Sociological theories CorePH
Sociological Theories and
Perspectives in
Understanding Health
Supriyati
Department of Health Behavior, Environment, and Social Medicine
Faculty of Medicine, UGM
What is sociology ?
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang
masyarakat
Ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan antar
individu (perilaku sosial)
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang fakta sosial
Paradigma
Fakta sosial
Definisi sosial
Perilaku sosial
Paradigma Fakta Sosial
Teori fungsionalisme struktural
Teori konflik
Teori sistem
Teori sosiologi makro
Paradigma Definisi Sosial
Action theory
Simbolic interactionism
Phenomenology
Manusia adalah aktor kreatif dan kehidupan tidak statis
Paradigma Perilaku Sosial
Behavioral sociology
Exchange theory
Paradigma fakta sosial
•
•
•
•
Teori fungsionalisme structural
Teori konflik
Teori sistem
Teori sosiologi makro
#1.Teori Fungsionalisme struktural (Konsensus)
• Focuses on how society is organized and how social institutions meet
the needs of people living within a collectivity
• Like an organism
• As understanding human body ---- human social system (has many
parts/institution such as education, religion, economy, politic)
These institutions secure the evolution and growth of society
• The consensus focus upon the good of the overall society; sub-groups
of society must be willing to sacrifice for the good of the whole
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
The characteristics of society
• Well planned uniformity
• Stability and equilibrium between different parts
• Consensus of the main values
• Every institution has a function which helps society to
remain stable
• What is, is good – atural sele tio of good
institutions/functions
4 key functions of social system
Adaptation
Goal attainment
Integration
Latency
• production and distribution of goods and services:
The economy
• writing and enforcing of the rules: The policy
• procreation and socialization of children; integration
of social activities: Family and education
• a system of values and beliefs: Religion
Social action taken
places as a
dynamic
equilibrium
Dinamic
equilibrium means
society is always
Social institution
must adjust to
changes in other
changing
institution
- Unprepared to address changes that occur due to misuse of
power
- highly useful in understanding ongoing adjustments to social
institutions in response to changes in the other institutions
Research question :
Mapping, describing, and analysing
Positive function
Institution
The dysfunctions
Example :
Could you please
explain the health
seeking behavior
pattern after the
national health
insurance ?
#2. Teori Konflik
• the fundamental processes of society are competition and conflict,
rather than cooperation for the good of the whole
• All social systems have a small minority of powerful elites
• Social action takes place within an arena of conflict and exploitation
between dominant and secondary segments of society must be
anticipated
• Focus on the material condition such as clothing, education, access to
health care
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
#2. Teori Konflik
Wewenang dan posisi
Distribusi kekuasaan tidak merata
Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan
Konflik secara sistematis
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
konflik
Integritas
4 fungsi konflik
Memelihara solidaritas
Membentuk aliansi
Mengaktifkan peran individu
Fungsi komunikasi
Conflict in modern sociology
Not only focusing on class struggle as Marx
did, but on the overall power structure in
society, such as conflicts between different
groups of interests
Producers and consumers, employers
and employed, among religions,
teachers and students, parents and
kids, personality and culture
Conflict cause social change
In every society there are conflicts; conflict is the driving force of
social change
Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension,
competition or disagreement about objectives and values,
conflict of interests
Conflict cause social change
conflict
Social
change
Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension,
competition or disagreement about objectives and values,
conflict of interests
Deklarasi Keparakan : a community deal
Kesepakatan bersama :
1.Tidak merokok di dalam
pertemuan
2.Tidak merokok di dalam
rumah
Kantor kelurahan yang bebas asap rokok
Perubahan sosial
yang terjadi karena
“konflik”
Research question
Mapping of power-relations
Someone is making benefit of the situation at the expense of
someone else
How can we dissolve the conflict? Can there be a win-win solution?
Paradigma Definisi sosial
• Action theory
• Symbolic interactionism
• Phenomenology
Definisi sosial
Fokus pada tindakan sosial
Tindakan mengandung arti
Perlu penafsiran dan pemahaman
untuk merespon
Action theory
Tindakan dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan (subjek dan objek)
Bertindak menggunakan cara yang dianggap cocok mencapai
tujuan
Kelangsungan tindakan dibatasi eksternal yang tak dapat
dikendalikan
Manusia memilih, menilai dan mengevaluasi tindakannya
Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology
Action theory
• Keyakinan kelompok tertentu terhadap proses kehamilan
dan persalinan mengantarkan mereka pada perilaku pencari
pertolongan persalinan
• Social capital yang tinggi mendorong persalinan di dukun
bayi
• Masyarakat yang menganggap batuk berdarah (TB) terjadi
karena santet dan guna guna, akan mencari orang pintar
untuk menyembuhkan
Action theory
Interactionism symbolic
• Focuses on how individuals influence
and are influenced by society. It
guides investigations into how the
rules of society are re-created
everyday through our interactions
with one another
• the symbolic meanings we attach to
things and events
Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology
“o e co cepts…
Reality is socially constructed through our interactions with one
another. Morality, ethics, and values, are not given; we create
them through our interactions with one another
Social action is influenced by person's beliefs, attitudes,
perceptions, and negotiations of meanings
The rules are open for grabs. If you do not like your society:
work hard to change it!
Conflict Vs Fuctionalist
• The conflict paradigm highlights parts of
society where functionalists usually do not
focus on
• The weakness of the conflict paradigm is
that they miss the consensus- and balance
in society
Paradigma perilaku sosial
• Behavioral Sociology
• Exchange theory
• Rationale choice theory
Paradigma perilaku sosial
Apa yang menjadi
keyakinan dan
motivasi ?
Perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan,
motivasi, dan tujuan
Ketika perilaku menjadi terpola / tetap, maka
menjadi perilaku sosial
Exchange theory
• explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated
exchanges between parties
• posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a
subjective cost benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives
• norm of reciprocity
Behavioral Sociology – Exchange theory – rational choice theory
Post Modernism / postStructuralism
• Deconstruction
• Discourse/discourse analysis
• Plurality of knowledge and method
• Power and knowledge; Relativism
The Network Episode Model (Pescosolido, 2006)
Medical sociology
• Also known as health
sociology
• The study of cause
and consequences of
health and illness
(Cockerham, 2011)
Major area of investigation are
Social aspects of health and disease
Social behavior of patient and health provider
Social function of health organization and institution
Social pattern of the utilization of health services
Relationship of health care delivery systems to other social institution and
social policies toward health
Why medical sociology is important?
Recognizes the critical
role social factors play in
determining or
influencing the health of
individuals, groups, or
larger population
Why people have to do sexual intercourse just
after their traditional circumcision in Timor Island?
• Sifon : Atoni Tribe in Timor island
• Sifon : a man is supposed to be engage in
sexual relationship with at least 3 women
• Sifon : a so ial tool to for a a ’s
masculinity and the way to avoid disharmony
in the family (Ungu, 2012)
• the sexual intercourse must be done before
the wound from the circumcision has healed
to dis ard the heat of ody
• the community belief has influence their
behavior related to health “TD’s?
The development of Medical Sociology: Talcot
Parsons
Publishes the social system in 1951
First major social theorist to deal with issues of
health, illness, and the role of medicine
Structural-functionalist perspective
Introduced concept of the sick role
What is
Health ?
• A state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease or injury
(WHO)
• health as the capacity to carry out their
daily activities ability to function
Contrasting idea about health and social
behavior
• Some people tended to rely on magic as the fundamental explanation
of disease and illness
What do you think ?
References
• Engman A & Cranford C., 2016. Habit and the Body: Lesson for social
Theories of Habit from the Experiences of People with Physical
Disabilities. Sociological Theory. 34(1):27-44
• Jovanovic M.,
4. Creati g the Dis-ease of high holesterol: A
Sociology of diagnosis reception analysis. Social Science & Medicine:
101: 120-128
• Ritzer G. 2012. Sociological Theory. 8th ed. USA: McgrowHill
Perspectives in
Understanding Health
Supriyati
Department of Health Behavior, Environment, and Social Medicine
Faculty of Medicine, UGM
What is sociology ?
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang
masyarakat
Ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan antar
individu (perilaku sosial)
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang fakta sosial
Paradigma
Fakta sosial
Definisi sosial
Perilaku sosial
Paradigma Fakta Sosial
Teori fungsionalisme struktural
Teori konflik
Teori sistem
Teori sosiologi makro
Paradigma Definisi Sosial
Action theory
Simbolic interactionism
Phenomenology
Manusia adalah aktor kreatif dan kehidupan tidak statis
Paradigma Perilaku Sosial
Behavioral sociology
Exchange theory
Paradigma fakta sosial
•
•
•
•
Teori fungsionalisme structural
Teori konflik
Teori sistem
Teori sosiologi makro
#1.Teori Fungsionalisme struktural (Konsensus)
• Focuses on how society is organized and how social institutions meet
the needs of people living within a collectivity
• Like an organism
• As understanding human body ---- human social system (has many
parts/institution such as education, religion, economy, politic)
These institutions secure the evolution and growth of society
• The consensus focus upon the good of the overall society; sub-groups
of society must be willing to sacrifice for the good of the whole
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
The characteristics of society
• Well planned uniformity
• Stability and equilibrium between different parts
• Consensus of the main values
• Every institution has a function which helps society to
remain stable
• What is, is good – atural sele tio of good
institutions/functions
4 key functions of social system
Adaptation
Goal attainment
Integration
Latency
• production and distribution of goods and services:
The economy
• writing and enforcing of the rules: The policy
• procreation and socialization of children; integration
of social activities: Family and education
• a system of values and beliefs: Religion
Social action taken
places as a
dynamic
equilibrium
Dinamic
equilibrium means
society is always
Social institution
must adjust to
changes in other
changing
institution
- Unprepared to address changes that occur due to misuse of
power
- highly useful in understanding ongoing adjustments to social
institutions in response to changes in the other institutions
Research question :
Mapping, describing, and analysing
Positive function
Institution
The dysfunctions
Example :
Could you please
explain the health
seeking behavior
pattern after the
national health
insurance ?
#2. Teori Konflik
• the fundamental processes of society are competition and conflict,
rather than cooperation for the good of the whole
• All social systems have a small minority of powerful elites
• Social action takes place within an arena of conflict and exploitation
between dominant and secondary segments of society must be
anticipated
• Focus on the material condition such as clothing, education, access to
health care
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
#2. Teori Konflik
Wewenang dan posisi
Distribusi kekuasaan tidak merata
Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan
Konflik secara sistematis
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
konflik
Integritas
4 fungsi konflik
Memelihara solidaritas
Membentuk aliansi
Mengaktifkan peran individu
Fungsi komunikasi
Conflict in modern sociology
Not only focusing on class struggle as Marx
did, but on the overall power structure in
society, such as conflicts between different
groups of interests
Producers and consumers, employers
and employed, among religions,
teachers and students, parents and
kids, personality and culture
Conflict cause social change
In every society there are conflicts; conflict is the driving force of
social change
Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension,
competition or disagreement about objectives and values,
conflict of interests
Conflict cause social change
conflict
Social
change
Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension,
competition or disagreement about objectives and values,
conflict of interests
Deklarasi Keparakan : a community deal
Kesepakatan bersama :
1.Tidak merokok di dalam
pertemuan
2.Tidak merokok di dalam
rumah
Kantor kelurahan yang bebas asap rokok
Perubahan sosial
yang terjadi karena
“konflik”
Research question
Mapping of power-relations
Someone is making benefit of the situation at the expense of
someone else
How can we dissolve the conflict? Can there be a win-win solution?
Paradigma Definisi sosial
• Action theory
• Symbolic interactionism
• Phenomenology
Definisi sosial
Fokus pada tindakan sosial
Tindakan mengandung arti
Perlu penafsiran dan pemahaman
untuk merespon
Action theory
Tindakan dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan (subjek dan objek)
Bertindak menggunakan cara yang dianggap cocok mencapai
tujuan
Kelangsungan tindakan dibatasi eksternal yang tak dapat
dikendalikan
Manusia memilih, menilai dan mengevaluasi tindakannya
Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology
Action theory
• Keyakinan kelompok tertentu terhadap proses kehamilan
dan persalinan mengantarkan mereka pada perilaku pencari
pertolongan persalinan
• Social capital yang tinggi mendorong persalinan di dukun
bayi
• Masyarakat yang menganggap batuk berdarah (TB) terjadi
karena santet dan guna guna, akan mencari orang pintar
untuk menyembuhkan
Action theory
Interactionism symbolic
• Focuses on how individuals influence
and are influenced by society. It
guides investigations into how the
rules of society are re-created
everyday through our interactions
with one another
• the symbolic meanings we attach to
things and events
Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology
“o e co cepts…
Reality is socially constructed through our interactions with one
another. Morality, ethics, and values, are not given; we create
them through our interactions with one another
Social action is influenced by person's beliefs, attitudes,
perceptions, and negotiations of meanings
The rules are open for grabs. If you do not like your society:
work hard to change it!
Conflict Vs Fuctionalist
• The conflict paradigm highlights parts of
society where functionalists usually do not
focus on
• The weakness of the conflict paradigm is
that they miss the consensus- and balance
in society
Paradigma perilaku sosial
• Behavioral Sociology
• Exchange theory
• Rationale choice theory
Paradigma perilaku sosial
Apa yang menjadi
keyakinan dan
motivasi ?
Perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan,
motivasi, dan tujuan
Ketika perilaku menjadi terpola / tetap, maka
menjadi perilaku sosial
Exchange theory
• explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated
exchanges between parties
• posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a
subjective cost benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives
• norm of reciprocity
Behavioral Sociology – Exchange theory – rational choice theory
Post Modernism / postStructuralism
• Deconstruction
• Discourse/discourse analysis
• Plurality of knowledge and method
• Power and knowledge; Relativism
The Network Episode Model (Pescosolido, 2006)
Medical sociology
• Also known as health
sociology
• The study of cause
and consequences of
health and illness
(Cockerham, 2011)
Major area of investigation are
Social aspects of health and disease
Social behavior of patient and health provider
Social function of health organization and institution
Social pattern of the utilization of health services
Relationship of health care delivery systems to other social institution and
social policies toward health
Why medical sociology is important?
Recognizes the critical
role social factors play in
determining or
influencing the health of
individuals, groups, or
larger population
Why people have to do sexual intercourse just
after their traditional circumcision in Timor Island?
• Sifon : Atoni Tribe in Timor island
• Sifon : a man is supposed to be engage in
sexual relationship with at least 3 women
• Sifon : a so ial tool to for a a ’s
masculinity and the way to avoid disharmony
in the family (Ungu, 2012)
• the sexual intercourse must be done before
the wound from the circumcision has healed
to dis ard the heat of ody
• the community belief has influence their
behavior related to health “TD’s?
The development of Medical Sociology: Talcot
Parsons
Publishes the social system in 1951
First major social theorist to deal with issues of
health, illness, and the role of medicine
Structural-functionalist perspective
Introduced concept of the sick role
What is
Health ?
• A state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease or injury
(WHO)
• health as the capacity to carry out their
daily activities ability to function
Contrasting idea about health and social
behavior
• Some people tended to rely on magic as the fundamental explanation
of disease and illness
What do you think ?
References
• Engman A & Cranford C., 2016. Habit and the Body: Lesson for social
Theories of Habit from the Experiences of People with Physical
Disabilities. Sociological Theory. 34(1):27-44
• Jovanovic M.,
4. Creati g the Dis-ease of high holesterol: A
Sociology of diagnosis reception analysis. Social Science & Medicine:
101: 120-128
• Ritzer G. 2012. Sociological Theory. 8th ed. USA: McgrowHill