A study on students` problem in citing the online sources on academic essay class - USD Repository
A STUDY ON STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN CITING THE ONLINE SOURCES ON ACADEMIC ESSAY CLASS A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Maria Rosari Primaningtyas
Student Number: 051214016
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010
A STUDY ON STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN CITING THE ONLINE SOURCES ON ACADEMIC ESSAY CLASS A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Maria Rosari Primaningtyas
Student Number: 051214016
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010
“If you don’t like who you are, don’t worry about it because you’re
not stuck either with who you are or where you are. You can grow.
You can change. You can be more than you are.”
(Zig Ziglar)
I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents and all the people whom I love.
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ABSTRACT
Rosari, Maria Primaningtyas.(2010). A Study on Students’ Problems in Citing the Online Sources on Academic Essay Class . Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
The development of technology, especially internet brings big influence to education. University students use internet as one of the sources to find materials for their tasks. It also happens in Academic Essay class in Sanata Dharma University. Students often use online sources for their tasks. The ease of the internet often leads to plagiarism.
This present study investigated students’ problems in citing the online sources in Academic Essay class. The research question was: What are students’ problems in citing the online sources to their work in class?
The researcher employed document analysis method. There were two instruments to obtain the data. The first instrument was students’ work. The researcher analyzed students’ work by comparing students’ work to the original sources written in references. It aimed to find out whether students had cited the online sources correctly or not and also to find out students’ problems in citing. The second instrument was interview. This interview aimed to obtain additional information related to students’ problems in citing the online sources. The researcher took ten students’ papers for the analysis and eight students for the interview respondents. All respondents were semester five students who took Academic Essay class. They were randomly selected from class A, C, D, and E.
Based on the data gathered, the researcher concluded that most of students have insufficient understanding in citing online sources and awareness of plagiarism. Although students understand the meaning of plagiarism clearly, they did not prevent the plagiarism to their work. The researcher found some students’ problems in citing the online sources. There were two main problems that students faced in citing the online sources in writing class. The problems were: citing works by no author and writing the correct references. Although students admitted that they had known about citing online sources before, they did not use the knowledge they had on their works. This fact showed the ignorance of students in Academic Essay class especially in citing the online sources. The researcher also gave suggestions to (1) writing lecturers to give more attention to citation, so that plagiarism could be prevented, (2) students to be more responsible in doing their writing tasks and have new strategy to solve their problems in citing online sources, (3) future researchers to further investigate deeper on students’ problems in paraphrasing and the practice of plagiarism.
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ABSTRAK
Rosari, Maria Primaningtyas.(2010). A Study on Students’ Problems in Citing the Online Sources on Academic Essay Class . Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Perkembangan teknologi, khususnya internet membawa pengaruh yang besar dalam bidang pendidikan. Tidak terkecuali para mahasiswa, mereka menggunakan internet sebagai salah satu sumber untuk mencari bahan tugas kuliah. Seperti halnya di kelas Academic Essay di Universitas Sanata Dharma, mahasiswa sering menggunakan sumber online sebagai sumber tugas mereka. Penggunaan sumber online yang mudah, sering kali menimbulkan masalah seperti plagiarisme.
Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui kesulitan-kesulitan mahasiswa di kelas
Academic Essay dalam mengutip sumber online. Permasalahan yang dikemukakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah : Kesulitan- kesulitan apakah yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam mengutip sumber online dalam tugas mereka di kelas? Peneliti menggunakan metode analisa dokumen. Alat yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah analisa pekerjaan mahasiswa dan interview. Dalam analisa, peneliti menggunakan sumber dalam referensi sebagai pembanding untuk mengetahui apakah mahasiswa telah mengutip sumber dengan benar dan juga untuk mencari tahu kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam mengutip sumber online. Interview bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tambahan mengenai kesulitan- kesulitan mahasiswa dalam mengutip sumber online. Peneliti mengambil sepuluh tugas mahasiswa untuk dianalisa dan delapan responden dalam interview. Seluruh responden adalah mahasiswa semester lima yang mengambil kelas Academic Essay. Mereka dipilih secara acak dari kelas A, C, D, dan E.
Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, sebagian besar mahasiswa kurang paham dalam hal pengutipan sumber online dan kesadaran terhadap plagiarisme. Walaupun mahasiswa mengetahui dengan jelas arti plagiarisme, pencegahan terhadap plagiarisme belum dilaksanakan. Peneliti menemukan beberapa kesulitan yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam mengutip sumber online. Dua permasalahan utama adalah: mengutip sebuah karya tanpa pengarang dan menulis daftar pustaka dengan benar. Walaupun mahasiswa mengaku telah mengetahui cara mengutip sumber online sebelumnya, mereka tidak mempraktekkannya dalam tugas mereka. Hal ini menunjukkan pengabaian mahasiswa terhadap pengutipan sumber online di kelas
Academic Essay . Peneliti memberikan saran kepada (1) dosen agar lebih
memperhatikan tentang kutipan supaya plagiarisme dapat dicegah, (2) mahasiswa agar lebih bertanggungjawab dalam membuat tugas writing dan juga memiliki strategi baru untuk mengatasi kesulitan dalam mengutip sumber online ,dan (3) peneliti mendatang agar mengkaji lebih dalam tentang kesulitan mahasiswa di dalam memparafrase dan juga tentang praktek plagiarisme.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I thank Jesus Christ, my savior for His blessing and wonderful life He gives to me. He gives me love and chances to work on this thesis as a worth life experience. Without His blessing I cannot accomplish this piece of work. My gratefulness is also given to Mother Mary for her love in my life.
I would like to express my gratitude to C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. my major sponsor for her attention, suggestions, guidance and support to me during the finishing process of my thesis. I owe so much to all of my friends in Academic
Essay class academic year 2009-2010 for their willingness to be respondents of my
research. I am greatly indebted to Hanandyo Dardjito, S.Pd., M.Hum. and Yuseva
Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed. the Academic Essay lecturers Academic year 2009-2010
for their permission to conduct my thesis on their class. My sincere appreciation goes to all PBI lecturers for their patience and guidance during the last four years.
I would like to thank Gregorius Arief, Priska Dwi, thank them for the help and endless support to me. To Leonie, Jastia, Luaq, Lucia, Melania, Irene Anita
Pilla, Herdiansari, Vivi, Arima, Ayunda (Hula-hula Community) for all the joy
and happiness we share together. Special thanks to all my friends of the 2005
generation of the English Education Study Program and my friends at
DIALOGUE magazine.ix
I am very grateful to my beloved parents, Albertus Supriadi and Yulia
Markaristi. Thank them for their endless support, care, warmth, and love until now. I
also would like to thank my beloved sister Annis Yunita and aunty Florentina
Kristiani. I also give my sincere thanks to Andreas Prasetyo for the love and
unending support.My appreciation also goes to Sasmoyo Hermawan, S.Pd. for helping me find the topic of this thesis and for Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd for his willingness to read my thesis. Lastly I would also thank everyone whose names cannot be mentioned one by one for supporting me accomplishing this thesis.
Maria Rosari Primaningtyas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................. ii PAGE OF DEDICATION ..................................................................... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY..................................... v PAGE OF PUBLICITY.......................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... vii ABSTRAK
......................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................... xv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................. xvi LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study......................................................................
1 B. Problem Formulation............................................................................
3 C. Problem Limitation...............................................................................
3 D. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................
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E. Benefits of the Study ............................................................................
3 F. Definitions of Terms .............................................................................
4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ........................................................................
7 1. Accessing Online Sources in Education...........................................
7 2. Documentation Style in Writing.......................................................
10 a. APA Style...........................................................................
12 1) Direct Quotation............................................................
13 (1) Citing Work by an Author ......................................
13 (2) Citing Work by Multiple Authors ...........................
14 (3) Citing Work with no Author ...................................
15 (4) Citing a Specific Parts of a Source..........................
15 2) Bibliography from Online Sources .............................
15 b. MLA Style.......................................................................
16 1) Direct Quotation............................................................
18 (1) Citing Work by an Author ......................................
18 (2) Citing Work by Multiple Authors ...........................
19 (3) Citing Work with no Author ...................................
19 2) Bibliography from Online Sources ...............................
20 3. Plagiarism in Writing ......................................................................
20 a. Definitions of Plagiarism....................................................
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b. Plagiarism in Paraphrasing.................................................
22 1) Word-for-Word Plagiarism ...........................................
23 2) Patchwork Paraphrase ...................................................
23 c. Penalty of Plagiarism..........................................................
24 B. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................
26 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Research Method..................................................................................
28 B. Research Respondents ..........................................................................
29 C. Research Instruments............................................................................
30 D. Data Gathering Techniques..................................................................
32 E. Data Analysis Technique......................................................................
33 F. Research Procedures .............................................................................
33 CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Research Results ..................................................................................
35 1. Students’ Work..........................................................................
35 a. Citing Works by no Author ................................................
36 b. Citing a Quoted Source ......................................................
39 c. Unknown Citation and References.....................................
41 d. Incorrect Citation ...............................................................
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e. Incorrect References...........................................................
44 f. Copy-pasting .......................................................................
51 2. Interview....................................................................................
54 B. Discussions .........................................................................................
60 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions .........................................................................................
63 B. Suggestions .........................................................................................
64 1. Writing Lecturers ......................................................................
64 2. Students .....................................................................................
65 3. Future Researchers ....................................................................
65 REFERENCES........................................................................................ 66
APPENDICES ........................................................................................ 69
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
2.1 The Graphic of Internet Users in the World........................................ 8 2.2 The Relation between Internet and Web.............................................
9 3.2 The Research Procedures ....................................................................
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
2.1 The Differences Between APA and MLA .......................................... 12 3.1 Points of Interview ..............................................................................
32 4.1 The Data of Students’ Work ...............................................................
36 4.2 Results from Students’ Work ..............................................................
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page Appendix 1: Syllabus of Academic Essay Class ..................................... 69 Appendix 2: Guiding Questions for Interviewing the Participants..........
72 Appendix 3: Transcripts of Interview .......................................................
73 Appendix 4: Students’ Papers ...................................................................
82 Paper 1..................................................................................
84 Paper 2..................................................................................
90 Paper 3..................................................................................
99 Paper 4.................................................................................. 103 Paper 5.................................................................................. 109 Paper 6.................................................................................. 115 Paper 7.................................................................................. 120 Paper 8.................................................................................. 129 Paper 9.................................................................................. 134 Paper 10................................................................................ 139
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter is an introduction which provides background of the subject
matter related to students’ problems in citing the online sources on Academic Essay class of the English Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University. In order to achieve the purpose of the study undertaken, the writer intends to present six important sections including: background of the study, problem formulation, problem limitation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and also definitions of terms.
A. Background of the Study
Nowadays, the development of information and communication technology (ICT) is growing so fast especially the internet. The development of information technology affects people all over the world to use internet so easy and cheap. Because of the internet, people are able to find out any information they need and also they are able to share it fast with other people all over the world. In the internet, people are able to find a lot of kinds of information, such as electronic books (e-book), electronic journals (e-journal), electronic newsletter (e- newsletter), and electronic magazine (e-magazine). These facilities are always up to date based on the situation in this world.
Internet has a big role for students, especially for university students. There are many subjects that need additional information from internet. Some
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lecturers ask their students to browse information from some sources in the internet. This condition makes students really close to internet. Besides, the development of technology especially in the use of the internet brings some disadvantages. People can take the online sources freely but on the negative side, people do not understand the rule to take the source. This problem leads to a critical issue named plagiarism. Related to the use of online sources in class, it is really necessary to know about students’ problems in using online sources to their writing project. Some use the sources as references but some directly copy it.
A national survey published in Education Week found that 54% of students admitted to plagiarizing from the internet; 74% of students admitted that at least once during the past school year they had engaged in "serious" cheating; and 47% of students believe their teachers sometimes choose to ignore students who are cheating. (“Facts about plagiarism,” 2009). The issue becomes wider because it is related to someone’s right of intelligence. In Indonesia this right is stated in Copyright Law of Indonesia. This right guarantees that every citizen has right to keep the originality of their creativity and other people are not able to use it as free as they want. If plagiarism really happens, it will bring disadvantages to the creator of the work. Besides, university is the highest learning institution. It is necessary for university students to understand clearly about plagiarism and its effects. Students are studying in university to cultivate their knowledge, hopefully after they graduate they have responsibility to contribute to their field of study and have higher appreciation to others’ work and plagiarism can be reduced or even erased.
3 B . Problem Formulation
In this study, the problem is formulated as follows: What are students’ problems in citing the online sources to their work in class?
C . Problem Limitation
The research is limited and focused on students’ problems in citing the online sources and was conducted to the fifth semester of PBI academic year 2009-2010 students in Sanata Dharma University who were taking Academic Essay. In Academic Essay class students are required to produce a more complex writing than the previous semester. In Academic Essay class, the students will produce papers with 5-7 pages in-length.
D . Objectives of the Study
The study intends to find out the answers to the question stated in the problem formulation. It is to find out what students’ problems in citing the online sources to their work in class are.
E . Benefits of the Study
This study hopefully will be beneficial for those who deal with language teaching and learning, especially lecturers, students, and future researchers.
1. Writing Lecturers This study investigates students’ problems in citing the online sources in their study. Lecturers ought to give their students explanation in using online
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sources on their writing. Further, the lecturers need to give rules relating to the issue of plagiarism. It is very important because lecturers have to keep the originality of their student’s writing projects. Besides that, lecturers have to give the students clear instruction in citing the online sources.
2. Students Students are the major user of the internet facility in Sanata Dharma University. They need internet to browse some information related to their study.
By knowing the result of this study about students’ problems in citing the online sources in their writing project, the students might have new strategy in citing the online sources but still keep the originality of their writing projects.
3. Future researchers Hopefully this study would inspire the other researchers who are interested in researching about students’ problems in citing the online sources in their writing project.
F. Definitions of Terms
This section presents the definition of terms which is intended to avoid misconception and confusion.
1. Citation Citation has the same meaning as quotation. It is also the same if we put the word ‘to cite’ and ‘to quote’ in sentences. Both of them are similar in meaning. Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary states the meaning to cite as “to speak or write the exact words from a book, an author, etc.” (2000:223)
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whereas, the meaning of quote is “to repeat the exact word that another person has said or written.” (Hornby, 2000:1083).
2. Online sources Students have many references to be read to support their learning in class, such as books and journals. From the website thefreedictionary the word online means: connected to a computer or computer network.(2009). In this study, online refers to something that we are able to find in the internet. So, online sources here mean sources or data which are available in the internet. Students are able to access online sources and take the sources as references.
3. Internet People all over the world are familiar with the internet. They also had various definitions about the internet itself. There is no patent definition about the internet. Hahn on his book The Internet Complete Reference said that “the internet is the name of worldwide information resources” (1994:2). He also added that “the internet is much more than a computer network or an information service. The internet is living proof that human beings who are able to communicate freely conveniently will choose to be social and selfless.” (1994:3) People all over the world are able to communicate and share each other every time and everywhere. In this study, the internet refers to the facilities where students are able to get all the information they need to support their learning.
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4. Academic Essay class Academic year 2009-2010 Academic Essay is one of the subjects which should be taken by students of the English Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University. In the book Panduan Akademik Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris year 2004 stated the goal of this subject. The goal is to develop student’s analysis of characteristics of analytical essays: expository, argumentative, and persuasive, and then write the essays in the genres using process approach. This research will be conducted to some students as the representatives from Academic Essay class academic year 2009-2010.
5. Plagiarism Nowadays, plagiarism becomes one of debatable issues in the world. Many people talk about plagiarism, but in a real life, they do not understand what the plagiarism is exactly. Education institution becomes a place where there are many cases related to plagiarism. But most of all university as the highest educational institution holds the first place in plagiarism. It is because university students often access internet even to find references for their tasks. From the encyclopedia, the definition of plagiarism is “the act of taking the writings of another person and passing them off as one's own. The fraudulence is closely related to forgery and piracy-practices generally in violation of copyright laws.” (dictionary.reference.com, 2009) In this study, the writer intends to investigate how students keep the originality of their work in class.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter is intended to review some theories related to the issue of the
study and to formulate the theoretical framework. The researcher divides this
chapter into two major areas; they are theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description provides the theoretical review of the issues, whereas the theoretical framework summarizes and synthesizes relevant theories to solve the problem of this study.
A. Theoretical Description
There are three main issues developed in this study, they are accessing online sources, documentation style in writing, and plagiarism. Further those three issues are discussed based on related theories and previous researchers.
1. Accessing Online Sources in Education
The activity of accessing internet is really common in education. The internet becomes one of many sources to gather information. People all over the world are accessing internet easily and the result is the internet users in this world are growing so fast. Figure 2.1 below is showing the tremendous growth in the use of the internet:
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Figure 2.1 The Graphic of Internet Users in the World From the finding above, it shows that the growth of internet users is tremendous.It can be predicted that the graphic is going to be higher in every year.
In this study, the researcher focuses on online sources, but before knowing what online sources are, it is necessary to understand about internet.
Internet is “the name for a group of worldwide information resources.” (Hahn, 1994:2). People may define internet differently one from another. Teeler and Gray
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state “the Internet-alias the Net-is also known as cyberspace, the information superhighway, the online community, the electronic library and the digital revolution: all a series of creative metaphors trying to define it.” (2000:1). If we talk about internet, people may talk about web. World wide web, or it is commonly known as web is “an ambitious project whose goal is to offer a simple, consistent interface to the vast resources of the internet.” (Hahn, 1994:495). The other researchers also try to define what the web is. Dudeney and Hockly define “The web is a source of content which can be used as a window on the wider world outside your class, and is-of course- a readily available of authentic material.” (2007:27) To understand the relation between internet and web, the researcher illustrates it in a picture below:
Figure 2.2 The Relation between Internet and WebAs the researcher wrote before internet is a “group of worldwide”. The group of worldwide or webs on the figure above are such as: facebook, yahoo,
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google, hotmail, usd.ac.id (Sanata Dharma’s website). Those webs are grouped together in an unlimited place named internet. By browsing those webs and many more webs, students are able to access information and get the references for their tasks. Nowadays, students and language professionals become more familiar with internet. Teeler and Gray also state “…the internet becomes more popular, but for the moment English is the common language. This is what makes it such a perfect tool for English Language Teaching.” (2000: 3)
Language professionals such as lecturers in universities use internet as tools to get additional materials to teach their students, it is because internet is easy to use and most of webs in the internet use English, ”English, as an international language, is being used in technologically mediated contexts.” (Dudeney & Hockly, 2007:8) Because of the use of the internet, it influences the development of English language teaching. Dudeney and Hockly say ”using the range of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools can give learners exposure to and practice in all of the four main language skills-speaking, listening, writing and reading.” (2007:8) This reason motivates the researcher to see more deeply the influence of the internet among students by investigating what are students problems in citing the online sources especially in writing class.
2. Documentation Style in Writing
In writing a paper, it is necessary to add additional information as the references and also to strengthen the topic written. As a consequence, it is important to write where the information comes from. It is the documentation.
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Memering in his book conveys “Documentation refers to the method by which writers tell their readers where information came from.” (1989:145) There are various documentation styles in writing that writers use: MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American Psychological Association), APSA (American Political Science Association), Chicago/Turabian, CBE (Council of Biology Editors), and numbered references. Sanata Dharma also has a rule in writing especially for those who write their thesis; it is called undergraduate thesis and final paper guidelines. In this chapter, the writer only discusses two documentation styles that are widely and commonly used in the academic field.
They are MLA and APA documentation style. Here the writer reviews some rules in citing based on MLA, and APA style.
As the writer wrote before, the writer discusses two widely used documentation styles, MLA and APA. The important thing to remember is that students or writers need to understand the consistency in writing. In other words, if students choose a certain writing style, they have to stick with that. So before students compose their writing project, it is necessary to understand the documentation style in writing. Choosing a documentation style is based on the field of writing. In writing a thesis, MLA style is used in a literature field, but APA is used in non-literature field. Both documentation styles were similar, but they have differences. Mc Connell library conveyed differences between those two documentation styles:
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Table 2.1 The Differences Between APA and MLA APA MLA Parenthetical Citation in TextUses author name, date of publication, and page number Uses author name and page
Authors/editors Uses last name and first initial. Lists all authors Spells out available names.
If more than 3 list first and et al.
Titles Capitalizes first word Capitalizes every important word
Publisher Uses full name Shortens name Place of publication Lists state abbreviations when city is lesser known Only lists city
Pages Lists first page and additional pages Uses + for pages after the first one
Dates Follows authors name Placed at end of citation
Indentions First line of an entry is indented, second and subsequent lines are flush with the left margin First line is flush with left margin, second and subsequent lines are indented
(Source Mc Connell Library, 2005) This research reviews more about online sources based on those two documentation styles. Here, the writer provides the information in citing online sources based on APA and MLA documentation style.
a. APA Style
American Psychological Association (APA) style published by American Psychological Association is really common in educational field especially if students write non-literature research paper. APA is often used in science, education, and business. APA style provided “standard” in writing including
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every little part in writing, such as period, comma, verbs, and nouns. Further the researcher reviews some theories related to APA documentation, including direct quotation and writing bibliography from online sources. Before that the researcher reviews about quotation. UW-Madison (2009:5) conveyed some reasons for quoting:
- To show that an authority supports your points
- To present a position or argument to critique or comment on
- To include especially moving or historically significant language
- To Present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized
This review of quotation and bibliography focuses on which the source derived from online. “In general, you should cite an electronic source within your paper in the same way as you would a print source.” (“Cite an Electronic Source”, 2009)
1) Direct Quotation
Here some ways on citing works based on certain conditions that students often find in citing online sources.
(1) Citing a Work by an Author
In citing a work by an author, APA documentation style uses the surname of the author followed by the year of publication separated by a coma. In
Publication Manual of American Psychological Association book, it was written
“Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent references to a study as long as the study cannot be confused with other studies cited in the article.” (2002: 208)
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Incorrect In 2000 Walker compared reaction times Correct Walker (2000) compared reaction times
In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000)
(2) Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
Citing a work by multiple authors in APA documentation style has a little difference with MLA documentation style, especially in citing a work by more than three authors. When citing a work with two authors, the surname of the authors should be written followed by the year. For a work written by three to five authors, Dees conveyed “Name each author the first time the work is cited, but in subsequent citations, give only the first author’s last name, followed by a comma and et al.” (2003:308) The word et al. was not italicized and it was written with a period after “al”.
First citation: DiMaggio, Hargittai, Neuman, and Robinson (2001) believe that sociologists could do more extensive research on Internet usage.
Subsequent citation: …while Link and Phelan (2001) identify five components of stigma.
When citing a work by six or more authors, APA unveils that “cite only surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after “al”) and the year for the first and subsequent citations.” (2002:209) Example: (Source from Dees, 2003:308) According to Brunell et al. (2001), such recovery does not last.
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Sometimes writers find some works with no author, writers have to “cite in the text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report.” (APA, 2002:210-211), example:
On free care (“Study Finds,”1982) The book College Bound Seniors (1979)
(4) Citing a Specific Parts of a Source
To cite a specific part of a source, there are some differences between APA and MLA. Dees find “APA documentation style uses the abbreviations p. and pp. for the words page and pages, ch. for chapter, and sec. for section (respectively).” (2003:311) Example:
French (2002) concludes that “the persistence of extreme poverty in the face of unprecedented plenty … calls into question the durability of our current globalization path” (p.198)
2) Bibliography from Online Sources
In writing the bibliography, especially when the source comes from online, there are some notes that writers need to understand. APA gives the form in writing the bibliography when the source comes from online (2002:233): Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year. From source.
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Sometimes students find no date of the online sources, Dees (2003:322) wrote “Indicate sites that are not dated with the abbreviation ‘n.d.’” example:
Tobacco use among youth (n.d.) Retrieved December 15, 2001, from http://tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0002.pdf In writing the title of the article, the writer should capitalize only the first word of the title. And for the website address, it is written at the end of the retrieval statement (APA, 2002:229).
b. MLA Style
Manual Language Association (MLA) is “a nationwide association of teachers and scholars that sets standards for publishing papers about literature and modern and classical languages.” (Dees, 2003:231) This documentation style requires three methods of acknowledging sources in a research paper, they are: (1) parenthetical intext citation of sources, (2) full documentation in the Works Cited page(s), and (3) content notes.(232)
Intext citation is also known as parenthetical documentation. Intext citation is important in writing a paper because it shows exactly what the researcher writes and the reader will be easier in finding where the information comes from. Intext citation means “identifying the source of any borrowed material immediately as it appears, right in the text of the paper.” (Dees, 2003:232) To make it clear, here the example of intext citation: (from Dees, 2003:233) Author According to Berman, adopted children “want to be connected
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with a past heritage or a genealogical history” Page number (119).
Full documentation in the Works Cited page(s) or people know it as references, are a page or some pages where the writer of the research paper writes all of the sources he or she gets. This part is necessary to show the validity and originality of the paper. The reference aims to identify and retrieve each source in the paper. In MLA documentation style, there is some information that should be written in reference page, such as: author’s name, titles, place of publication, shorten publisher’ name, and copyright date.
Memering says that “content note is a note from you to your readers.” (1989:147). The content note is used to give additional explanation or information to the text written on a paper. Content notes are known as end notes or foot notes.
Nowadays most of writers of research paper do not use content notes, they use quotation or citation (in-text citation) in their paper because of its effectiveness.
The content notes are written raised half a line (with number). But, some researchers thought that writers should have few content notes, Memering find “If you have more than three, you should reconsider what you are doing: too much material is being treated as incidental when its sheer quantity seems to suggest otherwise.” (1989: 148). Dees (2003:241-243) conveyed that there are some conditions if writers want to use content notes:
(1) To elaborate on matters not strictly relevant to the text discussion. (2) To add clarification. (3) To evaluate or compare sources.
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(4) To provide statistics. (5) To explain methods or procedures. (6) To cite additional sources. (7) To shorten major source citations (8) To define important terms.
Here the example of content note written in Memering (1989:149) Holden can be thought of as a model of lost and confused adolescence,
1 but he is a prototype for a very small, privileged class of modern people.
On a notes page, the note will be like this:
1
see Sara Birkfeld, “A Jungian Look at Catcher in the Rye,”PsychologyToday, May 1975: 72-77, for the interpretation of Holden Caulfield as an archetype.
1) Direct Quotation
Nowadays, modern writers prefer to use parenthetic quotation or direct quotation to content notes. There are some ways to cite or to quote sources in certain conditions:
(1) Citing a Work by an Author
In citing a single author using MLA documentation style, the name of the author is placed in the text or after the quotation. Dees (2003: 234) conveyed “An author’s name should appear only once in any intext acknowledgement. Include the author’s name in the text or in the parentheses following, but not in both.” Incorrect: (source from Dees, 2003:234)
Ex-ambassador to Japan Mike Mansfield believes that the relationship between Japan and the United States “holds the promise of well-being for
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nations and peoples around the world” (Mansfield A12). The example above is incorrect because it includes double authors’ name. It should be just once like in: Correct: (Source from Memering, 1989:155)
“These apes likewise signal ‘come here’ or ‘walk quickly past me,’ with gestures that are amazingly human” (Droscher 208).
(2) Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
Citing works by multiple authors is not really different from a single author. When citing two or three authors, writers have to write all authors’ last name. MLA documentation style has special treatment in citing works by more than three authors, Dees writes “If there are more than three authors, cite only the first author’s last name followed by et al. (“and others”)” (2003: 235) here the example: (Source from Memering, 1989: 156)
How the chimps are housed and raised—in cages or free to move about – significantly influences their language learning (Mathieu et al.).
Example of citing a work by two or three authors: (Source from Dees, 2003:235) Naisbitt and Aburdene claim we are approaching the day when “virtually all women will work except for a few months or years when they are raising children full-time” (7).