Student`s perception on personal integrity, originality, and dignity in order to avoid plagiarism in research paper writing class.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION
ON PERSONAL INTEGRITY, ORIGINALITY, AND DIGNITY
IN ORDER TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
IN RESEARCH PAPER WRITING CLASS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Damasus Desta Herdian
Student Number: 071214151

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA
2012

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION
ON PERSONAL INTEGRITY, ORIGINALITY, AND DIGNITY
IN ORDER TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
IN RESEARCH PAPER WRITING CLASS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Damasus Desta Herdian
Student Number: 071214151

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, September 12th, 2012
The Writer

Damasus Desta Herdian
071214151

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For without Me ye can Do Nothing
John 15:5

This thesis is dedicated to:

Jesus Christ, my beloved God
and Elisabeth Berlian Sugiharto

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LEMBAR PERYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa

: Damasus Desta Herdian
: 071214151

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
STUDENTS’PERCEPTION ON PERSONAL INTEGRITY, ORIGINALITY
AND DIGNITY IN ORDER TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

IN RESEARCH PAPER WRITING CLASS
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata
Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,
mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas,
mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta,
Pada tanggal: 12 September 2012
Yang menyatakan,

(Damasus Desta Herdian)

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ABSTRACT
Herdian, Damasus Desta. (2012). Students’ Perception on Personal Integrity,

Originality and Dignity in order to Avoid Plagiarism in Research Paper Writing
Class. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.
In Research Paper Writing (RPW) class at Sanata Dharma University,
students learn to write research reports. They, like it or not, will face many
temptations of academic dishonesty. Plagiarism is one of the examples of
academic dishonesty that should be avoided, especially in writing classes. If they
are tempted, they will manipulate data and steal ideas without appropriate
citations. Because of this reason, the researcher was inspired to explore and to
analyze students’ perception on personal integrity, originality and dignity in order
to avoid plagiarism in RPW class. There were two research questions in this
research: 1) How is the implementation of students’ personal integrity, originality,
and dignity to avoid plagiarism in RPW class? 2) What are the students’
perception on personal integrity, originality, and dignity to avoid plagiarism in
RPW class?
In order to answer the research problems, the researcher employed survey
research. The researcher took 68 respondents out of the students who were taking
Research Paper Writing class in the academic year of 2009/2010 at the English
Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. The researcher
obtained the data by using a questionnaire and interview as instruments. The

questionnaire consisted of 27 close-ended questions. The researcher used Likert’s
Scale to measure students’ attitude toward the questions. The interview was
conducted to verify the questionnaire result and to dig out more information. The
data gathered were put in tables and were classified into some categories.
Afterward, the researcher triangulated the data and drew a conclusion.
The result of research showed that almost all of students had positive
perception on personal integrity, originality and dignity to avoid plagiarism. They
believed that all of those moral values are needed to be good researchers. The
implementation of personal integrity, originality and dignity were not adequate.
Few students failed to have personal integrity, originality, and dignity due to some
reasons, such as failing to recognize that they did plagiarism and lacked creativity
in writing research. The students also give suggestions for the lecturers to hold a
special event to share experience and obstacles in research writing. When
necessary, the lecturers should strictly monitor the students and issue a threat if
the students have no intention to avoid plagiarism.
Keywords: perception, integrity, originality, dignity, plagiarism

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ABSTRAK
Herdian, Damasus Desta. (2012). Students’ Perception on Personal Integrity,
Originality and Dignity in order to Avoid Plagiarism in Research Paper Writing
Class. Yogyakarta: Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Dalam kelas Research Paper Writing (RPW) di Universitas Sanata
Dharma, siswa belajar untuk membuat laporan penelitian. Suka atau tidak suka,
mereka akan menghadapi berbagai godaan untuk melakukan kecurangan
akademik. Plagiarisme adalah salah satu bentuk kecurangan akademik yang harus
dihindari, terutama dalam kelas menulis. Jika siswa tergoda untuk melakukan
kecurangan, mereka akan memanipulasi data dan mencuri ide-ide orang lain tanpa
mengutip sumber penulisan dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, peneliti terinspirasi
untuk menyelidiki dan menganalisa persepsi siswa tentang integritas pribadi,
originalitas dan martabat siswa untuk menghindari aksi plagiarisme dalam kelas
RPW. Ada dua rumusan masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini: 1)
Bagaimanakah implementasi integritas pribadi, originalitas dan martabat siswa
untuk menghindari aksi plagiarisme dalam kelas RPW? 2) Apakah persepsi siswa
tentang integritas pribadi, originalitas dan martabat siswa untuk menghindari aksi
plagiarisme dalam kelas RPW?
Guna menjawab rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti menggunakan

penelitian survey. Peneliti mengambil 68 siswa sebagai responden yaitu
mahasiswa yang sedang mengambil kelas Research Paper Writing tahun ajaran
2009/2010 pada Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuisioner and wawancara sebagai instrumen
penelitian. Kuesioner terdiri dari 27 pertanyaan tertutup. Kuesioner menggunakan
Skala Likert untuk mengukur tingkah laku siswa terhadap pertanyaan. Wawancara
dilakukan untuk membuktikan hasil kuesioner dan untuk menggali lebih banyak
informasi. Data yang terkumpul lalu dimasukkan dalam table dan diklasifikasikan
dalam beberapa kategori. Lalu, peneliti menyatukan data dan menarik kesimpulan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa memiliki
persepsi yang positif tentang tentang integritas pribadi, originalitas dan martabat
untuk menghindari aksi plagiarisme. Mereka percaya, semua nilai moral tersebut
sangat diperlukan untuk menjadi peneliti yang baik. Implementasi integritas
pribadi, originalitas dan martabat sangat kurang di kelas. Beberapa siswa gagal
untuk memiliki integritas pribadi, originalitas dan martabat karena berbagai alasan
seperti siswa gagal untuk menyadari bahwa ia melakukan tindak plagiarisme serta
miskin kreatifitas dalam membuat penelitian. Siswa juga memberi rekomendasi
kepada dosen untuk mengadakan acara khusus agar siswa dan dosen bisa berbagi
pengalaman dan menemukan solusi-solusi terbaik untuk menyelesaikan masalah
penulisan penelitian. Jika diperlukan, dosen diharapkan memonitor siswa dengan

ketat dan memberi ancaman pada siswa jika siswa tidak memiliki kehendak untuk
menghindari aksi plagiarisme.
Kata Kunci : persepsi, integritas pribadi, originalitas, martabat, plagiarisme
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Blessed be the Name of the Lord, Jesus Christ because finally I could
finish this thesis. First of all, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to Jesus
Christ, who has given me the strength and joy in time of difficulty. His love is
everlasting for me and His presence is never changing, and only by His grace I
could finish my thesis.
I give my profound thanks to my sponsor, Ag. Hardi Prasetyo, S. Pd.,
M.A., who has guided and helped me during this thesis writing process. I was so
thankful for having him as my tutor in making my thesis. I was so impressed on
his patience, humor, and kindness in giving me the guidance during my thesis
completion. My gratitude also goes to all English Language Education Study
Program (ELESP) lecturers and staff, who have given me valuable lessons and

experiences during my study at Sanata Dharma University.
I deeply thank to my parents and my elder brother for their support, prayer,
and care. My special thanks go to my brethren in Christ: Felix Edo, Kristianto
Setiawan, Virgilius Bellarmino, Paskalina Sukacita, Gustin, Anastasia
Wahyuni, Gabriela Kasih, Mas Listyan, PDYB and GKKD who always
support me in their prayer and motivate me to be a better person in Christ. My
thanks also go to Elisabeth Berlian Sugiharto, who colors my life with her
smile, spent almost of her time to take care of me and teach me to be responsible,
and to love God more than everything in my life.

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I am very thankful to Dwi Yulianto, Laurensius Bretya, Yusak
Charisma, Kurnia Octavian Andyanto, Ristia Nurmalita, Hedwig Alfa
Karlinda, Frederika Rintakristi, Iluminata Hani and all ELESP students of
2007 for being my lovely friends during my study in PBI. I thank them for
coloring my life and making my days in PBI livelier and warmer. My appreciation
also goes to Mas Kurnia and Bretya, who proofread my thesis, and also Dwi
Yulianto, for helping me so much in giving me encouragement and much
information for my thesis. My appreciation also goes to Elisabeth Berlian’s
Family, who called me son and always teaches me to be a good man. I thank for
their kindness.
Finally, I would like to thank every single person who has helped me in my
daily life. I thank them for the life lessons given to me through bitterness and
sweetness.
May God bless them all.

Damasus Desta Herdian

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL PAGES…………………………………………………… ii
DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………………... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI……………………......

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ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………... vii
ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………… viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………….. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………….. xi
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………. xiv
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………... xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………….. 1
1.1 Research Background………………………………… 1
1.2 Research Problem…………………………………….. 3
1.3 Problem Limitation…………………………………… 4
1.4 Research Objectives………………………………….. 4
1.5 Research Benefits…………………………………….. 5
1.6 Definition of Terms…………………………………… 6
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………… 11
2.1 Theoretical Description……………………………….. 11
2.1.1 Perception…………………………………… 11
2.1.2 Originality…………………………………… 14
2.1.3 Integrity……………………………………… 16
2.1.4 Human Dignity……………………………… 22
2.1.5 Plagiarism…………………………………… 24
2.2 Theoretical Framework………………………………. 26
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………. 29
3.1 Research Method……………………………………... 29
3.2 Research Setting……………………………………… 30
3.3 Research Participants…………………………………. 30
3.4 Instruments and Data Gathering Technique………….. 31
3.5 Data Analysis Technique……………………………… 35
3.6 Research Procedure…………………………………… 39
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………..

40

4.1 The Students’ Perception on Personal Integrity,
Originality and Dignity to Avoid Plagiarism in RPW
Class………………………………………………….. 40
4.1.1 The Description of Students’ Perception
Based on Questionnaires Results…………… 41
4.1.2 The Description of Students’ Perception
Based on Interview………………………….. 49
4.2 Discussion…………………………………………….. 53
4.2.1 The Implementation of Personal Integrity,
Originality and Dignity to Avoid Plagiarism
in Research Paper Writing Class..…………. 54
4.2.2 Students’ Perception on Personal Integrity,
Originality and Dignity to Avoid Plagiarism
in Research Paper Writing Class..…………. 54
4.2.3 Other Findings………………………………. 56
CHAPTER 5 CONSCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…… 58
5.1 Conclusions…………………………………………….. 58
5.2 Recommendations……………………………………… 59
REFERENCES………………………………………………………….. ... 61
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….. 63
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APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………… 64
APPENDIX 2……………………………………………………………… 68
APPENDIX 3……………………………………………………………… 71
APPENDIX 4……………………………………………………………… 76
APPENDIX 5……………………………………………………………… 84

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1

Research Phases………………………………………

21

Table 2.2

The Virtues and Vices of Research…………………..

22

Table 3.1

The Description Data Needed………………………..

31

Table 3.2

The Schedule of Research……………………………

35

Table 4.1

Classification Result of the Students’ Perception on
Personal Integrity, Originality and Dignity to avoid
Plagiarism in RPW Class…………………………….

Table 4.2
Table 4.3

41

Questionnaires result: Classification of perception based on
each respondent………………………….…………...

46

Percentage of perception based on each respondent…

48

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1

The Research Cycle……………………………………… 20

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides background information related to the research. It
also shows the reason and motivation the researcher took the research and the
general aims of conducting the research. This chapter is divided into six sections;
namely research background, problem limitation, research objective, research
benefit and definition of terms.

1.1 Research Background
Writing research report in academic field becomes important for students
who study in Sanata Dharma University. McDonough & McDonough (1997) state
that “the aim of writing research is to teach students to yield establishment,
publicizing, and utilization of knowledge” (p. 37). Students also have to learn
about being systematic in the way of thinking in conducting writing research. It is
clearly stated by McDonough & McDonough (1997) that “one of several
characteristics of research is systematic and based on data” (p. 41). They have to
study about how to write legal and formal research report in order to make them
honor the ethics of research, to be honest and objective in conducting research.
In Research Paper Writing (RPW) class at Sanata Dharma University,
students learn to write research report. They whether like or not will face many

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kinds of academic dishonesty. Plagiarism is one of the examples of academic
dishonesty that is increasing recently, especially in writing class.
Plagiarism phenomenon shows the world that students prefer to use their
creativity to copy and manipulate data. Actually, those plagiarists are not
confident about their ideas and capabilities by stealing other person’s ideas and
claiming it as their own thoughts. It is supported by Gilmore (2008) that selfdoubt is one of top ten reasons why students plagiarize the papers (pp. 37-38). In
the field of education, plagiarism grows fast and becomes harder to be avoided by
the students, even the lecturers found difficulties checking whether research paper
contains plagiarism or not. William (2008) says that “the line between plagiarism
and original work can be very clear, but it can also be very fuzzy” (p. 52).
Since the world is changing, the age of technology has risen; the act of
plagiarism is also entering the technology era. Williams (2008) stated that “the
high-tech gadgetry may help plagiarists grow fertile” (p. 25). Based on Williams,
the students are familiar with computers, cell phones, and internet connection to
make the modus of plagiarism become rich. For example, students use internet
network to find out ideas. They prefer use internet rather than go to library while
they are searching sources for their research. Williams (2008) also says that the
internet has made plagiarism easier for students (p. 25).
When students were tempted with many methods and modus of plagiarism
in writing research, the students have to fight against it. Williams (2008) says that
if teachers and students fail to reduce the role of plagiarism in the class, they have
already lost in the educational battle (p. 5). For students, they should develop their

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good moral values to avoid plagiarism. When students conduct research in the
middle of plagiarism trends, they should show personal integrity, originality, and
dignity. Being original and showing integrity in conducting research will help
them to be honest and honor the ethics of research. Having dignity will help them
respect their own qualities and capabilities.
Because of this condition, the researcher was eager to discover and analyze
the perception about personal integrity, originality, and dignity from students,
who had experienced writing research report. The researcher was eager to explore
students’ perception toward their personal integrity, originality, and dignity as
alternative way to avoid plagiarism.
The researcher chose Research Paper Writing (RPW) class at English
Language Education Study Program, because students should have mastered in
writing research report since they passed almost all of writing classes in English
Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. The second
reason, the researcher chose RPW because this subject is aimed to prepare
students to take Thesis Writing classes in the future.

1.2 Research Problems
Based on the research background above, this study will attempt to answer:
1.

How is the implementation of students’ personal integrity, originality and
dignity to avoid plagiarism in Research Paper Writing class?

2.

What are the students’ perception about personal integrity, originality, and
dignity to avoid plagiarism in Research Paper Writing class?

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1.3 Problem Limitation
In academic or education field, plagiarism as one of academic dishonesty
is mostly happen in the scope of writing skill. Therefore, the researcher limits the
scope of study only on the writing research report classes in English Language
Education Study Program. Research Paper Writing (RPW) is one of writing
research report’s subject in English Language Education Study Program that is
available for last-semester’s students. They have already well-grounded in writing
skills.

Thus, this study focused on students’ perception towards personal

integrity, originality and dignity in order to avoid plagiarism in Research Paper
Writing (RPW) class at English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University Yogyakarta.

1.4 Research Objectives
The purposes of this study were to answer the questions based on the
research problems presented before. First, the researcher was eager to know the
implementation of students’ personal integrity, originality and dignity in their
research paper in RPW classes to avoid plagiarism. By understanding the
implementation in RPW classes, the researcher will find out the students
perception about personal integrity, originality, and dignity in their research paper
in RPW classes. Second, the researcher was eager to reveal the students’
perception on personal integrity, originality, and dignity in their research paper in
RPW classes. It is because the researcher believed that those three moral values
are important to have in avoiding plagiarism.

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1.5 Research Benefits
In general, the researcher hopes that the result of this study could give
some valuable contributions to all communities, to those working in the field of
education, especially for writing subjects in English Language Education Study
Program at Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta. The researcher wants to show
how far personal integrity, originality, and dignity help students to be honest,
confident and able to respect own work by conducting a research without
plagiarism. Hopefully, this study will help people in the field of research to fight
against plagiarism effectively.
For the teachers or lecturers of writing research classes, the researcher
hopes they would concern to build and develop students’ personal integrity,
originality, and dignity as a way to diminish plagiarism trends in their classes. The
teachers or lecturers are expected to teach moral values such as the importance of
personal integrity, the state of originality, and the self respect in writing research.
The teachers and lecturers should realize that plagiarism could be exterminated
only by the will of students if they work with strong integrity, originality and
dignity.
For students, this would be an alternative answer to help them gain
confidence and to avoid academic dishonesty when they write their research
report in the future. They should be able to be independent learners. They are
supposed to reduce their dependencies on “copying” other people’s ideas. They
should develop their creativity and critical thinking in writing research report.
They should be confident about their capabilities as university students and honor

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their own ideas in writing research without breaking certain rules of institution.
Thus, through this study, the researcher expects that the students in writing
research classes will use their own integrity, show dignity and state their
originality in writing research as requirements to avoid plagiarism. This will help
students, lecturers and institutions to diminish the effect of plagiarism.
Finally, for future researchers, the researcher hopes that this study would
give them inspiration to conduct further research on the importance of integrity,
originality and dignity in order to fight against plagiarism, or other topics related
to the ways in avoiding plagiarism to enrich this existing study.

1.6 Definition of Terms
In this section, the researcher explains about the definition for some terms
that are mostly used in this thesis. This section also provides sufficient knowledge
about the terms and gives clear limitation of the theory based on the definition of
terms below. This definition of terms is divided into five main terms; namely
perception, originality, integrity, dignity and plagiarism.
1.6.1 Perception
Perception is defined as a way of seeing, understanding or interpreting
something. Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts (1985) state that “perception is the way
of stimuli are selected and grouped by a person so that they can be meaningfully
interpreted” (p. 85). In other words, perception is a person’s view of reality.
Based on the definition from the experts above, the researcher conclude
that every person has different point of view related to what they were

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experienced an event or observed an object. These points of view would give
further influence on people’s thought and feeling about what they have
experienced and seen.
The way person perceive, see, understand and interpret something by
involving cognitive process might lead to the changes towards his or her
behaviors and attitudes. In this study the perception being investigated is the
students’ perception on personal integrity, originality, and dignity for research
paper writing class to avoid plagiarism.
1.6.2 Originality
Originality means the aspect of created or invented works that can be
distinguished from reproduction, clones, forgeries or derivative works. Eisner and
Vicinus (2008) say that “the originality and quality of published articles and
books depend ultimately on the rigor of the ideas, methods, research design, and
potential impact of the findings” (p. 27). In this study, the term of originality is
closely related to authenticity. People believe that “there is nothing new under the
sun”. Any ideas, thoughts, methods are only improvisation, modification and
combination to step forward from their old version. The researcher only scopes
the definition of originality in writing research is to be authentic and valid in the
research paper. Best and Kahn (1986) also define one characteristic in research is
that “research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
Research is characterized by patient and unhurried activity “(pp. 18-19). Being
authentic means becoming real, true, careful and honest in writing the research.
To authenticate their research, students must not ‘copy’ or ‘imitate’ other works.

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They have to state their originality. In order to verify their originality, people must
not commit plagiarism. They also should have integrity to stand firm in obeying
ethics research.
1.6.3 Integrity
Macfarlane (2009) states that “the world “integrity” is often used in
publication relating to the ethics research. We tend to use the word “integrity” to
invoke an ideal of human behavior” (p. 1). Sometimes people equate integrity
with qualities like honesty or trust-worthiness.
Fjellstorm (2005) suggests that “integrity may be further interpreted as a
meaning of the possession of certain rights, such as those associated with being a
citizen or owning property. One should not violate the “integrity” of a person’s
private property” (as cited in Macfarlane, 2009, p. 44). Based on the explanation
above, the researcher conclude that the context of integrity in academic or
education field, especially in research on writing, is closely related to the ethics
and rules in conducting research. In the field of education, integrity is equal to the
quality of person being honest and trust-worthy, having strict ethical code, in this
case research ethics. As a writing research class student, it is necessary to have
integrity in order to make them not to commit plagiarism when conducting
research.
As what Fjellstorm (2005) says, the people who have the value of integrity
would never violate the property of others. It is shown that integrity has close
relation to be honest in doing the jobs and standing firm to obey the ethics. In

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order to be good researchers, students should have integrity to stand firm in ethics
research.
So, integrity is needed in order to hold on students’ principal values such
as honesty, courage, respect, determination and confidence. If students can hold to
those values, they will be able to prevent themselves from plagiarizing others’
work.
1.6.4 Dignity
The word ‘dignity’ is often considered essentially religious. Malpas &
Lickiss (2007) proves that “ in Christian and Jewish scriptures, they translated
dignity as ‘gedula’ means something more like nobility of character or personal
standing in the community” (p. 10). In the realm of academic research, dignity is
closely related to honor and self determination. Dignity also can be defined as
self-worthiness. Students who have dignity mean they can honor and respect their
own qualities and capabilities while conducting research. These values are really
needed for students in order to build self integrity and originality.
1.6.5 Plagiarism
Eisner and Vicinus (2008) put statements from The American Historical
Association (AHA) that defines plagiarism as, first, appropriating “the exact
wording of another author without attribution.” Second, it broadened the ethical
misdeed to include the appropriation without proper attribution of another
person’s concepts, rhetorical strategies, and interpretations. Third, the AHA
definition declared plagiarism to be the failure to acknowledge the work of
another, regardless of intent of monetary or other form of gain. Fourth, the

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appropriation of another’s words or ideas without proper attribution constituted an
ethical and professional but not a legal infraction unless it slid into copyright
infringement. And last, enforcement to be a collective responsibility (p.160).
Hansen (2003) states that “plagiarism has not always been regarded as
unethical. In fact, for most of recorded history, drawing from other writer’s works
was encouraged. This view was grounded in the belief that knowledge of the
human condition should be shared by everyone, not owned or hoarded” (p. 782).
In the past, many people thought that plagiarism is acceptable. It was because they
thought that it would be the great honor in using, for example, famous ideas from
well-known people. As Hansen (2003) says that people in the past believed that
the owner should share their ideas and knowledge in the name of human being.
So, plagiarism was once considered acceptable. But in nowadays, the issue has
changed. AHA firmly stated that plagiarism is broadened the ethical misdeed and
considered as an act of failure to acknowledge the work of other people. It is
unacceptable to plagiarize now.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents all the theories, references, and quotations that are
used to support the research. There are two parts discussed in this chapter. They
are theoretical description and theoretical framework. In the theoretical
description, the researcher discusses some theories and research studies which are
relevant to the topic research. In the theoretical framework, the researcher relates
the theories to the study.

2.1

Theoretical Description
In this section, the theories that are mainly discussed are theory of

perception, personal integrity, originality, dignity and plagiarism, which grows
fast in the field of education, especially in writing on research at Sanata Dharma
University Jogjakarta.
2.1.1 Perception
In this section, due to give clear theory about perception, the researcher
discussed not only the definition of perception but also the factors that may
influence the perception, such as selection of stimuli, organization of stimuli, the
situation and person’s self-concept.
Szilagyi and Wallace (1980) say, “Perception is defined to process by
which individuals attend to incoming stimuli, organize and then interpret such
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stimuli into a message that in turn indicates an appropriate action and behavior”
(p. 70). This statement means that perception equal to the interpretation of the
environmental stimuli, both behavior and phenomenon.
Hardy and Hayes (1988) say that “the basic form of perception is people’s
born talent; meanwhile perceptional ability is the result of learning which is
determined by the environment” (p. 85). It means that perception is the way of
man seeing a phenomenon based on their own experiences toward the
phenomenon. Environment is important to determine or to form someone’s
perception.
In this research, a perception refers to what students feel and think that
comes up to their feelings and thoughts about personal integrity, originality, and
dignity for academic research to avoid plagiarism in Research Paper Writing
class.
2.1.1.1 Factors Influencing Perception
To form perception, a person’s perceptions about subject matter are
influenced by some factors. Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts (1985) states that there
are four important factors that influence a person’s perception. They are selection
of stimuli, organization of stimuli, the situation and the person’s self concept. The
first discussion is about selection of stimuli. It is the reason why every person has
different perceptions. Secondly, organization of stimuli is about how people
arrange the perception based on information from his/her mind. People’s situation
also affects the perceptions. Last, person’s self-concept is also a determiner of
perception.

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2.1.1.1.1 Selection of Stimuli
Selection is a process on a small number of stimuli. Gerson (2003) argues
“why people perceive things differently, each person selects specific cues and
filters or screen out the others” (p. 86). The Gerson’s statement means the
selection of stimuli is the reason why people have different perceptions. It is
because each person accepts stimuli differently and selects the stimuli of things
also differently. For example, both and Jim and Mark have different perception
toward an apple. Jim likes apple because he believed that in apple there are many
vitamin. Mark is not really like apple because 2 years ago when he ate an apple, it
was wormy.
2.1.1.1.2 Organization of Stimuli
In this factor, Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts (1985) say the information
that has come to a person is filtered. It must be arranged in order to become
meaningful information. After it is arranged well, the person will process and
decide by accepting or refusing the information. The mind brings order out the
disorganized information by selecting certain things and putting them in a
meaningful way.
2.1.1.1.3 The Situation
Experiences and situations also affect people’s perceptions. A good
perception of a situation makes someone to adapt his behavior to the situation. In
a good situation, when people have experienced conducting research with
personal integrity, originality, and dignity, they will perceive and process the
originality and personal integrity in order to avoid plagiarism positively.

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2.1.1.1.4 Person’s Self-concept
Self-concept is surely the same as the way a person feels about and sees
something. Self-concept becomes important to determine mental picture of their
perception about things and what he does. For example, a person may think that
he is genius, charming and patient. This belief on his qualification may take an
important role as it affects how an individual perceives what he is facing.
2.1.2. Originality
As what Sutherland-Smith (2008) says that the concept of “original” work
was recorded in the English Printing Register in 1584. “An author’s work could
be printed as long as it was not collected out of any book already existed in
printed English” (p. 43). So, in the past, the idea of originality meant that the work
could be already printed as long as there are no other same materials that exist in
printed forms.
Sutherland-Smith (2008) also said that:
“The writings of the philosopher John Locke were evidence of the change
towards a philosophical stance of supporting private ownership of not only
material goods but also intellectual goods. According to Locke, private
property is created when individuals take matter from its natural state and by
the force of own labor, a person produces some new creation--a personal
product is created by the sweat of an individual’s brow, so to speak” (p. 4344).
John Locke in Sutherland-Smith’s quotation clearly stated that private
ownership is surely needed not only in material things, but also intellectual things,
such as ideas, people thoughts, writings, etc. So, in research about writing, there
are so many intellectual things that are privately owned by the author. They really
need to be honored by others.

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Originality is already bound with the identity of the author itself. The
concept of “authority” is often similar with the word “originality” in writing.
Authority means power and those who have the power of the writing are the
author himself. Eisner and Vicinus (2008) also give strong connection between
authority, originality and value (p. 40).They depend on each other. That is why, an
author should have power in writing since he or she shows originality and value in
the book or in the research study.
Eisner and Vicinus (2008) stated that authorship exists within different
discourse, defining characteristics such as originality, authority and property that
vary according to the particular discourse. It means originality; authority and
property are needed in order to get the power of authorship in particular discourse
(p. 42).
2.1.2.1 Imitation
Eisner and Vicinus (2011) said that writing is almost never taught with
mimesis and imitate at the forefront of the students’ or teachers’ minds. These
help students, in turn, to begin rejecting the myths and clichés of who scholar and
the poet should be: those discrete and supposedly mutually exclusive perimeters
that determine how we identify ourselves as producers of literature, whether
“critical” or “creative” (p. 114-115). The researcher can conclude that being
original means never imitate or mime any other authors; they should become the
producers of their own art. Being original is closely related to be critical and
creative. So, they should create own “creative product”. The process of

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identifying own self as producers of literature is the thing that should be
experienced for every student in conducting research.
2.1.3 Integrity
The word “integrity” is often used in publication related to the ethics of
research. MacFarlane (2009) says that research is, in many if not most contexts
becoming a highly regulated and closely scrutinized activity. Professional and
discipline-based bodies, such as British Medical Association and the American
Psychological Association, issue guidelines or codes of practice which demand
strict adherence. Failure to respect these codes carries the threat of expulsion from
the profession or society (p. 2).
Since integrity is related to the ethics’ codes of research, those people who
are unable to keep their integrity in the process of writing research report may fail
to respect the research codes. They will face the threat of expulsion from the
profession or society. This means that breaking the rules of ethics research bring
serious effect to those person who made academic dishonesty. Integrity in doing
research has a close relation with being strict to obey the code of research. Having
integrity while conducting research is important to avoid breaking the rules of
ethics research.
2.1.3.1 Developing Integrity
No codes of ethics can be operated without being interpreted by the
individual through their own values. A researcher’s own values and moral norms
are important to strengthen their integrity in the process of conducting research. It
means that the life’s quality of a researcher who conducts research becomes

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important. The background of life, discipline, motivations and own values of
goodness from a researcher is clearly shown whether the researcher has integrity
or not while conducting research.
2.1.3.2 Virtues in Research Process
Moral virtues need to be lived out in all stages when a researcher is
conducting research. Vermunt (2005) says that many different ways of
conceptualizing the research process just as there are different ways of defining
the word “research” (as cited in MacFarlane , 2009, p. 331). Best and Kahn (1986)
stated that research is considered to be the more formal, systematic, and intensive
process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis (p. 18). Meyer, Shanahan,
and Laugksch (2005) also try to define the meaning of research:
The meaning of research may be interpreted as information gathering,
discover the truth, insightful exploration and discovery, analytic and
systematic knowledge, a problem-based activity, or, even, a set of
misconceptions (as cited in MacFarlane , 2009, p. 229).
The scientists believe that there are many different ways to conceptualize
the research process. In “conducting research” a researcher should make the
progress of his research step by step, even personal transformation is changed
during the process. All of steps are related to some systematic phases in order to
create original research. Research may help scientist to discover the truth or may
become a set of misconceptions.
2.1.3.3 Brew’s Research Phases
As mentioned above, when scientists conceptualize the meaning of
“research”, they have to go through many different stages or phases. In doing
research, a researcher will show his own values while going through the stages.

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Macfarlane (2009) has put Angela Brew’s research phases as role model to make
good process in research. Brew has made clear interpretation about her domino
conception phases to build a valid research. The phases consist of framing,
negotiating, generating, creating, disseminating and reflecting. While these phases
come to the end of step, which is reflecting, a researcher may go to reframing the
study again to get better results or improvements. That is why this become a never
ending cycle of research.
2.1.3.3.1 Framing
First of all, a researcher needs to frame the nature of the research question,
the problem formulation and the issue at hand. A researcher surely must know
what will and will not be within the scope of the research. A researcher has to
frame the questions carefully. A researcher also has to dig the questions, problems
and issues related to the research topics, even to design some kind of proposals for
a project or a study.
2.1.3.3.2 Negotiating
In the second step, a researcher must enter into negotiations to gain access
to organization or communities, the consent of participants, and obtain the
necessary permission to proceed. In this phase, a researcher needs support for his
research data’s validity. It is important because validity is one of the elements that
make the research study acknowledged as original research. By gaining access,
consent, permission, time and support from communities or organization, a
researcher is allowed to generate or gather data or material that is necessary for
his research analysis. This is the phase that all researchers should pay attention to

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access, consent, permission, time and support from communities or organization
with respect.
2.1.3.3.3 Generating
After getting permission, a researcher gathers data and materials, ideas,
and inspirations (depending on the discipline). By gathering the data, a researcher
is able to analyze the data on next phase. After a researcher goes to “the field of
study” to get raw data, he starts to prepare the data to be analyzed. In gathering
data, a researcher should respect the respondents and able to keep the data in
confidential. A researcher has to avoid laziness when the data turn to be
complicated. He/ she should be able to accept the failure positively and get up to
start or continue the data gathering again.
2.1.3.3.4 Creating
This is about analyzing and evaluating what a researcher gathered. This
phase require the creation of results, models, designs, concepts, and artifacts. It is
a phase where “creativity” is needed for researcher to convert the “raw” data into
results or at least give interpretation of a set of materials. In this phase, a
researcher also should be critical. In order to create a creative and critical product,
a researcher should be careful and not hurry in analyzing the data since the result
of the study is very important.
2.1.3.3.5 Disseminating
After the raw product finds its meaning and interpretation of a set of
material, a researcher will publish, or perform their work. This means the result of

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research is introduced for the first time to public. In this phase, a researcher
should not conceal anything. The result data should be shown as what it is.
2.1.3.3.6 Reflecting
In the last step of Brew’s research phases, a researcher spent time to reflect
on the extent to which he has succeeded in pushing back the boundaries of
knowledge and learnt personally from the process. This reflective phase enables
him to take the direction for research work in the future. In this process, a
researcher may reframe the study and find better innovation in writing research
report. It means, he has to dig out the questions, problems and issues again, then, a
researcher will go through negotiating, generating, creating, and disseminating,
for a better result.
Figure 2.1
The Research Cycle

MacFarlane (2009) summarizes the phase meaning of Brew’s research
cycle and present it in the table 2.1

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Table 2.1
Research Phases
Phase
Framing
Negotiating
Generating
Creating
Disseminating
Reflecting

Meaning
Questions, problems, hypotheses, issues, projects, proposals
Access, consent, permission, time, support
Data, materials, ideas, inspiration
Result, interpretation, models, concepts, theories, critiques, designs,
artifacts
Through publication, exhibition, performance
On epistemological and personal learning

2.1.3.6 The Virtues and Vices of Research
Since the conception of research is a series of steps or phases, or as a
cycle, it has limitation to make sure that there is no deficit or excess moral fault in
consuming the research. Macfarlane (2009) says that:
These different stages present particular demands on researchers and give
rise to expectations that they will demonstrate a series of moral virtues and
steer clear of certain corresponding vices. This set of virtues and vices
represent the ideal character of the researcher and the temptations they
face during what are a demanding social and intellectual process. (p. 41)
As mentioned above, Macfarlane has made a set of virtues that may help a
researcher not to trespass the limitation of vices in every phase of Brew’s research
cycle. It will help them not to break the “wall” of integrity, originality and dignity
in the research process. Plagiarism in one of the bad products of research that
breaking the “wall” of research’s virtues. Macfarlane has presented the virtues and
vices of research in a form of table. The virtues which are courage, respectfulness,
resoluteness, sincerely, humility and reflexivity become very important for a
researcher to have because it will help him or her to be a good researcher since he
or she will never violate the ethics of research.
research are shown in the table 2.2.

Those virtues and vices in

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Table 2.2
The Virtues and Vices of Research
Phase
Framing
Negotiating
Generating
Creating
Disseminating
Reflecting

Vice (deficit)
Cowardice
Manipulativeness
Laziness
Concealment
Boastfulness
Dogmatism

Virtue
COURAGE
RESPECTFULNESS
RESOLUTENESS
SINCERELY
HUMILITY
REFLEXIVITY

Vice (excess)
Recklessness
Partiality
Inflexibility
Exaggeration
Timidity
Indecisiveness

The list of virtues above becomes important for all researchers to become
good researchers. Some experts also agreed that having moral value is important
for every researcher who conducts research. Nixon (2004) says that he argues
towards the end of this piece, include certain dispositions that are intrinsic to
academic practice: dispositions towards truthfulness, respect and authenticity. It is
thes