Program For Students : How To Calculate Reinforcement Bars In Concrete Beams.

iv

Table of Contents

Preface ... i

Abstract ... ii

1 Introduction ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Purpose and Reasoning ... 1

1.3 Scope of Research ... 2

1.4 Source ... 2

1.5 Script Arrangement ... 2

2 Supporting Theory ... 4

2.1 Concrete ... 4

2.1.1 Composition of Concrete ... 4

2.1.2 Water-Cement Ratio ... 6

2.1.3 Properties of Hardened Concrete ... 7

2.2 Steel Reinforcement ... 10

2.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams ... 11

2.3.1 Flexure in Beams ... 12

2.3.2 Shear in Beams ... 13

2.3.3 Design of Reinforcement ... 14

2.4 Factored Loads and Safety Factors ... 39

2.5 Cross Section and Dimensions ... 40

2.6 Java Language ... 41

2.6.1 Java is object-oriented ... 41

2.6.2 Java Code ... 42

2.6.3 Event-Driven Programming ... 46

2.6.4 Java Foundation Classes ... 47

2.7 Flash CS3 ... 49

2.7.1 Actionscript ... 49

2.7.2 Timeline ... 50

2.8 Multimedia ... 51

2.8.1 Benefit of Multimedia ... 51

2.8.2 Developing a Project ... 52

v

2.9.1 Testing Objectives ... 54

2.9.2 Functional/ Black-Box Testing ... 55

2.10 Use-case Diagram ... 58

2.10.1 Scenario ... 59

2.10.2 Actor ... 59

2.10.3 Associations ... 60

2.10.4 Includes ... 60

2.10.5 Generalization ... 60

2.10.6 Extends ... 61

3 Analysis and Design ... 62

3.1 Design Flowchart for Reinforcements ... 62

3.1.1 Balanced Moment ... 62

3.1.2 Single Reinforcement ... 63

3.1.3 Double Reinforcement ... 64

3.1.4 Shear Reinforcement ... 66

3.2 Analysis Flowchart for Reinforcements ... 67

3.2.1 Singly Reinforced Concrete ... 67

3.2.2 Doubly Reinforced Concrete ... 68

3.2.3 Application Outline ... 69

3.2.4 Story Board ... 70

3.3 Use-Case ... 73

3.3.1 Scenario ... 74

4 Implementation ... 78

4.1 Screen-shot ... 78

4.2 Case Study ... 87

4.2.1 Design ... 87

4.2.2 Analysis ... 91

5 Testing ... 95

5.1 Testing Multimedia ... 95

5.2 Survey ... 97

6 Conclusion ... 99

6.1 Conclusion ... 99

6.2 Conjecture ... 99

ii

Abstract

The hard quality of concrete, its low heat conductivity, and its strong resistance to compression makes it a material of choice for buildings and skyscrapers in modern times. However, with the limitation of concrete such as its weak flexure strength in tension, steel reinforcements are required to help withstand forces that are applied to the structure. In order to combine properly steel and concrete to create a strong, up-to-standard members – specifically beams – complicated and long calculations must be made prior to designing. Because of that, this project is created to enlighten students in the learning process of designing longitudinal and shear reinforcements in concrete beams using multimedia. Supporting theory consists of the definition of concrete, steel, reinforcements, and multimedia. The methods used to design the multimedia comprises of use-case, outline, storyboard, and flowchart of reinforcement design. At the end of this research, it can be concluded that careful planning, meticulous attention to detail, and outside opinion about the user interface is required to complete the project. Moreover, even when all has been done, there is still room for further development.

iii

Abstrak

Kualitas beton yang keras, konduktivitas panasnya yang rendah, dan ketahanannya yang kuat untuk tekan membuatnya menjadi bahan pilihan untuk bangunan dan gedung pencakar langit di zaman modern. Namun, dengan keterbatasannya seperti kekuatan tarik yang lemah, tulangan baja diperlukan untuk membantu menahan beban yang diterapkan pada struktur. Merancang balok bertulang yang kuat dan memenuhi persyaratan membutuhkan perhitungan rumit dan panjang. Oleh karena itu, proyek ini dibuat untuk membantu mahasiswa dalam proses belajar merancang tulangan geser dan lentur pada balok menggunakan multimedia. Metode yang digunakan untuk merancang multimedia ini terdiri dari use case, outline, storyboard, dan flowchart. Pada akhir penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlu ada perencanaan yang cermat, keterlitian terhadap detail, dan saran dari luar mengenai hal user interface untuk menyelesaikan proyek ini. Setelah semua dilakukan, masih ada ruang untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut.

1

Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University

Chapter 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

For every student majoring in Civil Engineering, the complex calculation of equations will always be a part of their learning process. More specifically in the class subject Beton 1, many flowcharts, complicated formulas, and strict national standards are used to calculate and design reinforcement bars in concrete beams. Of course learning how to use the previously mentioned tools and how to solve designing situations can be done manually through meticulous and strict observations of lectures and simulations, but it would be easier if there is a program to demonstrate and explain the end result. Manual learning is doable; however complex solutions, processes, and equations can leave students perplexed and at a complete loss causing them to only focus on how to solve the given problem. From past experiences, when students are only focused on how to calculate, important theories are disregarded and solutions are formed through mindless computations.

After learning the theories involved in calculating reinforcements in concrete beams, the knowledge obtained can be put into practice. The designing and analyzing of reinforcements in beams can be well understood if there was a step by step procedure or example that can be demonstrated to the student. The development of technology can help in presenting theses steps through multimedia.

1.2 Purpose and Reasoning

The purpose of this project is to enlighten students on how to calculate reinforcement bars in beams. The program created will hopefully help students understand the step by step procedure in designing and analyzing reinforcements in concrete beams.

2

Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University

1.3 Scope of Research

The topics that will be presented in this report are the following: 1. Background description of the characteristics of concrete 2. Background description of the characteristics of steel 3. Definition of beams

4. Types of forces applied to beams in structures

5. Relationship of concrete and steel in structural beams

6. Flowchart of designing longitudinal and shear reinforcements in doubly reinforced beams

7. Flowchart of analyzing longitudinal reinforcements in singly and doubly reinforced beams.

8. Flash Actionscript 3.

9. Flow of program through timeline and storyboard. 10. Using the multimedia

The topics that will not be covered in this report are the following: 1. Reinforcement for torsion in beams.

1.4 Source

Resources of this research are from textbooks, ACI 318-83, and notes taken from lectures. The internet provides with various design ideas of animation and presentation. The validation of the steps in the flowchart formed is tested through solved cases of reinforcement design and analysis.

1.5 Script Arrangement

This report is divided into three parts: beginning, content, and the ending. The beginning consists of the following:

a. Title page

b. Legalization page c. Preface

3

Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University

e. Statement of Originality f. Abstract

g. Table of Contents h. Appendixes

The content of this report consists of 5 chapters: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 will cover the introduction of the manuscript, purpose and reasoning, scope of research, and the arrangement of the writing. Chapter 2 THEORIES

Chapter 2 will explain basic theories of concrete and it applications, designing procedures, and analysis of computation based on the ACI code. This chapter will also explain what a multimedia is, what programming language is used, the use of multimedia, and other basic theories to support this project. Chapter 3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Chapter 3 is where the program is analyzed and designed. Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION

Chapter 4 will describe the implementation and use of the user interface. Chapter 5 EVALUATION

Chapter 5 will present test results of the multimedia and the results of the questionnaire.

The last part of this report is the Conclusion. Chapter 6 CONCLUSION

This chapter consist of conclusions and any critics useful for future developments of this project

99

Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University

Chapter 6

6

Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion

1. The purpose of this project was to enlighten students on how to calculate reinforcement bars in beams. From various opinions obtained, this was successful. However, further development is needed.

2. Calculating and analyzing reinforcement bars in beams is simplified by the use of flowcharts.

3. The purpose of a story board is to ―sketch‖ out roughly what the flow of animation would be like and what the display should look like. However, sometimes during execution, a more practical and efficient flow is discovered and is used rather than follow the storyboard exactly.

4. Even though this program is to help students understand the process of design and analysis of reinforcements in concrete beams, basic knowledge of the mechanics and behaviors of concrete is required to support decision making.

6.2 Conjecture

1. The program should provide an interactive ―calculator‖ to help students calculate the values of d and d’.

100

Fioni H.D. Maranatha Christian University

7

Bibliography

Agarwal, B. B., Tayal, S. P., & Gupta, M. (2010). Software Engineering & Testing. Boston: Jones And Bartlett Publishers.

Gunter, S. K. (2007). Teach Yourself Visually Flash CS3 Professional. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Moock, C. (2007). Essential ActionScript 3.0. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc.

Nawy, E. G. (2003). Reinforced Concrete a Fundamental Approach (5th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Park, R., & Paulay, T. (1975). Reinforced Conrete Structures. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Peck, D. D. (1998). Multimedia: A Hands-On Introduction. Albany: Delmar Publishers.

Webster, S., Yard, T., & McSharry, S. (2008). Foundation ActionScript 3.0 with Flash CS3 and Flex. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

Wight, J. K., & MacGregor, J. G. (2005). Reinforced Concrete (4th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Abstrak

Kualitas beton yang keras, konduktivitas panasnya yang rendah, dan ketahanannya yang kuat untuk tekan membuatnya menjadi bahan pilihan untuk bangunan dan gedung pencakar langit di zaman modern. Namun, dengan keterbatasannya seperti kekuatan tarik yang lemah, tulangan baja diperlukan untuk membantu menahan beban yang diterapkan pada struktur. Merancang balok bertulang yang kuat dan memenuhi persyaratan membutuhkan perhitungan rumit dan panjang. Oleh karena itu, proyek ini dibuat untuk membantu mahasiswa dalam proses belajar merancang tulangan geser dan lentur pada balok menggunakan multimedia. Metode yang digunakan untuk merancang multimedia ini terdiri dari use case, outline, storyboard, dan flowchart. Pada akhir penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlu ada perencanaan yang cermat, keterlitian terhadap detail, dan saran dari luar mengenai hal user interface untuk menyelesaikan proyek ini. Setelah semua dilakukan, masih ada ruang untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut.

Chapter 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

For every student majoring in Civil Engineering, the complex calculation of equations will always be a part of their learning process. More specifically in the class subject Beton 1, many flowcharts, complicated formulas, and strict national standards are used to calculate and design reinforcement bars in concrete beams. Of course learning how to use the previously mentioned tools and how to solve designing situations can be done manually through meticulous and strict observations of lectures and simulations, but it would be easier if there is a program to demonstrate and explain the end result. Manual learning is doable; however complex solutions, processes, and equations can leave students perplexed and at a complete loss causing them to only focus on how to solve the given problem. From past experiences, when students are only focused on how to calculate, important theories are disregarded and solutions are formed through mindless computations.

After learning the theories involved in calculating reinforcements in concrete beams, the knowledge obtained can be put into practice. The designing and analyzing of reinforcements in beams can be well understood if there was a step by step procedure or example that can be demonstrated to the student. The development of technology can help in presenting theses steps through multimedia.

1.2 Purpose and Reasoning

The purpose of this project is to enlighten students on how to calculate reinforcement bars in beams. The program created will hopefully help students understand the step by step procedure in designing and analyzing reinforcements in concrete beams.

2

1.3 Scope of Research

The topics that will be presented in this report are the following: 1. Background description of the characteristics of concrete 2. Background description of the characteristics of steel 3. Definition of beams

4. Types of forces applied to beams in structures

5. Relationship of concrete and steel in structural beams

6. Flowchart of designing longitudinal and shear reinforcements in doubly reinforced beams

7. Flowchart of analyzing longitudinal reinforcements in singly and doubly reinforced beams.

8. Flash Actionscript 3.

9. Flow of program through timeline and storyboard. 10. Using the multimedia

The topics that will not be covered in this report are the following: 1. Reinforcement for torsion in beams.

1.4 Source

Resources of this research are from textbooks, ACI 318-83, and notes taken from lectures. The internet provides with various design ideas of animation and presentation. The validation of the steps in the flowchart formed is tested through solved cases of reinforcement design and analysis.

1.5 Script Arrangement

This report is divided into three parts: beginning, content, and the ending. The beginning consists of the following:

a. Title page

b. Legalization page c. Preface

3

e. Statement of Originality f. Abstract

g. Table of Contents h. Appendixes

The content of this report consists of 5 chapters:

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 will cover the introduction of the manuscript, purpose and reasoning, scope of research, and the arrangement of the writing.

Chapter 2 THEORIES

Chapter 2 will explain basic theories of concrete and it applications, designing procedures, and analysis of computation based on the ACI code. This chapter will also explain what a multimedia is, what programming language is used, the use of multimedia, and other basic theories to support this project.

Chapter 3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Chapter 3 is where the program is analyzed and designed.

Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION

Chapter 4 will describe the implementation and use of the user interface.

Chapter 5 EVALUATION

Chapter 5 will present test results of the multimedia and the results of the questionnaire.

The last part of this report is the Conclusion.

Chapter 6 CONCLUSION

This chapter consist of conclusions and any critics useful for future developments of this project

Chapter 6

6

Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion

1. The purpose of this project was to enlighten students on how to calculate reinforcement bars in beams. From various opinions obtained, this was successful. However, further development is needed.

2. Calculating and analyzing reinforcement bars in beams is simplified by the use of flowcharts.

3. The purpose of a story board is to ―sketch‖ out roughly what the flow of animation would be like and what the display should look like. However, sometimes during execution, a more practical and efficient flow is discovered and is used rather than follow the storyboard exactly.

4. Even though this program is to help students understand the process of design and analysis of reinforcements in concrete beams, basic knowledge of the mechanics and behaviors of concrete is required to support decision making.

6.2 Conjecture

1. The program should provide an interactive ―calculator‖ to help students

7

Bibliography

Agarwal, B. B., Tayal, S. P., & Gupta, M. (2010). Software Engineering & Testing. Boston: Jones And Bartlett Publishers.

Gunter, S. K. (2007). Teach Yourself Visually Flash CS3 Professional. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Moock, C. (2007). Essential ActionScript 3.0. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc.

Nawy, E. G. (2003). Reinforced Concrete a Fundamental Approach (5th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Park, R., & Paulay, T. (1975). Reinforced Conrete Structures. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Peck, D. D. (1998). Multimedia: A Hands-On Introduction. Albany: Delmar Publishers.

Webster, S., Yard, T., & McSharry, S. (2008). Foundation ActionScript 3.0 with Flash CS3 and Flex. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

Wight, J. K., & MacGregor, J. G. (2005). Reinforced Concrete (4th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.