Using Of Small Scale Agriculture And For Agro-Tourism Destination In Bali Province.
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PROGRAM AND ABSTRACT BOOK OF
th
THE 5 ASIAN CONFERENCE
ON PRECISION AGRICULTURE
JUNE 25-28, 2013
Hotel Ocean Suites
Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
Organized by
Korean Society of Precision Agriculture
Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery
Center for IT Convergence Agricultural Machinery
Rural Development Administration
Foundation of Agricultural Technology Commercialization and Transfer
UUU
5
th
The
Asian Conference on
Precision Agriculture
Contents
Preface ··········································································································································································· i
Program and Useful Information
Overview of the Program ············································································································································ ii
Floor Plan ····································································································································································· iii
Way to the Venue ······················································································································································· iv
Other Useful Information ············································································································································ v
Opening Ceremony ············································································································································· ix
Plenary Session(Selected Topics in Korea, China, Japan, and USA)
HUMAN-SPECIFIC CROP PRODUCTION ············································································································· 1
Sun-Ok Chung(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN CHINA
Chunjiang Zhao(National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, China, chaocj@nercita.org.cn)
GOOD AGRICULTUAL PRACTICE REQUIRES PRECISION AGRICULTURE ············································ 16
Sakae Shibusawa(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, sshibu@cc.tuat.ac.jp)
CROP AND SOIL SENSORS FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE ···································································· 22
Kenneth A. Sudduth(USDA Agricultural Research Service, USA, Ken.Sudduth@ars.usda.gov)
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Panel Discussion Session(Selected Topics for Future PA)
THE FUTURE OF PRECISION FARMING: DESIGNING SYSTEMS FOR THE FARM OF TOMORROW ····· 45
Simon Blackmore(Harper Adams University, UK, simon.blackmore@harper-adams.ac.uk)
PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND PHENOTYPING – SHARED TECHNOLOGIES ···································· 72
Naiqian Zhang(KansasState University, USA, zhangn@k-state.edu)
PRECISION AGRICULTURE: CONCEPTS AND ITS ROLE IN ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY IN A
FLAT WORLD ···························································································································································· 84
Raj Khosla(Colorado State University, USA, Raj.Khosla@colostate.edu)
PANEL DISCUSSION
Dr. Sakae Shibusawa (Prof. of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)
Dr. Minzan Li (Prof. of China Agricultural University, China)
Dr. Chang-Hyun Choi (Prof. of Sungkyunkwan University, Korea)
Technical Sessions(Abstract)
Oral
Session DD: Data Processing and Decision Making Support System
Wednesday, June 26, 15:30 – 17:00, Camelia Hall
Chairperson: Prof. Reza Ehsani and Dr. Yong Joo Kim
DD-01 REVEALING THE ANTHRACNOSE INDUCED POLYSACCHARIDES CHANGES IN TEA CELL
WALL PROBED BY CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY ··············································································· 91
Xiaoli Li, Liubin Luo, Yong He, Lingxia Huang, and Yansuo Zhou(Zhejiang University,China, yhe@zju.edu.cn)
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DD-02 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD WIRELESS SENSOR NODE AND SINK NODE FOR
GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ··························································································· 98
Jiang Yiqiong, Zhang Man, Zhong Zhenjiang, Sun Hong, and Li Minzan(China Agricultural University, China, cauzm@cau.edu.cn)
DD-03 APPLICATION OF SMALL UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR INVENTORY MANAGEMENT ··· 104
Ying She, Reza Ehsani, Jim Owen, and Jim Robbins(University of Florida, USA, ehsani@ufl.edu)
DD-04 A UNIVERSAL COMPOSABLE GROUPING-PROOF AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL FOR
MULTI-RFID TAGS ·················································································································································· 113
ZeLin Hu, Mial Li, Jian Zhang, Xinhua Zeng, Shizhuang Weng, ShouGuo Zheng, Yuanyuan Zhao and Hua Long Li
(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, hzlin@ustc.edu)
DD-05 PRECISION RESTORING AGRICULTURE USING SPATIAL VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE ·· 120
Hideki GOTO, Hiromitsu Niitsuma, Yasuhiro Noguchi, Akio Sashima, Koichi Kurumatani, Masakazu Kodaira, and Sakae
Shibusawa(ADS Corporation Ltd., Japan, hgoto@adscorp.jp)
DD-06 IDENTIFICATION OF TOMATO LEAF DISEASES BY HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING AND
MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUE ······························································································································· 126
Na Chen, Yong He, Fei Liu, Wenwen Kong, and Yidan Bao(Zhejiang University, China, ydbao@zju.edu.cn)
Session FM: Site-specific Field Management
Wednesday, June 26, 15:30 – 17:00, Azalea Hall
Chairperson: Dr. I Made Anom S. Wijaya and Prof. Dong-Hoon Lee
FM-01 COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY TILLAGE TOOL: SUBSOILER ·· 133
Gopal U. Shinde and Sundaram Raut(Marathwada Agricultural University, India, gopalushinde@gmail.com)
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FM-02 PRE-PROCESSING OF LOAD DATA OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS DURING FIELD
OPERATIONS ·························································································································································· 142
Myong-Jin Ryu, Youn-Kug Choo, Sun-Ok Chung, Yong-Joo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National
University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
FM-03 YIELD-BASED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ZONE OF SMALL SCALE TRADITIONALLY
CULTIVATED PADDY FIELD ································································································································ 151
I Made Anom Sutrisna Wijaya and I WayanTika(Udayana University, Indonesia, anomsw@ftp.unud.ac.id)
FM-04 AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY AREAS FOR SUGAR BEET(BETA VULGARIS) CROP
PRODUCTION BY GIS & RS SYSTEMS ············································································································ 157
Ehsan Neamatollahi, Moahammad Reza Jahansuz, and Javad Vafabakhsh(University of Tehran, Iran, neamatollahi_e@ut.ac.ir)
FM-05 DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A NEW TYPE OF VEHICLE-MOUNTED
SOIL EC DETECTOR ············································································································································· 158
Xiaoshuai Pei, Minzan Li, and Lihua Zheng(China Agriculture University, China, limz@cau.edu.cn)
FM-06 AUTOMATIC CORN PLANT LOCATION AND SPACING MEASUREMENT USING LASER
LINE-SCAN TECHNIQUE ······································································································································ 164
Yeyin Shi, Ning Wang, Randal K. Taylor, William R. Raun, and James A. Hardin(Oklahoma State University, USA,
ning.wang@okstate.edu)
Session SE: Soil Sensor and Equipment
Wednesday, June 27, 08:30 – 10:00, Camelia Hall
Chairperson: Dr. Nicolas Tremblay and Dr. Sukyoung Hong
SE-01 CORN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN IS INFLUENCED BY SOIL TEXTURE AND WEATHER ·· 169
Nicolas Tremblay, Mohamed Yacine Bouroubi, Carl Belec, Robert Mullen, Newell Kitchen, Wade Thomason, Steve Ebelhar,
Dave Mengel, Bill Raun, Dennis Francis,Earl D. Vories, and Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada,
nicolas.tremblay@agr.gc.ca)
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SE-02 IN-FIELD SOIL PHOSOPORUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM - PRELIMINARY STUDY - ··········· 170
Giyoung Kweon, Chase Maxton, David Mengel, and Wonsuk Lee(Gyeongsang National University, Korea, gkweon@gnu.ac.kr)
SE-03 DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE MULTI-PARAMETER SOIL DETECTOR BASED ON NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ······························································································ 172
An Xiaofei, Li Minzan, Zheng Lihua, and Liu Yumeng(China Agriculture University, China, pact@cau.edu.cn)
SE-04 SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PREDICTION FOR KOREAN SOILS USING VISIBLE-NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ······························································································ 177
Kyungdo Lee, Sukyoung Hong, B. Minasny, Yihyun Kim, Kwancheol Song, Sangil Na, and Soyeong Jang(National Academy of
Agricultural Science(NAAS), Korea, syhong67@korea.kr)
SE-05 EFFECTS OF SENSING DEPTH VARIATION ON TOTAL CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN
MAPPING USING REAL-TIME SOIL SENSOR ································································································· 183
Siti Noor Aliah Baharom, Sakae Shibusawa, Masakazu Kodaira, and Ryuhei Kanda(Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Japan, aliah@mardi.gov.my)
SE-06 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HEAVY METAL ELEMENTS IN
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCING AREA AT SHANDONG PROVINCE, CHINA ············································· 189
Mei Yong, Man Zhang, Shengwei Wang, Tianjiao Zhang, and Gang Liu(China Agricultural University, China,
cauzm@cau.edu.cn)
Session EF: Education and Farm Research
Thursday, June 27, 08:30 – 10:00, Azalea Hall
Chairperson: Prof. I Ketut Satriawan and Prof. Tae-Hwan Kang
EF-01 REVIEW ON RELIABILITY RATING STANDARDS FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY TRACTOR ·········· 195
Md. Shaha Nur Kabir, Myong Jin Ryu, Sun-Ok Chung, Yong-Joo Kim, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National University,
Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
Proceedings of the 5th Asian Conference on Precision Agriculture (ACPA)
June 25-28, 2013, Jeju, Korea
USING OF SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE LAND FOR AGRO-TOURISM
DESTINATION IN BALI PROVINCE
I Ketut Satriawan 1*, Ida Bagus Gde Pujaastawa 2, and I Made Sarjana 3
1
Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
2
Department of Anthropology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
3
Department of Agribusiness, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author, Tel: +62-81-2840-9393, E-mail: tutsatria@yahoo.com
Abstract: The land ownership of farmer in Bali Province is very limited, only 0.3 ha per
farmer. The contribution of agriculture sector for gross regional domestic product (GRDP)
is decreasing. Other side, Bali is well known as world tourism destination, and the
contribution tourism sector to GRDP Bali is increasingly. Both conditions have big
opportunity to be combining so that this sector can give optimal benefit. It is needs the
alternative for effective land managing system so that give optimal benefit for farmer
welfare. Some of agriculture lands, especially placed on core tourism area, more potential
is developed and manage as agro-tourism destination. Currently, the developing of Bali
tourism gives attention to agro-tourism as the tourism attraction alternative. The emerging
of some agro-tourism is spread at some destination tourism area. This condition will cause
of agro-tourism competition more tight. Based on these phenomena, the research was
conducted to explain existing agro-tourism profile and to formulate the strategic models of
sustainable agro-tourism development basis on community empowerment. The research is
focus on agro-tourism in Bali Province. Agro-tourism which selected as a sample, decide
by snow-bowling method. Data collection method is using questionnaire, in-depth interview,
and focus group discussion. There are 5 type of classification or typology of agro-tourism
profile in Bali, based on commodity potency, i.e.: (1) Agro-tourism based food crop; (2)
Agro-tourism based plantation; (3) Agro-tourism based livestock; (4) Agro-tourism based
fisheries; and (5) Integrated agro-tourism. Based on the amount of agro-tourism
destination in a region, the distribution it’s concentrated in 3 regency, i.e.: Gianyar, Bangli,
and Tabanan Regency. This regency are have good potency of agriculture and crossing
with core tourism destination. The combination potency of agriculture and tourism will
support the growth of agro-tourism relative faster. There is some grand strategy which
recommended. The outcome of implementation strategy hope that creating the alternative
of tourism destination with increasing value added of agriculture commodity, and tourism
activity which can give benefit for ecological conservation, cultural revitalization, and
increasing of economic or welfare for farmer as individual or groups.
Key Words: Agro-tourism, Added Value, Community Empowerment, Sustainability
INTRODUCTION
Tourism sector's contribution to the Bali regional revenue from year to year increase to
outperform other sectors. However, the Bali tourism development policies that tend to lead to
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large scale tourism and capital intensive endurance feared would threaten local culture and
environment. Construction of various types of large-scale tourism facilities not only cause the
conversion of agricultural land in less controlled, as well as threatening the existence of one of
the subak as an agricultural heritage that is valuable (Pujaastawa, 2003).
Tourists in large numbers and are concentrated in certain places can reduce the quality of
people's lives, which in turn would likely eliminate the attractiveness of the area. The beauty of
the natural environment suffers when the number and quality of tourist behavior cannot be
controlled effectively Suwantoro (2001). In order to develop and establish the image of Bali
tourism needs to be done: (1) various types of business diversification, product, and attractions
in accordance with the development of world tourism, alternative tourism that is environmentally
sound, (2) search solution to integrate three priority development sectors (agriculture, tourism
and small industry) of Bali, (3) increase the welfare of farmers so that agriculture can support the
sustainable tourism sector, (4) distribution of the economic benefits of greater tourism to the
general public directly engaged in other sectors related to tourism; (5) planning and
development of a new tourist attraction destination for travelers deployment, quality control
environment, and creating new growth centers (Satriawan, 2005).
In an effort to anticipate and cope with the above issues, policy development of tourism in Bali
recently also gives attention to the development of agro-tourism as an alternative tourist
attraction. Agro-tourism is a form of tourism that utilizes agro business as a tourist attraction with
a view to expanding the knowledge, experience, leisure and business relations in the field of
agro. Guntoro (1995) states that ecotourism is a form of tourism that object in the form of
farming (agro), along with the activities related to the business, including research and
exploration activities of agricultural resources, farm equipment and agricultural products. More
specifically Yoeti (2000) states that agro-tourism is a special type of tourism makes agricultural
commodities, livestock, farm as an attraction for tourists. For the purpose of this research, agrotourism is a form of tourism that utilizes agricultural activities from upstream to downstream
including facility related as an object and tourist attraction to meet goal of tourism.
Values and principles embodied in the concept of agro-tourism covers five main aspects,
namely: agriculture, conservation, education, community involvement and economic
(Ahmadjayadi 2001). Residents should get to know and appreciate about agro-biodiversity as a
valuable and useful protection, to ensure that ecotourism also helps preserve the diversity of
biological resources (Kasparek 2004).
Management of tourism potential, particularly ecotourism will be more emphasis and
responsibility of local community participation. It is an important effort towards a communitybased resource management. Community as one of the stakeholders should be involved in the
management of the various resources of the region / territory them. Local communities have the
rights to interpret, preserve and manage their resources (Ascherson 2000). Faulkner (2000)
suggested the concept he calls "Democratic Archaeology from Below", which basically
emphasizes community participation in all types and levels of employment. Local knowledge and
traditional institutions that developed in the community concerned in the management of cultural
resources must be maintained and be involved. Government and the relevant authorities as a
facilitator in the management of cultural resources is concerned.
Kodhyat (1997) states that tourism should be perceived as an instrument for improving the
quality of human relationships, the quality of life of local residents, and environmental quality.
Tourism development needs to be made as part of a national sustainable development, and
performed in an integrated unity with other development sectors.
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Building on this phenomenon, this study will try to explain existing agro-tourism profile and to
formulate the strategic models of sustainable agro-tourism development basis on community
empowerment in Bali Province. Through this model of agro-tourism development is expected to
provide benefits to the ecological, cultural revitalization, and economic development in a more
equitable and sustainable.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in the province of Bali with a research focus on agro-tourism whose
existence spread across a number of regency in Bali. Agro-tourism used as the sample was
determined by the method snowbowling. Search halted until the sample no longer obtain
information other agro-tourism known from previous reference. Based on the above method, 42
samples agro-tourism are obtained scattered in Gianyar regency (9), Bangli (10), Karangasem
(3), Tabanan (8), Badung (3), and Denpasar (9). Method of data collection was conducted using
questionnaires, in-depth interviews, field observations, and focus group discussions. Identify
internal and external factors as well as the formulation of strategies using SWOT (StrengthsWeaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) Analysis Technique (Rangkuti, 2000; David, 2002).
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
CLASSIFICATION OF AGROTOURISM PROFILE
Agro-tourism is basically a type of tourism that utilizes agro business as a tourist attraction with a
view to expanding the knowledge, experience, leisure and business relations in agriculture.
Building on the concept of agro-tourism as described above, and then the agro-tourism in Bali
can be classified based on the types of commodities that became its appeal, as follows:
Agro-tourism Based Food Crop
Agro-tourism based on food crop commodity, currently only agribusiness in wet land with paddy
commodity, which can manage as agro-tourism, called by Subak Agro-tourism. Although there
are a lot of Subak in every regency in Bali Province, but Subak Agro-tourism only developing in
Jatiluwih Village and Wongaya Gede Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency. Jatiluwih Rice
Terrace is one of the world heritage was announced in July 2012 as a site world heritage at the
annual plenary session of UNESCO.
The attractiveness of Subak Agro-tourism is ideofact aspect (value system), sociofact (social
system), and artifact (infrastructure). The cultivating traditional system in Bali Subak is a one
famous rice farming system in the world. Some tourism activity in Subak Agro-tourism is
sightseeing, trekking, cycling, ATV riding, Matekap (traditional land processing), cultivating
paddy seed, culinary with local agricultural product. Management system of Agro-tourism in
Jatiluwih and Wongaya Gede is doing by individual firm and collaboration with local subak
organization. By with this management system, the farmers as a member of subak organization
have added revenue besides yield product from the land production.
Agro-tourism Based Plantation
Agro-tourism based plantation can be divided into two kinds, namely agro-tourism plantation with
a single or similar crop (monoculture) and plant mixture (polyculture). Agro-tourism Based
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Plantation Monoculture based on the types of commodities, in Bali can be classified as follows:
Agro-Based Plantation Flowers, Agro-Based Plantation Strawberry, Agro-Based Plantation
Salacca, Agro-Based Plantation Coffee.
Agro-Based Plantation Flowers. The types of plants that developed in the province of Bali is
orchids, carnations, roses, jasmine, angora, chrysanthemum, gladiolus, tuberose, palm,
ephorbia, soft-shelled, adenium, antorium, ferns and others. Flower plantation business as agrotourism attraction are found in the northern region of Badung, precisely in Plaga Village, District
Petang, Badung regency with plant species Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla). Hydrangea
plants in Bali are well known as a thousand broken flower are cultivated as cut flowers for
ceremonies facilities / religion especially offerings for Hindus (Sumerta et. al., 2005).
Agro-Based Plantation Strawberry. Agro-based strawberry farm located in Region Bedugul
(Tabanan), Pancasari (Buleleng), and Plaga (Badung) which is an area of highlands and
mountains. In order to do excursions in the area of agro-based plantation strawberry, tourists
can perform a number of activities as follows: relaxation and enjoy the panoramic beauty of the
strawberry plantations strawberry while enjoying the fresh fruit and the cool mountain air and
fresh, trekking or walking around the plantation area, participating directly in business activities
strawberry crop cultivation, such as seeding, planting, fertilizing, maintenance, and harvesting,
strawberry fruit processing into refined products such as juice, syrup, jam, or compote
strawberry, shopping (fruit, seeds strawberry, and some types of processed products as
souvenir).
Agro-Based Plantation Salacca. As well as a tourist destination, Bali is also renowned as one of
the central production of fruits in Indonesia. Sibetan village and Perangsari (Karangasem), which
is about 85 Km from Denpasar, in this village there are two growing areas of Salacca, which by
the Karangasem regency government has developed into agro-tourism attraction. The types of
activities that can be done by tourists in order to make a visit in the area of agro-tourism in the
village Salacca Sibetan and Perangsari include: trekking or walk down a plantation area of bark;
cycling on salacca plantation along with riding a bike; pick their own fruits desired; demonstration
also tried processing fruits processed into various products such as salacca syrup, candied
salacca, salacca wine; witnessing or also tried art of fruits in the form of Gebogan or Pajegan;
and shopping (buying fresh fruits or various types of dairy products).
Agro-Based Plantation Coffee. Although the potential for coffee plantations spread across a
number of districts in Bali (as Tabanan, Badung, Buleleng and Bangli), but efforts to manage a
coffee plantation as agro-tourism attraction based monoculture of coffee plants by utilizing a
single crop has not been found. Until now based agro-tourism as a monoculture coffee
plantations can be found in the Village Landih, District Bangli, Bangli regency. In order to do
excursions in the area of agro-based monoculture coffee plantations in particular, tourists can
perform a number of activities as follows: hiking or walk around the area of the coffee plantation,
watching civet coffee plants and animals are released freely, go try the roasted coffee using
traditional tools and technology, trying refined products civet coffee, take photos for a keepsake,
and shopping (buying various types of refined products and craft items as souvenir)
Agro-based Polyculture Plantations. Agro-based mixed plantation is the most dominant type of
agro-tourism. Until now, the overall attractiveness of agro-tourism in Bali, approximately 80% of
which is agro-based mixed plantations. Its presence is spread across four districts, with the
highest population contained in Bangli regency (40%), followed Gianyar (30%), Tabanan (20%),
and Badung and Karangasem, respectively (5%). Most of the agro businesses located near the
highway which is a major tourism pathways in Bali, such as along the line tourism Tampaksiring-
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Ubud-Kintamani (Bangli and Gianyar regency), line tourism Tembuku-Besakih (Bangli and
Karangasem regency), and line tourism Pancasari-Bedugul (Tabanan regency).
The greater part (86%) of agro-tourism based on polyculture estate commodity in Bali Province
have Arabica coffee plant. Beside it, there are supporting plant, as cocoa, various spices, herbal
plant, and some horticulture (fruit plant). The attractiveness of this agro-tourism is good view, the
beauty of landscape, fresh environment, pre and post harvest commodity, Luwak coffee product,
traditional culture, gazebo with traditional architecture, camping grown, outlet for hand-made
agroindustry product and souvenir.
Ownership and Management System. Agro-tourism based plantation is owned by the individual
who managed system informal management involving individual family members. Their
involvement in this agro more effort devoted to activities related to the cultivation of crops (such
as seeding, planting, fertilizing, and treatment plants), making and presentation of processed
products, as well as hygiene and environmental safety. While travelers to the handling of
interpreter left entirely to the travel agent. However, the majority of managers also prepare
personnel interpreter agro-tourism, which generally come from the local community.
Agro-tourism Based Livestock
The presence of agro-tourism based livestock in Bali is still very limited. The only appeal of agrotourism based livestock in Bali today is White Calf Maintenance Zone located in the village of
Taro, Tegallalang District, Gianyar regency. Existence which still survive today is inseparable
from the conception of faith communities who assess animals white cow as sacred animals and
sacred. In order to do excursions in the area of agro-based maintenance of white bulls in the
village of Taro, tourists can perform a number of the following activities: hiking, watching the
white ox maintenance activities, especially feeding, listening to an explanation of the myth of
white cattle as sacred animals and sacred, visit and sacred forests are linked to the myth of
white oxen as sacred animals and sacred.
Ownership and Management System. Maintenance area and its wildlife white bull calf white Taro
village located in a traditional village or communal rights Pakraman Taro Kaja they have
inherited from generation to generation. Management system fully involves indigenous villagers
with predefined rules in the form of a set of customary laws called awig awig or perarem.
Agro-tourism Based Fisheries
The agro-tourism based fisheries in Bali found in Denpasar. Location of fishing tourist attraction
is located on a side street I Gusti Ngurah Rai which is the main tourism routes Tohpati-Nusa
Dua. In addition, there is also a fishing pond in Tjokroaminoto and Kebo Iwa Street, Denpasar.
The types of potential agro-tourism attraction based fisheries in Bali include the following: fishing
pond is equipped with a bamboo gazebo thatched roof is quite artistic, different types of
freshwater fish, where burning or grilling the fish bait, top culinary variety of freshwater fish
species. Generally, tourists who visit the attraction agro-based fishery aims to conduct fishing
activities and a small portion to just look around or watch other tourists who were fishing, or their
arrival to enjoy the culinary delicacies of freshwater fish available in the restaurant where fishing.
In addition, tourists can also cook (bake or broil) the fish inducement alone in the space provided.
Ownership and Management System. Most businesses agro-based fisheries in Bali is a
business owned by individuals and others is collaboration between land owners to the owners of
240
capital. Management of attraction is generally done by recruiting local manpower employed for
the maintenance and care of fish ponds, fishing tour guides, waiters, and so on.
Integrated Agro-tourism
Integrated Agro-tourism is a business that serves a mix of agro-tourism is more than one kind of
commodity as its main attraction. For instance, the present agro commodities, plantation,
livestock, or fisheries as the main attraction. In Bali, agribusiness with a mixed pattern
(integrated) can actually be found in several places. Like around Kintamani region, for example,
there are many mixed plantation business with commodities like citrus, coffee, and horticultural
crops. The same thing can also be found in the surrounding area Bedugul (Tabanan), Pancasari
(Buleleng), and Pelaga (Badung). Nevertheless, the existence of agribusiness is not much
managed as an integrated agro-tourism attraction. While this agribusiness which has been
managed as an integrated agro-tourism attraction that can be seen in the Area Cultural Village
Kertalangu, Denpasar and Agro Tourism Zone is located in the Village Kerta, District Ubud,
Gianyar Regency.
Activity forms Travelers. Tourists visiting Kertalangu Cultural Village can enjoy a variety of
activities which include the following: hiking or jogging, horse riding, demonstrations grow rice,
duck chasing, and catching eels, fishing, cooking class, MICE, culinary, shopping. Tourists
visiting the area Agro Kerta can enjoy various kinds of activities that include the following:
trekking, watch or observe various kinds of crops as well as cattle and pigs, enjoy a variety of
fresh fruits products, and shopping for a variety of fruits and souvenir.
Ownership and Management System. Tourist attraction Kertalangu Cultural Village is a
community-owned village Kesiman Kertalangu whose management is entrusted to the private
sector by implementing formal management system. Management concept is more directed at
the conservation of agricultural land through its use as a tourist attraction with over promoting
the participation of local communities (community-based development). While Agro Kerta which
also belongs to the local community, but more management systems lead to the concept of
community empowerment, which is fully involving the local community.
IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS
Internal and external environmental analysis is an analysis of the internal and external
conditions that affect the developing regions agro-tourism destination in Bali Province. Internal
analysis includes factors strengths and weaknesses, while the external analysis includes factors
opportunities and threats or challenges.
Strengths
Some internal factors that can be identified as strengths or advantages in the development of
agro-tourism destination in the province of Bali are: (1) Availability plantations (coffee, cocoa,
citrus, salacca, strawberry, and others) are adequate; (2) Have a view natural attractive; (3)
Land owned by itself; (4) Kopi Luwak as excellence; and (5) Experience manager or owner in
the field of tourism.
Weaknesses
Some internal factors that can be identified a weakness in the development of agro-tourism in
Bali Province are: (1) The quantity and quality of plant collections are relatively limited; (2)
241
Quality of human resources agro-tourism not yet meet the standards; (3) There is still a lack of
promotion; (4) Lack of capital; (5) Lack of plantation area which is used as agro-tourism
destination; (6) The product souvenir does not have of international trade standards; (7)
Landscape and treatment plants are still lacking; and (8) Competition utilization of water
resources.
Opportunities
Some external factors that can be identified as opportunities in the development of agro-tourism
in Bali Province are: (1) Networking has developed well; (2) Location of Agro-tourism in the main
tourist route; (3) Curiosity tourists to the origin of plants frequently consumed products; (4)
Consumers or quite a lot of coffee lovers; (5) The business of agro-tourism become a market
trends; (6) Subak recognized as a world cultural heritage; (7) traffic congestion in other tourist
destinations.
Threats
Some external factors that can be identified as a threat or challenge in the development of agrotourism in Bali Province are: (1) Competition is getting tougher; (2) System commission is too
high; (3) Price competition among agro-tourism products; (4) The hunt in the vicinity of agrotourism; and (5) The development of other sectors of investment.
AGROTOURISM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY MODEL
Some grand strategy that can be formulated in that sustainable agro-tourism development and
can increase community empowerment in the province of Bali are: (1) The increase in the value
of the unique fascination with the advanced elements of local knowledge; (2) Setting standards
of quality agro products are packaged and presented as agro-tourism attraction; (3)
Standardization of attraction and management of agro-tourism services; (4) Establishment of
agro-tourism institutional association; (5) Utilization and management of agricultural land
collectively and integrated to improve the area and diversity of potential; (6) Preparation of
regulatory-oriented economic principles of democracy, environmental conservation, and cultural
revitalization in a more equitable and sustainable.
CONCLUSIONS
There are 5 type of classification or typology of agro-tourism profile in Bali, based on commodity
potency, which it have different characteristic. Based on the amount of agro-tourism destination
in a region, the distribution it’s concentrated in 3 regency, i.e.: Gianyar, Bangli, and Tabanan.
This regency are have good potency of agriculture and crossing with core tourism destination.
The combination potency of agriculture and tourism will support the growth of agro-tourism
relative faster. There is some grand strategy which recommended. The implementation of this
strategy hope that creating the alternative of tourism destination with increasing value added of
agriculture commodity, and tourism activity which can give benefit for ecological conservation,
cultural revitalization, and increasing of economic or welfare for farmer as individual or groups,
especially at small scale agriculture land use.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is part of the National Priority Research Master Plan for the Acceleration and
Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (Penprinas MP3EI) in 2012. To the authors
242
wish to thank the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Higher Education, Ministry of
Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia, that has funded this research through the
implementation of the Scheme Penprinas MP3EI. Thank you also to all the owners / managers
of agro-tourism which has provided experience and information related to this study.
REFERENCES
Ahmadjayadi, C. 2001, The policy and support local government in the development of agrotourism in the era of regional autonomy. Meeting of National Working Papers Agro Tourism
Ministry of Agriculture; Cisarua Bogor, 11-13 October 2001.
Akpinar, N., Talay, I., Ceylan, C., Gunduz, S., 2004. Rural Women and Agro-tourism in the
Context of Sustainable Rural Development: A Case Study from Tukey. Kluwer Journal 6:473486.
David, F.R. , 2002, Strategic Management: Concepts. Sindoro A, Translator. Jakarta: PT Ikrar
Mandiri. Translation from: Concepts of Strategic Management.
Foulker, N. , 2000, "Archaeologi from Below" in Public Archaeology. 1(1) :21-23.
Guntoro, S. 1995. Panca Pesona Wisata Agro Daerah Bali. Yayasan Bina Hayati, Denpasar.
Kasparek, M. Agro-tourism and agricultural diversity. http://www.gtz.de [6 September 2004].
Kodhyat, H. , 1997, Nature and Development of Alternative Tourism. Inside: Gunawan, MP.
Proceedings of the Seminar and Workshop on Sustainable Tourism Planning. Bandung, June
29, 1996. Publisher ITB, Bandung. 74-81.
Maruti, K.V,. 2009, Agro-Tourism: The Scope and Opportunities for The Farmers in Maharashtra.
Socio-Economic Voices. Indiastat.com Sept.-Oct., 2009.
Pujaastawa, I.B.G. , 2003, "Tourism Subak: Keeping the Balance Ecology and Cultural Identity
in Central Bali", in Scars Culture in Multicultural Perspective. Faculty of Letters, Udayana
University, Denpasar.
Rangkuti, F. 2000 SWOT Analysis: Techniques Dissecting the Business Case. PT Gramedia
Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Satriawan, IK. 2005 Design of Decision Support System Model Agro-Industry and Tourism
Integration in Economic Development Planning Jembrana Regency. Dissertation.
Pascasrjana School, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
Suwantoro, G. 2001 Basics of Tourism. Andi, Yogyakarta.
Yoeti, O.A. 2000 Tourism Studies: History, Progress and Prospects. PT. Perca, Jakarta.
243
PROGRAM AND ABSTRACT BOOK OF
th
THE 5 ASIAN CONFERENCE
ON PRECISION AGRICULTURE
JUNE 25-28, 2013
Hotel Ocean Suites
Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
Organized by
Korean Society of Precision Agriculture
Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery
Center for IT Convergence Agricultural Machinery
Rural Development Administration
Foundation of Agricultural Technology Commercialization and Transfer
UUU
5
th
The
Asian Conference on
Precision Agriculture
Contents
Preface ··········································································································································································· i
Program and Useful Information
Overview of the Program ············································································································································ ii
Floor Plan ····································································································································································· iii
Way to the Venue ······················································································································································· iv
Other Useful Information ············································································································································ v
Opening Ceremony ············································································································································· ix
Plenary Session(Selected Topics in Korea, China, Japan, and USA)
HUMAN-SPECIFIC CROP PRODUCTION ············································································································· 1
Sun-Ok Chung(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN CHINA
Chunjiang Zhao(National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, China, chaocj@nercita.org.cn)
GOOD AGRICULTUAL PRACTICE REQUIRES PRECISION AGRICULTURE ············································ 16
Sakae Shibusawa(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, sshibu@cc.tuat.ac.jp)
CROP AND SOIL SENSORS FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE ···································································· 22
Kenneth A. Sudduth(USDA Agricultural Research Service, USA, Ken.Sudduth@ars.usda.gov)
qG pSG yG G rSG qG Y\TY_SG YWXZ
Panel Discussion Session(Selected Topics for Future PA)
THE FUTURE OF PRECISION FARMING: DESIGNING SYSTEMS FOR THE FARM OF TOMORROW ····· 45
Simon Blackmore(Harper Adams University, UK, simon.blackmore@harper-adams.ac.uk)
PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND PHENOTYPING – SHARED TECHNOLOGIES ···································· 72
Naiqian Zhang(KansasState University, USA, zhangn@k-state.edu)
PRECISION AGRICULTURE: CONCEPTS AND ITS ROLE IN ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY IN A
FLAT WORLD ···························································································································································· 84
Raj Khosla(Colorado State University, USA, Raj.Khosla@colostate.edu)
PANEL DISCUSSION
Dr. Sakae Shibusawa (Prof. of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)
Dr. Minzan Li (Prof. of China Agricultural University, China)
Dr. Chang-Hyun Choi (Prof. of Sungkyunkwan University, Korea)
Technical Sessions(Abstract)
Oral
Session DD: Data Processing and Decision Making Support System
Wednesday, June 26, 15:30 – 17:00, Camelia Hall
Chairperson: Prof. Reza Ehsani and Dr. Yong Joo Kim
DD-01 REVEALING THE ANTHRACNOSE INDUCED POLYSACCHARIDES CHANGES IN TEA CELL
WALL PROBED BY CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY ··············································································· 91
Xiaoli Li, Liubin Luo, Yong He, Lingxia Huang, and Yansuo Zhou(Zhejiang University,China, yhe@zju.edu.cn)
UUU
5
th
The
Asian Conference on
Precision Agriculture
DD-02 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD WIRELESS SENSOR NODE AND SINK NODE FOR
GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ··························································································· 98
Jiang Yiqiong, Zhang Man, Zhong Zhenjiang, Sun Hong, and Li Minzan(China Agricultural University, China, cauzm@cau.edu.cn)
DD-03 APPLICATION OF SMALL UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR INVENTORY MANAGEMENT ··· 104
Ying She, Reza Ehsani, Jim Owen, and Jim Robbins(University of Florida, USA, ehsani@ufl.edu)
DD-04 A UNIVERSAL COMPOSABLE GROUPING-PROOF AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL FOR
MULTI-RFID TAGS ·················································································································································· 113
ZeLin Hu, Mial Li, Jian Zhang, Xinhua Zeng, Shizhuang Weng, ShouGuo Zheng, Yuanyuan Zhao and Hua Long Li
(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, hzlin@ustc.edu)
DD-05 PRECISION RESTORING AGRICULTURE USING SPATIAL VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE ·· 120
Hideki GOTO, Hiromitsu Niitsuma, Yasuhiro Noguchi, Akio Sashima, Koichi Kurumatani, Masakazu Kodaira, and Sakae
Shibusawa(ADS Corporation Ltd., Japan, hgoto@adscorp.jp)
DD-06 IDENTIFICATION OF TOMATO LEAF DISEASES BY HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING AND
MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUE ······························································································································· 126
Na Chen, Yong He, Fei Liu, Wenwen Kong, and Yidan Bao(Zhejiang University, China, ydbao@zju.edu.cn)
Session FM: Site-specific Field Management
Wednesday, June 26, 15:30 – 17:00, Azalea Hall
Chairperson: Dr. I Made Anom S. Wijaya and Prof. Dong-Hoon Lee
FM-01 COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY TILLAGE TOOL: SUBSOILER ·· 133
Gopal U. Shinde and Sundaram Raut(Marathwada Agricultural University, India, gopalushinde@gmail.com)
qG pSG yG G rSG qG Y\TY_SG YWXZ
FM-02 PRE-PROCESSING OF LOAD DATA OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS DURING FIELD
OPERATIONS ·························································································································································· 142
Myong-Jin Ryu, Youn-Kug Choo, Sun-Ok Chung, Yong-Joo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National
University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
FM-03 YIELD-BASED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ZONE OF SMALL SCALE TRADITIONALLY
CULTIVATED PADDY FIELD ································································································································ 151
I Made Anom Sutrisna Wijaya and I WayanTika(Udayana University, Indonesia, anomsw@ftp.unud.ac.id)
FM-04 AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY AREAS FOR SUGAR BEET(BETA VULGARIS) CROP
PRODUCTION BY GIS & RS SYSTEMS ············································································································ 157
Ehsan Neamatollahi, Moahammad Reza Jahansuz, and Javad Vafabakhsh(University of Tehran, Iran, neamatollahi_e@ut.ac.ir)
FM-05 DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A NEW TYPE OF VEHICLE-MOUNTED
SOIL EC DETECTOR ············································································································································· 158
Xiaoshuai Pei, Minzan Li, and Lihua Zheng(China Agriculture University, China, limz@cau.edu.cn)
FM-06 AUTOMATIC CORN PLANT LOCATION AND SPACING MEASUREMENT USING LASER
LINE-SCAN TECHNIQUE ······································································································································ 164
Yeyin Shi, Ning Wang, Randal K. Taylor, William R. Raun, and James A. Hardin(Oklahoma State University, USA,
ning.wang@okstate.edu)
Session SE: Soil Sensor and Equipment
Wednesday, June 27, 08:30 – 10:00, Camelia Hall
Chairperson: Dr. Nicolas Tremblay and Dr. Sukyoung Hong
SE-01 CORN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN IS INFLUENCED BY SOIL TEXTURE AND WEATHER ·· 169
Nicolas Tremblay, Mohamed Yacine Bouroubi, Carl Belec, Robert Mullen, Newell Kitchen, Wade Thomason, Steve Ebelhar,
Dave Mengel, Bill Raun, Dennis Francis,Earl D. Vories, and Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada,
nicolas.tremblay@agr.gc.ca)
UUU
5
th
The
Asian Conference on
Precision Agriculture
SE-02 IN-FIELD SOIL PHOSOPORUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM - PRELIMINARY STUDY - ··········· 170
Giyoung Kweon, Chase Maxton, David Mengel, and Wonsuk Lee(Gyeongsang National University, Korea, gkweon@gnu.ac.kr)
SE-03 DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE MULTI-PARAMETER SOIL DETECTOR BASED ON NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ······························································································ 172
An Xiaofei, Li Minzan, Zheng Lihua, and Liu Yumeng(China Agriculture University, China, pact@cau.edu.cn)
SE-04 SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PREDICTION FOR KOREAN SOILS USING VISIBLE-NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ······························································································ 177
Kyungdo Lee, Sukyoung Hong, B. Minasny, Yihyun Kim, Kwancheol Song, Sangil Na, and Soyeong Jang(National Academy of
Agricultural Science(NAAS), Korea, syhong67@korea.kr)
SE-05 EFFECTS OF SENSING DEPTH VARIATION ON TOTAL CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN
MAPPING USING REAL-TIME SOIL SENSOR ································································································· 183
Siti Noor Aliah Baharom, Sakae Shibusawa, Masakazu Kodaira, and Ryuhei Kanda(Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Japan, aliah@mardi.gov.my)
SE-06 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HEAVY METAL ELEMENTS IN
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCING AREA AT SHANDONG PROVINCE, CHINA ············································· 189
Mei Yong, Man Zhang, Shengwei Wang, Tianjiao Zhang, and Gang Liu(China Agricultural University, China,
cauzm@cau.edu.cn)
Session EF: Education and Farm Research
Thursday, June 27, 08:30 – 10:00, Azalea Hall
Chairperson: Prof. I Ketut Satriawan and Prof. Tae-Hwan Kang
EF-01 REVIEW ON RELIABILITY RATING STANDARDS FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY TRACTOR ·········· 195
Md. Shaha Nur Kabir, Myong Jin Ryu, Sun-Ok Chung, Yong-Joo Kim, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National University,
Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
Proceedings of the 5th Asian Conference on Precision Agriculture (ACPA)
June 25-28, 2013, Jeju, Korea
USING OF SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE LAND FOR AGRO-TOURISM
DESTINATION IN BALI PROVINCE
I Ketut Satriawan 1*, Ida Bagus Gde Pujaastawa 2, and I Made Sarjana 3
1
Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
2
Department of Anthropology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
3
Department of Agribusiness, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author, Tel: +62-81-2840-9393, E-mail: tutsatria@yahoo.com
Abstract: The land ownership of farmer in Bali Province is very limited, only 0.3 ha per
farmer. The contribution of agriculture sector for gross regional domestic product (GRDP)
is decreasing. Other side, Bali is well known as world tourism destination, and the
contribution tourism sector to GRDP Bali is increasingly. Both conditions have big
opportunity to be combining so that this sector can give optimal benefit. It is needs the
alternative for effective land managing system so that give optimal benefit for farmer
welfare. Some of agriculture lands, especially placed on core tourism area, more potential
is developed and manage as agro-tourism destination. Currently, the developing of Bali
tourism gives attention to agro-tourism as the tourism attraction alternative. The emerging
of some agro-tourism is spread at some destination tourism area. This condition will cause
of agro-tourism competition more tight. Based on these phenomena, the research was
conducted to explain existing agro-tourism profile and to formulate the strategic models of
sustainable agro-tourism development basis on community empowerment. The research is
focus on agro-tourism in Bali Province. Agro-tourism which selected as a sample, decide
by snow-bowling method. Data collection method is using questionnaire, in-depth interview,
and focus group discussion. There are 5 type of classification or typology of agro-tourism
profile in Bali, based on commodity potency, i.e.: (1) Agro-tourism based food crop; (2)
Agro-tourism based plantation; (3) Agro-tourism based livestock; (4) Agro-tourism based
fisheries; and (5) Integrated agro-tourism. Based on the amount of agro-tourism
destination in a region, the distribution it’s concentrated in 3 regency, i.e.: Gianyar, Bangli,
and Tabanan Regency. This regency are have good potency of agriculture and crossing
with core tourism destination. The combination potency of agriculture and tourism will
support the growth of agro-tourism relative faster. There is some grand strategy which
recommended. The outcome of implementation strategy hope that creating the alternative
of tourism destination with increasing value added of agriculture commodity, and tourism
activity which can give benefit for ecological conservation, cultural revitalization, and
increasing of economic or welfare for farmer as individual or groups.
Key Words: Agro-tourism, Added Value, Community Empowerment, Sustainability
INTRODUCTION
Tourism sector's contribution to the Bali regional revenue from year to year increase to
outperform other sectors. However, the Bali tourism development policies that tend to lead to
236
large scale tourism and capital intensive endurance feared would threaten local culture and
environment. Construction of various types of large-scale tourism facilities not only cause the
conversion of agricultural land in less controlled, as well as threatening the existence of one of
the subak as an agricultural heritage that is valuable (Pujaastawa, 2003).
Tourists in large numbers and are concentrated in certain places can reduce the quality of
people's lives, which in turn would likely eliminate the attractiveness of the area. The beauty of
the natural environment suffers when the number and quality of tourist behavior cannot be
controlled effectively Suwantoro (2001). In order to develop and establish the image of Bali
tourism needs to be done: (1) various types of business diversification, product, and attractions
in accordance with the development of world tourism, alternative tourism that is environmentally
sound, (2) search solution to integrate three priority development sectors (agriculture, tourism
and small industry) of Bali, (3) increase the welfare of farmers so that agriculture can support the
sustainable tourism sector, (4) distribution of the economic benefits of greater tourism to the
general public directly engaged in other sectors related to tourism; (5) planning and
development of a new tourist attraction destination for travelers deployment, quality control
environment, and creating new growth centers (Satriawan, 2005).
In an effort to anticipate and cope with the above issues, policy development of tourism in Bali
recently also gives attention to the development of agro-tourism as an alternative tourist
attraction. Agro-tourism is a form of tourism that utilizes agro business as a tourist attraction with
a view to expanding the knowledge, experience, leisure and business relations in the field of
agro. Guntoro (1995) states that ecotourism is a form of tourism that object in the form of
farming (agro), along with the activities related to the business, including research and
exploration activities of agricultural resources, farm equipment and agricultural products. More
specifically Yoeti (2000) states that agro-tourism is a special type of tourism makes agricultural
commodities, livestock, farm as an attraction for tourists. For the purpose of this research, agrotourism is a form of tourism that utilizes agricultural activities from upstream to downstream
including facility related as an object and tourist attraction to meet goal of tourism.
Values and principles embodied in the concept of agro-tourism covers five main aspects,
namely: agriculture, conservation, education, community involvement and economic
(Ahmadjayadi 2001). Residents should get to know and appreciate about agro-biodiversity as a
valuable and useful protection, to ensure that ecotourism also helps preserve the diversity of
biological resources (Kasparek 2004).
Management of tourism potential, particularly ecotourism will be more emphasis and
responsibility of local community participation. It is an important effort towards a communitybased resource management. Community as one of the stakeholders should be involved in the
management of the various resources of the region / territory them. Local communities have the
rights to interpret, preserve and manage their resources (Ascherson 2000). Faulkner (2000)
suggested the concept he calls "Democratic Archaeology from Below", which basically
emphasizes community participation in all types and levels of employment. Local knowledge and
traditional institutions that developed in the community concerned in the management of cultural
resources must be maintained and be involved. Government and the relevant authorities as a
facilitator in the management of cultural resources is concerned.
Kodhyat (1997) states that tourism should be perceived as an instrument for improving the
quality of human relationships, the quality of life of local residents, and environmental quality.
Tourism development needs to be made as part of a national sustainable development, and
performed in an integrated unity with other development sectors.
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Building on this phenomenon, this study will try to explain existing agro-tourism profile and to
formulate the strategic models of sustainable agro-tourism development basis on community
empowerment in Bali Province. Through this model of agro-tourism development is expected to
provide benefits to the ecological, cultural revitalization, and economic development in a more
equitable and sustainable.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in the province of Bali with a research focus on agro-tourism whose
existence spread across a number of regency in Bali. Agro-tourism used as the sample was
determined by the method snowbowling. Search halted until the sample no longer obtain
information other agro-tourism known from previous reference. Based on the above method, 42
samples agro-tourism are obtained scattered in Gianyar regency (9), Bangli (10), Karangasem
(3), Tabanan (8), Badung (3), and Denpasar (9). Method of data collection was conducted using
questionnaires, in-depth interviews, field observations, and focus group discussions. Identify
internal and external factors as well as the formulation of strategies using SWOT (StrengthsWeaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) Analysis Technique (Rangkuti, 2000; David, 2002).
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
CLASSIFICATION OF AGROTOURISM PROFILE
Agro-tourism is basically a type of tourism that utilizes agro business as a tourist attraction with a
view to expanding the knowledge, experience, leisure and business relations in agriculture.
Building on the concept of agro-tourism as described above, and then the agro-tourism in Bali
can be classified based on the types of commodities that became its appeal, as follows:
Agro-tourism Based Food Crop
Agro-tourism based on food crop commodity, currently only agribusiness in wet land with paddy
commodity, which can manage as agro-tourism, called by Subak Agro-tourism. Although there
are a lot of Subak in every regency in Bali Province, but Subak Agro-tourism only developing in
Jatiluwih Village and Wongaya Gede Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency. Jatiluwih Rice
Terrace is one of the world heritage was announced in July 2012 as a site world heritage at the
annual plenary session of UNESCO.
The attractiveness of Subak Agro-tourism is ideofact aspect (value system), sociofact (social
system), and artifact (infrastructure). The cultivating traditional system in Bali Subak is a one
famous rice farming system in the world. Some tourism activity in Subak Agro-tourism is
sightseeing, trekking, cycling, ATV riding, Matekap (traditional land processing), cultivating
paddy seed, culinary with local agricultural product. Management system of Agro-tourism in
Jatiluwih and Wongaya Gede is doing by individual firm and collaboration with local subak
organization. By with this management system, the farmers as a member of subak organization
have added revenue besides yield product from the land production.
Agro-tourism Based Plantation
Agro-tourism based plantation can be divided into two kinds, namely agro-tourism plantation with
a single or similar crop (monoculture) and plant mixture (polyculture). Agro-tourism Based
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Plantation Monoculture based on the types of commodities, in Bali can be classified as follows:
Agro-Based Plantation Flowers, Agro-Based Plantation Strawberry, Agro-Based Plantation
Salacca, Agro-Based Plantation Coffee.
Agro-Based Plantation Flowers. The types of plants that developed in the province of Bali is
orchids, carnations, roses, jasmine, angora, chrysanthemum, gladiolus, tuberose, palm,
ephorbia, soft-shelled, adenium, antorium, ferns and others. Flower plantation business as agrotourism attraction are found in the northern region of Badung, precisely in Plaga Village, District
Petang, Badung regency with plant species Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla). Hydrangea
plants in Bali are well known as a thousand broken flower are cultivated as cut flowers for
ceremonies facilities / religion especially offerings for Hindus (Sumerta et. al., 2005).
Agro-Based Plantation Strawberry. Agro-based strawberry farm located in Region Bedugul
(Tabanan), Pancasari (Buleleng), and Plaga (Badung) which is an area of highlands and
mountains. In order to do excursions in the area of agro-based plantation strawberry, tourists
can perform a number of activities as follows: relaxation and enjoy the panoramic beauty of the
strawberry plantations strawberry while enjoying the fresh fruit and the cool mountain air and
fresh, trekking or walking around the plantation area, participating directly in business activities
strawberry crop cultivation, such as seeding, planting, fertilizing, maintenance, and harvesting,
strawberry fruit processing into refined products such as juice, syrup, jam, or compote
strawberry, shopping (fruit, seeds strawberry, and some types of processed products as
souvenir).
Agro-Based Plantation Salacca. As well as a tourist destination, Bali is also renowned as one of
the central production of fruits in Indonesia. Sibetan village and Perangsari (Karangasem), which
is about 85 Km from Denpasar, in this village there are two growing areas of Salacca, which by
the Karangasem regency government has developed into agro-tourism attraction. The types of
activities that can be done by tourists in order to make a visit in the area of agro-tourism in the
village Salacca Sibetan and Perangsari include: trekking or walk down a plantation area of bark;
cycling on salacca plantation along with riding a bike; pick their own fruits desired; demonstration
also tried processing fruits processed into various products such as salacca syrup, candied
salacca, salacca wine; witnessing or also tried art of fruits in the form of Gebogan or Pajegan;
and shopping (buying fresh fruits or various types of dairy products).
Agro-Based Plantation Coffee. Although the potential for coffee plantations spread across a
number of districts in Bali (as Tabanan, Badung, Buleleng and Bangli), but efforts to manage a
coffee plantation as agro-tourism attraction based monoculture of coffee plants by utilizing a
single crop has not been found. Until now based agro-tourism as a monoculture coffee
plantations can be found in the Village Landih, District Bangli, Bangli regency. In order to do
excursions in the area of agro-based monoculture coffee plantations in particular, tourists can
perform a number of activities as follows: hiking or walk around the area of the coffee plantation,
watching civet coffee plants and animals are released freely, go try the roasted coffee using
traditional tools and technology, trying refined products civet coffee, take photos for a keepsake,
and shopping (buying various types of refined products and craft items as souvenir)
Agro-based Polyculture Plantations. Agro-based mixed plantation is the most dominant type of
agro-tourism. Until now, the overall attractiveness of agro-tourism in Bali, approximately 80% of
which is agro-based mixed plantations. Its presence is spread across four districts, with the
highest population contained in Bangli regency (40%), followed Gianyar (30%), Tabanan (20%),
and Badung and Karangasem, respectively (5%). Most of the agro businesses located near the
highway which is a major tourism pathways in Bali, such as along the line tourism Tampaksiring-
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Ubud-Kintamani (Bangli and Gianyar regency), line tourism Tembuku-Besakih (Bangli and
Karangasem regency), and line tourism Pancasari-Bedugul (Tabanan regency).
The greater part (86%) of agro-tourism based on polyculture estate commodity in Bali Province
have Arabica coffee plant. Beside it, there are supporting plant, as cocoa, various spices, herbal
plant, and some horticulture (fruit plant). The attractiveness of this agro-tourism is good view, the
beauty of landscape, fresh environment, pre and post harvest commodity, Luwak coffee product,
traditional culture, gazebo with traditional architecture, camping grown, outlet for hand-made
agroindustry product and souvenir.
Ownership and Management System. Agro-tourism based plantation is owned by the individual
who managed system informal management involving individual family members. Their
involvement in this agro more effort devoted to activities related to the cultivation of crops (such
as seeding, planting, fertilizing, and treatment plants), making and presentation of processed
products, as well as hygiene and environmental safety. While travelers to the handling of
interpreter left entirely to the travel agent. However, the majority of managers also prepare
personnel interpreter agro-tourism, which generally come from the local community.
Agro-tourism Based Livestock
The presence of agro-tourism based livestock in Bali is still very limited. The only appeal of agrotourism based livestock in Bali today is White Calf Maintenance Zone located in the village of
Taro, Tegallalang District, Gianyar regency. Existence which still survive today is inseparable
from the conception of faith communities who assess animals white cow as sacred animals and
sacred. In order to do excursions in the area of agro-based maintenance of white bulls in the
village of Taro, tourists can perform a number of the following activities: hiking, watching the
white ox maintenance activities, especially feeding, listening to an explanation of the myth of
white cattle as sacred animals and sacred, visit and sacred forests are linked to the myth of
white oxen as sacred animals and sacred.
Ownership and Management System. Maintenance area and its wildlife white bull calf white Taro
village located in a traditional village or communal rights Pakraman Taro Kaja they have
inherited from generation to generation. Management system fully involves indigenous villagers
with predefined rules in the form of a set of customary laws called awig awig or perarem.
Agro-tourism Based Fisheries
The agro-tourism based fisheries in Bali found in Denpasar. Location of fishing tourist attraction
is located on a side street I Gusti Ngurah Rai which is the main tourism routes Tohpati-Nusa
Dua. In addition, there is also a fishing pond in Tjokroaminoto and Kebo Iwa Street, Denpasar.
The types of potential agro-tourism attraction based fisheries in Bali include the following: fishing
pond is equipped with a bamboo gazebo thatched roof is quite artistic, different types of
freshwater fish, where burning or grilling the fish bait, top culinary variety of freshwater fish
species. Generally, tourists who visit the attraction agro-based fishery aims to conduct fishing
activities and a small portion to just look around or watch other tourists who were fishing, or their
arrival to enjoy the culinary delicacies of freshwater fish available in the restaurant where fishing.
In addition, tourists can also cook (bake or broil) the fish inducement alone in the space provided.
Ownership and Management System. Most businesses agro-based fisheries in Bali is a
business owned by individuals and others is collaboration between land owners to the owners of
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capital. Management of attraction is generally done by recruiting local manpower employed for
the maintenance and care of fish ponds, fishing tour guides, waiters, and so on.
Integrated Agro-tourism
Integrated Agro-tourism is a business that serves a mix of agro-tourism is more than one kind of
commodity as its main attraction. For instance, the present agro commodities, plantation,
livestock, or fisheries as the main attraction. In Bali, agribusiness with a mixed pattern
(integrated) can actually be found in several places. Like around Kintamani region, for example,
there are many mixed plantation business with commodities like citrus, coffee, and horticultural
crops. The same thing can also be found in the surrounding area Bedugul (Tabanan), Pancasari
(Buleleng), and Pelaga (Badung). Nevertheless, the existence of agribusiness is not much
managed as an integrated agro-tourism attraction. While this agribusiness which has been
managed as an integrated agro-tourism attraction that can be seen in the Area Cultural Village
Kertalangu, Denpasar and Agro Tourism Zone is located in the Village Kerta, District Ubud,
Gianyar Regency.
Activity forms Travelers. Tourists visiting Kertalangu Cultural Village can enjoy a variety of
activities which include the following: hiking or jogging, horse riding, demonstrations grow rice,
duck chasing, and catching eels, fishing, cooking class, MICE, culinary, shopping. Tourists
visiting the area Agro Kerta can enjoy various kinds of activities that include the following:
trekking, watch or observe various kinds of crops as well as cattle and pigs, enjoy a variety of
fresh fruits products, and shopping for a variety of fruits and souvenir.
Ownership and Management System. Tourist attraction Kertalangu Cultural Village is a
community-owned village Kesiman Kertalangu whose management is entrusted to the private
sector by implementing formal management system. Management concept is more directed at
the conservation of agricultural land through its use as a tourist attraction with over promoting
the participation of local communities (community-based development). While Agro Kerta which
also belongs to the local community, but more management systems lead to the concept of
community empowerment, which is fully involving the local community.
IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS
Internal and external environmental analysis is an analysis of the internal and external
conditions that affect the developing regions agro-tourism destination in Bali Province. Internal
analysis includes factors strengths and weaknesses, while the external analysis includes factors
opportunities and threats or challenges.
Strengths
Some internal factors that can be identified as strengths or advantages in the development of
agro-tourism destination in the province of Bali are: (1) Availability plantations (coffee, cocoa,
citrus, salacca, strawberry, and others) are adequate; (2) Have a view natural attractive; (3)
Land owned by itself; (4) Kopi Luwak as excellence; and (5) Experience manager or owner in
the field of tourism.
Weaknesses
Some internal factors that can be identified a weakness in the development of agro-tourism in
Bali Province are: (1) The quantity and quality of plant collections are relatively limited; (2)
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Quality of human resources agro-tourism not yet meet the standards; (3) There is still a lack of
promotion; (4) Lack of capital; (5) Lack of plantation area which is used as agro-tourism
destination; (6) The product souvenir does not have of international trade standards; (7)
Landscape and treatment plants are still lacking; and (8) Competition utilization of water
resources.
Opportunities
Some external factors that can be identified as opportunities in the development of agro-tourism
in Bali Province are: (1) Networking has developed well; (2) Location of Agro-tourism in the main
tourist route; (3) Curiosity tourists to the origin of plants frequently consumed products; (4)
Consumers or quite a lot of coffee lovers; (5) The business of agro-tourism become a market
trends; (6) Subak recognized as a world cultural heritage; (7) traffic congestion in other tourist
destinations.
Threats
Some external factors that can be identified as a threat or challenge in the development of agrotourism in Bali Province are: (1) Competition is getting tougher; (2) System commission is too
high; (3) Price competition among agro-tourism products; (4) The hunt in the vicinity of agrotourism; and (5) The development of other sectors of investment.
AGROTOURISM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY MODEL
Some grand strategy that can be formulated in that sustainable agro-tourism development and
can increase community empowerment in the province of Bali are: (1) The increase in the value
of the unique fascination with the advanced elements of local knowledge; (2) Setting standards
of quality agro products are packaged and presented as agro-tourism attraction; (3)
Standardization of attraction and management of agro-tourism services; (4) Establishment of
agro-tourism institutional association; (5) Utilization and management of agricultural land
collectively and integrated to improve the area and diversity of potential; (6) Preparation of
regulatory-oriented economic principles of democracy, environmental conservation, and cultural
revitalization in a more equitable and sustainable.
CONCLUSIONS
There are 5 type of classification or typology of agro-tourism profile in Bali, based on commodity
potency, which it have different characteristic. Based on the amount of agro-tourism destination
in a region, the distribution it’s concentrated in 3 regency, i.e.: Gianyar, Bangli, and Tabanan.
This regency are have good potency of agriculture and crossing with core tourism destination.
The combination potency of agriculture and tourism will support the growth of agro-tourism
relative faster. There is some grand strategy which recommended. The implementation of this
strategy hope that creating the alternative of tourism destination with increasing value added of
agriculture commodity, and tourism activity which can give benefit for ecological conservation,
cultural revitalization, and increasing of economic or welfare for farmer as individual or groups,
especially at small scale agriculture land use.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is part of the National Priority Research Master Plan for the Acceleration and
Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (Penprinas MP3EI) in 2012. To the authors
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wish to thank the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Higher Education, Ministry of
Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia, that has funded this research through the
implementation of the Scheme Penprinas MP3EI. Thank you also to all the owners / managers
of agro-tourism which has provided experience and information related to this study.
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