Nur Muhamad A 22010110120067 Bab8KTI
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Mongardon N, Max A, Bougle A, Pene F, Lemiale V, Charpentier J, et al.
Epidemiology and outcome of severe pneumococcal pneumonia admitted to
intensive care unit: a multicenter study. Critical care. 2012;16(4):R155.
2. File TM. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet. 2003; 362:1991
3. Centers
for
Disease
Control
and
Prevention.
FastStats
:
Pneumonia(Internet).2013(updated 2013 April 5; cited 2014 Januari
10).Available from : www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/pneumonia.htm
4. Ewig, S., Birkner, N., Strauss, R., Schaefer, E., Pauletzki, J., Bischoff, H. et
al. New perspectives on community-acquired pneumonia in 388406 patients.
Results from a nationwide mandatory performance measurement programme
in healthcare quality.Thorax.2009; 64: 1062–1069
5. Navdeep K. Brar M, Michael S. Niederman, MD. Management of
community-acquired Pneumonia. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory
Disease. 2011;5(1):61 - 78.Available from : www.medscape.com
6. Pokja Infeksi Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia.Pneumonia Komunitas :
Pedoman Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Di Indonesia.2003
7. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean
NC, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society
consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia
in adults. Clinical infectious diseases. 2007;44(Supplement 2):S27-S72.
8. Ho P-L, Cheng VC-C, Chu C-M. Antibiotic resistance in community-acquired
pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii. CHEST Journal.
2009;136(4):1119-27.
9. Ramirez JA, Anzueto AR. Changing needs of community-acquired
pneumonia. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2011;66(suppl 3):iii3-iii9.
64
65
10. Arancibia F, Ewig S, Martinez JA, Ruiz M, Bauer T, Marcos MA, et al.
Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired
pneumonia: causes and prognostic implications. American journal of
respiratory and critical care medicine. 2000;162(1):154-60.
11. Fine MJ, Pratt HM, Obrosky DS, Lave JR, McIntosh LJ, Singer DE, et al.
Relation between length of hospital stay and costs of care for patients with
community-acquired pneumonia. The American journal of medicine.
2000;109(5):378-85.
12. Bartolome M, Almirall J, Morera J, Pera G, Ortun V, Bassa J, et al. A
population-based study of the costs of care for community-acquired
pneumonia. European Respiratory Journal. 2004;23(4):610-6.
13. Kementerian
Kesehatan
Republik
Indonesia.Triple
Burden
Ancam
Lansia.Jakarta : Pusat Komunikasi Publik Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian
Kesehatan RI;2013.Available from : www.depkes.go.id
14. Sato R, Rey GG, Nelson S, Pinsky B. Community-acquired pneumonia
episode costs by age and risk in commercially insured US adults aged≥ 50
years. Applied health economics and health policy. 2013;11(3):251-8.
15. Dahlan Z. Pneumonia.Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. 2. 4 ed. In: W.Sudoyo
A, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, K. MS, Setiati S, editors. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia; 2006. p. 964 - 71.
16. Cascini S AN, Incalzi RA, Pinnarelli L, Mayer F, Arcà M, Fusco D, Davoli
M. Pneumonia burden in elderly patients: a classification algorithm using
administrative data. BMC Infectious Disease. 2013;13(559).
17. Lawrence M T, Jr., J.McPhee S, A.Papadakis M. Diagnosis dan Terapi
Kedokteran Penyakit Dalam. 1 ed. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2002. 100 - 10
p.
66
18. Armitage K, Woodhead M. New guidelines for the management of adult
community-acquired pneumonia. Current opinion in infectious diseases.
2007;20(2):170-6.
19. Gutierrez F, Masia M, Rodriguez J, Mirete C, Soldan B, Padilla S, et al.
Epidemiology of community‐acquired pneumonia in adult patients at the
dawn of the 21st century: a prospective study on the Mediterranean coast of
Spain. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2005;11(10):788-800.
20. American
Lung
Association(Internet).Chicago
Pneumonia;c2014(cited
2014
Januari
:
Understanding
10).Available
from
:
www.lung.org/lung-disease/pneumonia/understanding-pneumonia.html
21. Tsai-Ling Lauderdale F-YC, Ren-Jy Ben, Hsiao-Chuan Yin, et al. Etiology of
community
acquired
pneumonia
among
adult
patients
requiring
hospitalization in Taiwan. Respiratory Medicine. 2005(99):1079 - 86.
22. Almirall J, Bolibar I, Vidal J, Sauca G, Coll P, Niklasson B, et al.
Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a populationbased study. European Respiratory Journal. 2000;15(4):757-63.
23. Cunha,
A
Burke.Community
Acquired
Pneumonia(Internet);2014(last
updated 2014 Januari 13, cited 2014 Januari 5).Available from :
www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview#aw2aab6b4
24. National
Health
Service(Internet).United
Kingdom
:
Pneumonia
–
Causes;2012 (last reviewed 2012 Juni 15, cited 2013 23 Desember
2013).Available from : www.nhs.uk/conditions/pneumonia/pages/causes.aspx
25. ZS, Priyanti.Bagian Pulmonologi FK UI/RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta :
Konsensus Pneumonia(Internet); c2014 (cited 2014 Januari 5).Available from
: www.klikpdpi.com/konsensus/Xsip/konsensus-pneumonia/pneumonia.htm
26. Khalil MM, Abdel Dayem AM, Farghaly AAA-H, Shehata HM. Pattern of
community and hospital acquired pneumonia in Egyptian military hospitals.
Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis. 2013;62(1):9-16.
67
27. Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative
pathogens and resistance patterns. European Respiratory Journal. 2002;20(36
suppl):20s-7s.
28. A.Mandell L, Wunderink R. Pneumonia. Harrison's Principles of Internal
Medicine. 2. 18th Edition ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran
EGC.2006.957 – 90 p.
29. Sylvia A.Price LMW. Patofisiologi : Konsep Klinis Proses - Proses Penyakit.
In: dr.Huriawati Hartanto dNS, dr.Pita Wulansari,dr.Dewi Asih Mahanani,
editor. 2. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.2002. p. 804 - 10.
30. Lynch JP, Zhanel GG. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Epidemiology, Risk
Factors, and Strategies for Prevention. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical
Care Medicine Thieme Medical Publishers 2009. p. 189-209
31. Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Mensa J, et al.
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and
severity. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
1999;160(2):397-405.
32. F.Simonetti A, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratala J. Management of
community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Therapeutic Advances in
Infectious Disease. 2014;2(1):3- 16.
33. Fine MJ, Stone RA, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, Lave JR, et al.
Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired
pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team
(PORT) cohort study. Archives of internal medicine. 1999;159(9):970-80.
34. Sharma Sat, Maycher Bruce, Eschun Gregg.Radiological Imaging in
Pneumonia : Recent Innovations Imaging of Bacterial Pneumonia(Internet);
c2014(cited
2014
Januari
www.medscape.org/viewarticle/556344_2
5).
Available
from
:
68
35. Boersma WG, Daniels J, Löwenberg A, Boeve W-J, van de Jagt EJ.
Reliability of radiographic findings and the relation to etiologic agents in
community-acquired pneumonia. Respiratory medicine. 2006;100(5):926-32.
36. Schmitt, Steven. Cleveland : Community Acquired Pneumonia(Internet);
c2014
(cited
2014
Januari
5).Available
from
:
www.clevelandclinicmed.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/infectiousdisease/community-acquired-pneumonia/#bib10
37. Van der Eerden M, Vlaspolder F, De Graaff C, Groot T, Bronsveld W, Jansen
H, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and
empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community
acquired
pneumonia:
a
prospective
randomised
study.
Thorax.
2005;60(8):672-8.
38. Snijders D, Daniels JM, de Graaff CS, van der Werf TS, Boersma WG.
Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized
double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(9):975–
982.
39. Blasi F, Garau J, Medina J, Ávila M, McBride K, Ostermann H. Current
management of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
across Europe: outcomes from REACH. Respir Res. 2013;14:44
40. Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ, Schneider MM, et al. Effectiveness of early switch
from intravenous to oral antibiotics in severe community acquired pneumonia:
multicentre randomised trial. BMJ. 2006;333(7580):1193.
41. Carratalà J, Garcia-Vidal C, Ortega L, Fernández-Sabé N, Clemente M,
Albero G, et al. Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of
intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired
pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of internal medicine.
2012;172(12):922-8.
42. Song J-H, Oh WS, Kang C-I, Chung DR, Peck KR, Ko KS, et al.
Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in
69
adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian network for
surveillance of resistant pathogens. International Journal of Antimicrobial
Agents(Internet). 2008 (cited 2013 Desember 20); 31(2):107–14.Available
from : www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857907004888
43. Mortensen EM, Coley CM, Singer DE, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS, Kapoor WN,
et al. Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia:
results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study.
Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002;162(9):1059-64.
44. Kikuchi, Ryo, et al. High incidence of silent aspiration in elderly patients with
community-acquired pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and
Critical Care Medicine. 1994; 150(1): 251-253.
45. Fung, Horatio B.; Monteaguda-Chu, Maricelle O. Community-acquired
pneumonia in the elderly. The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy.
2010; 8(1): 47-62.
46. Kaplan, V., Angus, D. C., Griffin, M. F., Clermont, G., Scott Watson, R. &
Linde – Zwirble, W.T.Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the
elderly: age-and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.2002;165 : 766772.
47. Torres, A., Peetermans, W. E., Viegi, G., & Blasi, F. Risk factors for
community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review.
Thorax. 2013; 68(11) : 1057-1065.
48. Corrales-Medina, V. F., Musher, D. M., Shachkina, S., & Chirinos, J. A.Acute
pneumonia and the cardiovascular system. The Lancet.2013; 381(9865) : 496505.
49. Falguera, Miquel, et al. Etiology and outcome of community-acquired
pneumonia in patients with diabetes mellitus. CHEST Journal.2005; 128(5):
3233-323
70
50. Saibal, M. A. A., Rahman, S. H. Z., Nishat, L., Sikder, N. H., Begum, S. A.,
Islam, M. J., & Uddin, K. N. Community acquired pneumonia in diabetic and
non-diabetic hospitalized patients: presentation, causative pathogens and
outcome. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin. 2013; 38(3) : 98103.
51. Bansal, S., Kashyap, S., Pal, L. S., & Goel, A.Clinical and bacteriological
profile of community acquired pneumonia in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh.
Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences.2004; 46(1) : 17-22.
52. Furer, V., Raveh, D., Picard, E., Goldberg, S., & Izbicki, G.Absence of
leukocytosis in bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia. Prim Care Respir J.
2011; 20(3) : 276-281.
53. Khalil, M. M., Abdel Dayem, A. M., Farghaly, A. A. A. H., & Shehata, H. M.
Pattern of community and hospital acquired pneumonia in Egyptian military
hospitals. Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis.2013; 62(1) :
9-16.
54. Kolditz, M., Halank, M., & Höffken, G. 2006. Monotherapy versus
combination therapy in patients hospitalized with community-acquired
pneumonia. Treatments in respiratory medicine. 2006; 5(6) : 371-383.
55. Nair, G. B., & Niederman, M. S. Community-acquired pneumonia: an
unfinished battle. Medical Clinics of North America. 2011; 95(6) : 11431161.
71
Lampiran 1
72
Lampiran 2
73
74
Lampiran 3
Biodata Mahasiswa
Identitas
Nama
: Nur Muhamad Arjanardi
NIM
: 22010110120064
Tempat tanggal lahir
: Kabupaten Semarang, 27 September 1992
Jenis Kelamin
: Laki-laki
Alamat
: Jl. Parasamya IV-94, perumda, Ungaran
No. HP
: 085726838946
Email
: nurmuhamad30@gmail.com
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal :
1.
SD
: SDN UNGARAN 1
Lulus tahun: 2004
2.
SMP : SMP N 1 UNGARAN
Lulus tahun: 2007
3.
SMA : SMA TARUNA NUSANTARA
Lulus tahun: 2010
4.
SI
: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro
Riwayat Organisasi
1.
HIMA KU UNDIP
2.
ISMKI
Masuk : 2010
75
Lampiran 4
1. Mongardon N, Max A, Bougle A, Pene F, Lemiale V, Charpentier J, et al.
Epidemiology and outcome of severe pneumococcal pneumonia admitted to
intensive care unit: a multicenter study. Critical care. 2012;16(4):R155.
2. File TM. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet. 2003; 362:1991
3. Centers
for
Disease
Control
and
Prevention.
FastStats
:
Pneumonia(Internet).2013(updated 2013 April 5; cited 2014 Januari
10).Available from : www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/pneumonia.htm
4. Ewig, S., Birkner, N., Strauss, R., Schaefer, E., Pauletzki, J., Bischoff, H. et
al. New perspectives on community-acquired pneumonia in 388406 patients.
Results from a nationwide mandatory performance measurement programme
in healthcare quality.Thorax.2009; 64: 1062–1069
5. Navdeep K. Brar M, Michael S. Niederman, MD. Management of
community-acquired Pneumonia. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory
Disease. 2011;5(1):61 - 78.Available from : www.medscape.com
6. Pokja Infeksi Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia.Pneumonia Komunitas :
Pedoman Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Di Indonesia.2003
7. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean
NC, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society
consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia
in adults. Clinical infectious diseases. 2007;44(Supplement 2):S27-S72.
8. Ho P-L, Cheng VC-C, Chu C-M. Antibiotic resistance in community-acquired
pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii. CHEST Journal.
2009;136(4):1119-27.
9. Ramirez JA, Anzueto AR. Changing needs of community-acquired
pneumonia. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2011;66(suppl 3):iii3-iii9.
64
65
10. Arancibia F, Ewig S, Martinez JA, Ruiz M, Bauer T, Marcos MA, et al.
Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired
pneumonia: causes and prognostic implications. American journal of
respiratory and critical care medicine. 2000;162(1):154-60.
11. Fine MJ, Pratt HM, Obrosky DS, Lave JR, McIntosh LJ, Singer DE, et al.
Relation between length of hospital stay and costs of care for patients with
community-acquired pneumonia. The American journal of medicine.
2000;109(5):378-85.
12. Bartolome M, Almirall J, Morera J, Pera G, Ortun V, Bassa J, et al. A
population-based study of the costs of care for community-acquired
pneumonia. European Respiratory Journal. 2004;23(4):610-6.
13. Kementerian
Kesehatan
Republik
Indonesia.Triple
Burden
Ancam
Lansia.Jakarta : Pusat Komunikasi Publik Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian
Kesehatan RI;2013.Available from : www.depkes.go.id
14. Sato R, Rey GG, Nelson S, Pinsky B. Community-acquired pneumonia
episode costs by age and risk in commercially insured US adults aged≥ 50
years. Applied health economics and health policy. 2013;11(3):251-8.
15. Dahlan Z. Pneumonia.Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. 2. 4 ed. In: W.Sudoyo
A, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, K. MS, Setiati S, editors. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia; 2006. p. 964 - 71.
16. Cascini S AN, Incalzi RA, Pinnarelli L, Mayer F, Arcà M, Fusco D, Davoli
M. Pneumonia burden in elderly patients: a classification algorithm using
administrative data. BMC Infectious Disease. 2013;13(559).
17. Lawrence M T, Jr., J.McPhee S, A.Papadakis M. Diagnosis dan Terapi
Kedokteran Penyakit Dalam. 1 ed. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2002. 100 - 10
p.
66
18. Armitage K, Woodhead M. New guidelines for the management of adult
community-acquired pneumonia. Current opinion in infectious diseases.
2007;20(2):170-6.
19. Gutierrez F, Masia M, Rodriguez J, Mirete C, Soldan B, Padilla S, et al.
Epidemiology of community‐acquired pneumonia in adult patients at the
dawn of the 21st century: a prospective study on the Mediterranean coast of
Spain. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2005;11(10):788-800.
20. American
Lung
Association(Internet).Chicago
Pneumonia;c2014(cited
2014
Januari
:
Understanding
10).Available
from
:
www.lung.org/lung-disease/pneumonia/understanding-pneumonia.html
21. Tsai-Ling Lauderdale F-YC, Ren-Jy Ben, Hsiao-Chuan Yin, et al. Etiology of
community
acquired
pneumonia
among
adult
patients
requiring
hospitalization in Taiwan. Respiratory Medicine. 2005(99):1079 - 86.
22. Almirall J, Bolibar I, Vidal J, Sauca G, Coll P, Niklasson B, et al.
Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a populationbased study. European Respiratory Journal. 2000;15(4):757-63.
23. Cunha,
A
Burke.Community
Acquired
Pneumonia(Internet);2014(last
updated 2014 Januari 13, cited 2014 Januari 5).Available from :
www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview#aw2aab6b4
24. National
Health
Service(Internet).United
Kingdom
:
Pneumonia
–
Causes;2012 (last reviewed 2012 Juni 15, cited 2013 23 Desember
2013).Available from : www.nhs.uk/conditions/pneumonia/pages/causes.aspx
25. ZS, Priyanti.Bagian Pulmonologi FK UI/RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta :
Konsensus Pneumonia(Internet); c2014 (cited 2014 Januari 5).Available from
: www.klikpdpi.com/konsensus/Xsip/konsensus-pneumonia/pneumonia.htm
26. Khalil MM, Abdel Dayem AM, Farghaly AAA-H, Shehata HM. Pattern of
community and hospital acquired pneumonia in Egyptian military hospitals.
Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis. 2013;62(1):9-16.
67
27. Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative
pathogens and resistance patterns. European Respiratory Journal. 2002;20(36
suppl):20s-7s.
28. A.Mandell L, Wunderink R. Pneumonia. Harrison's Principles of Internal
Medicine. 2. 18th Edition ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran
EGC.2006.957 – 90 p.
29. Sylvia A.Price LMW. Patofisiologi : Konsep Klinis Proses - Proses Penyakit.
In: dr.Huriawati Hartanto dNS, dr.Pita Wulansari,dr.Dewi Asih Mahanani,
editor. 2. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.2002. p. 804 - 10.
30. Lynch JP, Zhanel GG. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Epidemiology, Risk
Factors, and Strategies for Prevention. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical
Care Medicine Thieme Medical Publishers 2009. p. 189-209
31. Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Mensa J, et al.
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and
severity. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
1999;160(2):397-405.
32. F.Simonetti A, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratala J. Management of
community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Therapeutic Advances in
Infectious Disease. 2014;2(1):3- 16.
33. Fine MJ, Stone RA, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, Lave JR, et al.
Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired
pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team
(PORT) cohort study. Archives of internal medicine. 1999;159(9):970-80.
34. Sharma Sat, Maycher Bruce, Eschun Gregg.Radiological Imaging in
Pneumonia : Recent Innovations Imaging of Bacterial Pneumonia(Internet);
c2014(cited
2014
Januari
www.medscape.org/viewarticle/556344_2
5).
Available
from
:
68
35. Boersma WG, Daniels J, Löwenberg A, Boeve W-J, van de Jagt EJ.
Reliability of radiographic findings and the relation to etiologic agents in
community-acquired pneumonia. Respiratory medicine. 2006;100(5):926-32.
36. Schmitt, Steven. Cleveland : Community Acquired Pneumonia(Internet);
c2014
(cited
2014
Januari
5).Available
from
:
www.clevelandclinicmed.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/infectiousdisease/community-acquired-pneumonia/#bib10
37. Van der Eerden M, Vlaspolder F, De Graaff C, Groot T, Bronsveld W, Jansen
H, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and
empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community
acquired
pneumonia:
a
prospective
randomised
study.
Thorax.
2005;60(8):672-8.
38. Snijders D, Daniels JM, de Graaff CS, van der Werf TS, Boersma WG.
Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized
double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(9):975–
982.
39. Blasi F, Garau J, Medina J, Ávila M, McBride K, Ostermann H. Current
management of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
across Europe: outcomes from REACH. Respir Res. 2013;14:44
40. Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ, Schneider MM, et al. Effectiveness of early switch
from intravenous to oral antibiotics in severe community acquired pneumonia:
multicentre randomised trial. BMJ. 2006;333(7580):1193.
41. Carratalà J, Garcia-Vidal C, Ortega L, Fernández-Sabé N, Clemente M,
Albero G, et al. Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of
intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired
pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of internal medicine.
2012;172(12):922-8.
42. Song J-H, Oh WS, Kang C-I, Chung DR, Peck KR, Ko KS, et al.
Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in
69
adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian network for
surveillance of resistant pathogens. International Journal of Antimicrobial
Agents(Internet). 2008 (cited 2013 Desember 20); 31(2):107–14.Available
from : www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857907004888
43. Mortensen EM, Coley CM, Singer DE, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS, Kapoor WN,
et al. Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia:
results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study.
Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002;162(9):1059-64.
44. Kikuchi, Ryo, et al. High incidence of silent aspiration in elderly patients with
community-acquired pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and
Critical Care Medicine. 1994; 150(1): 251-253.
45. Fung, Horatio B.; Monteaguda-Chu, Maricelle O. Community-acquired
pneumonia in the elderly. The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy.
2010; 8(1): 47-62.
46. Kaplan, V., Angus, D. C., Griffin, M. F., Clermont, G., Scott Watson, R. &
Linde – Zwirble, W.T.Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the
elderly: age-and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.2002;165 : 766772.
47. Torres, A., Peetermans, W. E., Viegi, G., & Blasi, F. Risk factors for
community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review.
Thorax. 2013; 68(11) : 1057-1065.
48. Corrales-Medina, V. F., Musher, D. M., Shachkina, S., & Chirinos, J. A.Acute
pneumonia and the cardiovascular system. The Lancet.2013; 381(9865) : 496505.
49. Falguera, Miquel, et al. Etiology and outcome of community-acquired
pneumonia in patients with diabetes mellitus. CHEST Journal.2005; 128(5):
3233-323
70
50. Saibal, M. A. A., Rahman, S. H. Z., Nishat, L., Sikder, N. H., Begum, S. A.,
Islam, M. J., & Uddin, K. N. Community acquired pneumonia in diabetic and
non-diabetic hospitalized patients: presentation, causative pathogens and
outcome. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin. 2013; 38(3) : 98103.
51. Bansal, S., Kashyap, S., Pal, L. S., & Goel, A.Clinical and bacteriological
profile of community acquired pneumonia in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh.
Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences.2004; 46(1) : 17-22.
52. Furer, V., Raveh, D., Picard, E., Goldberg, S., & Izbicki, G.Absence of
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Biodata Mahasiswa
Identitas
Nama
: Nur Muhamad Arjanardi
NIM
: 22010110120064
Tempat tanggal lahir
: Kabupaten Semarang, 27 September 1992
Jenis Kelamin
: Laki-laki
Alamat
: Jl. Parasamya IV-94, perumda, Ungaran
No. HP
: 085726838946
: nurmuhamad30@gmail.com
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal :
1.
SD
: SDN UNGARAN 1
Lulus tahun: 2004
2.
SMP : SMP N 1 UNGARAN
Lulus tahun: 2007
3.
SMA : SMA TARUNA NUSANTARA
Lulus tahun: 2010
4.
SI
: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro
Riwayat Organisasi
1.
HIMA KU UNDIP
2.
ISMKI
Masuk : 2010
75
Lampiran 4