Bahan Kuliah | Berbagi Hobiku
Legal Liability
Chapter 5
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-1
Learning Objective 1
Understand the litigious
environment in which
CPAs practice.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-2
Changed Legal Environment
Audit professionals have a responsibility under
common law to fulfill implied or expressed
contracts with clients.
They are liable to their clients for negligence
and/or breach of contract should they fail to
provide the services or not exercise due care
in their performance.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-3
Learning Objective 2
Explain why the failure of financial
statement users to differentiate
among business failure, audit
failure, and audit risk has
resulted in lawsuits.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-4
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Audit
Failure
Business
Failure
Audit
Risk
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-5
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Business failure
It occurs when a business is unable to
repay its lenders or meet the
expectations of its investors because
of economic or business conditions.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-6
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Audit failure
It occurs when the auditor issues an
erroneous audit opinion as the result
of an underlying failure to comply
with the requirements of generally
accepted auditing standards (GAAS).
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-7
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Audit risk
It represents the risk that the auditor will
conclude that the financial statements
are fairly stated and an unqualified
opinion can be issued when, in fact,
they are materially misstated.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-8
Learning Objective 3
Use the primary legal concepts
and the terms concerning
accountants’ liability as a
basis for studying legal
liability of auditors.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-9
Legal Concepts
Affecting Liability
Prudent
person
concept
Liability for
the acts
of others
Lack of
privileged
communication
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 10
Major Sources of
Auditor’s Legal Liability
Client
Federal
securities laws
Third party
Criminal
liability
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 11
Learning Objective 4
Describe accountants’ liability
to clients and related defenses.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 12
Liability to Clients
The most common
source of lawsuits
against CPAs
is from clients.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 13
Legal Terms Affecting
CPAs’ Liability
Terms related to negligence and fraud
Ordinary
negligence
Constructive
fraud
Gross
negligence
Fraud
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 14
Legal Terms Affecting
CPAs’ Liability
Terms related to contract law
Breach of
contract
Third party
beneficiary
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 15
Legal Terms Affecting
CPAs’ Liability
Other terms
Common
law
Joint and
several
liability
Statutory
law
Separate and
proportionate
liability
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 16
Auditor’s Defenses
Against Client Suits
Lack of duty
Nonnegligent performance
Contributory negligence
Absence of causal connection
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 17
Learning Objective 5
Describe accountants’ liability
to third parties under common
law and related defenses.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 18
Liability to Third Parties
Under Common Law
Ultramares doctrine
Foreseen users
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 19
Foreseen Users
Credit alliance
Restatement of torts
Foreseeable users
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 20
Learning Objective 6
Describe accountants’ civil
liability under the federal
securities laws and
related defenses.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 21
Securities Act of 1933
The Securities Act imposes an
unusual burden on the auditor.
Section 11 of the 1933 act defines the
rights of third parties and auditors.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 22
Securities Exchange
Act of 1934
The liability of auditors under this act often
centers on the audited financial statements
issued to the public in annual reports or
submitted to the SEC as a part of annual
Form 10-K reports.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 23
Auditor Defenses – 1934 Act
Nonnegligent performance
Lack of duty
Absence of casual connection
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 24
SEC Sanctions
The SEC has the power in certain circumstances
to sanction or suspend practitioners from doing
audits for SEC companies.
Rule 2 (e) of the SEC’s Rules of Practice says:
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 25
SEC Sanctions
The commission may deny, the privilege of
appearing or practicing before it in any way to
any person who is found by the commission…
(1) not to possess the requisite qualifications to
represent others, or (2) to be lacking in character
or integrity or to have engaged in unethical or
improper professional conduct.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 26
Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organization Act
This act allows an injured party to seek treble
(triple) damages and recovery of legal fees
in cases where it can be demonstrated
that the defendant was engaged in a
“pattern of racketeering activity.”
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 27
Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act of 1977
This act makes it illegal to offer a bribe
to an official of a foreign country for
the purpose of exerting influence and
obtaining or retaining business.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 28
Learning Objective 7
Specify what constitutes
criminal liability
for accountants.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 29
Criminal Liability
CPAs can be held liable under
criminal liability for accountants.
CPAs can be found guilty for criminal
action under both federal and state laws.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 30
Learning Objective 8
Describe what the profession and
the individual CPA can do and
what is being done to reduce
the threat of litigation.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 31
The Profession’s Response
to Legal Liability
Research in auditing
Standard and rule setting
Set requirements to protect auditors
Establish peer review requirements
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 32
The Profession’s Response
to Legal Liability
Oppose law suits
Education of users
Sanction members for improper
conduct and performance
Lobby for changes in laws
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 33
Protecting Individual CPAs
from Legal Liability Example
Deal only with clients possessing integrity
Hire qualified personnel
Follow the standards of the profession
Maintain independence
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 34
Protecting Individual CPAs
from Legal Liability Example
Understand the client’s business
Perform quality audits
Document the work properly
Obtain an engagement and a representation letter
Maintain confidential relations
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 35
Protecting Individual CPAs
from Legal Liability Example
Carry adequate insurance
Seek legal counsel
Choose a form of organization with limited liability
Exercise professional skepticism
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 36
End of Chapter 5
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 37
Chapter 5
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-1
Learning Objective 1
Understand the litigious
environment in which
CPAs practice.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-2
Changed Legal Environment
Audit professionals have a responsibility under
common law to fulfill implied or expressed
contracts with clients.
They are liable to their clients for negligence
and/or breach of contract should they fail to
provide the services or not exercise due care
in their performance.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-3
Learning Objective 2
Explain why the failure of financial
statement users to differentiate
among business failure, audit
failure, and audit risk has
resulted in lawsuits.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-4
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Audit
Failure
Business
Failure
Audit
Risk
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-5
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Business failure
It occurs when a business is unable to
repay its lenders or meet the
expectations of its investors because
of economic or business conditions.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-6
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Audit failure
It occurs when the auditor issues an
erroneous audit opinion as the result
of an underlying failure to comply
with the requirements of generally
accepted auditing standards (GAAS).
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-7
Business Failure, Audit
Failure, and Audit Risk
Audit risk
It represents the risk that the auditor will
conclude that the financial statements
are fairly stated and an unqualified
opinion can be issued when, in fact,
they are materially misstated.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-8
Learning Objective 3
Use the primary legal concepts
and the terms concerning
accountants’ liability as a
basis for studying legal
liability of auditors.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5-9
Legal Concepts
Affecting Liability
Prudent
person
concept
Liability for
the acts
of others
Lack of
privileged
communication
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 10
Major Sources of
Auditor’s Legal Liability
Client
Federal
securities laws
Third party
Criminal
liability
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 11
Learning Objective 4
Describe accountants’ liability
to clients and related defenses.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 12
Liability to Clients
The most common
source of lawsuits
against CPAs
is from clients.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 13
Legal Terms Affecting
CPAs’ Liability
Terms related to negligence and fraud
Ordinary
negligence
Constructive
fraud
Gross
negligence
Fraud
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 14
Legal Terms Affecting
CPAs’ Liability
Terms related to contract law
Breach of
contract
Third party
beneficiary
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 15
Legal Terms Affecting
CPAs’ Liability
Other terms
Common
law
Joint and
several
liability
Statutory
law
Separate and
proportionate
liability
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 16
Auditor’s Defenses
Against Client Suits
Lack of duty
Nonnegligent performance
Contributory negligence
Absence of causal connection
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 17
Learning Objective 5
Describe accountants’ liability
to third parties under common
law and related defenses.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 18
Liability to Third Parties
Under Common Law
Ultramares doctrine
Foreseen users
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 19
Foreseen Users
Credit alliance
Restatement of torts
Foreseeable users
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 20
Learning Objective 6
Describe accountants’ civil
liability under the federal
securities laws and
related defenses.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 21
Securities Act of 1933
The Securities Act imposes an
unusual burden on the auditor.
Section 11 of the 1933 act defines the
rights of third parties and auditors.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 22
Securities Exchange
Act of 1934
The liability of auditors under this act often
centers on the audited financial statements
issued to the public in annual reports or
submitted to the SEC as a part of annual
Form 10-K reports.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 23
Auditor Defenses – 1934 Act
Nonnegligent performance
Lack of duty
Absence of casual connection
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 24
SEC Sanctions
The SEC has the power in certain circumstances
to sanction or suspend practitioners from doing
audits for SEC companies.
Rule 2 (e) of the SEC’s Rules of Practice says:
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 25
SEC Sanctions
The commission may deny, the privilege of
appearing or practicing before it in any way to
any person who is found by the commission…
(1) not to possess the requisite qualifications to
represent others, or (2) to be lacking in character
or integrity or to have engaged in unethical or
improper professional conduct.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 26
Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organization Act
This act allows an injured party to seek treble
(triple) damages and recovery of legal fees
in cases where it can be demonstrated
that the defendant was engaged in a
“pattern of racketeering activity.”
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 27
Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act of 1977
This act makes it illegal to offer a bribe
to an official of a foreign country for
the purpose of exerting influence and
obtaining or retaining business.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 28
Learning Objective 7
Specify what constitutes
criminal liability
for accountants.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 29
Criminal Liability
CPAs can be held liable under
criminal liability for accountants.
CPAs can be found guilty for criminal
action under both federal and state laws.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 30
Learning Objective 8
Describe what the profession and
the individual CPA can do and
what is being done to reduce
the threat of litigation.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 31
The Profession’s Response
to Legal Liability
Research in auditing
Standard and rule setting
Set requirements to protect auditors
Establish peer review requirements
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 32
The Profession’s Response
to Legal Liability
Oppose law suits
Education of users
Sanction members for improper
conduct and performance
Lobby for changes in laws
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 33
Protecting Individual CPAs
from Legal Liability Example
Deal only with clients possessing integrity
Hire qualified personnel
Follow the standards of the profession
Maintain independence
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 34
Protecting Individual CPAs
from Legal Liability Example
Understand the client’s business
Perform quality audits
Document the work properly
Obtain an engagement and a representation letter
Maintain confidential relations
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 35
Protecting Individual CPAs
from Legal Liability Example
Carry adequate insurance
Seek legal counsel
Choose a form of organization with limited liability
Exercise professional skepticism
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 36
End of Chapter 5
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
5 - 37