Bahan Kuliah IF3820 Socio-Informatika dan Profesionalisme

  

Komunikasi Tulisan

Bahan Kuliah IF3820 Socio-Informatika dan Profesionalisme

Program Studi Informatika STEI-ITB Tujuan Komunikasi Tertulis

• Komunikasi tertulis bertujuan untuk menyampaikan:

  1. Ide atau gagasan kepada pihak lain

  

2. Hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan (praktikum, tugas, pekerjaan, dll)

• Komunikasi tulisan ada bermacam-macam:

  1. Karya sastra: puisi, cerpen, novel

  2. Essay: tulisan opini di media massa

  3. Tulisan akademik: laporan TA, tesis, disertasi, paper, jurnal

  4. Laporan bisnis

• • Materi ini hanya membahas tulisan akademik (academic writing)

Tahapan Membuat Tulisan

  1. Mencari informasi

  2. Menulis draft

  3. Menyunting (edit) dan merevisi

• Menurut para ahli, mencari informasi meliputi 40% dari pekerjaan menulis
• Menulis draft hanya merupakan 20% dari pekerjaan menulis

• Agar tulisan didukung oleh fakta (jadi bukan berdasarkan intuisi), maka penulis perlu mencari sebanyak mungkin informasi yang dibutuhkan.
• Informasi yang dibutuhkan adalah:
• Referensi (buku, paper, jurnal, tesis, disertasi, media massa, dll)
• Pengetahuan dari pakar
• Sumber dan fakta pendukung lainnya

• Lebih mudah menulis draft awal daripada tulsian yang suda jadi
• Drfat akan disempurnakan pada tahap berikutnya
• Untuk menulis draft, lakukan:
• brainstorming, keluarkan semua ide yang ada setelah membaca referensi
• mulai tulisan pada bagian mana saja, tidak harus berurut

• - jangan dulu mengkritik diri sendiri, yang penting tulisan tersebut jadi garis

  besarnya.
• gunakan gaya sendiri dalam menjelaskan
• tinggalkan draft sejenak sebelum menyunting

• Menyunting bertujuan untuk memperhalus tulisan, membuat tulisan lebih detil dan berisi.
• Merevisi bertujuan untuk memperbaiki hal-[hal yang kurang tepat, perbaikan ejaan, perbaikan typo, dan memperbaiki cara penyampaian
• Penyuntingan dan revisi dapat dilakukan berulang-kali hingga kita merasa nyaman dan puas dengan hasilnya.

Tulisan Akademik (Academic

  writing)

• Menulis adalah kemampuan yang dibutuhkan dalam semua konteks kehidupan.
• Contoh: menulis surel, menulis di buku harian, menulis laporan
• Tulisan akademik berbeda dengan tulisan personal lainnya. Perbedaan itu adalah, di dalam tulisan akademik:

  1. Terdapat struktur seperti bagian awal, tengah, dan bagian akhir.

Mengutip dan Mereferensi

• • Dalam membuat tulisan akademik kita membutuhkan sumber informasi yang

  dijadikan referensi.
• Sumber informasi dapat berbentuk: buku, artikel di jurnal atau prosiding, laporan yang dipublikasikan.
• This kind of information is useful in that it provides evidence, which may be

  in the form of – theoretical ideas, critical evaluations, research fndings, and scholarly opinions Sumber informasi tersebut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori:

  1. Kategori Primer

Primary sources relate to publicly available data, like historical

documents (e.g. a transcript of oral history, interview data), raw data from an experiment, or demographic records.

  2. Kategori sekunder

Secondary sources draw on these primary sources of data, but

have been produced for public consumption in the form of a journal article or a chapter in an edited book.

• Salah satu ftur di dalam tulisan akademik adalah menggunakan literatur untuk mendukung ide kita.
• Hal ini mensyaratkan kita untuk membaca secara mendalam agar dapat menemukan sisi berbeda perdebatan dalam bidang yang sedang diteliti.
• Kita perlu untuk menunjukkan bukti eksplorasi literatur dengan memasukkan penulis literatur dalam tulisan kita dan menyebutkan pandangan mereka.
• Teknik mengacu pada penulis dalam tulisan akademik sering disebut mengutip (cite), mendokumentasikan (documenting),

• • Di dalam akademik, disiplin ilmu yang berbeda mempunyai konvensi

  sendiri untuk menulis kutipan dari penulis literatur.
• Salah satu konvensi yang paling umum adalah cara mengacu yang dikemukakan oleh American Psychologic Association (APA).
• Ada dua cara mengutip:

  

name) diikuti dengan tahun literatur tersebut dipublikasikan di dalam

tanda kurung.

  2. Di akhir kalimat: di dalam tanda kurung berisi nama keluarga (surname atau family name) diikuti dengan tahun literatur tersebut

  Contoh:

  Tips mengutip penulis literatur

• There is no rule concerning which citation method – whether citing authors in the body of a sentence or in brackets – is best.
• Either method is fne. However, it is always useful for the reader to provide variety when citing authors in your assignment. So, try to alternate between these two methods.

  To avoid relying on the same verbs when introducing authors into your sentence, as in the case of “McDonald (1992) says…” or “Anderson (2003) states…”, a list of verbs is provided to add variety to your sentence embedded citations.

• defes; delves deeper
• descr>reminds; responds
• is clear that; was c>examines; explains; explores; echoes
• reports; reveal>feels; felt that
• says; >maintains; mentions
• focuse>states; suggests
• n>goes further
• summarises; supp>observes
• holds >tells; tells of
• points out; point>insists; includes; identifes
• qual>prefers; poses
• speak>recalls; recounts
• states; sugg>refers to
• summarises; supp>reminds; responds
• tells; tell>reports; reveals
• touche>says; sees
• ver
• Shows
• If there are two or more authors with the same surname, regardless of year of publication, include their frst initials to distinguish the publications.

• If there are two or more publications written by the same author in the same year, then add the letter “a” immediately after the year of the f rst publication mentioned in the text, and add the letter “b” after the second, and so on. Ensure the same detail is ref ected in your Reference List.

  Example McMillan (1992a) illustrates cross-cultural awareness in organisations, while

McMillan (1992b) argues for the signifcance of gender in

• When stating the same author twice in a single paragraph, the year only needs mentioning the frst time in the paragraph (unless it could be confused with another reference, such as in the case of publications written by the same author in the same year).

  Example The notion of anger has been debated for centuries (Wilkinson, 1976). Indeed, Wilkinson points out that….

• For works with no identifable date, include n.d. in brackets.

  Example The notion of anger has been debated for centuries (Wilkinson, n.d.).

• • When citing a publication written by three to fve authors, for

  the frst text citation, include all names. On subsequent citations, state the frst author followed by “et al.”, which is a Latin abbreviation for “et als”, meaning “and others”.

  Example In the body of a sentence According to Slater et al. (1978, p. 120), it is important to establish the grounds of the argument.

  In brackets

It is important to establish the grounds of the argument (Slater

et al. 1978, p. 120).

• For works of six or more authors, for all citations, including the frst, include the frst author’s surname followed by “et al.”

• • In the case of secondary citations, that is when a source you are

  using cites someone else’s work – which is the work you want to include, but you do not have access to the original document – it is important to acknowledge both the original source and the

  source you have access to. When documenting both sources in

  brackets, use “as cited in” before the secondary source.

  Example Riechter’s (1984, as cited in Smith, 2003) study highlights how

business models ofer a framework for understanding commercial

  

Meletakkan Gagasan Penulis di dalam Kalimat Kita

• It is important to be able to explain the ideas of authors in your own words because this shows you understand the concepts and opinions.
• There are two approaches to putting authors’ ideas into your own words: summarising and paraphrasing.

  Summarising

• Summarising involves selecting out some key features and then using those to create a shortened version of the author’s prose.
• Examples

  “Children spend a very large proportion of their daily lives in school. They go there to learn, not only in a narrow academic sense, but in the widest possible interpretation of the word – about themselves, about being a person within a group of others, about the community in which they live, and about the world around them. Schools provide the setting in which such learning takes place.” Leyden, S. (1985). Helping the child of exceptional ability. London: Croom Helm, page 38.

  Summaries Author citation in the body of the sentence

As Leyden (1985) points out, schools are places for children to learn about life, themselves, other

people, as well as academic information.

  Author citation in brackets

  Paraphrasing

• Paraphrasing means to restate information using diferent words. Unlike summarising though, paraphrasing focuses less on shortening and condensing the information. Paraphrasing aims to rewrite the information by drawing on diferent words and phrases.
• Before you begin to paraphrase, it is REALLY

  IMPORTANT to build-up your OWN IDEA of the

  information or try to develop a picture in your mind, and then use this as a model to help FRAME or GUIDE your

  Examples “Children spend a very large proportion of their daily lives in school. They go there to learn, not only in a narrow academic sense, but in the widest possible interpretation of the word – about themselves, about being a person within a group of others, about the community in which they live, and about the world around them. Schools provide the setting in which such learning takes place.” Leyden, S. (1985). Helping the child of exceptional ability. London: Croom Helm, page 38.

  Paraphrasing Author citation in the body of the sentence As Leyden (1985) points out, schools are places where children spend a signifcant amount of time. Beyond merely going to school to learn academic information, Leyden argues that learning occurs within a far wider context as children also learn about who they are, by being in groups, their local community, as well as the wider world which surrounds them. Hence, schools ofer the settings to facilitate children’s learning about a great many things.

  Author citation in brackets

Schools are places where children spend a signif cant amount of time (Leyden, 1985). Beyond

  Copying and Changing a Few Words – Not Paraphrasing

• As already highlighted, it is vital that you create enough distinction between your paraphrased version and the author’s version.
• Commonly, however, many students do not make enough of a diference between their words and the author’s. In some cases, for instance, they may copy large phrases from the original, and only change a few words.

  _{distinguish between human capital and physical capital. Human capital consists of the knowledge and “Capital represents human creations that are used in the production of goods and services. We often} Example _{human body. Physical capital consists of buildings, machinery, tools, and other manufactured items that to produce, such as the taxi driver’s knowledge of the city’s streets or the surgeon’s knowledge of the} skills people develop (through education and formal or on-the-job training) that enhance their ability _{McEachern, W.A. (1991). Economics: A contemporary introduction (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: South- the ten-ton press used to print Newsweek, and the building where your economics class meets.”} are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes the driver’s cab, the surgeon’s scalpel, Western, page 3. _{1991). Human capital comprises knowledge and skills that people develop (through education and Capital signifes human products that are utilised in the creation of goods and services (McEachern,} Copying and changing a few words – Unacceptable paraphrasing _{machinery, tools, and other manufactured items that are utilised to produce goods and services job training) to enhance their capacity to produce. In contrast, physical capital comprises buildings,} onthe- (McEachern).

  The paraphrased version has only substituted individual words, as follows:

  Acceptable Paraphrasing Capital is an economic concept referring to the things humans make, which are then used “in the production of goods and services” (McEachern, 1991, p. 3).

  This broad concept can be divided into human as well as physical capital, as

McEachern illsutrates. Indeed, human capital focuses on the products pertaining

to individuals’ skills and expertise, which function to improve individuals’ production capacity. This type of capital can be gained through some form of

education and/or training. In contrast, physical capital involves the kinds of tools

and equipment, including buildings that are central to providing goods and services.

  Membuat Petikan (quotation)

• In addition to using authors’ ideas in your writing by putting their ideas into your own words, via summarizing and paraphrasing, you can also embed authors’ ideas using quotations.
• A quotation is an exact copy of the words that someone else

  has written or said. These words are placed within quotation

  marks “ ”, which are also referred to as speech marks.

• • In addition to documenting the author’s surname and year of

  publication, as with all citations of others’ work in accordance with APA referencing, you also need to include the page number where the quotation was located.

  Tips membuat petikan

  

2. If there are errors in the original, put the Latin word ‘sic’ after the errors

in square brackets to indicate that this was how the words appeared in their original location

  Example

Braum (1999, p. 125) argues that “there is no way to determines [sic] moral

laws.”

  3. For publications without page numbers, such as online documents (excluding those accessed through Acrobat Reader where page numbers are often specif ed as they appear on the printed page), use paragraph numbers, indicated by “para.”

  Example

  Example “The PBRF [Performance Based Research Fund] ensures that tertiary

institutions are able to deliver robust research portfolios within a team of

professional, and internationally reputed, researchers” (Smith, 2004, p. 501).

  5. If you need to remove details from a quotation, replace the words removed with three dots, referred to as ellipses. This is a useful tool to include when you want to incorporate a quotation into your sentence, but some of it is irrelevant or too detailed for your assignment.

  Example Jones (2001, p. 115) stated that “the ‘placebo efect’ … disappeared when all the relevant behaviours were studied.”

  

6. For quotations of 40 or more words, indent the whole quotation

(by about 5 spaces) as a block of text, and remove the quotation marks.

  Example In respect of social behaviour, there are interesting American fndings that computer game play can promote high levels of family involvement, reviving patterns of family togetherness in

leisure that, for many, seemed to have diminished or died out with

the advent of television. (Durkin, 1995, p. 71) For block quotes, the bracketed information appears outside the full stop.

  7. For secondary quotations, or quotations that are cited in another source, providing that the original is not available, both sources must be mentioned. When documenting both sources in brackets, use “as cited in” before the secondary source.

  Example In the body of the sentence Smith (2003, p. 111), in reporting a study conducted by Reichter (1984, p. 99), highlights how “commercialisation leads to four major outcomes.” In brackets Riechter’s (1984, p. 99, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 111) study highlights how “commercialisation leads to four major outcomes.”

Menulis Daftar Pustaka

• Having referred to sources by author in the body of your assignment, you will also need to provide a detailed list of these sources at the end of your assignment.
• If you are using APA conventions, then this is referred to as a Reference List and is headed up References

  1. APA follows an author-date style for listing references at the end of your assignment. This involves placing the authors surname f rst, followed by initials. With two or more authors, an ampersand, &, is required before the last author. The publication date appears in brackets, with a full stop after it.

  Title of book, chapter, or article.

  2. When there are more than six authors, list the f rst six followed by et al. for the remaining authors.

  Example

Bligh, T., Johnson, P., Quok, S. K., Smart, G., Masters, Y., Tressler,

U., et al. (1999).

  Example Ministry of Consumer Afairs. (1999). Pyramid schemes.

  Wellington, New Zealand: Author.

  When the author is also the publisher, avoid duplicating information by substituting the name of the publisher with “Author”.

  4. When no author information is available, place the publication title in the author position, followed by year of publication, location, and publisher’s name. Retain formatting of the title, including italics.

  Example Signifcance of the Human Rights Act 1993. (2000). Wellington, New Zealand: Human Rights Commission.

  

5. When referencing a book, you need the book title, with only the

frst word of the title capitalised, and thereafter, the frst word after a colon or dash in the title. Book titles are italicised.

  

6. When referencing chapters in edited books, include the authors

of the chapter, year of book publication, and title of the chapter.

• List the names of the editors in the order of f rst initial followed

  by last name, and place the abbreviation (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the

  editor or editors’ names.
• Italicise (or underline) the book title only.
• Include the page numbers of the chapter in brackets after the book title, but before the full stop.

• Capitalise all main words in the journal title.
• Put the issue or part number in brackets, immediately after the volume number.

• • Page numbers are the last piece of information given, followed by

  a full stop.

  Brown, K. (1998, March 15). Health Ministry at loggerheads with Pharmac. The Herald, p. 2.

  New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

  9. Conference Proceedings

Bowker, N., & Tuf n, K. (2002). Users with disabilities’ social and

economic development through online access.

  In M. Boumedine (Ed.), Proceedings of the IASTED International

Conference on Information and Knowledge Sharing (pp. 122-

127). Anaheim, CA: ACTA Press.

  Referensi

• Seluruh bahan di atas diambil dari buku

  

Oleh: Rinaldi Munir

Workshop Penulisan Publikasi Ilmiah di Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA)

  Bandar Lampung, 19-20 Desember 2016

Teknik Penulisan Makalah Ilmiah Bidang Informatika

Struktur Makalah Ilmiah

  

Secara umum, makalah ilmiah (baik di jurnal, prosiding, paper conference) terdiri

dari:

• Title • List of authors
• Afliation • Abstract • Keywords • Main text _{•Literature Study •Introduction •Discussion •Results} •Methods
• Conclusion

  List of author(s) Afliation and address

  E-mail of author(s) ABSTRACT Keywords:

  INTRODUCTION RELATD WORKS/LITERATURE STUDY

  METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

• Antara satu jurnal/prosiding dengan jurnal/prosiding lainnya mungkin berbeda nama-nama strukturnya.
• Misalnya, di jurnal A bagian Introduction diberi nama Background, Conclusion diberi nama Summary.
• Related works dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bagian

  Introduction atau ditulis dalam bagian Literature Study setelah Introduction.

• Teori atau konsep-konsep yang fundamental (studi literatur)

  yang terkait dapat dimasukkan ke dalam Related Works atau

Title

• Judul (title) adalah bagian yang terpenting dalam sebuah makalah, sangat menentukan ketertarikan seseorang untuk membacanya, misalnya apakah sesuai dengan topik risetnya.

• • Merupakan pintu utama untuk masuk ke dalam sebuah makalah.

  Jika orang tertarik dengan judul, maka ia akan membaca abstrak, selanjutnya akan membaca Introduction, dst.

• • Judul seharusnya dibuat sedemikian rupa sehingga mudah untuk

  diindeks dan dicari oleh mesin pencari (misalnya Google).

• Judul sebaiknya bersifat:
• attractive : menarik minat orang untuk membaca makalah lebih jauh • efective: sesingkat mungkin, tidak mengandung singkatan kecuali akronim yang sudah umum.
• informative: memberikan informasi yang menjelaskan atau menerangkan bagi peneliti lain yang mencari topik riset yang sej

• • Sebuah judul sebaiknya megandung frasa yang mudah diindeks dan ditemukan

  oleh mesin pencari Contoh:

• - Security Analysis of Selective Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaos and CBC-like

  Mode

• Secured Video Streaming Development on Smartphones with Android Platform - Arithmetic Coding Modifcation to Compress SMS
• A Chaos-based Fragile Watermarking Method in Spatial Domain for Image

  Authentication

• Gunakan frasa yang menggambarkan distinctive feature dari makalah tersebut, dan membedakannya dengan makalah lain yang sejenis Contoh:

• - Vehicle Detection and Tracking Based on Corner and Lines Adjacent Detection

  Features

• Road Detection System based on RGB Histogram Filterization and Boundary

  Classifer

• Full-Text Search on Data with Access Control using Generalized Sufx Tree - Scenes Categorization based on Appears Objects Probability - A New String Matching Algorithm Based on Logical Indexing

  - IntelligEnSia based Electricity Consumption Prediction Analytics using Regression

  Method

• Dynamic Path Planning for Mobile Robots with Cellular Learning Automata - Image Description using Radial Associated Laguerre Moments - Hybrid animation model of multi-object in fractal form based on metamorphic

Author and Afliation

• Yang dimaksud dengan penulis makalah adalah orang yang:

• - memiliki kontribusi dalam penelitian yang menghasilkan makalah tersebut

• berkontribusi dalam membimbing, me-review, membuat draft makalah, dan merevisi makalah
>Tidak termasuk dalam kategori penulis adalah orang yang membetulkan grammar, ejaan, membantu mengetikkan makalah, dsb.

• • Jika penulis lebih dari satu orang, maka urutan penulis sesuai dengan urutan

  kontributor dari yang paling utama hingga kontributor utama
• Tidak perlu mencantumkan gelar (Dr, Prof, M.Sc,. M.Kom, dll)

• Di dalam bagian ini juga dituliskan afliasi (institusi penulis), alamat afliasi, dan alamat e-mail para penulis.
• Biograf penulis sering juga disediakan tempatnya pada bagian akhir jurnal.

Abstract

• • Setelah membaca judul, maka abstrak adalah bagian selanjutnya yang

  menentukan bagi pembaca apakah tertarik membaca makalah atau dilewatkan saja.
• Abstrak berisi ringkasan makalah yang lebih lengkap daripada judul, panjangnya max 200 kata dan ditulis dalam satu paragraph saja.
• Abstrak berisi:
• pendahuluan (opsional)
• apa masalah yang dikerjakan (wajib ada)
• metode yang digunakan (wajib ada)
• apa hasil-hasil yang telah dicapai (wajib ada)
• penutup (opsional)

  Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menulis abstrak:

• • Kalimat-kalimat di dalam abstrak harus kalimat baru, bukan hasil copy-paste dari isi makalah.

• Kalimat-kalimat di dalam abstrak mengandung frasa penting

  untuk memudahkan diindeks dan ditemukan oleh mesin pencari.

• Jangan memasukkan referensi di dalam abstrak
• Jangan memasukkan persamaan atau simbol-simbol rumus di dalam abstrak

• • Penutup bisa berisi kesimpulan, kelebihan dan kekurangan solusi

  yang kita hasilkan, atau implikasi yang timbl datri penelitian kita

• • Kata kunci (keywords) harus pernah disebutkan di dalam abstrak

masalah pendahuluan

  Abstract —EzStego is a steganography algorithm to embed the secret message in the GIF images. The message is embedded into indices of sorted color palette of the images. EzStego is a

  metode

  sequential embedding type of stego-algorithm . There is no key required for embedding, so anyone that know the algorithm can extract the message. For improving security, a modifed EzStego algorithm is proposed. Bits of the message are embedded randomly in the image. Locations of embedding is generated from a random permutation which need an initial value as stego key. Before embedding, the message is encrypted with random bit which is generated by a chaos map. Based on experiments, the modifed EzStego is more secure than the original EzStego, because anyone who has no information on the key can not extract the message from the stego-images.

  Hasil dan kesimpulan

• )
• )

• )

Introduction

• Bagian ini berisi pengantar untuk memahami masalah yang akan diselesaikan.

• Dimulai dari hal-hal yang umum dan diakhiri dengan hal yang khusus berkaitan dengan topik riset yang dikerjakan.
• Secara umum, struktur Intruduction berisi bagian-bagian berikut:

  1. Konteks dan area penelitian secara umum Uraikan di sini latar belakang permasalahan, berisi hal-hal yang menimbulkan munculnya masalah penelitian yang dibahas,

   2. Perkenalkan topik masalah yang diteliti Jelaskan juga mengapa masalah tersebut penting dan menarik untuk dikerjakan Jelaskan apa yang sudah dikerjakan oleh peneliti-peneliti lain sebelumnya

terkait topik masalah tersebut, mereka pakai metode/pendekatan apa, kalau

perlu jelaskan juga kelebihan dan kekurangannya sehingga terdapat peluang

masalah yang masih ada untuk diselesaikan.

   4. Pendekatan penyelesaian masalah yang anda gunakan Jelaskan secara garis besar pendekatan penyelesaian masalah yang anda gunakan, berdasarkan asumsi/hipotesis yang anda nyatakan.

   5. Sistematika pembahasan Jelaskan susunan pembahasan materi yang akan disampakan di dalam makalah.

  Contoh konteks dan area penelitian secara umum

  Besides of cryptography, information security can be done using steganography. Steganography means hidden writing. Steganography is the art and science of hiding message in the communication by embedding the secret message into a cover media (usually digital data such as image, video, or audio). Goal of steganography is hiding existence of message in the cover. By using steganography, transmission of secret information can be done securely, so that the presence of the information can’t be known from the third party.

  Images are common cover in message hiding. The message can be embedded into the image in spatial domain or transform domain. In the spatial domain, the message is embedded into pixel values, meanwhile in the transform domain the message is embedded into coefficient values such as discrete cosine transform (DCT) coeficients.

  Contoh memperkenalkan topik masalah yang diteliti

  One of popular steganography technique in spatial domain is the least significant bit (LSB) embedding. In this technique, bits of the message are embedded into LSB of pixel values. However, majority of based-LSB algorithms use images in bitmap (BMP) format. In the bitmap format, pixel values represent graylevel of the pixel. The message is embedded directly by replace LSB of pixel values with bits of the message.

  Actually, besides of bitmap images, there are another popular image formats such as GIF images, but only a few steganography research about GIF image. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) image, a kind of indexed image, was introduced as an image format by Compuserve in 1987. An indexed image uses a pallete of up to 256 colors from the 24-bit RGB color space with values in the range [0,1]. The pixel values represent index to a pallete row. Color of the pixel is

  Contoh apa yang sudah dilakukan orang lain tentang topik masalah tersebut (1)

  One of the most popular steganography algorithm for GIF images has been proposed by Machado (2002). Her algorithm is called EzStego. In order to minimize color degradation, the palette is sorted so that the difference between two adjacent color is minimized. EzStego embeds message into the LSB of indices (pixel values) pointing to the sorted palette. Besides of EzStego, there is another steganographic algorithm for GIF images, i.e. S-Tool. S-Tool was developed by Andy Brown. S-Tool encrypt the message before embedding with various encryption algorithm such as DES and IDEA (Johnson, 1998).

  The disadvantage of EzStego is there is no key required in embedding process, so anyone who know that the stego-image is made using EzStego can extract the message.

  Contoh apa yang sudah dilakukan orang lain tentang topik masalah tersebut (2)

  

Contoh apa yang sudah dilakukan orang lain tentang topik masalah tersebut (3)

_{mengembangkan metode pengenalan wajah dengan jaringan banyak dilakukan oleh para ilmuwan. Wildan dkk (1998) telah} Penelitian tentang pengenalan wajah (face recognition) sudah _{menggunakan kombinasi jaringan syaraf tiruan dan otomata hanya sekitar 65%. Metode yang lebih advanced adalah} syaraf tiruan, namun tingkat keberhasilan pengenalan wajah _{diperlukan sebuah metode yang tingkat keberhasilan yang tinggi wajah, namun waktu komputasinya relatif lama. Oleh karena itu} (Peter, 2002). Metode ini dapat meningkatkan tingkat pengenalan namun waktu kompuatsinya cepat.

  Contoh Pendekatan penyelesaian masalah yang anda gunakan

  In this paper, we present a modified EzStego for improve security. In the modified EzStego, the pixels for message embedding are chosen randomly using a random permutation that seeded with a secret key. To make the embedding more secure, the secret message is encrypted before it is inserted in the image. The secret message is encrypted by XOR-ing it with random bits that is generated from a chaos system. Thus, there are two keys needed, one for a seed for the random permutation, and another key for encryption. The chaos system is chosen because it is sensitive to very little change of initial values. This characteristics is important on security, because it makes the exhaustive key search becomes more difficult.

  

Contoh sistematika pembahasan

  This paper is organized into five sections. The first section is introduction. The second section will explain some study of literatures such as GIF images, chaos system that called logistic map, and an original EzStego algorithm. In the third section, we propose a modified EzStego algorithm that improve security of original EzStego. The fourth section describe the experiments and discuss the results. Finally, in last section we give conclusion and suggest future works.

Related Works/Literature Study

• Studi literatur dapat berisi:
• Konsep/teori yang fundamental yang terkait dengan penelitian
• Review (ulasan singkat) beberapa penelitian terkait

  (related works), termasuk kelebihan dan kekurangannya.

• Dengan memaparkan related works, kita menempatkan posisi penelitian kita diantara penelitian yang sudah

  Contoh penelitian terkait:

Methods

• Bagian ini menjelaskan metode yang kita usulkan dalam menyelesaikan masalah penelitian (proposed method).
• Dapat menggunakan bagan/diagram untuk menjelaskan metode yang kita usulkan.
• Jika perlu menuliskan algoritma, maka algoritma ditulisa dlaam notasi pseudo-code atau dalam bentuk uraian deksriptif.

Results and Discussion • Bagian ini memaparkan hasil-hasil eksperimen

• Dijelaskan juga data uji yang digunakan di dalam eksperimen
• Hasil-hasil eksperimen dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk gambar, grafk, dan tabel
• Diskusi hasil-hasil eksperimen dapat digabung pada

  bagian ini atau ditulis dalam bagian terpisah sesudah Results.

• Contoh hasil-hasil eksperimen digabung dengan diskusi hasil-hasil eksperimen:

• Penting untuk memilih tipe grafk:

  1. Grafk batang untuk memperlihatkan perbandingan

  2. Grafk garis untuk memperlihatkan kecenderungan (trend)

  3. Grafk pie untuk memperlihatkan persentase

  Conclusion

• Bagian ini merangkum simpulan dari hasil-hasil penelitian, yetrmasuk kelebihan dan kekurangan.
• Juga memasukkan saran penelitian selanjutnya (future

  works)

Acknowledgment

• Bagian ini opsional, memaparkan:

  1. Sponsor penelitian

  2. Ucapan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang membantu penelitian (namun bukan anggota peneliti), membantu proofreading, orang-orang yang diajak berdiskusi, reviewer yang telah memberi saran konstruktif, dan sebagainya.

References

• Semua referensi yang dirujuk di dalam makalah dituliskan pada bagian ini.
• Cara penulisan referensi bergantung pada aturan jurnal atau prosiding yang dituju.

Daftar Pustaka

  1. Mikrajuddin Abdullah, Tuntunan Praktis Menulis Makalah untuk Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional, ITB.

  2. Dwi Hendratmo Widyantoro, Penulisan Makalah Ilmiah, STEI-ITB

  3. Ismunandar, Mempublikasikan Hasil Penelitian