COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SURAKARTA Communication Strategies Used By The Eighth Grade Students Of SMP N 1 Surakarta In Developing Speaking Skill.
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY THE EIGHTH
GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SURAKARTA
IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILL
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in Department of English Education
by
OKTAVIA HERAWATI
A320110082
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2015
i
APPROVAL
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY THE EIGHTH GRADE
STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SURAKARTA IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING
SKILL
RESEARCH PAPER
Proposed by:
OKTAVIA HERAWATI
43201 10082
to Examined by:
First Consultant
Second Consultan
6wMauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D.
NIK.
727
Arvati brr."tr**i6i. M. Pd.
ACCEPTANCE
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY THE EIGHTH GRADE
STUDENTS OF'SMP N 1 SURAKARTA IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING
SKILL
by
OKTAVIA HBRAWATI
A 320 110 082
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarla
in2015
Team of Examiners:
\I,D
1.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D.
(Chair Person)
2.
Aryati Prasetyarini, M.Pd.
u[t%0^*t
(
-,
(Secretary)
a
J.
Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum.
(Member)
Joko Pravit
8199303001
llI
dffifrry,
N[J--
Vj+)
TESTIMONY
Hereby, the researcher testifies that in this research, there is no plagiarism
of the previous
studies which have been raised
to get bachelor degree of
a
university. Besides, there is no opinion or masterpiece which has been written or
published by the researcher except those of which the writings are mentioned in
previous study and bibliography.
Accordingly,
if it is later proven that there are untrue
statements in this
testimony, the researcher will be responsible.
Surakarta, February 201 5
Oktavia Herawati
lv
MOTTO
"Dalam hidup kita, cuma satu yang kita punya, yaitu keberanian. Kalau tidak punya
itu, lantas apa harga hidup kita ini?"
(Pramoediya Ananta Toer)
“Laugh your heart out
Dance in the rain
Cherish the moment
Live laugh love forgive & forget
Life's to short to live with regrets.”
(Oprah_World)
“NEVER, NEVER BE AFRAID TO DO WHAT'S RIGHT, ESPECIALLY IF THE
WELL-BEING OF A PERSON IS AT STAKE.”
(MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.)
“Follow your heart, but don’t leave your brain.
Create your paths in reaching your dreams.”
(The Researcher)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is proudly dedicated to:
• Other researchers who conduct research in the same field.
• Her beloved and respected Mom.
• Her beloved and respected Dad.
• Her beloved sister, brother, and niece.
• Her beloved big family.
• Her beloved friends.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim
Assalamu’alaikum Warrahmatullahi Wabbarakatuh
AlhamdulillahiRobbil’aalamiin, all praise being to Allah SWT, Lord of the
world, the Most Merciful, the Most Beneficent, who blesses the researcher so that
she can finally accomplish writing this research as a partial fulfilment of the
requirements for getting Bachelor Degree of Education in Department of English
Education at Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Praise to the greatest
Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his companions, and his followers. Amin.
In addition, the researcher would like to say her gratitude to everyone who
has given their advice, help, and support in accomplishing this research. Thus, the
researcher would like to express her great gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Purnomo, M. Hum., the Dean of School of
Teacher Training and Education of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., the Head of Department of English
Education and as her first consultant who has given guidance, advice, help,
and information patiently during the arrangement of this research and
during the study,
3. Aryati Prasetyarini, M. Pd. as the second consultant, who has given
help, advice, correction, and guidance in accomplishing this research,
vii
4. All the lectures in the Department of English Education who have
helped and guided for all of their beneficial knowledge that has taught to
the researcher.
5. Her dearest parents, beloved mother Sunarningsih and beloved father
Nyomo Handoko, thanks for the tremendous love, continuous prayer,
support, sacrifices, and strength for her life. She will never be able to pay
for the entire thing that they give to her. Thanks dad and mom.
6. Her lovely sister, Aristi Febriani and her beloved brother, Okto Wahyu
Sejati that always force him to graduate earlier. Thank you guys so much.
7. Her lovely niece who always gives her spirit to finish this research,
Falisha Affet Nourasyifa Sejati, thanks my baby!
8. Her wonderful friends, Mb Irina Balerina, Mb Erna, Alvi, Mb Iyut who
always give the joy and laughter when she is falling down, best regards for
all the memory they have given.
9. Her beloved friends in the big family of Cross-Cultural Club (CCC),
LPM CAMPUS, Muhammadiyah University English Course (MUEC),
and English eDucation Students Organization (EDSO).
10. Her friends of PPL 2014 in SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta.
11. All the people who cannot be mentioned one by one for their support to
the researcher for completing this research paper.
viii
Finally, the researcher realizes that the research paper is still far from
being perfect and still needs many improvements. However, the researcher hopes
this research will be useful for readers.
Wa s s al amu' al aikum War r ahm at ul I ah i Wab b ar aka t uh
The Researc
lX
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE ........................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ................................................................................................. ii
ACCEPTANCE ............................................................................................ iii
TESTIMONIAL ............................................................................................iv
MOTTO ........................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION .............................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ x
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ........................................... 1
B. Limitation of the Study ..............................................4
C. Problem Statement .................................................... 4
D. Objectives of the Research ........................................ 5
E. Significances of the Study …..................................... 5
F. Research Paper Organization ……………………….6
CHAPTER II:
UNDERLYING THEORY
A. Previous Study ........................................................... 8
B. Review of Related Literature .....................................11
1.
Speaking Skill ……….........................................11
1.1. Notion of Speaking ………………...….... 11
1.2. Effective Speaking …………………….... 13
x
1.3. The Component of Speaking …………….14
1.4. Activities of Teaching Speaking …………14
2.
Communication Strategies ................................. 18
2.1. Notion of Communication Strategies …... 18
2.2. The Component of Communication
Strategies ……………………………….. 19
2.3. The Taxonomy of Communication
Strategies ……………………………….. 20
C. Theoretical Framework ........................................... 28
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Research ................................................. 30
B. Subject of the Research.............................................. 31
C. Object of the Research …………………………….. 31
D. Data and Data Source ................................................ 31
E. Method of Collecting Data ........................................ 32
F. Credibility of the Data............................................... 33
G. Technique of Analyzing Data ....................................34
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Findings ..................................................... 36
1. The Type of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ………...…………….............. 36
2. The Dominant Type of Communication
Strategies Used by Students ............................... 48
xi
3. The Function of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ……………………………… 51
B. Discussion of the Findings......................................... 61
1. The Type of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ………...…………….............. 61
2. The Dominant Type of Communication
Strategies Used by Students ............................... 65
3. The Function of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ……………………………… 67
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ................................................................. 73
B. Pedagogical Implementation ……………………..... 75
C. Suggestion ................................................................. 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xii
ABSTRACT
Oktavia Herawati. NIM: A 320111082. COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
USED BY TH EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SURAKARTA
IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILL. Research Paper. Teacher Training
and Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2015.
This research aims at identifying the type, the dominant type of
communication strategies used by the eighth grade students of SMP N 1
Surakarta, and their function in developing speaking skill in the conversation. The
data are the transcript of conversations which are made by the respondent in a
speaking class. The data are taken by the researcher through observation, and
recorded using tape recorder. They are analyzed by Tarone’s theory of
communication strategies. Triangulation is used to make credibility of the data.
The researcher uses inter-rater reliability to establish the credibility of findings
from an analysis. The findings of the research are: (1) the respondents use all the
type of communication strategies, namely: a) topic avoidance, b) message
abandonment, c) paraphrase, d) coinage, e) native language switching, f) miming
and g) appeal for assistance, (2) the dominant type of communication strategies
used by the respondents is native language switching with the percentage 35.
29%, and (3) the function of communication strategies type is to develop speaking
skill through reaching communicative competence by using five types of
communication strategies, namely: a) paraphrase, b) coinage, c) native language
switching, d) miming and e) appeal for assistance.
Keywords: communication strategies, communicative competence,
speaking skill
xiii
GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SURAKARTA
IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILL
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in Department of English Education
by
OKTAVIA HERAWATI
A320110082
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2015
i
APPROVAL
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY THE EIGHTH GRADE
STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SURAKARTA IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING
SKILL
RESEARCH PAPER
Proposed by:
OKTAVIA HERAWATI
43201 10082
to Examined by:
First Consultant
Second Consultan
6wMauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D.
NIK.
727
Arvati brr."tr**i6i. M. Pd.
ACCEPTANCE
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY THE EIGHTH GRADE
STUDENTS OF'SMP N 1 SURAKARTA IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING
SKILL
by
OKTAVIA HBRAWATI
A 320 110 082
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarla
in2015
Team of Examiners:
\I,D
1.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D.
(Chair Person)
2.
Aryati Prasetyarini, M.Pd.
u[t%0^*t
(
-,
(Secretary)
a
J.
Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum.
(Member)
Joko Pravit
8199303001
llI
dffifrry,
N[J--
Vj+)
TESTIMONY
Hereby, the researcher testifies that in this research, there is no plagiarism
of the previous
studies which have been raised
to get bachelor degree of
a
university. Besides, there is no opinion or masterpiece which has been written or
published by the researcher except those of which the writings are mentioned in
previous study and bibliography.
Accordingly,
if it is later proven that there are untrue
statements in this
testimony, the researcher will be responsible.
Surakarta, February 201 5
Oktavia Herawati
lv
MOTTO
"Dalam hidup kita, cuma satu yang kita punya, yaitu keberanian. Kalau tidak punya
itu, lantas apa harga hidup kita ini?"
(Pramoediya Ananta Toer)
“Laugh your heart out
Dance in the rain
Cherish the moment
Live laugh love forgive & forget
Life's to short to live with regrets.”
(Oprah_World)
“NEVER, NEVER BE AFRAID TO DO WHAT'S RIGHT, ESPECIALLY IF THE
WELL-BEING OF A PERSON IS AT STAKE.”
(MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.)
“Follow your heart, but don’t leave your brain.
Create your paths in reaching your dreams.”
(The Researcher)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is proudly dedicated to:
• Other researchers who conduct research in the same field.
• Her beloved and respected Mom.
• Her beloved and respected Dad.
• Her beloved sister, brother, and niece.
• Her beloved big family.
• Her beloved friends.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim
Assalamu’alaikum Warrahmatullahi Wabbarakatuh
AlhamdulillahiRobbil’aalamiin, all praise being to Allah SWT, Lord of the
world, the Most Merciful, the Most Beneficent, who blesses the researcher so that
she can finally accomplish writing this research as a partial fulfilment of the
requirements for getting Bachelor Degree of Education in Department of English
Education at Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Praise to the greatest
Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his companions, and his followers. Amin.
In addition, the researcher would like to say her gratitude to everyone who
has given their advice, help, and support in accomplishing this research. Thus, the
researcher would like to express her great gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Purnomo, M. Hum., the Dean of School of
Teacher Training and Education of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., the Head of Department of English
Education and as her first consultant who has given guidance, advice, help,
and information patiently during the arrangement of this research and
during the study,
3. Aryati Prasetyarini, M. Pd. as the second consultant, who has given
help, advice, correction, and guidance in accomplishing this research,
vii
4. All the lectures in the Department of English Education who have
helped and guided for all of their beneficial knowledge that has taught to
the researcher.
5. Her dearest parents, beloved mother Sunarningsih and beloved father
Nyomo Handoko, thanks for the tremendous love, continuous prayer,
support, sacrifices, and strength for her life. She will never be able to pay
for the entire thing that they give to her. Thanks dad and mom.
6. Her lovely sister, Aristi Febriani and her beloved brother, Okto Wahyu
Sejati that always force him to graduate earlier. Thank you guys so much.
7. Her lovely niece who always gives her spirit to finish this research,
Falisha Affet Nourasyifa Sejati, thanks my baby!
8. Her wonderful friends, Mb Irina Balerina, Mb Erna, Alvi, Mb Iyut who
always give the joy and laughter when she is falling down, best regards for
all the memory they have given.
9. Her beloved friends in the big family of Cross-Cultural Club (CCC),
LPM CAMPUS, Muhammadiyah University English Course (MUEC),
and English eDucation Students Organization (EDSO).
10. Her friends of PPL 2014 in SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta.
11. All the people who cannot be mentioned one by one for their support to
the researcher for completing this research paper.
viii
Finally, the researcher realizes that the research paper is still far from
being perfect and still needs many improvements. However, the researcher hopes
this research will be useful for readers.
Wa s s al amu' al aikum War r ahm at ul I ah i Wab b ar aka t uh
The Researc
lX
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE ........................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ................................................................................................. ii
ACCEPTANCE ............................................................................................ iii
TESTIMONIAL ............................................................................................iv
MOTTO ........................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION .............................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ x
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ........................................... 1
B. Limitation of the Study ..............................................4
C. Problem Statement .................................................... 4
D. Objectives of the Research ........................................ 5
E. Significances of the Study …..................................... 5
F. Research Paper Organization ……………………….6
CHAPTER II:
UNDERLYING THEORY
A. Previous Study ........................................................... 8
B. Review of Related Literature .....................................11
1.
Speaking Skill ……….........................................11
1.1. Notion of Speaking ………………...….... 11
1.2. Effective Speaking …………………….... 13
x
1.3. The Component of Speaking …………….14
1.4. Activities of Teaching Speaking …………14
2.
Communication Strategies ................................. 18
2.1. Notion of Communication Strategies …... 18
2.2. The Component of Communication
Strategies ……………………………….. 19
2.3. The Taxonomy of Communication
Strategies ……………………………….. 20
C. Theoretical Framework ........................................... 28
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Research ................................................. 30
B. Subject of the Research.............................................. 31
C. Object of the Research …………………………….. 31
D. Data and Data Source ................................................ 31
E. Method of Collecting Data ........................................ 32
F. Credibility of the Data............................................... 33
G. Technique of Analyzing Data ....................................34
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Findings ..................................................... 36
1. The Type of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ………...…………….............. 36
2. The Dominant Type of Communication
Strategies Used by Students ............................... 48
xi
3. The Function of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ……………………………… 51
B. Discussion of the Findings......................................... 61
1. The Type of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ………...…………….............. 61
2. The Dominant Type of Communication
Strategies Used by Students ............................... 65
3. The Function of Communication Strategies
Used by Students ……………………………… 67
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ................................................................. 73
B. Pedagogical Implementation ……………………..... 75
C. Suggestion ................................................................. 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xii
ABSTRACT
Oktavia Herawati. NIM: A 320111082. COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
USED BY TH EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP N 1 SURAKARTA
IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILL. Research Paper. Teacher Training
and Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2015.
This research aims at identifying the type, the dominant type of
communication strategies used by the eighth grade students of SMP N 1
Surakarta, and their function in developing speaking skill in the conversation. The
data are the transcript of conversations which are made by the respondent in a
speaking class. The data are taken by the researcher through observation, and
recorded using tape recorder. They are analyzed by Tarone’s theory of
communication strategies. Triangulation is used to make credibility of the data.
The researcher uses inter-rater reliability to establish the credibility of findings
from an analysis. The findings of the research are: (1) the respondents use all the
type of communication strategies, namely: a) topic avoidance, b) message
abandonment, c) paraphrase, d) coinage, e) native language switching, f) miming
and g) appeal for assistance, (2) the dominant type of communication strategies
used by the respondents is native language switching with the percentage 35.
29%, and (3) the function of communication strategies type is to develop speaking
skill through reaching communicative competence by using five types of
communication strategies, namely: a) paraphrase, b) coinage, c) native language
switching, d) miming and e) appeal for assistance.
Keywords: communication strategies, communicative competence,
speaking skill
xiii