of a boy named Entong was taken to illustrate the way the Papuan in UKA
village get water. Entong mentioned forced to take water from the blackish brown river and turbid
because there is no other water source that condition is cleaner. As mentioned in figure 7 analysis, this
activity indicates that the availability of clean water is still limited in UKA village. Judging from the
aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As
described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is
included in the category of One center of interest and a clean background.
Figure 9. Photo from page 95
Table 10. Sign identification of Figure 9
Sign
Type of
sign
Icon
Index
Visualization of a boy
River
Index
Playing on the river
Symbol
Photo caption “Sungai tak hanya menjadi sumber kehidupan
utama bagi warga. Bagi bocah yang mendiami kampung ini,
sungai adalah taman bermain sederhana yang menjadi sumber
kebahagiaan paling berharga.” (The river is not only the main
source of life for the residents. For the boy who lives in this
village, the river is a simple playground that becomes the most
precious source of happiness.)
Object
Same with the sign
The river that
became the main
source of life and the
playground
Playing on the river
as an entertainment
Written text in the
outside the photo
Overall, this photo of a boy was taken to illustrate the situation of children’s play activity in
UKA village. The river that became the main source of life, the main transportation route, the place to
fish, and the water source is also a playground for children in UKA village. This is due to the
entertainment of children in the village is very limited. In addition, the tools that used to play by the
children in the river is very simple, such as nets and leaves. Judging from the aspect of taking photo,
the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital
Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of
One center of interest and a clean background.
12
Figure 10. Photo from page 95
Table 11. Sign identification of Figure 10
Sign
Object
Visualization of elementary school students
Same with the sign
Photo caption “Dengan bangunan sekolah yang seadanya,
Written text in the
anak-anak di Kampung UKA tetap bersemangat menuntut
outside the photo
ilmu. Sekolah Dasar YPK Maranatha adalah lembaga
pendidikan satu-satunya di kampung ini.” (With a simple
school building, children in UKA village still eager to
study. YPK Maranatha Elementary School is the only
educational institution in this village.)
Overall, this photo of classroom was taken to illustrate the educational institution in UKA
village. Classroom filled with students shows that Papuan in UKA village is still aware of the
importance of education. However, in the photo caption mentioned, YPK Maranatha elementary
school in the photo is the only educational institution in UKA village. Besides, this school is in poor
condition. Based on education achievement data in 2015-2016 from Ministry of Education and
Culture of Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan)3, the achievement rate
of junior high school and equivalent in Papua has reached 642.700 and 415.800. Then, the
achievement rate of secondary school education and equivalent has reached 484.300 and 376.900.
Meanwhile, the achievement rate of junior high school and equivalent in DKI Jakarta has reached
1.080.100 and 958.000. Then, the achievement rate of secondary school education and equivalent has
reached 913.600 and 679.100. Thus, many Papuans that still only achieve education up to elementary
school and lag far behind other provinces. In fact, as presented by the Indonesian Team for the
Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Badan Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Republik
Indonesia) and Research Institution SMERU (Badan Penelitian SMERU), the lack of access to
education is one of the poverty problems.
Type of sign
Icon
Symbol
4.1 Commodification of Papuan Poverty in Manusia Rawa Papua Article
According to the authors' interpretation, the photojournalism that examined in this research
contain a hidden message that Papuans are still classified as poor. The authors' interpretation is
reinforced by data from the Indonesian Central Agency on Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik) which
shows that Papua was the poorest province in Indonesia when the Manusia Rawa Papua article was
published. In March 20114, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of poor
population of 3,75% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people
3
Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia (2016, June). Indonesia educational statistics in
brief 2015/2016. May 9, 2017. http://publikasi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/uploadDir/isi_AA46E7FA-90A346D9-BDE6-CA6111248E94_.pdf
4
Indonesian Central Agency on Statistics (2011, December 1). Laporan bulanan data sosial ekonomi edisi 19.
March 24, 2017. https://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/IP_Desember_2011.pdf
13
31,98%. In March 20125, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of the poor at
3,69% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people 31,11
social and humanities
development
PROCEEDINGS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
nd
2 SHIELD 2017
52nd Dies Natalis Unila
Organized by:
Postgraduate Program
and Institute for Research
and Community Services
University of Lampung
Supported by:
ISBN : 978-602- 61299-9- 4
social and humanities
development
PROCEEDINGS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
nd
2 SHIELD 2017
52nd Dies Natalis Unila
Organized by:
Postgraduate Program
and Institute for Research
and Community Services
University of Lampung
Supported by:
Proceeding of International Conference 2nd SHIELD 2017
Bandar Lampung, September 18-20th 2017
Editor:
Warsono, Ph.D
Prof. Dr. Sudjarwo, M.S.
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akib. S.H.M.Hum.
Dr. Ir. Slamet Budi Yuwono, M.S.
Bayu Sujadmiko, Ph.D
Dr. Hasan Hariri
Dr. Vivit Bertoven
Dr. Melya Riniarti
Publisher:
Postgraduate Program University of Lampung
and
Research and Community Service of University of Lampung
2017
Foreword
In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to remarkable gains
in life. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries particularly Asian countries
face inequalities and uneven progress. Even worse, these countries are facing many problems
such as poverty, terrorism, drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex
and multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems. Because
the problems are multidimensional, we need people from cross-disciplinary interests to work
hand in hand with strong commitment, not only to face, but also to change these problems
into opportunities.
Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research and
Community Service of University of Lampung provides a place for academicians,
practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines related to
Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development
(SHIELD) to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular
disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to helping solve the
real-world problems.
The authors of Proceeding of 2nd SHIELD International Conference come from
academicians, practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multidisciplines related to Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and
Sustainable Development.
This conference aims to share information and discuss resent developments and innovations
arising from research in a wide range of disciplines. Through this conference, it is expected
that the research articles can be documented and communicated throughout the countries.
Head of Commite
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akib, S.H., M.Hum.
Welcome Address
Report by the Organizing Committee
Dear
distinguished
participants,
guests
and
In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to
remarkable gains. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries
particularly Asian countries face inequalities and uneven progresses. Even
worse, these countries are facing many problems such as poverty, terrorism,
drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex and
multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems.
Because the problems are multidimensional, we need people from crossdisciplinary interests to work hand in hand with strong commitment, not only
to face but also to change these problems into opportunities.
Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research
and Community Service of University of Lampung holds The 2nd SHIELD
Conference as a place for academicians, practitioners, policy makers,
researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines relating to Social Science
and Humanities, Economic, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development
to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular
disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to
helping solve the real-world problems.
At this second international conference, four keynote speakers from different
disciplines and different countries were invited. Seventy-five authors
initially submitted their abstracts before submitting their full papers, but finally
only 49 full papers were accepted for publications. The authors are academicians,
practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals. This conference
aims to share information and discuss resent developments and innovations
arising from research in a wide range of disciplines. Through this conference,
we hope that the research articles can be documented and communicated
throughout the countries.
I would like to thank you for your participation and look forward to having
productive discussion among participants.
Sincerely yours,
Professor Muhammad Akib
Remarks by the Rector of the University of
Lampung
The Honorable keynote speakers, committees,
participants, ladies and gentlemen,
It gives me a great pleasure to welcome all of you and chair the Opening
Ceremony this morning to the Second SHIELD International Conference,
jointly organized by Postgraduate Program and Institute for Research and
Public Services, the University of Lampung. We’d like to say how grateful we
are to all the keynote speakers who have accepted our invitation. Also, we are
delighted to have all of participants here to participate and share in the Second
SHIELD International Conference.
Along with an increase in the activity of national development and dynamic
development of the international world due to globalization, then it always
be followed by the emergence of complex social, humanity, economics,
education, law and sustainable development issues. Therefore, the University
of Lampung, which has a vision to be the best 10 among public universities
nationwide, a mission to be a world class research university, and as the third
largest state university (outside Java Island) feels compelled to draw up concepts
and provide solutions to the various issues.
In relation to these issues, practically the University of Lampung through its
Postgraduate Program in collaboration with its Institute Research and Public
Services organizes the Second International
Conference with such disciplines as social sciences, humanities, economics,
education, law and sustainable development. This international conference
presents several keynote speakers who come from leading universities in the
world. These activities are held in Lampung, which is one area that has a
nationally important role, because it is the gateway of Sumatera Island and is
strategically located for the development progress.
As the arena for discussion, communication, and enrichment of the knowledge
of participants, this conference is expected to provide a significant contribution
to capturing opportunities for the development of science today. This conference
is intended to function as a forum among the participants from various walks of
life for dissemination of research results in the fields of social sciences,
humanities, economics, education, law and sustainable development. The
participants include practitioners, researchers, academics, students, industrialists
and science observers from various organizations such as industries, stateowned enterprises, research institutions, government agencies, and public and
private universities.
To expand the horizons of thinking for the participants and to share the
experiences of international researches from world experts, this conference
invites four keynote speakers from four countries who will present their main
papers. These speakers are:
1. Prof. Dr. Arief Hidayat, S.H., M.S., Chairman of the
Constitutional Court, Republic of Indonesia
2. Prof. Ryohei Kada from Shijyonawate Gakuen University,
Japan.
3. Dr. Fonny Dameaty H. from University of Malaya, Malaysia.
4. Dr. Jenny H. Panchal from James Cook University, Singapore.
We are honored to have you all the speakers here in this conference, and thank
you for being our keynote speakers in this conference.
Finally, I do hope that this seminar can run well and all participants can
participate actively.
Sincerely yours,
Rector,
Prof. Dr. Hasriadi Mat Akin
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
Tittle and Writer
COMMODIFICATION OF PAPUAN POVERTY IN TOURISM
MAGAZINE
Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi
Page
1-14
PAKSI BENAWANG AT TANGGAMUS :MARRIED RITE,
MARGINALIZED AND LOCAL WISDOM
Bartoven Vivit Nurdin, and Damayanti
16-24
A STUDY OF STUDENTS’ READING MOTIVATION FACTORS IN
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AT THE THIRD GRADE OF A
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN PANGKALPINANG
Erni Yulianti
25-31
THE EFFECT OF THE UNITED STATE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
ON JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA
STOCK EXCHANGE
Hiro Sejati, Erna Listyaningsih and Nur Baiti
32-39
PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN
STUDENTS
Iin Inawati
40-53
PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN
STUDENTS
54-62
Jeni Wulandari, Sam’un Jaja Raharja, Heru Nurasa, Herwan Abdul Muhyi
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIVERSION IN CHILD CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA
Nikmah Rosidah, Chaidir Ali
63-71
MODELS & PATTERNS OF CLIENTELISM IN LAMPUNG LOCAL
ELECTION
72-83
Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Utang Suwaryo, Muradi, R.Widya Setiabudi S
POSITIVE PROTECTION: PROTECTING GENETIC RESOURCES
RELATED TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN INDONESIA
Rohaini, Nenny Dwi Ariani
84-91
vii
THE MODEL OF SMES EMPOWERMENT THROUGH VILLAGE
RULES AS EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF PRIMARY
PRODUCT VILLAGE
Yusnani Hasyimzum, Utia Meylina
THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN LAND
ACQUISITION FOR PUBLIC INTEREST BASED ON LAND
SAVING MODEL REGULATION
92-101
102-111
Ade Arif Firmansyah, Yos Johan Utama and HS. Tisnanta
REPRESENTATION OF SUBJECT’S IDENTITY IN MIXED
MARRIAGE THROUGH CYBERMEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF
“NASIB SAYA KAWIN CAMPUR” AND “NIKAH SAMA LOKAL”
VIDEOS ON SACHA STEVENSON’S YOUTUBE ACCOUNT)
112-120
Alifia Oktrina Fayardi and Eduard Lukman
LEGAL PROTECTION ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS FROM BLOOD
RELATIONS MARRIAGE (INCEST) IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Amnawaty Hamid, Dina Juliana Anwari, Siti Nurhasanah
121-126
REPRESENTATION OF SPEECH POLITENESS CULTURE
THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF HATE
SPEECH INDONESIA NETIZEN TOWARD PRESIDENT JOKOWI IN
CYBERSPACE)
Annisa Nur Muslimah Koswara , Eduard Lukman
127-136
THE POSITION OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE
POSITIVE LAW OF INDONESIA
137-143
Bayu Sujadmiko, Dheka Ermelia Putri and Bismo Jiwo Agung
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN ARMED CONFLICT
ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Desy Churul Aini, Desia Rakhma Banjarani
144-152
THE PREFERENCE OF MULTIPLE REPRESENTATION ON
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT : IDENTIFICATION AND QUALITY
CONSTRUCTED REPRESENTATION
Dewi Lengkana, Fransisca Tapilow, Ana Ratnawulan
153-160
THE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR APPARATUS
THROUGH NEW GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP COOPERATION
IN LAMPUNG TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM PUBLIC SERVICE
Dian Kagungan, Devi Yulianti
161-167
viii
THE EFFECTS OF THE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
ON THE MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE (AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
ON BPR IN BANYUMAS REGENCY, INDONESIA)
Dona Primasari, Abdul Rohman, Fuad
168-178
EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
AND LOYALTY SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT ACEH INDONESIA AS THE WORLD’S BEST AIRPORT
FOR HALAL TRAVELLERS
Dorothy Rouly Haratua Pandjaitan
179-189
THE CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST CRIMINAL ACTS
BEGAL BY CHILD OFFENDERS
Eddy Rifai, Heni Siswanto, M. Farid, Anisa Cahaya Pratiwi
190-201
CHEMICAL CASTRATED SANCTION ON SEXUAL CRIME
CHILDREN REVIEWED FROM LAW AND HEALTH ASPECT
Erna Dewi, Rozi Kodarusman Warganegara
202-207
IN
CHAOS OF FOREST RESOURCE ACCESS REGULATION: STUDY
ON MORO-MORO FARMERS AT REGISTER 45 LAMPUNG
FX. Sumarja
208-215
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOCUS ON FORM AND FOCUS ON
MEANING INSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG
Gede Eka Putrawan, Rafista Deviyanti, Riyan Hidayatullah
216-222
STRENGTHENING MODEL CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT
CRIME SPOLIATION BY THE APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL AND
SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES
Heni Siswanto, Maroni, Fathoni
223-229
LEGAL ASPECT OF THE COOPERATION ON TRIPLE HELIX
MODELS IN MITIGATION ANAK KRAKATAU MOUNTAIN
Heryandi
230-243
WASTE BANK: THE STRATEGY AND COMMUNITY-BASED
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Intan Fitri Meutia
244-249
THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM ON MANAGERIAL
PERFORMANCE : TASK UNCERTAINTY UNCERTAINY TASK AS
MODERATING VARIABLE
Lego Waspodo, Rini Widianingsih, Dona Primasari
250-258
CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION OF KOREAN BEAUTY TREND WITH
HALAL-CERTIFIED LOCAL COSMETICS (ANALYSIS OF
“KOREAN MAKEUP LOOKS” TUTORIAL VIDEOS ON YOUTUBE)
Lidya Agustina, Eduard Lukman
259-266
ix
THE USE OF IMPORTED
INDUSTRY PRODUCTIVITY
Lies Maria Hamzah, Dian Fajarini
INPUT
AND
MANUFACTURING
THE LEGAL POLITICS OF RECALL RIGHT OF POLITICAL PARTIES
RELEVANCE WITH THE SYSTEM OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN
DYNAMICS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDONESIA
267-276
277-287
Malicia Evendia, Armen Yasir, and Yulia Neta
STRENGTHENING THE INTEGRITY OF LOCAL LEADERSHIP
AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE EFFORT TO RUN A DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
288-295
Maulana Mukhlis, Idil Akbar
NONPENAL EFFORT IN ADDRESSING ILLEGAL FISHING IN THE
LAMPUNG PROVINCE
Maya Shafira
296-304
REGULATION OF THE COOPERATION LAW INTER-REGIONAL IN
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE
Muhammad Akib, FX. Sumarja, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Hieronymus
Soerjatisnanta
305-311
HOW FAR IS THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE CONSIDERED IN
THE BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
WORLD WIDE?
Orima Melati Davey, Ahmad Syofyan , Melly Aida
312-322
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: POSSIBILITY OF
IMPLEMENTATION INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO
PROTECT CIVILIAN
Parulian Yusuf S, Rehulina
323 -331
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COORDINATION OF FINANCIAL
SERVICES AUTHORITY AND DEPOSIT INSURANCE AGENCY
(LPS) AND BANK INDONESIA TO THE TROUBLED BANK
Ratna Syamsiar
332-338
TRANSGENDER AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM: A FILM ANALYSIS OF
LOVELY MAN BY TEDDY SOERIAATMADJA
Ria Hasna Shofiyya, Udi Rusadi
339-347
TAX DEBT IN THE BANKRUPTCY DISPUTE: INDUSTRIES BADJA
GARUDA INC. V.S. TAX OFFICE OF MEDAN BELAWAN
Rilda Murniatia ,Richmond Cosmas Tobias
348-359
x
SPREADING OF POOR HOUSEHOLD AROUND WAN ABDUL
RACHMAN FOREST PARK AND MANGROVE FOREST IN
SIDODADI VILLAGE (STUDY IN SIDODADI VILLAGE SUB
DISTRICT OF TELUK PANDAN DISTRICT OF PESAWARAN)
Rizki Bahagia Utama, Rommy Qurniati, Arief Darmawan
360-366
THE
PROTECTION
OF
INDIGENOUS
PEOPLE’S
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: CASE OF KASEPUHAN CIPTAGELAR
Rudi Wijaya, Rudy
367-373
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION THROUGH A SHIFT IN
CROPPING AREA ONTO THE UPPER STREAM REGION:
MEASURING COFFEE BEANS RESPONSE IN PHYSICAL QUALITY
Samsul Bakri, Agus Setiawan, Ida Nurhaida
374-383
MARINE POLLUTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE
AND SETTLEMENT DISPUTES
Siti Azizah, Safira Salsabila Annisa Musthofa
384-392
LAW PROBLEM ON THE COASTAL VILLAGE
Siti Khoiriah, Rudi Wijaya
393-397
EFFECT OF SELF EFFICIENCY AND TRAINING TO CAREER
DEVELOPMENT IN TEACHER STUDENTS IN THE SUBJECT OF
BEKASI CITY
Suherman, Dede Hamdani, Romlie Ardie
398-402
THE ROLE OF CREATING SHARED VALUE (CSV) TO ENFORCE
SOCIAL WELFARE FOR STAKEHOLDER
Sunaryo; I Ketut Dharma, Putra Yoga
403-411
DRAMATURGY STUDY ON COMMUNICATIONS BY GAY IN
BANDAR LAMPUNG
Toni Wijaya
412-418
THE ETHNIC IMMIGRANT LIVING IN SIDOWALUYO VILLAGE,
SIDOMULYO SUBDISTRICT, SOUTH LAMPUNG DISTRICT
Trisnaningsih, Buchori Asyik, Sudjarwo
419-426
THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (FSA)
FUNCTION IN THE SUPERVISION OF THE GOOD CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
(GCG)
IMPLEMENTATION
FOR
BANKING
INSTITUTIONS IN INDONESIA
Yulia Hesti, Nenny Dwi Ariani
427-435
THE INFLUENCE OF SEGMENTING STRATEGY AND BRAND
POSITIONING STRATEGY ON CONSUMER PURCHASING
DECISION (STUDY AT SMARTPHONE SAMSUNG IN INDONESIA)
Annisa Nurawalia, Faila Shofa
436-448
xi
RESOLUTION MODEL ON HORIZONTAL VIOLENCE CONFLICTS
IN LOCAL MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES IN LAMPUNG
PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Hartoyo, Abdul Syani
449-455
LIVELIHOODS ASSETS CHANGES OF COMMUNITY FOREST
FARMERS ON PROTECTION FOREST
Hari Kaskoyo, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Christine Wulandari, Rommy Qurniati,
Irwan Sukri Banuwa
456-465
MAPPING THE INDIGENOUS CONFLICT OF INDONESIA: 1945-2017
Budiyono, Meylina U.
466-474
IMPLEMENTATION OF SYARI’AH ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES ON
THE MANAGAEMENT OF SYARI’AH MUTUAL FUND
IN INDONESIA
Nunung Rodliyah, Risti Dwi Ramasari
475- 482
1
Commodification of Papuan Poverty in Tourism Magazine
Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi
Faculty of Social Scirnce and Political Science, University of Lampung
amadea.dwi@alumni.ui.ac.id
Abstract
Tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand with text,
which shaped all forms of language including words and pictures. They are usually equipped with
beautiful photojournalism to attract tourists. However, in contrast to their articles in general, there is
an article featuring depressing photographs of Papuans who are perfunctory below the poverty line.
This research is conducted to analyze the discourse of photojournalism in Manusia Rawa Papua
article on National Geographic Traveler Indonesia magazine. The research was done by doing text
analysis using Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics theory. Based on the signs from the semiotics
perspective, the result of this study shows a hidden message that Papuans are still classified as poor.
This pathetic condition is then used as a commodification to attract the attention of magazine readers,
who come from the upper middle class.
Keywords: commodification, photojournalism, semiotics, tourism magazine;
1.
Introduction
Tourism plays an important role in the economic sector. The increase of visit numbers will
increase the profit for some types of business in the tourism industry and the employment
opportunities in tourist destinations (Wahab, 1997: 13). However, there are three stimuli that usually
affect these tourists’ decision to travel; one of them is symbolic stimulus. Symbolic stimulus is the
word, sentence, and image that the travel industry propagates for media promotion, such as
newspapers, general magazines, and tourism magazines (Ross, 1998: 69). The existence of a symbolic
stimulus that can influence the tourists’ visit impacts the media industry; whose stakeholders are
competing each other to feature interesting photojournalism.
Basically, tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand
by text. Peter Garrett and Allan Bell in their book, Approaches to Media Discourse, mentioned that
texts are all forms of language, including words, speech, music, images, sound effects, and imagery
(1998: 3). But, as a promotion media of tourist destinations, tourism magazines would require
photojournalism in order to describe the destination’s condition more clearly to the readers.
However, tourism magazines do not always featuring beautiful photojournalism. One of the
proofs can be seen in the article Manusia Rawa Papua in National Geographic Traveler Indonesia
volume 7 number 7, which was published in July 2015. Contrast to other articles in the same
magazine or other tourism magazines, this article shows the depressing photographs of Papuans who
are perfunctory under the poverty line. From this article, it is safe to see that communities in Udagaga,
Kayobiro, and Adona (UKA) village in Papua fulfill their daily necessities from local in their village.
Yet the fact that the article Manusia Rawa Papua became Editor’s Choice article in National
Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7 makes it more interesting.
National Geographic Traveler Indonesia is a reference for Indonesian readers who like to
travel, both inside and outside the country. The majority of its readers are groups of men and women
aged 20-35 years with Socioeconomic Status (SES) A+, A, and B and work as employees or
employers1. This reader group indicates that National Geographic Traveler Indonesia is a magazine
1
Pasang Iklan Majalah National Geographic Traveler. (n.d.). August 21, 2017.
https://pusatpemasanganiklan.com/majalah/76-national-geographic-traveler
2
that consumed by upper middle class. This fact is also reinforced by the high rate of advertising on
National Geographic Traveler Indonesia as can be seen in the following table.
Table 1. Rate card of National Geographic Traveler Indonesia 2015
Source: http://www.gramediamajalah.com/ratecard/print/6/national-geographic-travel
Media content actually does not reflect events perfectly. It is a representation of a world that
has been selected and translated by the media. It is very likely to be used as commodities in
commodification practice (Mosco, 2009: 133). Based on this statement, Papuan poverty reflection that
is featured in article Manusia Rawa Papua is then suspected of being deliberately commodified in
commodification practice. Therefore, the research question that will be discussed in this research is
“How the commodification process of poverty occurs in photojournalism in article Manusia Rawa
Papua, based on Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics analysis method?”. Regarding this research
question, the purpose of this research is to analyze the commodification process of poverty in article
Manusia Rawa Papua based on the study of meaning of icon, index, and symbol.
Prior to this research, the author have found some previous research on photojournalism
studying both non-tourism and tourism magazine, and the commodification of poverty in the mass
media. One research that discusses photojournalism is a research entitled “Problems in
Photojournalism: realism, the nature of news, and the humanitarian narrative” by John Taylor in 2010.
Through this research, Taylor raised three problems that often arise related to the importance of
photojournalism in the daily press. The first problem concerns to the compromised nature of
photography as a foundation for authentic eye-witness reports. The second problem derives from the
poor states of the newspaper industry as a reliable source of public record. Then, the third problem
relates to how effective hard-hitting documentary record might be, given that readers are supposed to
be quickly bored by images of suffering, unknown strangers. The result suggests that photography is
not present as a medium that offers meaning in a transparent way. Then, it also suggests that
depressing photos are allowed in the press, as long as it can lead readers to the truth and provide
positive knowledges.
Another research that discusses photojournalism in tourism magazine is a research entitled
“Analisis Foto Jurnalistik Majalah Travel Xpose (Studi Analisis Semiotika Mengenai Foto Wisata
Indonesia dalam Rubrik Domestik Majalah Travel Xpose)” by Dawam Syukron in 2013. This
research is conducted to gain the meaning of photojournalism in Travel Xpose magazine. The
meaning includes denotation, connotation, and mythology and ideology based on Roland Barthes’
theory. The research was conducted by qualitative approach using semiotics analysis method. The
result showed that photos, whether that records incidental events or planned and factually based on
the field, had a hidden meaning behind them. The photos are shown to attract public sympathy.
Meanwhile, the research that discuss commodification in mass media can be seen from a
research entitled “Komodifikasi Kemiskinan dalam Acara Televisi (Analisis Semiotika John Fiske
Mengenai Komodifikasi Kemiskinan dalam Acara “Orang Pinggiran” yang Ditayangkan di Trans 7)”
by Anis Haifa K. Nisa in 2014. This research raised the poverty that became a media product and a
popular show to attract the attention of the audience or advertisers. The purpose is to determine the
process of commodification poverty that occurred in the show Orang Pinggiran. The research was
conducted with qualitative approach using John Fiske’s semiotics analysis method, with level of
reality, representation, and ideology. The result showed that at the level of reality, the signs of poverty
are clearly displayed through the shabby clothes, the expression of sadness, and the house that is not
3
feasible. At the level of representation, editing techniques can make the show more dramatic and
moving. At the ideological level, it is clear that this show has a close relationship with capitalist
ideology. Poverty is seen as a high-value commodity. Then, the characteristics of audience that tend
to accept what they see without seeing what happens behind the text are exploited by the capitalist by
designing a product that has the greatest potential to profit as much as possible using the smallest
capital.
Based on the aforementioned research studies, the author have not found a study that focuses on
researching the commodification of poverty in tourism magazine using photo semiotics analysis
method. Thus, the result of this research are expected to complement some previous research on
commodification, semiotics, or photojournalism in tourism magazines.
1.1 Commodification
Vincent Mosco, in his book entitled The Political Economy of Communication, wrote that
commodification is the process of transforming use values into exchange values. Based on Adam
Smith’s explanation, the use values and exchange values are two values that can distinguish a product.
The use values come from human satisfaction of a particular want or need, while the exchange values
is based on what the product produces in exchange (2009: 129). More specifically, Mosco defines
commodification as the process of transforming goods and services, including communication, which
are valued for what they will bring in the marketplace. Meanwhile, commodities are a form of
production that is regulated through the exchange process. Commodities are a special form of product
when their production is organized through the exchange process (2009: 156).
Communication is mentioned as a potential arena as a place of commodification. Speaking of
communication, Mosco discloses three types of commodification that are important for
communication. The first type is commodification of content. This commodity is at the center of the
study of the political economy of media and communications. This commodity occurs when the
message or content of the communication is treated as a commodity. The second type is the
commodification of audiences. In this commodification, the political economy puts some attention on
the audience, especially in an attempt to understand the general practice in the way advertisers pay for
the size and quality (the trend for consumption) of audiences, magazines, websites, radio, or television
programs. The third type is the commodification of labor. Communications workers who are also
commodified as wage labor have grown significantly in the media job market (Mosco, 2009: 133141).
1.2 Market-Driven Journalism
John H. McManus, in explaining market-driven journalism, reveals that market advantage
should apply very well to commercially produced journalistic products. The journalistic product can
trade on four different types of markets at the same time. It starts from the market for audiences,
where media companies can sell a certain number of newspapers or parts of television viewing. Then,
the stock market, where the company's shares can be bought and sold. Furthermore, the advertising
market, where companies can sell the attention of audiences. Not to be missed, a market for resources,
where companies trade valuable information. However, market-based journalism can work well if
trading with three types of markets, with stock markets, with raw product suppliers, and with
consumers. The journalistic product can be a commodity of the media company if each market is
operating well (1994: 5).
1.3 Photojournalism
According to Edwin Emery Slosson, a well-known journalist from United States,
photojournalism has a function like words. It serves to inform, persuade, and entertain media
consumers. The effectiveness of the use of photojournalism depends largely on how the photograph
was taken by a photographer and precisely placed and combined by the editors in the mass media.
Moreover, in the technique of placement and arrangement of photographs or images, each media has
different characteristics. Sometimes, beauty is not the main consideration that determines whether or
not a photo is loaded in the mass media. Meaning and story can also be a decisive consideration of
whether or not a photo is published in the mass media (Muhtadi, 1999: 102-103).
4
2.
Representation
In his book, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, Stuart Hall
mentioned that representation is the production of the meaning of concepts in the mind through
language. Representation connects concepts and languages that allow humans to refer to things,
people, or events in both the real world and the fictional world. According to Hall, representation
arises because of the principle of similarity and difference to build relationships between concepts or
differentiate them from one another. In order to successfully elicit representation, humans need a
common conceptual map. However, the conceptual map also needs to be translated into a common
language so that people can connect concepts and ideas with some written words, spoken voices, and
meaningful visual images called “signs” (1997: 17-18).
2.1 Charles Sanders Peirce’s Semiotics Theory
Something can be called as a sign if it represents something. Charles Sanders Peirce explained,
semiotics depart from three main elements called triangle meaning theory. This theory consists of
sign, object, and interpretant (Kriyantono, 2006: 263). The object is something referencend by a sign.
Then, interpretation is a sign that is in someone’s mind about the object being referred to a sign
(Sobur, 2012: 115). These signs are identified by Peirce into 66 different types of signs. Three of them
commonly used for studying semiotics are: (1) icon, this sign is designed to represent a reference
source through a form of replication, simulation, imitation, or equation, (2) index, this sign
representing a reference source by pointing to it (explicitly or implicitly) with other reference sources,
(3) symbols, this sign representing the object by agreement in a specific context (Danesi, 2012: 33).
3.
Research Methods
This research applies qualitative research. There are three methods that can be used in
qualitative research (Baxter, 2004: 348). One of them is social text analysis. Something can be called
a social text, as long as it contains symbols and meanings: varies from conversations at home or at
work, to photos and movies. Baxter mentioned that the semiotics approach is included in social text
analysis (2004: 353).
The source of research data was collected from Manusia Rawa Papua article in National
Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7, published by Kompas Gramedia in July 2015.
The ten pages-article consists of written text and ten photos. The primary data used are the ten photos
that featured in the article. But, this research does not ignore the written text to see the photo context.
Literature review was also conducted to find out the larger content about poverty in Papua.
After collecting the data, the research continued by identifying the signs of poverty
commodification contained in the photo by analyzing the type of signs according to Peirce’s semiotic
analysis perspective. All of the photos that featured were analysed one by one by considering three
types of signs. Then, the research continued with the overall interpretation of the poverty
commodification in Manusia Rawa Papua article. The final step is to draw the conclusion of the
interpretation of the signs that has been identified previously and to give criticism of the results that
have been obtained.
4.
Results and Concluding Discussion
The analysis was conducted on ten photos that featured in Manusia Rawa Papua article using
Peirce’s semiotics theory. Here are the results of analysis that has been done by the author.
5
Figure 1. Photo from page 86-87
Type of sign
Icon
Index
Table 2. Sign identification of Figure 1
Sign
Visualization of two Papuans
Clothes
Index
Rowing boat
Symbol
The title of the article “Manusia Rawa di Tanah
Papua” (Human swamp in the land of Papua)
Photo caption “Menggunakan perahu
sederhana, penduduk setempat ini baru kembali
dari hutan rawa tempat mereka beraktivitas.
Sungai adalah nadi transportasi utama bagi
warga.” (Using a simple boat, these locals have
just returned from the swamp forest where they
do their activity. River is the main transportation
route for the residents.)
Symbol
Object
Same with the sign
Simple and shabby
clothes
Rowing boat that small
and simple in poor
condition
Written text in the
middle of the photo
Written text in the lower
left corner of the photo
Overall, this photo of two Papuans was taken to illustrate the daily life of the people living in
Papua. The Papuan are depicted as if very primitive with the writing of ‘manusia rawa’ (human
swamp). In the photograph, the two Papuans are seen wearing clothes that simple and shabby. In
addition, they are seen rowing small simple boat in poor condition to travel from one place to another.
Indonesian Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Badan Koordinasi Penanggulangan
Kemiskinan Republik Indonesia) and Research Institution SMERU (Badan Penelitian SMERU)
explained that two examples of poverty problems are the inability to meet basic consumption needs,
such as clothes, and lack of access to other basic living needs, such as transportation (Susanto, 2006:
35). This shows that the Papuan still have poverty problems. Judging from the aspect of taking photo,
the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital
Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of
One center of interest and a clean background.
6
Figure 2. Photo from page 88
Type of sign
Icon
Index
Symbol
Table 3. Sign identification of Figure 2
Sign
Object
Visualization of male workers in port
Same with the sign
Loading and unloading cargo
Loading and unloading cargo
with hands and a small wooden
board
Photo caption “Suasana aktivitas di Pelabuhan
Written text in the outside the
Teminabuan, Ibukota Kabupaten Sorong Selatan. photo
Pelabuhan ini menjadi titik awal perjalanan
panjang menuju Kampung Udagaga, Kayobiro,
dan Adona (UKA).” (Activity atmosphere at
Teminabuan Port, in the capital of South Sorong
Regency. This port became the starting point of a
long journey to Udagaga, Kayobiro, and Adona
(UKA) village.)
Overall, this photo of the harbour was taken to illustrate the profession of Papuan that living
around Teminabuan Port. The Papuan is shown earning money by doing lower class jobs, such as
being a longboat driver or unskilled laborers. Besides that, the activity of loading and unloading cargo
seen in the photograph relies solely on hands and a small wooden board. This activity will certainly
take a long time if done without the help of high-tech tools. Corruption Eradication Commission
(Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) explained that one of the characteristics of the poor is not having the
ability to conduct productive business activities (Papilaya, 2013: 21). Thus, the Papuan are still
classified as poor. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to
make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 72), the
composition of this photo is included in the category of Leading lines.
Figure 3. Photo from page 89
7
Type of sign
Icon
Icon
Icon
Index
Table 4. Sign identification of Figure 3
Sign
Visualization of a child
Visualization of houses on stilts
Visualization of bridge
Crossing the bridge
Symbol
Object
Same with the sign
Same with the sign
Same with the sign
Walking across the bridge
without fear of falling
Written text in the outside
the photo
Photo caption “Mentari menghangatkan Kampung
UKA pagi itu. Di kampung ini, arah bangunan rumah
menghadap ke sungai. Semua aktivitas dilakukan di
atas rumah panggung dan jembatan yang
menghubungkan satu rumah ke rumah lainnya.” (The
sun warmed up UKA village that morning. In this
village, the direction of the house building faces the
river. All activities are carried out on stilts and bridges
that connect one house to another.)
Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate neighbourhood residents in UKA village. Residents
live in houses on stilts whose condition looks easily damaged. The materials that used for the walls
and roofs of these houses appear to have inferior quality compared to most urban houses. Besides that,
residents have to cross the bridge that conditions is also fragile to move from one house to another.
The bridge is made using small woods that are unable to withstand heavy loads. However, a child that
featured in the photo is not afraid to cross the bridge without adult supervision. The photo shows that
situation like that is commonly experienced by children in UKA village. Judging from the aspect of
taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in
Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the
category of One center of interest and a clean background.
.
Figure 4. Photo from page 90
Type of sign
Icon
Icon
Index
Symbol
Table 5. Sign identification of Figure 4
Sign
Object
Same with the sign
Visualization of photos of former President and
Vice President of Indonesia
Visualization of old electronic equipments
Same with the sign
House interior
House interior that are not
durable, dirty, and messy
Photo caption “Interior rumah warga di Kampung Written text in the outside the
UKA. Sebuah televisi, aki untuk sumber listrik,
photo
dan tak lupa foto Presiden Republik Indonesia
8
SBY-Boediono yang belum diganti.” (The house
interior of a resident in UKA village. A television,
battery for power source, and photos of President
of the Republic of Indonesia SBY-Boediono that
has not been replaced.)
Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate the house interior of Papuans. The condition of the
house interior looks very different form the condition of the house interior in most urban areas. This
interior uses materials that are not durable, such as bamboo walls and floor woods. The furniture in
the house looks dirty and messy. This house also still has the old electronic equipment that is not
widely used anymore. Besides that, this house displays photos of former President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono and Vice President Boediono whose term has expired on October 20, 2014. The
backwardness of Papuans in possessing the latest goods can be caused by two reasons, the slow
distribution of goods in Papua and the inability of the Papuans to buy expensive goods. Because,
Papua is a province located in the easternmost region of Indonesia and difficult to reach by other
areas. This is consistent with John Kenneth Galbraith’s explanation that geographical location can be
a major cause of poverty (Susanto, 2006: xxv).
Figure 5. Photo from page 90
Type of sign
Icon
Index
Index
Symbol
Table 6. Sign identification of Figure 5
Sign
Object
Visualization of a woman
Same with the sign
Clothes
Simple and shabby clothes
Sago processing
Sago processing with simple
tools
Photo caption “Sementara pria bekerja ke hutan
Written text in the outside the
rawa, kaum perempuan mengolah sagu.” (While men photo
work in swamp forests, women process sago.)
Overall, this photo of sago processing was taken to illustrate the activities of men and women
in UKA village. The women in this village are described having the routine of sago processing using
their own hands. Sago processing is done with simple tools, such as bamboo and coconut leaves. In
addition, the men in this village are described having a routine to work in swamp forest. The research
conducted by Soedarto explains that people in Papua (formerly Irian Jaya) live in subsistence life
because of their socioeconomic and cultural environment, as well as their human resource capacity are
still very limited (Soeradji, 1998: 333). That research can be said is still relevant to the condition of
Papuan today. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make
this photo has a sale value. As described in National Geographic Photography Field Guide: Travel
(2005: 53), the composition of this photo is included in the category of The rule of thirds.
9
Figure 6. Photo from page 90
Table 7. Sign identification of Figure 6
Type of sign
Sign
Object
Icon
Visualization of cassowary bird
Same with the sign
Index
Eating food
Eating food calmly
Symbol
Written text in the outside the
Photo caption ‘Kasuari dijadikan hewan peliharaan
warga.’ (Cassowary is made into resident’s pet.)
photo
Overall, this photo of cassowary bird was taken to illustrate the life condition of Papuan who
are still very close to nature. In contrast to the condition of residence in the developed region that
overrides the existence of nature, Papua is still filled with simple places to live in the midst of nature,
without changing the natural conditions. Cassowary bird that featured in the photo is also seen eating
food calmly. This bird does not feel disturbed and feel safe as if it was in its natural habitat. However,
the bird is mentioned to be a resident’s pet. In fact, as the Encyclopædia Britannica explains,
cassowary is the most dangerous bird in the world2. This bird has fierce and aggressive nature, and
easy to attack if it feel disturbed. So, cassowary being resident pet can show that knowledge of the
Papuan is relatively low. Judging from the aspect of taking photos, the composition of photo that used
to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69),
the composition of this photo is included in the category of One center of interest and a clean
background.
Figure 7. Photo from page 92-93
Type of sign
Icon
Index
2
Table 8. Sign identification of Figure 7
Sign
Object
Visualization of a man
Same with the sign
Catching fish
Catching fish in a blackish
6 of the world’s most dangerous birds. (n.d.). May 7, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/list/6-of-the-worldsmost-dangerous-birds
10
Index
Symbol
River
Photo caption “Salah satu rutinitas kaum pria
adalah menjaring ikan di sungai. Air sungai dengan
rupa cokelat kehitaman ini bersumber dari rawa.”
(One of the men's routines is catching fish in
the river. The river with this blackish brown water
is came from the swamp.)
brown river
Blackish brown river
Written text in the outside the
photo
Overall, this photo of fish catching was taken to illustrate one of men activities in UKA village.
As mentioned in figure 5 analysis, this activity shows that Papuans are still live in subsistence life.
Besides that, the fish catching is done in the river whose water is blackish brown. The color of this
river water shows that the availability of clean water is still limited in UKA village. National
Development Planning Agency of Republic of Indonesia (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan
Nasional) explained that the inability to fulfill basic needs, such as clean water, is one element of
poverty (Papilaya, 2013: 21). Thus, Papuan are still classified as poor. Judging from the aspect of
taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in
Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the
category of One center of interest and a clean background.
Figure 8. Photo from page 94
Table 9. Sign identification of Figure 8
Sign
Type of
sign
Icon
Index
Visualization of a boy
Taking water
Index
Water source
Symbol
Photo caption “Entong di Kampung UKA menggiring
jeriken air dari sungai melewati papan kayu menuju
rumahnya. Meskipun berair keruh, tak ada pilihan lain
untuk mendapat sumber air.” (Entong in UKA village bring
water jerrycan from the river through a wooden board to his
house. Though the water is turbid, there is no other choice
to get a water source)
Object
Same with the sign
Taking water that is dark
brown and turbid
Water source that came
from the blackish brown
river
Written text in the outside
the photo
11
Overall, this photo of a boy named Entong was taken to illustrate the way the Papuan in UKA
village get water. Entong mentioned forced to take water from the blackish brown river and turbid
because there is no other water source that condition is cleaner. As mentioned in figure 7 analysis, this
activity indicates that the availability of clean water is still limited in UKA village. Judging from the
aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As
described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is
included in the category of One center of interest and a clean background.
Figure 9. Photo from page 95
Table 10. Sign identification of Figure 9
Sign
Type of
sign
Icon
Index
Visualization of a boy
River
Index
Playing on the river
Symbol
Photo caption “Sungai tak hanya menjadi sumber kehidupan
utama bagi warga. Bagi bocah yang mendiami kampung ini,
sungai adalah taman bermain sederhana yang menjadi sumber
kebahagiaan paling berharga.” (The river is not only the main
source of life for the residents. For the boy who lives in this
village, the river is a simple playground that becomes the most
precious source of happiness.)
Object
Same with the sign
The river that
became the main
source of life and the
playground
Playing on the river
as an entertainment
Written text in the
outside the photo
Overall, this photo of a boy was taken to illustrate the situation of children’s play activity in
UKA village. The river that became the main source of life, the main transportation route, the place to
fish, and the water source is also a playground for children in UKA village. This is due to the
entertainment of children in the village is very limited. In addition, the tools that used to play by the
children in the river is very simple, such as nets and leaves. Judging from the aspect of taking photo,
the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital
Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of
One center of interest and a clean background.
12
Figure 10. Photo from page 95
Table 11. Sign identification of Figure 10
Sign
Object
Visualization of elementary school students
Same with the sign
Photo caption “Dengan bangunan sekolah yang seadanya,
Written text in the
anak-anak di Kampung UKA tetap bersemangat menuntut
outside the photo
ilmu. Sekolah Dasar YPK Maranatha adalah lembaga
pendidikan satu-satunya di kampung ini.” (With a simple
school building, children in UKA village still eager to
study. YPK Maranatha Elementary School is the only
educational institution in this village.)
Overall, this photo of classroom was taken to illustrate the educational institution in UKA
village. Classroom filled with students shows that Papuan in UKA village is still aware of the
importance of education. However, in the photo caption mentioned, YPK Maranatha elementary
school in the photo is the only educational institution in UKA village. Besides, this school is in poor
condition. Based on education achievement data in 2015-2016 from Ministry of Education and
Culture of Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan)3, the achievement rate
of junior high school and equivalent in Papua has reached 642.700 and 415.800. Then, the
achievement rate of secondary school education and equivalent has reached 484.300 and 376.900.
Meanwhile, the achievement rate of junior high school and equivalent in DKI Jakarta has reached
1.080.100 and 958.000. Then, the achievement rate of secondary school education and equivalent has
reached 913.600 and 679.100. Thus, many Papuans that still only achieve education up to elementary
school and lag far behind other provinces. In fact, as presented by the Indonesian Team for the
Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Badan Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Republik
Indonesia) and Research Institution SMERU (Badan Penelitian SMERU), the lack of access to
education is one of the poverty problems.
Type of sign
Icon
Symbol
4.1 Commodification of Papuan Poverty in Manusia Rawa Papua Article
According to the authors' interpretation, the photojournalism that examined in this research
contain a hidden message that Papuans are still classified as poor. The authors' interpretation is
reinforced by data from the Indonesian Central Agency on Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik) which
shows that Papua was the poorest province in Indonesia when the Manusia Rawa Papua article was
published. In March 20114, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of poor
population of 3,75% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people
3
Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia (2016, June). Indonesia educational statistics in
brief 2015/2016. May 9, 2017. http://publikasi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/uploadDir/isi_AA46E7FA-90A346D9-BDE6-CA6111248E94_.pdf
4
Indonesian Central Agency on Statistics (2011, December 1). Laporan bulanan data sosial ekonomi edisi 19.
March 24, 2017. https://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/IP_Desember_2011.pdf
13
31,98%. In March 20125, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of the poor at
3,69% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people 31,11