Directory listing of http: uap.unnes.ac.id ebook ebook2006 John.Wiley.and.Sons.Mobile.Messaging.Technologies.and.Services.SMS.EMS.and.MMS.2ed.Mar.2005.eBook-DDU
MOBILE MESSAGING
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES
SMS, EMS and MMS
Second Edition
Gwenaël Le Bodic
Vodafone
MOBILE MESSAGING
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES
MOBILE MESSAGING
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES
SMS, EMS and MMS
Second Edition
Gwenaël Le Bodic
Vodafone
Copyright # 2005
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
1
Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Generations of Mobile Communications Networks . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications Context: Standardization and Regulation . . . .
Global System for Mobile Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1
Cellular Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2
GSM Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3
Mobile Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4
Base Transceiver Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.5
Base Station Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.6
Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register . .
1.3.7
Home Location Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Packet Radio Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1
GPRS Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2
Serving GPRS Support Node. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3
Gateway GPRS Support Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1
3G Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2
First Phase UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3
First Phase UMTS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4
User Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.5
UTRA Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.6
First Phase UMTS Core Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.7
Second Phase UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wireless Application Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1
Introduction to WAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2
WAP Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.3
Push Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.4
User Agent Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.5
WAP 1.x Legacy Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.6
WAP HTTP Proxy with Wireless Profiled TCP and HTTP.
1.6.7
HTTP with Direct Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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25
Contents
viii
1.6.8
1.6.9
2
Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3
WTP Segmentation and Reassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
OMA Digital Rights Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Messaging Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MMS Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third Generation Partnership Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1
GPP Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2
3GPP Specifications: Release, Phase, and Stage .
2.3.3
3GPP Specifications: Numbering Scheme . . . . . .
Third Generation Partnership Project 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSM Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1
Working Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2
Regional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Internet Engineering Task Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1
IETF Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2
Internet Standard Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
World Wide Web Consortium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WAP Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Open Mobile Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.1
OMA Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.2
OMA Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.3
Available Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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31
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33
33
35
35
37
37
38
38
38
39
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Short Message Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Service Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS Use Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1
Consumer Applications Based on SMS . . . . .
3.2.2
Corporate Applications Based on SMS . . . . .
3.2.3
Operator Applications Based on SMS . . . . .
3.2.4
Value Chain of SMS-Based Applications. . . .
Architecture for GSM Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1
Short Message Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2
Service Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3
Email Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS Basic Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1
Message Submission and Delivery . . . . . . . .
3.4.2
Status Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3
Reply Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4
Addressing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.5
Validity Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Technical Specification Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocol Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1
SMS Interworking Between Mobile Networks
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47
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56
57
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58
ix
Contents
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
Message Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SME-SMSC Transactions: Submit, Deliver, Report,
and Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure of a Message Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.1
Transport Protocol Data Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.2
Message Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.3
Text Coding Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.4
Text Compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.5
Message Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.6
Coding Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.7
Protocol Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Settings and Message Storage in the SIM. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Submission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.1
TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.2
TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.3
Rejection of Duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.4
Validity Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.5
Absolute Time Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.6
Destination Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.7
SME Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Submission Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.1 Positive Submission Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.2 Negative Submission Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.3 Parameter Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.4 Service Center Time Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.1 TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.2 TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.3 Status Report Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.4 Service Center Time Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12.1 Positive Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12.2 Negative Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Status Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13.1 TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13.2 TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13.3 Discharge Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.14.1 TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.14.2 TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
User Data Header and User Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.1 Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.2 Concatenation of Message Segments . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.3 Special SMS Message Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.4 Application Port Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.5 Service Center Control Parameters . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 60
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60
61
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69
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75
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77
79
80
80
83
83
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86
87
89
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90
91
91
95
95
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96
99
102
104
105
Contents
x
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
4
3.15.6 User-Data-Header Source Indicator. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.7 (U)SIM Toolkit Security Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.8 Wireless Control Message Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.9 Alternate Reply Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.10 Enhanced Voice Mail Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Functions for Message Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMSC Access Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.17.1 SMPP from SMS Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.17.2 SMS Open Interface Specification from Sema Group
3.17.3 MMAP and SMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SIM Application Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.18.1 Proactive SIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.18.2 SIM Data Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.18.3 SIM Interactions: Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS and AT Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.19.1 AT Commands in Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.19.2 AT Command Usage: Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS and Email Interworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.20.1 Text-Based Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.20.2 Information Element-Based Method . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of TPDU parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pros and Cons of SMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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106
107
107
107
109
110
114
114
115
116
118
118
119
119
119
121
122
122
123
124
126
126
129
Enhanced Messaging Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Service Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1
Basic EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2
Extended EMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EMS Compatibility with SMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1
Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2
Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3
Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.4
Animations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5
User Prompt Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.6
Independent Object Distribution Indicator
Extended EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1
Extended Object Framework . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2
Extended Object Reuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3
Compression of Extended Objects . . . . . .
4.4.4
Extended Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.5
Predefined Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.6
iMelody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.7
Black-and-White Bitmap Picture . . . . . . .
4.4.8
Grayscale Bitmap Picture . . . . . . . . . . . .
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131
131
132
133
133
133
135
140
146
149
152
153
154
158
161
168
169
170
171
171
xi
Contents
4.5
4.6
5
4.4.9
Color Bitmap Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.10 Predefined Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.11 Black-and-White Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.12 Grayscale Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.13 Color Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.14 vCard Data Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.15 vCalendar Data Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.16 MIDI Melody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.17 Vector Graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.18 Color for Text Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.19 Hyperlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.20 Exchange of Capability Information. . . . . . . . . .
4.4.21 Guidelines for the Creation of Extended Objects .
Pros and Cons of EMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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172
173
175
175
177
179
183
190
196
199
201
202
204
205
206
Multimedia Messaging Service: Service and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
MMS Success Enablers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial Availability of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MMS Compared with Other Messaging Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1
SMS and EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2
Electronic Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.3
J-Phone’s Sha-mail and NTT Docomo’s i-shot . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.4
RIM’s Blackberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value Proposition of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Billing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Usage Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.1
Person-to-Person Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.2
Content-to-Person Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.3
Legacy Support and Interworking Between MMS Environments
5.6.4
Further Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.1
MMS Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.2
MMS Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.3
MMS Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.4
Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standardization Roadmap for MMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WAP Realizations of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Sending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.1 Immediate Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.2 Deferred Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.3 Retrieval when Roaming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.4 Automatic Rejection of Unsolicited or Anonymous Messages . .
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208
209
210
210
210
211
212
213
214
215
215
216
217
217
217
218
218
220
221
222
223
228
228
230
231
231
232
232
Contents
xii
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
Message Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.13.1 Delivery Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.13.2 Read Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reply Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Addressing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Settings of MMS-Capable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17.1 Connectivity Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17.2 User Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17.3 Storing and Provisioning MMS Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage of MMS Settings and Notifications in the (U)SIM . . . . . . . . .
Multimedia Message Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value-Added Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Content Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.22.1 Example of MMS Architecture for the Support of Streaming .
5.22.2 Streaming Protocols: RTP and RTSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charging and Billing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multimedia Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multipart Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.26.1 Message Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.26.2 Encapsulation of Media Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Content Domains and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.1 Message Content Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.2 Message Content Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.3 MMS Client Functional Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.4 Creation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Media Types, Formats, and Codecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.2 Bitmap and Still Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.3 Vector Graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.4 Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.5 Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.6 Personal Information Manager Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scene Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.1 Introduction to SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.2 Organization of SMIL 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.3 Spatial Description with SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.4 Temporal Description with SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.5 SMIL Basic Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.6 MMS SMIL and the OMA Conformance Document . . . . . . .
5.29.7 SMIL Namespace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.8 Linking the Scene Description with Body Parts . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.9 Naming Body Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.10 Support of Video Streaming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.11 Support of Color with SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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232
232
233
233
233
234
234
234
235
235
236
237
238
240
242
244
246
247
250
251
251
252
253
253
258
258
259
262
262
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
268
269
269
271
272
272
276
277
278
279
280
xiii
Contents
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
6
5.29.12 3GPP SMIL Profile or PSS SMIL .
5.29.13 XHTML as an Alternative to SMIL
Example of a Multimedia Message . . . . . . .
DRM Protection of Media Objects . . . . . . .
5.31.1 Forward-Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.31.2 Combined Delivery . . . . . . . . . . .
5.31.3 Separate Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postcard Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Size Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial Solutions and Developer Tools .
The Future of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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281
281
281
281
281
284
284
286
287
288
291
291
Multimedia Messaging Service, Transactions Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
Introduction to the MMS Transaction Model . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1
Person-to-Person Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.2
Content-to-Person Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3
How to Read the PDU Description Tables . . . . .
MM1 Interface, MMS Client–MMSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1
Message Submission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2
Message Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3
Message Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.4
Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.5
Read Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.6
Message Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.7
Storing and Updating a Message in the MMBox .
6.2.8
Viewing Information from the MMBox . . . . . . . .
6.2.9
Uploading a Message to the MMBox . . . . . . . . .
6.2.10 Deleting a Message from the MMBox . . . . . . . .
6.2.11 Parameter Description and Binary Encoding . . .
MM2 Interface, Internal MMSC Interface . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM3 Interface, MMSC–External Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM4 Interface, MMSC–MMSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.1
Introduction to SMTP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.2
Routing Forward a Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.3
Routing Forward a Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.4
Routing Forward a Read Report . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.5
Example for Message Transfer with SMTP . . . . .
MM5 Interface, MMSC–HLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM6 Interface, MMSC–User Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM7 Interface, MMSC–VAS Applications. . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.1
Introduction to SOAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.2
Message Submission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.3
Message Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.4
Message Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.5
Message Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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293
294
296
297
298
301
305
314
319
322
324
326
329
330
333
333
340
346
346
349
352
354
357
359
359
361
361
363
365
366
369
369
Contents
xiv
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.8.6
Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.7
Read Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.8
Generic Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM8 Interface, MMSC–Post-Processing Billing System . . . . .
MM9 Interface, MMSC–Online Charging System . . . . . . . . . .
MM10 Interface, MMSC–Messaging Service Control Function
STI and MMS Transcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.1 Minor and Major Content Degradations. . . . . . . . . .
6.12.2 Transcoding Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.3 Standard Transcoding Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.4 STI Request Transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.5 STI Response Transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Conformance and Interoperability Testing. . . . . . . . .
6.13.1 Static Conformance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.13.2 Enabler Implementation Conformance Statement. . . .
6.13.3 Enabler Test Requirements, Plan, and Specification . .
6.13.4 Interoperability Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Implementations of Different Versions of the MMS Protocol . .
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371
371
373
375
378
378
378
383
386
387
388
389
389
390
390
391
391
392
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Appendix A SMS TP-PID Value for Telematic Interworking . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix B SMS–Numeric and Alphanumeric Representations . . . . . . . . . .
B.1 Integer Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.2 Octet Representation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3 Semi-Octet Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix C SMS–Character Sets and Transformation Formats . . . . . . . . . .
C.1 GSM 7-bit Default Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2 US-ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.3 Universal Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4 UCS Transformation Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix D EMS–iMelody Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix E MMS–Content Types of Media Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix F MM1 Interface–Response Status Codes
(X-Mms-Response-Status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix G MM1 Interface–Retrieve Status Codes (X-Mms-Retrieve-Status)
Appendix H MM1 Interface–MMBox Store Status Codes
(X-Mms-Store-Status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix I MM4 Interface–Request Status Codes
(X-Mms-Request-Status-Code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix J MM7 Interface–Status Code and Status Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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401
402
402
402
403
404
404
406
407
407
408
408
. . 409
. . 412
. . 413
. . 414
. . 414
Acronyms and Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Preface
Is SMS already history? Definitely not if you consider the high SMS traffic volumes of
today’s mobile networks! SMS will certainly represent one of the major milestones in the
history of mobile telephony. With SMS, users have forged their own dialect to cope with
service limitations, composed their own communication groups or communities, and are
enjoying new channels of interactions. Any GSM handset has SMS capabilities and if each
GSM subscriber sends a message at the same time then more than 1 billion messages would
fly over the radio waves of mobile networks worldwide. From an engineering perspective,
technologies for SMS have reached a mature stage and no more extensions of SMS are being
considered in standardization forums. Much focus is now given to the emerging Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS). The deployment of MMS only started a few years ago and MMS
is already gaining wide support from the mobile industry with a fast growing handset
penetration rate and worldwide operator support. MMS underlying technologies are still in
an ongoing maturation process, and user experience with today’s phones has already greatly
improved compared with the one of early implementations. MMS has benefited from the
introduction of a new generation of handsets with integrated multimedia capabilities such as
color screens and built-in still and video cameras but also from the introduction of packetbased transmission in mobile networks. MMS opens the door to new business opportunities
and is believed to be well positioned as the appropriate distribution channel for commercial
contents (music downloads, alerts, news, etc.). The future will tell if MMS will follow SMS
in becoming a true success story.
The first edition of this book was published in late 2002. It covered SMS, the Enhanced
Messaging Service (EMS), and MMS. At that time, SMS was already a very successful
service and MMS was emerging. Following the growing interest in MMS, I published a
second book dedicated to MMS in late 2003. The second edition of this book builds up from
the two previous books. All chapters have been completely revised according to the most
recent developments in standardization, but also according to my own experiences, specifying embedded messaging solutions for a manufacturer of mobile devices and in designing
MMS solutions for a large group of operators.
The first chapter of this book introduces the evolution of mobile telephony from its origins
with the deployment of first generation systems, followed by the introduction of second
generation systems supporting digital communications and packet-based transmissions.
Emerging third generation systems are also described along with the latest developments
in the standardization of techniques for digital rights management. Chapter 2 proposes to
demystify the ‘‘too often’’ obscure structures and procedures of standardization organizations. It is of key importance to understand how these organizations produce the necessary
messaging standards in order to design interoperable commercial solutions. Chapter 3 is
xvi
Preface
dedicated to the Short Message Service. Firstly, it describes major use cases and quickly
progresses into the technical details of the service. Chapter 4 focuses on the standard
application-level extension of SMS known as the Enhanced Messaging Service. It explains
how to create rich-media content and how to distribute this content over SMS as a transport
bearer. Chapters 5 and 6 are entirely dedicated to the Multimedia Messaging Service.
Chapter 5 explains the service use cases, the overall architecture, and describes how
multimedia messages can be designed. Chapter 6 focuses on protocol aspects, presenting
the technical realization of each of the MMS interfaces. A set of appendices complement the
contents of all chapters and a comprehensive index has been compiled for this book to
represent a practical reference companion for solution architects, telecommunication
engineers, standardization practitioners, instructors, and students.
I must admit that one of the primary reasons for writing books is that it represented for me
a very good opportunity for pretending not to have enough time for washing dishes by hand,
hovering the flat, and tidying up my desk. My wife, Marie-Amélie, recently discovered the
trick and it became a real challenge to finish this book according to the agreed timelines,
while being obliged to do the hand-washing of dishes at the same time. We recently
purchased a second-hand dish-washer. This really improves our daily living. I have now
realized that I do not need to write books anymore to pretend not to have enough time for
washing dishes. I may still consider writing articles from time to time, a good reason for
pretending not to have the time to clean the table and put dirty dishes in the beloved dishwasher.
I would like to gratefully acknowledge the time and effort of many people who reviewed
the content of this book. The book has benefited from constructive comments from experts
involved in various MMS activities (standardization bodies, mobile network operators,
handset manufacturers, and third party application developers). In particular, I am thankful to
Eskil Åhlin, Stéphane Augui, Philippe Bellordre, Luis Carroll, Dave Chen, François Courau,
Philippe Delaloy, Cyril Fenard, Peter Freitag, Arthur Gidlow, Pierre Grenaille, Ian Harris,
Michael Ishizue, Hervé Languille, Josef Laumen, Marie-Amélie Le Bodic, Arnaud Le Roy,
Bernd Mielke, Ngoc Tanh Ly, Jérome Marcon, Thibaut Mienville, Thomas Picard, Jean-Luc
Ricoeur, Friedhelm Rodermund, Andreas Schmidt, José Soares, Frank Timphus, Frédéric
Villain, Paul Vincent, and Wilfried Zeise.
I would also like to acknowledge all readers of the first edition and in particular those who
provided feedback. I have used this valuable feedback, whenever possible, to improve the
accuracy and readability of this second edition.
The team at John Wiley & Sons, Ltd involved in the production of this book, provided
excellent support and guidance. Particularly, I am grateful to Mark Hammond and Sarah
Hinton for their continuous support during the entire process.
In addition, I am thankful to Alcatel Business Systems, Bijitec, Siemens AG, and Sony
Ericsson for providing illustrations for this book.
The bibliography lists a number of standards that are useful for exploring further topics
introduced in this book. Pointers to these standards and other useful resources are available
from this book’s companion website at:
http://www.lebodic.net/mms_resources.htm
GWENAËL LE BODIC, PhD
About the Author
Gwenaël Le Bodic is a messaging architect for the Vodafone group, located in Germany. In
the scope of his activities for Vodafone, he is involved in the design of messaging solutions
for large multi-operator environments. He also contributes to the development of system
interworking to enable the exchange of multimedia messages between operators.
Previously, Gwenaël Le Bodic was a messaging and standardization expert for Alcatel’s
mobile phone division, located in France. His activities for Alcatel included participating and
contributing to the development of messaging services and technologies in the scope of the
3GPP and OMA standardization forums. He has been responsible for the design of the
software architecture of the embedded multimedia messaging solution for Alcatel’s first two
MMS phones.
A certified engineer in computer sciences, Gwenaël Le Bodic obtained a PhD in mobile
communications from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. He is the author of many
research publications in the field of mobile communications. He wrote the first edition of this
book Mobile Messaging, Technologies and Services (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, November
2002) and also a book focusing on MMS, Multimedia Messaging Service, an engineering
approach to MMS (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, October 2003).
Gwenaël Le Bodic can be contacted at gwenael@lebodic.net
Typographic conventions
In this book, the following typographic conventions are used:
Typeface or symbol
Meaning/used for
Example
Courier
Refers to a system command, name
of protocol operation, meta language
tag, or any computer output.
Serves as a placeholder for variable
text that can be replaced as appropriate in the context of use.
Serves as a placeholder for optional
variable text that can be replaced as
appropriate in the context of use.
Refers to a document (e.g., standard,
book, article) listed in the References
section.
Emphasizes a new word or term of
significance.
The two most common object
identifiers that are used are the
Content-ID and the ContentLocation.
Fields and
can take two
forms.
[]
[]
[Times]
Italic
l
#
#
0xA9
For description of protocol data
units, this symbol indicates that the
corresponding parameter is
mandatory.
For description of protocol data
units, this symbol indicates that the
corresponding parameter is optional.
For description of protocol data
units, this symbol indicates that the
corresponding parameter appears
conditionally in the unit.
Represents a hexadecimal value
prefixed by ‘‘0x.’’
[3GPP-23.140]
The application segments the
message into several pieces
called message segments.
‘‘0x1A’’ represents the hexadecimal
value 1A (decimal value 26).
1
Basic Concepts
This chapter outlines the basic concepts of mobile communications systems and presents the
required background information necessary for a clear understanding of this book. First, an overview of the evolution of mobile communications systems is provided. This encompasses the
introduction of first generation analog systems supporting only voice communications to the
recent deployment of third generation systems supporting voice and multimedia services.
The Global System for Mobile Communication, commonly known as GSM, has been a
major breakthrough in the domain of mobile communications. Elements composing a typical
GSM network are presented. Another important milestone is the introduction of the General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS) allowing the support of packet-based communications in
evolved GSM networks. The architecture of a GPRS network is presented. Recently
deployed are Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). These systems support
advanced multimedia services requiring high data rates. UMTS services and supporting
technologies are also introduced in this chapter. Additionally, the Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) is described. WAP is an enabling technology for developing services such as
browsing and multimedia messaging. An overview of latest digital rights management
methods is also provided. The last section of this chapter provides pointers to books and
reference articles for anybody wishing to further explore the topics covered in this chapter.
1.1 Generations of Mobile Communications Networks
In France, in 1956, a very basic mobile telephony network was implemented with vacuum
electronic tubes and electron-mechanical logic circuitry. These devices used for wireless
communications had to be carried in car boots. In these early days of mobile telephony,
service access was far from being ubiquitous and was reserved for a very limited portion of
the population. Since the introduction of this experimental network, mobile communications
technologies benefited from major breakthroughs commonly categorized in three generations. In the 1980s, first generation (1G) mobile systems arrived in Nordic countries. These
first generation systems were characterized by analog wireless communications and limited
support for user mobility.
Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services Second Edition Gwenaël Le Bodic
# 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-01143-2
2
Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services
Digital communications technology was introduced with second generation (2G) mobile
systems in the 1990s. Second generation systems are characterized by the provision of better
quality voice services available to the mass market. Second generation systems benefited
from the cellular concept in which scarce radio resources are used simultaneously by several
mobile users without interference. The best known 2G system is the Global System
for Mobile Communication (GSM) with the billionth GSM user connected in the first
quarter of 2004. Other major 2G systems include cdmaOne (based on CDMA technology),
with users in the Americas and Asia, and Japanese Personal Data Cellular (PDC) with the
iMode technology for mobile Internet.
Early 2004, first third generation (3G) mobile systems have been deployed in several
European countries. With 3G systems, various wireless technologies converge with Internet
technologies. Third generation services encompass a wide range of multimedia and costeffective services with support for worldwide user mobility. The migration to 3G systems is
facilitated by the introduction of intermediary evolved 2G systems, also known as 2.5G
systems.
1.2 Telecommunications Context: Standardization and Regulation
In the telecommunications environment, Standard Development Organizations (SDOs)
provide the necessary framework for the development of standards. These standards are
technical documents1 defining or identifying the technologies enabling the realization of
telecommunication network technologies and services. The prime objective of SDOs is to
develop and maintain widely accepted standards allowing the introduction of attractive
services over interoperable networks. The actors that are involved in the standardization
process are network operators, manufacturers, and third party organizations such as content
providers, equipment testers, and regulatory authorities. One of the main objectives of
telecommunications regulation authorities is to ensure that the telecommunications environment is organized in a sufficiently competitive environment and that the quality of service
offered to subscribers is satisfactory.
In the early days of mobile communications, various regional SDOs developed specifications for network technologies and services independently. Thi
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES
SMS, EMS and MMS
Second Edition
Gwenaël Le Bodic
Vodafone
MOBILE MESSAGING
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES
MOBILE MESSAGING
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES
SMS, EMS and MMS
Second Edition
Gwenaël Le Bodic
Vodafone
Copyright # 2005
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
1
Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Generations of Mobile Communications Networks . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications Context: Standardization and Regulation . . . .
Global System for Mobile Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1
Cellular Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2
GSM Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3
Mobile Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4
Base Transceiver Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.5
Base Station Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.6
Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register . .
1.3.7
Home Location Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Packet Radio Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1
GPRS Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2
Serving GPRS Support Node. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3
Gateway GPRS Support Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1
3G Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2
First Phase UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3
First Phase UMTS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4
User Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.5
UTRA Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.6
First Phase UMTS Core Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.7
Second Phase UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wireless Application Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1
Introduction to WAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2
WAP Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.3
Push Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.4
User Agent Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.5
WAP 1.x Legacy Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.6
WAP HTTP Proxy with Wireless Profiled TCP and HTTP.
1.6.7
HTTP with Direct Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Contents
viii
1.6.8
1.6.9
2
Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3
WTP Segmentation and Reassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
OMA Digital Rights Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Messaging Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MMS Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third Generation Partnership Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1
GPP Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2
3GPP Specifications: Release, Phase, and Stage .
2.3.3
3GPP Specifications: Numbering Scheme . . . . . .
Third Generation Partnership Project 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSM Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1
Working Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2
Regional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Internet Engineering Task Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1
IETF Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2
Internet Standard Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
World Wide Web Consortium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WAP Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Open Mobile Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.1
OMA Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.2
OMA Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9.3
Available Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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31
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46
Short Message Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Service Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS Use Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1
Consumer Applications Based on SMS . . . . .
3.2.2
Corporate Applications Based on SMS . . . . .
3.2.3
Operator Applications Based on SMS . . . . .
3.2.4
Value Chain of SMS-Based Applications. . . .
Architecture for GSM Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1
Short Message Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2
Service Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3
Email Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS Basic Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1
Message Submission and Delivery . . . . . . . .
3.4.2
Status Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3
Reply Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4
Addressing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.5
Validity Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Technical Specification Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocol Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1
SMS Interworking Between Mobile Networks
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47
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ix
Contents
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
Message Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SME-SMSC Transactions: Submit, Deliver, Report,
and Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure of a Message Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.1
Transport Protocol Data Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.2
Message Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.3
Text Coding Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.4
Text Compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.5
Message Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.6
Coding Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.7
Protocol Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Settings and Message Storage in the SIM. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Submission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.1
TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.2
TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.3
Rejection of Duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.4
Validity Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.5
Absolute Time Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.6
Destination Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.7
SME Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Submission Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.1 Positive Submission Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.2 Negative Submission Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.3 Parameter Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.4 Service Center Time Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.1 TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.2 TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.3 Status Report Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.4 Service Center Time Stamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12.1 Positive Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12.2 Negative Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Status Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13.1 TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13.2 TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13.3 Discharge Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.14.1 TPDU Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.14.2 TPDU Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
User Data Header and User Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.1 Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.2 Concatenation of Message Segments . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.3 Special SMS Message Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.4 Application Port Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.5 Service Center Control Parameters . . . . . . . . . . .
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60
61
61
63
63
64
64
64
65
65
69
70
70
72
72
74
75
75
76
77
77
79
80
80
83
83
83
83
84
86
87
89
90
90
91
91
95
95
95
96
99
102
104
105
Contents
x
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
4
3.15.6 User-Data-Header Source Indicator. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.7 (U)SIM Toolkit Security Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.8 Wireless Control Message Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.9 Alternate Reply Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15.10 Enhanced Voice Mail Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Functions for Message Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMSC Access Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.17.1 SMPP from SMS Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.17.2 SMS Open Interface Specification from Sema Group
3.17.3 MMAP and SMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SIM Application Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.18.1 Proactive SIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.18.2 SIM Data Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.18.3 SIM Interactions: Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS and AT Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.19.1 AT Commands in Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.19.2 AT Command Usage: Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SMS and Email Interworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.20.1 Text-Based Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.20.2 Information Element-Based Method . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of TPDU parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pros and Cons of SMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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106
107
107
107
109
110
114
114
115
116
118
118
119
119
119
121
122
122
123
124
126
126
129
Enhanced Messaging Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Service Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1
Basic EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2
Extended EMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EMS Compatibility with SMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1
Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2
Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3
Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.4
Animations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5
User Prompt Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.6
Independent Object Distribution Indicator
Extended EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1
Extended Object Framework . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2
Extended Object Reuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3
Compression of Extended Objects . . . . . .
4.4.4
Extended Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.5
Predefined Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.6
iMelody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.7
Black-and-White Bitmap Picture . . . . . . .
4.4.8
Grayscale Bitmap Picture . . . . . . . . . . . .
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131
131
132
133
133
133
135
140
146
149
152
153
154
158
161
168
169
170
171
171
xi
Contents
4.5
4.6
5
4.4.9
Color Bitmap Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.10 Predefined Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.11 Black-and-White Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.12 Grayscale Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.13 Color Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.14 vCard Data Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.15 vCalendar Data Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.16 MIDI Melody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.17 Vector Graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.18 Color for Text Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.19 Hyperlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.20 Exchange of Capability Information. . . . . . . . . .
4.4.21 Guidelines for the Creation of Extended Objects .
Pros and Cons of EMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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172
173
175
175
177
179
183
190
196
199
201
202
204
205
206
Multimedia Messaging Service: Service and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
MMS Success Enablers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial Availability of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MMS Compared with Other Messaging Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1
SMS and EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2
Electronic Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.3
J-Phone’s Sha-mail and NTT Docomo’s i-shot . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.4
RIM’s Blackberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value Proposition of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Billing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Usage Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.1
Person-to-Person Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.2
Content-to-Person Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.3
Legacy Support and Interworking Between MMS Environments
5.6.4
Further Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.1
MMS Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.2
MMS Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.3
MMS Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.4
Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standardization Roadmap for MMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WAP Realizations of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Sending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.1 Immediate Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.2 Deferred Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.3 Retrieval when Roaming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12.4 Automatic Rejection of Unsolicited or Anonymous Messages . .
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208
209
210
210
210
211
212
213
214
215
215
216
217
217
217
218
218
220
221
222
223
228
228
230
231
231
232
232
Contents
xii
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
Message Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.13.1 Delivery Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.13.2 Read Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reply Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Addressing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Settings of MMS-Capable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17.1 Connectivity Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17.2 User Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17.3 Storing and Provisioning MMS Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage of MMS Settings and Notifications in the (U)SIM . . . . . . . . .
Multimedia Message Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value-Added Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Content Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.22.1 Example of MMS Architecture for the Support of Streaming .
5.22.2 Streaming Protocols: RTP and RTSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charging and Billing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multimedia Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multipart Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.26.1 Message Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.26.2 Encapsulation of Media Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Content Domains and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.1 Message Content Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.2 Message Content Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.3 MMS Client Functional Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.27.4 Creation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Media Types, Formats, and Codecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.2 Bitmap and Still Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.3 Vector Graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.4 Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.5 Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.28.6 Personal Information Manager Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scene Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.1 Introduction to SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.2 Organization of SMIL 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.3 Spatial Description with SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.4 Temporal Description with SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.5 SMIL Basic Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.6 MMS SMIL and the OMA Conformance Document . . . . . . .
5.29.7 SMIL Namespace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.8 Linking the Scene Description with Body Parts . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.9 Naming Body Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.10 Support of Video Streaming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.29.11 Support of Color with SMIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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232
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276
277
278
279
280
xiii
Contents
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
6
5.29.12 3GPP SMIL Profile or PSS SMIL .
5.29.13 XHTML as an Alternative to SMIL
Example of a Multimedia Message . . . . . . .
DRM Protection of Media Objects . . . . . . .
5.31.1 Forward-Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.31.2 Combined Delivery . . . . . . . . . . .
5.31.3 Separate Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postcard Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Size Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial Solutions and Developer Tools .
The Future of MMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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281
281
281
281
281
284
284
286
287
288
291
291
Multimedia Messaging Service, Transactions Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
Introduction to the MMS Transaction Model . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1
Person-to-Person Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.2
Content-to-Person Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3
How to Read the PDU Description Tables . . . . .
MM1 Interface, MMS Client–MMSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1
Message Submission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2
Message Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3
Message Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.4
Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.5
Read Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.6
Message Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.7
Storing and Updating a Message in the MMBox .
6.2.8
Viewing Information from the MMBox . . . . . . . .
6.2.9
Uploading a Message to the MMBox . . . . . . . . .
6.2.10 Deleting a Message from the MMBox . . . . . . . .
6.2.11 Parameter Description and Binary Encoding . . .
MM2 Interface, Internal MMSC Interface . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM3 Interface, MMSC–External Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM4 Interface, MMSC–MMSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.1
Introduction to SMTP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.2
Routing Forward a Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.3
Routing Forward a Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.4
Routing Forward a Read Report . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.5
Example for Message Transfer with SMTP . . . . .
MM5 Interface, MMSC–HLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM6 Interface, MMSC–User Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM7 Interface, MMSC–VAS Applications. . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.1
Introduction to SOAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.2
Message Submission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.3
Message Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.4
Message Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.5
Message Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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293
294
296
297
298
301
305
314
319
322
324
326
329
330
333
333
340
346
346
349
352
354
357
359
359
361
361
363
365
366
369
369
Contents
xiv
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.8.6
Delivery Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.7
Read Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.8
Generic Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MM8 Interface, MMSC–Post-Processing Billing System . . . . .
MM9 Interface, MMSC–Online Charging System . . . . . . . . . .
MM10 Interface, MMSC–Messaging Service Control Function
STI and MMS Transcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.1 Minor and Major Content Degradations. . . . . . . . . .
6.12.2 Transcoding Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.3 Standard Transcoding Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.4 STI Request Transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12.5 STI Response Transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Conformance and Interoperability Testing. . . . . . . . .
6.13.1 Static Conformance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.13.2 Enabler Implementation Conformance Statement. . . .
6.13.3 Enabler Test Requirements, Plan, and Specification . .
6.13.4 Interoperability Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Implementations of Different Versions of the MMS Protocol . .
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371
371
373
375
378
378
378
383
386
387
388
389
389
390
390
391
391
392
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Appendix A SMS TP-PID Value for Telematic Interworking . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix B SMS–Numeric and Alphanumeric Representations . . . . . . . . . .
B.1 Integer Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.2 Octet Representation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3 Semi-Octet Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix C SMS–Character Sets and Transformation Formats . . . . . . . . . .
C.1 GSM 7-bit Default Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2 US-ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.3 Universal Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4 UCS Transformation Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix D EMS–iMelody Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix E MMS–Content Types of Media Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix F MM1 Interface–Response Status Codes
(X-Mms-Response-Status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix G MM1 Interface–Retrieve Status Codes (X-Mms-Retrieve-Status)
Appendix H MM1 Interface–MMBox Store Status Codes
(X-Mms-Store-Status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix I MM4 Interface–Request Status Codes
(X-Mms-Request-Status-Code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix J MM7 Interface–Status Code and Status Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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401
402
402
402
403
404
404
406
407
407
408
408
. . 409
. . 412
. . 413
. . 414
. . 414
Acronyms and Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Preface
Is SMS already history? Definitely not if you consider the high SMS traffic volumes of
today’s mobile networks! SMS will certainly represent one of the major milestones in the
history of mobile telephony. With SMS, users have forged their own dialect to cope with
service limitations, composed their own communication groups or communities, and are
enjoying new channels of interactions. Any GSM handset has SMS capabilities and if each
GSM subscriber sends a message at the same time then more than 1 billion messages would
fly over the radio waves of mobile networks worldwide. From an engineering perspective,
technologies for SMS have reached a mature stage and no more extensions of SMS are being
considered in standardization forums. Much focus is now given to the emerging Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS). The deployment of MMS only started a few years ago and MMS
is already gaining wide support from the mobile industry with a fast growing handset
penetration rate and worldwide operator support. MMS underlying technologies are still in
an ongoing maturation process, and user experience with today’s phones has already greatly
improved compared with the one of early implementations. MMS has benefited from the
introduction of a new generation of handsets with integrated multimedia capabilities such as
color screens and built-in still and video cameras but also from the introduction of packetbased transmission in mobile networks. MMS opens the door to new business opportunities
and is believed to be well positioned as the appropriate distribution channel for commercial
contents (music downloads, alerts, news, etc.). The future will tell if MMS will follow SMS
in becoming a true success story.
The first edition of this book was published in late 2002. It covered SMS, the Enhanced
Messaging Service (EMS), and MMS. At that time, SMS was already a very successful
service and MMS was emerging. Following the growing interest in MMS, I published a
second book dedicated to MMS in late 2003. The second edition of this book builds up from
the two previous books. All chapters have been completely revised according to the most
recent developments in standardization, but also according to my own experiences, specifying embedded messaging solutions for a manufacturer of mobile devices and in designing
MMS solutions for a large group of operators.
The first chapter of this book introduces the evolution of mobile telephony from its origins
with the deployment of first generation systems, followed by the introduction of second
generation systems supporting digital communications and packet-based transmissions.
Emerging third generation systems are also described along with the latest developments
in the standardization of techniques for digital rights management. Chapter 2 proposes to
demystify the ‘‘too often’’ obscure structures and procedures of standardization organizations. It is of key importance to understand how these organizations produce the necessary
messaging standards in order to design interoperable commercial solutions. Chapter 3 is
xvi
Preface
dedicated to the Short Message Service. Firstly, it describes major use cases and quickly
progresses into the technical details of the service. Chapter 4 focuses on the standard
application-level extension of SMS known as the Enhanced Messaging Service. It explains
how to create rich-media content and how to distribute this content over SMS as a transport
bearer. Chapters 5 and 6 are entirely dedicated to the Multimedia Messaging Service.
Chapter 5 explains the service use cases, the overall architecture, and describes how
multimedia messages can be designed. Chapter 6 focuses on protocol aspects, presenting
the technical realization of each of the MMS interfaces. A set of appendices complement the
contents of all chapters and a comprehensive index has been compiled for this book to
represent a practical reference companion for solution architects, telecommunication
engineers, standardization practitioners, instructors, and students.
I must admit that one of the primary reasons for writing books is that it represented for me
a very good opportunity for pretending not to have enough time for washing dishes by hand,
hovering the flat, and tidying up my desk. My wife, Marie-Amélie, recently discovered the
trick and it became a real challenge to finish this book according to the agreed timelines,
while being obliged to do the hand-washing of dishes at the same time. We recently
purchased a second-hand dish-washer. This really improves our daily living. I have now
realized that I do not need to write books anymore to pretend not to have enough time for
washing dishes. I may still consider writing articles from time to time, a good reason for
pretending not to have the time to clean the table and put dirty dishes in the beloved dishwasher.
I would like to gratefully acknowledge the time and effort of many people who reviewed
the content of this book. The book has benefited from constructive comments from experts
involved in various MMS activities (standardization bodies, mobile network operators,
handset manufacturers, and third party application developers). In particular, I am thankful to
Eskil Åhlin, Stéphane Augui, Philippe Bellordre, Luis Carroll, Dave Chen, François Courau,
Philippe Delaloy, Cyril Fenard, Peter Freitag, Arthur Gidlow, Pierre Grenaille, Ian Harris,
Michael Ishizue, Hervé Languille, Josef Laumen, Marie-Amélie Le Bodic, Arnaud Le Roy,
Bernd Mielke, Ngoc Tanh Ly, Jérome Marcon, Thibaut Mienville, Thomas Picard, Jean-Luc
Ricoeur, Friedhelm Rodermund, Andreas Schmidt, José Soares, Frank Timphus, Frédéric
Villain, Paul Vincent, and Wilfried Zeise.
I would also like to acknowledge all readers of the first edition and in particular those who
provided feedback. I have used this valuable feedback, whenever possible, to improve the
accuracy and readability of this second edition.
The team at John Wiley & Sons, Ltd involved in the production of this book, provided
excellent support and guidance. Particularly, I am grateful to Mark Hammond and Sarah
Hinton for their continuous support during the entire process.
In addition, I am thankful to Alcatel Business Systems, Bijitec, Siemens AG, and Sony
Ericsson for providing illustrations for this book.
The bibliography lists a number of standards that are useful for exploring further topics
introduced in this book. Pointers to these standards and other useful resources are available
from this book’s companion website at:
http://www.lebodic.net/mms_resources.htm
GWENAËL LE BODIC, PhD
About the Author
Gwenaël Le Bodic is a messaging architect for the Vodafone group, located in Germany. In
the scope of his activities for Vodafone, he is involved in the design of messaging solutions
for large multi-operator environments. He also contributes to the development of system
interworking to enable the exchange of multimedia messages between operators.
Previously, Gwenaël Le Bodic was a messaging and standardization expert for Alcatel’s
mobile phone division, located in France. His activities for Alcatel included participating and
contributing to the development of messaging services and technologies in the scope of the
3GPP and OMA standardization forums. He has been responsible for the design of the
software architecture of the embedded multimedia messaging solution for Alcatel’s first two
MMS phones.
A certified engineer in computer sciences, Gwenaël Le Bodic obtained a PhD in mobile
communications from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. He is the author of many
research publications in the field of mobile communications. He wrote the first edition of this
book Mobile Messaging, Technologies and Services (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, November
2002) and also a book focusing on MMS, Multimedia Messaging Service, an engineering
approach to MMS (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, October 2003).
Gwenaël Le Bodic can be contacted at gwenael@lebodic.net
Typographic conventions
In this book, the following typographic conventions are used:
Typeface or symbol
Meaning/used for
Example
Courier
Refers to a system command, name
of protocol operation, meta language
tag, or any computer output.
Serves as a placeholder for variable
text that can be replaced as appropriate in the context of use.
Serves as a placeholder for optional
variable text that can be replaced as
appropriate in the context of use.
Refers to a document (e.g., standard,
book, article) listed in the References
section.
Emphasizes a new word or term of
significance.
The two most common object
identifiers that are used are the
Content-ID and the ContentLocation.
Fields and
can take two
forms.
[]
[]
[Times]
Italic
l
#
#
0xA9
For description of protocol data
units, this symbol indicates that the
corresponding parameter is
mandatory.
For description of protocol data
units, this symbol indicates that the
corresponding parameter is optional.
For description of protocol data
units, this symbol indicates that the
corresponding parameter appears
conditionally in the unit.
Represents a hexadecimal value
prefixed by ‘‘0x.’’
[3GPP-23.140]
The application segments the
message into several pieces
called message segments.
‘‘0x1A’’ represents the hexadecimal
value 1A (decimal value 26).
1
Basic Concepts
This chapter outlines the basic concepts of mobile communications systems and presents the
required background information necessary for a clear understanding of this book. First, an overview of the evolution of mobile communications systems is provided. This encompasses the
introduction of first generation analog systems supporting only voice communications to the
recent deployment of third generation systems supporting voice and multimedia services.
The Global System for Mobile Communication, commonly known as GSM, has been a
major breakthrough in the domain of mobile communications. Elements composing a typical
GSM network are presented. Another important milestone is the introduction of the General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS) allowing the support of packet-based communications in
evolved GSM networks. The architecture of a GPRS network is presented. Recently
deployed are Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). These systems support
advanced multimedia services requiring high data rates. UMTS services and supporting
technologies are also introduced in this chapter. Additionally, the Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) is described. WAP is an enabling technology for developing services such as
browsing and multimedia messaging. An overview of latest digital rights management
methods is also provided. The last section of this chapter provides pointers to books and
reference articles for anybody wishing to further explore the topics covered in this chapter.
1.1 Generations of Mobile Communications Networks
In France, in 1956, a very basic mobile telephony network was implemented with vacuum
electronic tubes and electron-mechanical logic circuitry. These devices used for wireless
communications had to be carried in car boots. In these early days of mobile telephony,
service access was far from being ubiquitous and was reserved for a very limited portion of
the population. Since the introduction of this experimental network, mobile communications
technologies benefited from major breakthroughs commonly categorized in three generations. In the 1980s, first generation (1G) mobile systems arrived in Nordic countries. These
first generation systems were characterized by analog wireless communications and limited
support for user mobility.
Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services Second Edition Gwenaël Le Bodic
# 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-01143-2
2
Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services
Digital communications technology was introduced with second generation (2G) mobile
systems in the 1990s. Second generation systems are characterized by the provision of better
quality voice services available to the mass market. Second generation systems benefited
from the cellular concept in which scarce radio resources are used simultaneously by several
mobile users without interference. The best known 2G system is the Global System
for Mobile Communication (GSM) with the billionth GSM user connected in the first
quarter of 2004. Other major 2G systems include cdmaOne (based on CDMA technology),
with users in the Americas and Asia, and Japanese Personal Data Cellular (PDC) with the
iMode technology for mobile Internet.
Early 2004, first third generation (3G) mobile systems have been deployed in several
European countries. With 3G systems, various wireless technologies converge with Internet
technologies. Third generation services encompass a wide range of multimedia and costeffective services with support for worldwide user mobility. The migration to 3G systems is
facilitated by the introduction of intermediary evolved 2G systems, also known as 2.5G
systems.
1.2 Telecommunications Context: Standardization and Regulation
In the telecommunications environment, Standard Development Organizations (SDOs)
provide the necessary framework for the development of standards. These standards are
technical documents1 defining or identifying the technologies enabling the realization of
telecommunication network technologies and services. The prime objective of SDOs is to
develop and maintain widely accepted standards allowing the introduction of attractive
services over interoperable networks. The actors that are involved in the standardization
process are network operators, manufacturers, and third party organizations such as content
providers, equipment testers, and regulatory authorities. One of the main objectives of
telecommunications regulation authorities is to ensure that the telecommunications environment is organized in a sufficiently competitive environment and that the quality of service
offered to subscribers is satisfactory.
In the early days of mobile communications, various regional SDOs developed specifications for network technologies and services independently. Thi