Militer dan konstruksi identitas nasional: analisis buku teks pelajaran sejarah SMA masa orde baru - USD Repository
JUDUL: Militer dan konstruksi identitas PENGARANG: H. Purwanta
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88 Paramita Vol. 23, No. 1 - Januari 2013 ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the influence of the military in constructing national identity through history lesson textbooks for high schools in the period of New Order government. The move is motivated by the understanding that history lesson textbooks are important media to instill a national identity. The research method used was qualitative through content analysis of history lesson
textbooks. The analysis focused on historical narratives about the revolution of inde- pendence (1945-1950). The results show that the narratives in textbooks are influenced by the views of the military. It can be seen from the mil- itaristic narratives and heroification of military figures. On the other hand, the roles of political figures are negated and distorted. Keywords: history, history lesson, textbook, mili- tary, heroification, distortion,
negation ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bermaksud menganalisis pengaruh kelompok militer dalam pembentukan identitas nasional melalui buku teks pelajaran sejarah un- tuk SMA pada masa pemerintahan Orde Baru. Langkah itu dimotivasi oleh pemahaman bahwa buku teks pelajaran sejarah merupakan media yang penting untuk menanamkan identitas na- sional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif melalui analisis isi buku teks
pelajaran sejarah. Analisis dilakukan terhadap narasi se- jarah tentang revolusi kemerdekaan (1945-1950). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa narasi dalam buku teks dipengaruhi oleh pandangan kelompok militer. Hal itu antara lain dapat disimak dari narasi yang bersifat militeristik dan pemahlawanan (heroifikasi) tokoh-tokoh militer. Di lain pihak, peran tokoh-tokoh politik dinegasi- kan dan ditenggelamkan. Kata kunci: sejarah, pelajaran
sejarah, buku teks, militer, heroifikasi, distorsi, negasi. MILITER DAN KONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS NASIONAL: ANALISIS BUKU TEKS PELAJARAN SEJARAH SMA MASA ORDE BARU Hieronymus Purwanta Jurusan Sejarah, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta [email protected] PENDAHULUAN Secara etimologis, identitas nasion- al merupakan penggabungan dua kata, yaitu “identitas” dan “nasional”. Kata identitas berasal dari bahasa Inggris
identity yang dapat dimaknai sebagai ciri, tanda atau jati diri yang melekat pada seseorang, kelompok atau sesuatu sehingga membedakan dengan yang lain. Identitas memiliki fungsi sangat penting, karena memberikan penjelasan yang relatif benar dan tepat. Tanpa identitas, sesuatu akan sulit diidentifi- kasi dan digali informasi yang jelas, benar dan tepat. Kartodirdjo (2005) menjelaskan pentingnya identitas dengan menganalogikan
pada orang yang kehilangan ingatan. Analogi yang dikemukakan Kartodirdjo tersebut ber- laku tidak hanya pada tataran individu- al atau perseorangan, tetapi juga pada tataran kolektif, baik keluarga, etnik maupun bangsa. Dari sudut pandang ini, tanpa memiliki identitas, bangsa akan tidak memiliki akar untuk Paramita Vol. 23 No. 1 - Januari 2013 [ISSN: 0854-0039] Hlm. 88—102 89 menghidupi aktivitas, vitalitas dan krea- tivitasnya
(Wiriaatmadja, 1992: 68). Kata ke dua adalah “nasional” yang merujuk pada konsep kebangsaan. Pada kasus bangsa Indonesia, pengertian nasional secara legal dan for- mal berlandas pada proklamasi ke- merdekaan RI pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Dari sudut pandang ini pengertian nasional dapat diidentikkan dengan pengertian Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini proklamasi kemerdekaan RI pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 ditempatkan
sebagai hari kelahiran Indonesia, dengan tanpa mengesampingkan proses pembentukannya yang berlangsung la- ma sebelumnya. Secara filosofis, identi- tas keindonesiaan yang telah dinya- takan pada saat proklamasi tersebut akan tetap berlaku, meski tanpa ada pengakuan dari pihak lain. Benedict Anderson (1991) menem- patkan negara kebangsaan sebagai imag- ined community yang diterjemahkan ke bahasa Indonesia menjadi
komunitas imajiner. Berbeda dengan komunitas yang nyata di mana anggotanya saling kenal dan secara intensif saling ber- interaksi, imagined community merupa- kan komunitas yang anggotanya secara garis besar dapat dikatakan tidak saling kenal serta tidak pernah saling bertemu dan berinteraksi secara langsung. Dari sudut pandang inilah maka negara ke- bangsaan ditempatkan sebagai komuni- tas yang “tercita dan tercitra” kan.
Penempatan negara kebangsaan sebagai komunitas yang tercitakan, ka- rena keberadaannya sebagai hal yang hendak diwujudkan bersama oleh komunitas-komunitas di bawahnya. Re- nan mengajukan pandangan bahwa ter- dapat dua unsur yang menjadi prinsip spiritual negara bangsa. Pertama adalah sejarah yang berisi pengalaman- pengalaman bersama dan menjadi in- gatan kolektif, sehingga menumbuhkan solidaritas sebagai
pewaris berbagai nilai yang dihidupi sampai sekarang dan pemilik nasib yang sama. Unsur ke dua adalah keinginan untuk hidup ber- sama, kehendak untuk secara bersama mempertahankan dan mengembangkan berbagai warisan masa lampau (Renan, 1996: 58). Pada kutipan di atas, Renan secara jelas menyatakan bahwa bangsa, se- bagaimana perseorangan, merupakan hasil dari masa lampau yang panjang dan penuh pengorbanan
dan kebaktian. Di antara semua kebudayaan, budaya para leluhur adalah yang paling sah, karena para leluhurlah yang membuat kita seperti sekarang ini. Masa lampau orang-orang besar yang heroik merupa- kan modal sosial tempat bersemainya gagasan tentang negara bangsa. Me- miliki kebesaran masa lampau dan se- mangat untuk secara bersama membuat keberhasilan besar merupakan hal yang mendasar sebagai rakyat. Selain
sebagai cita-cita bersama, negara kebangsaan juga menjadi citra bersama. Dalam Kamus Bahasa Indone- sia (2008: 286) kata citra diartikan se- bagai gambaran atau rupa. Gambaran tersebut bukan dalam arti nyata, tetapi lebih merupakan aktivitas mental. Pada Webster Dictionary penjelasan lebih de- tail diberikan untuk kata “image” se- bagai “a mental conception held in common by members of a group and symbolic of a basic attitude
and orientation” atau “a pop- ular conception (as of a person, institution, or nation) projected especially through the mass media” (http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/image? show=0&t=1286555314). Dalam konteks ini, citra merupakan gambaran yang mengendap pada pikiran warga bangsa tentang negara bangsa Indonesia dan dibangun melalui informasi dari media. Media berperan sangat penting dalam
penumbuhkembangan identitas nasional tersebut. Anderson.yang mengkaji tentang peran media cetak da- Militer dan Konstruksi Identitas Nasional ...—Hieronymus Purwanta 90 Paramita Vol. 23, No. 1 - Januari 2013 lam nasionalisme Eropa, antara lain menjelaskan sebagai berikut. .the development of print-as-commodity is the key to the generation of wholly new ideas of simultaneity, still, we are simply at the point where communities of