N A s t n e m e r i u q e R e h t f o t n e m ll if l u F l a it r a P s a d e t n e s e r P f o e r g e d e h t r o F
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A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF EMMA’S ADULTERY
USING THREE-PART MODEL OF PERSONALITY IN
GUSTAVE FLAUBERT’S MADAME BOVARY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
CINDY CECILIA
Student Number: 104214066
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF EMMA’S ADULTERY
USING THREE-PART MODEL OF PERSONALITY IN
GUSTAVE FLAUBERT’S MADAME BOVARY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
CINDY CECILIA
Student Number: 104214066
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama: Cindy Cecilia
Nomor Mahasiswa: 104214066
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
A Psychoanalytic Study of Emma’s Adultery Using Three-Part
Model of Personality in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 1 September 2014
Yang menyatakan,
Cindy Cecilia
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis
Yogyakarta, September 29, 2014
Cindy Cecilia
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Imagination is more
important than
knowledge. Knowledge is
limited; imagination
encircles the world
(Albert Einstein)
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For
My dearly beloved
parents and sisters
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I want to say my biggest thanks to the Lord Jesus Christ and
Mother Mary for Their great blessings so I can finish my thesis. I also want to
give my gratitude to my beloved family especially my parents who have raised
me, pray for me and encourage me to finish my thesis. I thank my uncle for his
financial support and my beloved sisters Karen, Karin and Claudia for cheering
me up whenever I feel down.
My special thanks are also dedicated to my thesis advisor, Dr. F.X
Siswadi, M.A. who has always been patient to help me during the process.
Without his guidance I cannot finish my thesis in time. I thank my Co-advisor
Dra. A. B Sri Mulyani, M.A, Ph.D for giving me suggestions so I can improve my
thesis. I thank all my lecturers from English Letters Department who help me to
learn English better and makes me smarter. I also thank all the staff of Sanata
Dharma University for helping me during my study as English Letters student.
I want to give my big thanks to my friends who support and help me
during the thesis writing process. I want to thank all 2010 students especially
those in class C for giving me support. I want to thank my best friends Maria
Cynthia Rani and Kartika Violita who play an important part in my thesis writing.
I also want to thank Cynthia, Marsha, Gradi and also my KKN friends for their
moral support.
Last but not least I want to say my deepest thanks to my dear boyfriend,
Natalis Yapto who gives me lots of moral support and his greatest help so I can
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finish my thesis. I thank him for cheering me up when I am down and also helps
me during the thesis writing process. I thank him for standing by my side.
Cindy Cecilia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………….
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………………..
ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………....................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ……..
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………………………
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………………….
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………….
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………….
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………..
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………….
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………………....
B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………………………...
C. Objective of Study………………………………………………………………...
D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………….
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6
7
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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………....
A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………………………...
B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………………........
1. Theory of Character and Characterization……………………………………...
2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology……………………………...
3. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory………………………………………………...
a. Id ……………………………………………………………………………...
b. Ego ……………………………………………………………………………
c. Superego ……………………………………………………………………..
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………..
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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………....
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………………………..
B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………………………….
C. Method of the Study …………………………………………………………….....
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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………….......
A. Characteristics of Emma Bovary …………………………………………………..
1.Unrealistic ……………………………………………………………………….
2.Demanding ………………………………………………………………………
3.Selfish …………………………………………………………………………...
4. Deceitful………………………………………………………………………...
5.Religious ……………………………………………………………………….
B. The Way Emma’s Characteristics Leads Her to Adultery in The Perspective of
Freudian Three-Part Model of Personality…………………………………..............
1. The Interrelation between Emma’s Characteristic and Her Adultery ……………
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2. The Relation between Emma’s Characteristic and her Adultery in the
Perspective of Freudian Three Part Model of Personality…………………..........
A. Emma’s Three Part Model of Personality ……………………………………...
1. Emma’s Id …………………………………………………………………….
2. Emma’s Superego …………………………………………………………….
3. Emma’s Ego …………………………………………………………………..
B. The Interaction Between Emma’s Three Part Model of Personality to Her
Adultery ………………………………………………………………………..
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………..
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APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………………
Appendix: Summary of Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary………………….
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ABSTRACT
CECILIA, CINDY. A Psychoanalytic Study of Emma’s Adultery Using ThreePart Model of Personality in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,
2014.
Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert is a novel about Emma Bovary, a
hopeless romantic who longs for a perfect marriage life. She marries a dull
second-rate doctor named Charles and she is disappointed with her marriage
because Charles cannot fulfill her demands of perfect marriage life. Emma’s
beauty attracts other men, including Rodolphe, a playboy who wants to make her
his mistress. Rodolphe seduces Emma and she starts to commit adultery with him.
Then, Rodolphe leaves her and she starts another affair with Leon. Leon is
younger than Emma and also has lots of similarities with her.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze Emma Bovary’s adultery through
Freudian Three-Part model of personality. There are two questions formulated in
problem formulation. The first is to find out Emma Bovary’s characteristics in the
novel and the second is how her characteristics lead her to adultery from the
perspective of Freudian Three Part Model of personality.
This study uses library research. The main source of this study is the
original copy of Madame Bovary novel. There are also several books of literary
theories and psychological theories which are used as references. Theory of
Character and Characterization are applied to answer the first problem
formulation and Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory is used to answer the second
problem.
The first analysis of this study shows Emma Bovary’s characteristics as
unrealistic, demanding, selfish, deceitful and religious. Based on Freudian Three
Part Model of Personality, Emma’s characteristics as unrealistic, demanding,
selfish represented her Id, Emma’s characteristics as a religious woman represents
her Superego and her deceitful characteristic represents her Ego. The analysis
finds that Emma’s Id is the strongest part than another personality part. Her Ego
cannot fulfill Id and Superego in the same time. She cannot balance her Id and
Superego. She tends to be in the Id side than Superego. The conclusion is that
Emma’s adultery is strongly influenced by the tendency of Emma’s Ego towards
her Id. Based on literary aspects; Emma’s adultery is also influenced by other
external factors such as her background and her disappointment to her husband,
Charles Bovary.
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ABSTRAK
CECILIA, CINDY. A Psychoanalytic Study of Emma’s Adultery Using ThreePart Model of Personality in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. Yogyakarta
Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2014.
Madame Bovary oleh Gustave Flaubert adalah novel yang bercerita
tentang Emma Bovary, seorang wanita dengan harapan romantis yang
mendambakan kehidupan pernikahan yang sempurna. Dia menikahi seorang
dokter bermutu rendah yang membosankan bernama Charles. Emma sangat
kecewa dengan pernikahannya karena Charles tidak mampu memenuhi
tuntutannya akan kehidupan pernikahan yang sempurna. Kecantikan Emma
memikat banyak pria termasuk Rodolphe, seorang playboy yang berniat
menjadikan Emma wanita simpanannya. Rodolphe merayu Emma dan Emma pun
mulai berzina dengannya. Kemudian, Rodolphe mencampakkannya dan dia
memulai perzinahan lainnya dengan Leon. Leon adalah pria yang jauh lebih muda
dari Emma dan juga memiliki banyak kesamaan dengannya.
Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisis perzinahan Emma Bovary
menggunakan tiga bagian kepribadian dari Freud. Dua pertanyaan diformulasikan
di perumusan masalah. Pertama adalah untuk mencari tahu karakteristik Emma di
dalam novel dan yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana karakteristik
Emma menuntunnya pada perzinaan berdasarkan perspektif tiga bagian
kepribadian Freud.
Penelitian ini menggunakan riset pustaka. Sumber utama dari penelitian ini
adalah cetakan asli novel Madame Bovary. Ada beberapa buku mengenai teori
literatur dan teori psikologi yang digunakan sebagai referensi. Teori tentang
karakter dan karakterisasi diaplikasikan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama
dan teori psikoanalisis Freud digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua.
Analisa pertama dari penelitian ini menunjukan karakteristik Emma
Bovary sebagai seorang wanita pemimpi, penuntut, egois, penipu dan relijius.
Menurut teori tiga bagian kepribadian Freud, Karakteristik Emma sebagai seorang
yang pemimpi, penuntut dan egois merepresentasikan Id, Karakteristik Emma
sebagai seorang wanita relijius merepresentasikan Superego dan karakternya
sebagai seorang penipu merepresentasikan Ego. Analisis mengungkapkan Id
Emma adalah yang terkuat daripada bagian kepribadian lainnya. Egonya tidak
dapat memenuhi Id dan Superego dalam waktu yang sama. Dia tidak dapat
menyeimbangkan Id dan Superegonya. Dia lebih cenderung pada Id daripada
Superego. Kesimpulannya adalah, perselingkuhan Emma dipengaruhi oleh
kecenderungan Ego terhadap Id. Namun berdasarkan elemen kesusasteraan,
perselingkuhan Emma juga dipengaruhi oleh berbagai factor eksternal seperti latar
belakangnya dan kekecewaan nya terhadap suaminya, Charles Bovary.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Marriage is something which most people consider as something sacred.
Both the bride and the groom vowed that they would be together forever in every
circumstance. The couples will live together and build their own family. For most
people, marriage sounds wonderful just like the ending in the fairy tale which is
happily ever after. However, marriage is not that simple. The fact is there are lots
of conflicts in marriage, not only small conflicts but there are also serious
conflicts which bring a marriage life into the verge of destruction. One of those
conflicts is when one of them breaks a vow of their marriage by having an affair
with someone other than their spouse:
From passionate affairs to one-night-stands, from secretive flings to
sexually open marriages, people seem to have a persistent inclination to
engage in extramarital sex. Nevertheless, as illustrated by terms such as
"adultery," "cheating," "infidelity," and "unfaithfulness," extramarital
sexual involvements are generally considered a serious betrayal of one's
spouse that may evoke strong jealousy (Duncombe, 2004:103).
It is stated that sexual involvement in affair is considered as an ultimate betrayal.
Sex currently belongs to a romantic script in which sexuality is highly valued
(2004:101). In other words, sex is a way for couples to show their affection
toward each other in the most intimate way. Some culture, especially those which
strongly hold religion values, sexual intercourse is only exclusively for married
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couples. We consider adultery to be, by definition, the transgression of marriage,
which is itself then defined as a legally recognized sexually exclusive monogamy
(2004:1).
Adultery is always considered as an immoral act by the society. In the
past, women who had committed adultery were more likely to be discriminated.
This is related to the era of patriarchy when women were considered as inferior.
Patriarchal authority is based on male control over the woman’s productive
capacity and over her person (Humm, 1992: 96). Although men also tend to
commit adultery, his actions bear less consequence:
Adultery directly compromises the reproductive exclusivity of a marriage
and is less tolerated overall for wives than for husbands; in some cultures
mere suspicion of female adultery is justification for severe punishment or
death (Betzig, 1989) (2004: 2).
In some strict eastern culture, adulteresses are more likely to be punished
by law and religion regulation (2004:106). However, in this modern era,
especially in western culture, punishments for adulterer/adulteress are not relevant
anymore. Regardless of the gender, married couple will bear their own
consequences and usually it ends by divorce or being insulted by the society.
Men were considered more likely to commit adultery than women, but the
recent research proved it wrong. Although the most recent high-profile infidelity
scandals all involved cheating men, a new study finds that women cheat at about
the
same
rate
as
men,
though
often
for
different
reasons
(http://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=13885519). The different reasons mostly
related to emotional aspects. It is stated that adultery committed by both men and
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women in the same degree. The top 3 reasons men cheat all relate to sex.
However sex is not usually the motivating factor for cheating wives. The top 3
reasons women cheat relate to unmet emotional needs or a desire for attention
(http://www.womansconnection.com/ar_men_and_women_cheat_for_entirely_different_reasons.htm).
Men are always considered as a pleasure seeker who only desires to fulfill their
lust. It is strongly justified by the fact that men were visual creatures. While
women are considered being more emotional than lustful, but it is still possible
that woman can also commit adultery for lust.
The issue of infidelity in marriage always becomes an interesting topic to
be discussed in literature. Some literary works even brought up a story about
adultery in marriage. It added lots of drama to the story and made the story more
intriguing. Affairs are a pivotal theme in literature and soap opera, and a major
focus of gossip among the public and the press (2004: XI).One of the literary
works which is discussed in this thesis is Madame Bovary by a French writer,
Gustave Flaubert:
The year 1857 propelled Flaubert into the law courts and into celebrity. It
was not exactly the kind of celebrity he had wished for. Madame Bovary
had appeared serially in La Revue de Paris. Now the imperial prosecutor
was attacking the work for being offensive to religion and morality. Not
only the seduction scenes, but the episodes dealing with religion and the
description of Emma’s death, came under direct censure. More than the
subject, the general tone of the novel was denounced as immoral: the
pervasive eroticism, the poetry of adultery, the so-called ‘realism’ of the
style (Flaubert, 1993: VII).
Madame Bovary was written in 1857 and became a controversial literary work in
the mid 19th century because it was reputed as an erotic and a satire toward
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religion. The mid 19th century was the dark ages when people had strong belief in
religion and superstition, the issue of adultery still considered as taboo and sinful.
This novel tells a story of a married woman named Emma Bovary who
committed adultery with two different men. In mid 19th century the way Flaubert
described Emma’s adultery had been reputed as vulgar although Flaubert only
described it in a poetic way. As a main character in this novel, Emma is described
as a hopeless romantic woman who is longing for a romantic love as described in
the introduction:
Emma Bovary, transgressor and victim, is a great dreamer. Baudelaire, in
a perceptive article written soon after the novel’s publication, was quick to
see that she is the only dignified and poetic figure in her small world. Her
feverish yearnings experienced in the context of the most banal daily
existence and in the most mediocre provincial setting reaffirm the powers
and prerogatives of the imagination. She not only towers over her lovers
(the first is a local rake, the second a weak career-oriented young man),
but positively gains in stature as she approaches her doom, always in
pursuit of an unattainable ideal of love and happiness (Flaubert, 1993: XI).
It is stated that Emma viewed as the transgressor and victim in the novel; she is
the transgressor because she violates her marriage vow and also the victim of her
own actions. However, there is another way of seeing Emma Bovary other than a
transgressor and victim. Emma Bovary and her adultery can be seen through
psychoanalytic perspective.
Therefore, the psychoanalytic criticism which was introduced by Sigmund
Freud can be used to analyze Emma’s motives of adultery. Psychoanalytic
criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of
psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature (Barry, 2002:96). Psychoanalysis
used to be a therapy which cures a mental disorder of an individual, but now
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psychoanalysis is applicable to analyze the literary work, especially the character
presented in the novel.
In Madame Bovary, Emma’s adultery is a phenomenon which becomes the
main concern in the story. According to Duncombe, adultery can be strongly
related to the adulterer’s individual aspect which in Emma’s case is her
psychological condition:
Our psychological vocabulary describes adultery in terms of the
insecurities and unresolved issues of individuals. Even the vocabulary of
Freudian desires discusses deviance at the individual level while referring
to these desires as part of a natural, universal human experience (2004:8).
Adultery is all about an individual matter and it is related to human desires which
are natural. According to Freud, an individual’s personality is the result of the
interaction of the id, ego and superego which is known as three part model of
personality (Pettijohn, 1992:262).
Freudian theory expresses this belief well. Freud would say that adultery is
a classic manifestation of antinomic desires splitting the psyche of the
adulterer. The split is externalized in the three actors: the betrayed spouse
is the superego, the lover is id, and the adulterer is the ego. Social norms
and institutions act as extensions of the superego that serve to regulate
behaviors prompted by the id, thus implicitly blaming the third party for
intruding between the rational self and the conscience (2004:3).
The statement above strongly convinced that adultery can be analyzed
through Freudian three-part model of personality. Thus, it is possible to analyze
Emma’s adultery by using this theory. Freudian Tree part model of personality
contains Id, Ego and Superego. Id as the pleasure principle, Ego is a mediator
between Id and Superego or the reality principle and Superego is the moral aspect
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of a personality. Some people cannot hold themselves against temptation and keep
following their desire or the Id. In other word, they are unable to control
themselves against the lustful desire and disobey the norms in the society which
represented by superego. The ego operates the reality principle, and tries to find
socially acceptable ways (according to superego) to gratify the Id. In the
personality of a well adjusted person, the ego is the dominant force (Pettijohn,
1992:262).
This study aims to analyze the relation of Emma Bovary’s adultery and her
psychological aspect. Freudian three part model of personality uses as the main
theory of this study. The writer aims to explain more about Emma’s adultery and
how it is strongly related to her psychological aspect.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What are the characteristics of Emma Bovary in Madame Bovary?
2. How do the characteristics lead to her adultery from the perspective
of Freudian Three Part Model of personality?
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C. Objectives of the Study
The objective of this study is to answer the three questions formulated in
the problem formulation. First is to find out Emma Bovary’s characteristics as
seen in the story. Then, the writer tries to related Emma Bovary’s characteristics
to her adultery. After that, the writer connects Emma’s characteristics and
Freudian Three Part Model of personality, to see how Emma’s action strongly
related to psychological aspects.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid any misunderstanding, the key terms used in this study are
defined as follows.
1. Three-part Model of Personality
Three-part model of human personality or “tri-partite human psyche” is
the theory suggested by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, which states that
every person's behavior is the result of the interaction of three forces, namely the
id, superego, and ego (Pettijohn, 1992: 262).
2. Id
The id is the most basic instinctual or biological drives, which
“unconsciously and impulsively seek immediate pleasure and consider nothing
else” (Pettijohn, 1992: 262).
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3. Ego
The ego is “a conscious faculty for perceiving and dealing intelligently
with reality” it acts like a mediator between the id and the superego (Pettijohn,
1992: 262).
4. Superego
The superego is societal and parental values that have been instilled in the
person. It is largely unconscious and restrains the impulses of the Id (Pettijohn,
1992: 262).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
The first related study is Sanata Dharma University; English Education
Program Undergraduate Thesis written by Yohanes Basuki Wahyu Lastiyanto
entitled An Analysis of Central Character in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary
Based on the Theory of Self-concept. Lastiyanto topic is about the analysis of
central character in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary based on theory of self –
concept. The objective of this study is to find out Emma’s self concept influence
to her personality and also her personality pattern development based on the
theory of self concept as actualized in her behavior. His analysis points out those
Emma self-perceptions turn her into an unrealistic, idealist, sentimental, and
volatile wife. Her ideal and transitory self concept is the most dominant force in
developing her personality pattern. Unlike Lastiyanto study, this study does not
use the theory of self concept. This study also focuses on her psychological aspect
in the perspective of Freudian Three-Part model of personality.
The second related study is Sanata Dharma University; English
Education Program Undergraduate Thesis written by Eko Prasetyaningrum
entitled The influence of Emma Rouault`s traits of character upon her daily
affairs in Gustave Flaubert`s Madame Bovary. Prasetyanigrum focused on
Emma’s reason to commit adultery related to her traits as a human being. He uses
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the psychological approach from Rothberger, Woods and also M.J Murphy theory
to express 9 expressions and characteristics. The result of his analysis is that
Emma traits as immoral, shallow, dreamer and unrealistic is strongly related to her
adultery. Emma also has lots of disappointment of her husband who does not give
her a marriage life as she expected.
The difference between Prasetyanigrum’s analysis and this analysis is on
the theory used to analyze the problem formulation. This analysis uses Sigmund
Freud Psychoanalytic criticism which focuses more on Emma’s Three-Part Model
of personality. This analysis sees the adultery not as an immoral act, but an action
influenced by psychological aspects.
Those two related studies analyzed Emma’s characteristics by using
different psychoanalytic theories. Lastiyanto’s analysis used the theory of selfconcept and Prasetyanigrum’s used Rothberger psychoanalytic theory. The result
of those analysis points out that Emma’s adultery strongly related to her traits and
lack of morality. Unlike those studies, this study aims to analyze Emma Bovary
further and deeper into her psyche by using Freud’s Three-Part Model of
personality which consists of Id, Ego and Superego.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character is the most essential part in a story. Abrams (2009:42)
states that characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative
work who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral,
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intellectual and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons
say and their distinctive way of saying it.
According to Murphy, characterization is process in which an
author describes the characters in his or her work, in order to convey to the
reader what sort of people they are” and “make the reader get to know and
understand them” (1972: 161). He suggested nine methods to describing a
character in literary works, those are personal description, Character as
seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct
comment, thoughts and mannerism.
2. The Relation Between Literature and Psychology
Literature and psychology are two different things. Literature is a
form of art while psychology is a scientific study about the way human
mind works and how it influences behavior. However, psychology has
entered the scope of literary studies. According to Wellek and Warren in
Theory of Literature the psychology of literature can be the psychological
study of the writer, as type and individual, or the study of the creative
process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within
works of literature, or , finally, the effects of literature upon its reader
(1963:81).
The literary study which uses psychological approach often
mentioned as Psychoanalytic criticism. Barry in Beginning Theory
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describes psychoanalytic criticism as a form of literary criticism which
uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of
literature (2002:98). Psychoanalytic criticism often uses to analyze some
intrinsic elements of the literary work. Character is an intrinsic element
which often becomes the object of the study. Character is the most
important element in the literary work and it is certain that every character
has characteristics and emotions represented in the story. Thus,
psychoanalytic criticism can be used to analyze further the character in the
story explicitly. Unlike other theories, psychological approaches provide
insight into the thematic and symbolic mysteries of work of literature and
enhance other readings. These critics seeks the possible motives behind
the literary work, reading “between the lines” for author’s and characters’
psychological conflicts (Guerin, 2011:222).
3. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
For this analysis the writer uses the Psychoanalytic criticism by
Sigmund Freud. According to Peter Barry (2002:96) in the Beginning
Theory, Psychoanalytic is a form of therapy which aims to cure mental
disorders by investigating the interactions of conscious and unconscious
elements in mind. Sometimes there are feelings which have been repressed
in the unconscious mind, just like an iceberg. When people experience
some emotion in their life that they cannot face or handle, they try to
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repress it. Unfortunately, repressing a feeling will not make it go away but
will always be in the unconscious mind and someday it will find a way out
to the conscious mind. There will always be a return of the repressed.
Freud suggested three part model of psyche, divided into ego, super ego
and id those are refers to the consciousness, conscience and unconscious.
However, this theory also has some flaws when it is applied to analyze a
literary work. First, this theory is only focused on the psyche of the
character and sometimes it ignores other aspects which influence a
character’s motive.
a) Id
The Id is the aspect of personality which is entirely
unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive
behaviors. According to The Freud Reader, Id is considered as the
non-moral principle:
From the point of view of instinctual control, of morality, it
may be said of the id that it is totally non-moral, of the ego
that it strives to be moral, and of the super-ego that it can be
super-moral and then become as cruel as only the id can be.
It is remarkable that the more a man checks his
aggressiveness towards the exterior the more severe-that is
aggressive-he becomes in his ego ideal (Gay, 1989:655).
In other words, Id is the pleasure principle which has no
relation with morality. It is human desires that influence their
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emotional and physical needs and are driven by pleasure principle.
It is the primary component of personality:
Governed by the pleasure principle, the id demands
immediate gratification: “I want it now!” Today, we would
identify the id as the primitive, reptilian “gut” brain housed
in the brain stem, along with the “emotional” limbic brain
(Heller, 2005:90).
The Id represents human desires which need to be fulfilled.
However it is not always possible for people to always follow their
Id immediately. In the society people should behave in an
appropriate way so they will be acceptable by the society. That is
why there are Ego and Superego which will help to control the Id.
b) Ego
Unlike Id, Ego is the component of personality that is responsible
to dealing with reality. It is developed from the Id and insures that the
impulses of Id can be expressed in an appropriate manner in the real
world. In The Freud Reader, Ego is defined as:
We have formed the idea that in each individual there is a coherent
organization of mental processes; and we call this his ego. It is to this
ego that consciousness is attached; the ego controls the approaches to
motility-that is, to the discharge of excitations into the external world;
it is the mental agency which supervises all its own constituent
processes, and which goes to sleep at night, though even then it
exercises the censorship on dreams (1989:630).
Ego functions as the reality principle which controls most of
human behavior and also keeps the balance between the Id and the
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Superego. Ego principle tends to be realistic in fulfilling the Id. It weighs
the cost and benefit of an action before committing it:
:
For the ego, perception plays the part which in the id falls to
instinct. The ego represents what may be called reason and
common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions.
All this falls into line with popular distinctions which we are all
familiar with; at the same time, however, it is only to be regarded
as holding good on the average or 'ideally'(1989:636).
Ego controls so people can see the reality before fulfilling their
desires. The Id may say “I want it now.”, but the Ego controls it and
convinces the brain to wait until it is possible to follow what Id wants:
Representing “what may be called reason and common sense,
in contrast to the id, which contains the passions,” the ego
works diligently to arbitrate the blind demands of the id and the
restrictions that the external world imposes. It helps us survive
safely in the world by obeying the reality principle—“I may
want it now but I know I have to wait”—and by relying on the
power of secondary process thought—sensible, logical thinking
about the consequence of eating that candy bar before
dinner(2005: 91).
The example is when someone is very hungry in the middle of the class.
The Id may wants her to just go out to class and get some lunch, but the
Ego states that it is not an appropriate time to have a lunch, the teacher
will be angry and she will be considered as inappropriate, so the Ego
decides that she will have a lunch after the class finished. Ego eventually
allows the behavior, but in appropriate time and place
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c) Superego
Superego is the aspect of personality which holds all our internalized
moral standards and ideals acquired from both parents and society. It is using the
sense of right or wrong. The tension between the harsh super-ego and the ego that
is subjected to it is called the sense of guilt; it expresses itself as a need for
punishment (1989:756). When someone has a strong Superego and accidentally
obey the Id without limiting it with Superego, that person will definitely feel
guilty.
It is in keeping with the course of human development that external
coercion gradually becomes internalized; for a special mental
agency, man's super-ego, takes it over and includes it among its
commandments. Every child presents this process of
transformation to us; only by that means does it become a moral
and social being. Such a strengthening of the super-ego is a most
precious cultural asset in the psychological field (1989:690).
Superego works to suppress those unacceptable urges from the Id and
struggles to make Ego act upon idealistic standards rather than realistic principles.
People usually get their moral standard from family and society. However, family
is the most influential factors which determine a person’s moral standard:
Initially, we had to obey our parents or get punished. But as we
matured, we identified with our parents and internalized the norms
and prohibitions that they taught us, as if our parents were a
homunculus or little voice inside the self (2005: 91).
The example is when a person who lives in a conservative country wants to have a
sexual intercourse. With the Ego that person can have sex with someone in an
appropriate time and place, not straightly in a public place, but her moral
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principles states that she can only have sex with someone who has already be her
husband, so to fulfill her Id and make it acceptable for the society which consider
that having sex outside of marriage as immoral, she marries a man and finally can
have sex in an acceptable way in the society. The key of a healthy psychology is
when the Ego is a dominant force which can control the balance between the Id
and the Superego.
C. Theoretical Framework
For this analysis the writer needs to understand fully how to identify the
main character’s characteristic and how does she characterized in the story.
Then after knowing the main character’s personality, the writer tries to relate
the characteristics to the main character’s adultery in the perspective of
Freudian Three Part Model of personality.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is the novel Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
which firstly published in 1857, the age of reason. Madame Bovary is a part of
mid 19th century French literary work which has been a controversial piece of
work in that era. It is considered to be offensive to religion and morality. Madame
Bovary consists of three chapters and 330 pages. This literary work has been made
into several movies and TV series. Madame Bovary tells a story about a French
woman named Emma who committed adultery with two different men.
B. Approach of the Study
This study uses Psychoanalytic Criticism by Sigmund Freud. Freud as
quoted in Peter Barry’s Beginning Theory defines psychoanalysis as the form of
therapy which aims to cure mental disorders by investigating the interactions of
conscious and unconscious elements in mind.
Freud first used the term psychoanalysis in 1896. The theory of
psychoanalysis proposes that problems arise from unconscious desires and
unresolved childhood conflicts. It rests on the hotly contested tenets of
determinism, conflict, and the unconscious (Heller, 2005:184).
This study uses Freud’s tripartite model of personality which consist of Id,
Ego and Superego which represent different part in a person’s personality.
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Each of the three agencies exists for a different purpose. Housing the basic
survival instincts, the id strives for immediate satisfaction. The ego seeks
to control these primal instincts by seeking realistic ways to express them.
The superego censures and tries to block instincts that are unacceptable by
society (Heller, 2005: 90).
Although psychoanalysis are originally derived from psychology. It can
also be used to analyze the literary work. However, this theory is also considered
as controversial. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature stated that:
Even if we assume that an author succeeds in making his figure behave
with ‘psychological truth’, we may well raise the question whether such
‘truth’ is an artistic value. Much great art continuously violates standards
of psychology, either contemporary with it or subsequent. It works with
improbable situations, with fantastic motifs. Like the demand for social
realism, psychological truth is a naturalistic standard without universal
validity. In some cases, to be sure, psychological insight seems to enhance
artistic value (1963: 92)
It is still debatable whether the application of psychoanalytic criticism is
contradictive with the artistic value of a literary work itself. Despite of the flaws,
this theory can analyze the inner psyche of the character in a literary work. This
analysis focuses more of the main character’s Id, Ego and Superego to see
whether the main character has a balance in her personality, and how that relates
to her adultery.
C. Method of the Study
This study uses library research by searching the references in the library.
There are several books which are used as the references of this study. The
primary source of this analysis is an original copy of Madame Bovary novel. The
theories used in this analysis are Abrams’ theory of character, Murphy’s theory of
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characterization to answer the first problem and Sigmund Freud’s tripartite model
of personality which consists of Id, Ego and Superego to answer the second
problem and discover how it relates to Emma’s action of committing adultery.
There are several steps to complete this study. First step is to read the
literary work completely. Then, the writer gathers the related studies, theories and
references. Finally, the writer tries to relate the topic and the theory used.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The entire questions in problem formulation are answered in this section
by analyzing the work using provided theories. The first part answers the question
of Emma Bovary’s characteristics and the second part divides into two sub parts,
the first sub part answers the relation between Emma’s characteristics and her
adultery while the second sub part answers the way Emma’s characteristics leads
to her adultery in the perspective of Freudian’s Three-Part model of personality.
A. Characteristics of Emma Bovary
This section explains Emma Bovary’s characteristics. In Madame
Bovary, Emma is described as unrealistic, demanding, selfish, deceitful
and religious woman. The writer uses Murphy’s theory of characterization
to describe the characteristics of Emma Bovary.
1. Unrealistic
In Madame Bovary, Emma is described as a woman who has
unrealistic expectations; she is a dreamer who longs for an ideal lover.
Emma has been affected by romantic literature; she loves to read. She is
stirred by the passion of romantic words and stories in literature. Her
passion of romantic literature has brought her to an unrealistic dream that
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her life should be as excitable as the stories in Literature. It is stated that
she has read romantic novels since she was a little girl and she also dreams
of many things which never come to reality:
She had read Paul and Virginia, and had dreamed of the bamboo
cabin, of the Negro Domingo and the dog Fidele; and especially
she dreamed that she, too, had a sweet little brother for a devoted
friend, and that he climbed trees as tall as church steeples to pluck
her their crimson fruit, and came running barefoot over the sand to
bring her a bird's nest (1993:33).
Paul and Virginia is a romantic novel and she also imagines that
she lives in the same way as the characters in that novel. Her mind is full
of romantic illusions. She has high expectations for her marriage; she
expects that marriage will give her a better life. She also believes that
marriage will bring lots of happiness even though it brings the opposite in
the reality:
Before her marriage she had thought that she had love within her
grasp; but since the happiness which she had expected this love to
bring her hadn't come, she supposed she must have been mistaken.
And Emma tried to imagine just what was meant, in life, by the
words 'bliss,' 'passion,' and 'rapture'- words that had seemed so
beautiful to her in books (1993:32-33).
The quotation above explains that Emma’s point of view about marriage is
just like those she read in romantic novels. The romantic novels often
picture marriage as something which is blissful and passionate. She is
trapped in her own illusions and imaginations. She thinks that her marriage
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will bring the same passion that she feels when she reads those romantic
novels.
Emma’s desires to get married are also influenced by her eagerness
for a change. When she gets married, she persuades herself that the love
she always dreams of is already within her grasp, (1993:37). She lives a
monotonous and tedious life in her father’s farm. Her father, Monsieur
Roault also thinks that she is not really useful for the farm and it is the best
decision to let her marry Charles. After she gets married, she quickly gets
disappointed and regrets her decision. Emma would ask herself again and
again: 'Why -why - did I ever marry?' (1993:42).
She did not go for a date with Charles before she decides to marry
him. Charles is the one who is charmed by her beauty. He thought that she
would be a perfect wife for him. She did not know much about Charles
except his occupation as a doctor. When they get married, she discovered
that Charles was a dull and boring man. She even dreamed that she would
have found another man who met all her expectations if she had not met
Charles:
She wondered whether some different set of circumstances might
not have resulted in her meeting some different man; and she tried
to picture those imaginary circumstances , the life they would have
brought her, the unknown other husband. However, she imagined
him; he wasn’t a bit like Charles. He might have been handsome,
witty, distinguished, magnetic-the kind of man her convent
schoolmates had doubtless married (1993:42).
It is stated that she has unrealistic expectations. She always wants a
perfect and flawless man who never exists in the reality. As Charles’ wife,
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she is never happy. She spends lot of her days dreaming of things which
not seem to be real. She is tortured by her own dreams and expectations:
Deep down, all the while, she was waiting for something to happen.
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A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF EMMA’S ADULTERY
USING THREE-PART MODEL OF PERSONALITY IN
GUSTAVE FLAUBERT’S MADAME BOVARY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
CINDY CECILIA
Student Number: 104214066
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF EMMA’S ADULTERY
USING THREE-PART MODEL OF PERSONALITY IN
GUSTAVE FLAUBERT’S MADAME BOVARY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
CINDY CECILIA
Student Number: 104214066
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama: Cindy Cecilia
Nomor Mahasiswa: 104214066
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
A Psychoanalytic Study of Emma’s Adultery Using Three-Part
Model of Personality in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 1 September 2014
Yang menyatakan,
Cindy Cecilia
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis
Yogyakarta, September 29, 2014
Cindy Cecilia
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Imagination is more
important than
knowledge. Knowledge is
limited; imagination
encircles the world
(Albert Einstein)
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For
My dearly beloved
parents and sisters
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I want to say my biggest thanks to the Lord Jesus Christ and
Mother Mary for Their great blessings so I can finish my thesis. I also want to
give my gratitude to my beloved family especially my parents who have raised
me, pray for me and encourage me to finish my thesis. I thank my uncle for his
financial support and my beloved sisters Karen, Karin and Claudia for cheering
me up whenever I feel down.
My special thanks are also dedicated to my thesis advisor, Dr. F.X
Siswadi, M.A. who has always been patient to help me during the process.
Without his guidance I cannot finish my thesis in time. I thank my Co-advisor
Dra. A. B Sri Mulyani, M.A, Ph.D for giving me suggestions so I can improve my
thesis. I thank all my lecturers from English Letters Department who help me to
learn English better and makes me smarter. I also thank all the staff of Sanata
Dharma University for helping me during my study as English Letters student.
I want to give my big thanks to my friends who support and help me
during the thesis writing process. I want to thank all 2010 students especially
those in class C for giving me support. I want to thank my best friends Maria
Cynthia Rani and Kartika Violita who play an important part in my thesis writing.
I also want to thank Cynthia, Marsha, Gradi and also my KKN friends for their
moral support.
Last but not least I want to say my deepest thanks to my dear boyfriend,
Natalis Yapto who gives me lots of moral support and his greatest help so I can
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finish my thesis. I thank him for cheering me up when I am down and also helps
me during the thesis writing process. I thank him for standing by my side.
Cindy Cecilia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………….
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………………..
ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………....................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ……..
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………………………
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………………….
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………….
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………….
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………..
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………….
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………………....
B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………………………...
C. Objective of Study………………………………………………………………...
D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………….
1
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6
7
7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………....
A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………………………...
B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………………........
1. Theory of Character and Characterization……………………………………...
2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology……………………………...
3. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory………………………………………………...
a. Id ……………………………………………………………………………...
b. Ego ……………………………………………………………………………
c. Superego ……………………………………………………………………..
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………..
9
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………....
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………………………..
B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………………………….
C. Method of the Study …………………………………………………………….....
18
18
18
19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………….......
A. Characteristics of Emma Bovary …………………………………………………..
1.Unrealistic ……………………………………………………………………….
2.Demanding ………………………………………………………………………
3.Selfish …………………………………………………………………………...
4. Deceitful………………………………………………………………………...
5.Religious ……………………………………………………………………….
B. The Way Emma’s Characteristics Leads Her to Adultery in The Perspective of
Freudian Three-Part Model of Personality…………………………………..............
1. The Interrelation between Emma’s Characteristic and Her Adultery ……………
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21
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30
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2. The Relation between Emma’s Characteristic and her Adultery in the
Perspective of Freudian Three Part Model of Personality…………………..........
A. Emma’s Three Part Model of Personality ……………………………………...
1. Emma’s Id …………………………………………………………………….
2. Emma’s Superego …………………………………………………………….
3. Emma’s Ego …………………………………………………………………..
B. The Interaction Between Emma’s Three Part Model of Personality to Her
Adultery ………………………………………………………………………..
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36
36
41
47
50
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………
56
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………..
60
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………………
Appendix: Summary of Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary………………….
61
61
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ABSTRACT
CECILIA, CINDY. A Psychoanalytic Study of Emma’s Adultery Using ThreePart Model of Personality in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,
2014.
Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert is a novel about Emma Bovary, a
hopeless romantic who longs for a perfect marriage life. She marries a dull
second-rate doctor named Charles and she is disappointed with her marriage
because Charles cannot fulfill her demands of perfect marriage life. Emma’s
beauty attracts other men, including Rodolphe, a playboy who wants to make her
his mistress. Rodolphe seduces Emma and she starts to commit adultery with him.
Then, Rodolphe leaves her and she starts another affair with Leon. Leon is
younger than Emma and also has lots of similarities with her.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze Emma Bovary’s adultery through
Freudian Three-Part model of personality. There are two questions formulated in
problem formulation. The first is to find out Emma Bovary’s characteristics in the
novel and the second is how her characteristics lead her to adultery from the
perspective of Freudian Three Part Model of personality.
This study uses library research. The main source of this study is the
original copy of Madame Bovary novel. There are also several books of literary
theories and psychological theories which are used as references. Theory of
Character and Characterization are applied to answer the first problem
formulation and Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory is used to answer the second
problem.
The first analysis of this study shows Emma Bovary’s characteristics as
unrealistic, demanding, selfish, deceitful and religious. Based on Freudian Three
Part Model of Personality, Emma’s characteristics as unrealistic, demanding,
selfish represented her Id, Emma’s characteristics as a religious woman represents
her Superego and her deceitful characteristic represents her Ego. The analysis
finds that Emma’s Id is the strongest part than another personality part. Her Ego
cannot fulfill Id and Superego in the same time. She cannot balance her Id and
Superego. She tends to be in the Id side than Superego. The conclusion is that
Emma’s adultery is strongly influenced by the tendency of Emma’s Ego towards
her Id. Based on literary aspects; Emma’s adultery is also influenced by other
external factors such as her background and her disappointment to her husband,
Charles Bovary.
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ABSTRAK
CECILIA, CINDY. A Psychoanalytic Study of Emma’s Adultery Using ThreePart Model of Personality in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. Yogyakarta
Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2014.
Madame Bovary oleh Gustave Flaubert adalah novel yang bercerita
tentang Emma Bovary, seorang wanita dengan harapan romantis yang
mendambakan kehidupan pernikahan yang sempurna. Dia menikahi seorang
dokter bermutu rendah yang membosankan bernama Charles. Emma sangat
kecewa dengan pernikahannya karena Charles tidak mampu memenuhi
tuntutannya akan kehidupan pernikahan yang sempurna. Kecantikan Emma
memikat banyak pria termasuk Rodolphe, seorang playboy yang berniat
menjadikan Emma wanita simpanannya. Rodolphe merayu Emma dan Emma pun
mulai berzina dengannya. Kemudian, Rodolphe mencampakkannya dan dia
memulai perzinahan lainnya dengan Leon. Leon adalah pria yang jauh lebih muda
dari Emma dan juga memiliki banyak kesamaan dengannya.
Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisis perzinahan Emma Bovary
menggunakan tiga bagian kepribadian dari Freud. Dua pertanyaan diformulasikan
di perumusan masalah. Pertama adalah untuk mencari tahu karakteristik Emma di
dalam novel dan yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana karakteristik
Emma menuntunnya pada perzinaan berdasarkan perspektif tiga bagian
kepribadian Freud.
Penelitian ini menggunakan riset pustaka. Sumber utama dari penelitian ini
adalah cetakan asli novel Madame Bovary. Ada beberapa buku mengenai teori
literatur dan teori psikologi yang digunakan sebagai referensi. Teori tentang
karakter dan karakterisasi diaplikasikan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama
dan teori psikoanalisis Freud digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua.
Analisa pertama dari penelitian ini menunjukan karakteristik Emma
Bovary sebagai seorang wanita pemimpi, penuntut, egois, penipu dan relijius.
Menurut teori tiga bagian kepribadian Freud, Karakteristik Emma sebagai seorang
yang pemimpi, penuntut dan egois merepresentasikan Id, Karakteristik Emma
sebagai seorang wanita relijius merepresentasikan Superego dan karakternya
sebagai seorang penipu merepresentasikan Ego. Analisis mengungkapkan Id
Emma adalah yang terkuat daripada bagian kepribadian lainnya. Egonya tidak
dapat memenuhi Id dan Superego dalam waktu yang sama. Dia tidak dapat
menyeimbangkan Id dan Superegonya. Dia lebih cenderung pada Id daripada
Superego. Kesimpulannya adalah, perselingkuhan Emma dipengaruhi oleh
kecenderungan Ego terhadap Id. Namun berdasarkan elemen kesusasteraan,
perselingkuhan Emma juga dipengaruhi oleh berbagai factor eksternal seperti latar
belakangnya dan kekecewaan nya terhadap suaminya, Charles Bovary.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Marriage is something which most people consider as something sacred.
Both the bride and the groom vowed that they would be together forever in every
circumstance. The couples will live together and build their own family. For most
people, marriage sounds wonderful just like the ending in the fairy tale which is
happily ever after. However, marriage is not that simple. The fact is there are lots
of conflicts in marriage, not only small conflicts but there are also serious
conflicts which bring a marriage life into the verge of destruction. One of those
conflicts is when one of them breaks a vow of their marriage by having an affair
with someone other than their spouse:
From passionate affairs to one-night-stands, from secretive flings to
sexually open marriages, people seem to have a persistent inclination to
engage in extramarital sex. Nevertheless, as illustrated by terms such as
"adultery," "cheating," "infidelity," and "unfaithfulness," extramarital
sexual involvements are generally considered a serious betrayal of one's
spouse that may evoke strong jealousy (Duncombe, 2004:103).
It is stated that sexual involvement in affair is considered as an ultimate betrayal.
Sex currently belongs to a romantic script in which sexuality is highly valued
(2004:101). In other words, sex is a way for couples to show their affection
toward each other in the most intimate way. Some culture, especially those which
strongly hold religion values, sexual intercourse is only exclusively for married
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couples. We consider adultery to be, by definition, the transgression of marriage,
which is itself then defined as a legally recognized sexually exclusive monogamy
(2004:1).
Adultery is always considered as an immoral act by the society. In the
past, women who had committed adultery were more likely to be discriminated.
This is related to the era of patriarchy when women were considered as inferior.
Patriarchal authority is based on male control over the woman’s productive
capacity and over her person (Humm, 1992: 96). Although men also tend to
commit adultery, his actions bear less consequence:
Adultery directly compromises the reproductive exclusivity of a marriage
and is less tolerated overall for wives than for husbands; in some cultures
mere suspicion of female adultery is justification for severe punishment or
death (Betzig, 1989) (2004: 2).
In some strict eastern culture, adulteresses are more likely to be punished
by law and religion regulation (2004:106). However, in this modern era,
especially in western culture, punishments for adulterer/adulteress are not relevant
anymore. Regardless of the gender, married couple will bear their own
consequences and usually it ends by divorce or being insulted by the society.
Men were considered more likely to commit adultery than women, but the
recent research proved it wrong. Although the most recent high-profile infidelity
scandals all involved cheating men, a new study finds that women cheat at about
the
same
rate
as
men,
though
often
for
different
reasons
(http://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=13885519). The different reasons mostly
related to emotional aspects. It is stated that adultery committed by both men and
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women in the same degree. The top 3 reasons men cheat all relate to sex.
However sex is not usually the motivating factor for cheating wives. The top 3
reasons women cheat relate to unmet emotional needs or a desire for attention
(http://www.womansconnection.com/ar_men_and_women_cheat_for_entirely_different_reasons.htm).
Men are always considered as a pleasure seeker who only desires to fulfill their
lust. It is strongly justified by the fact that men were visual creatures. While
women are considered being more emotional than lustful, but it is still possible
that woman can also commit adultery for lust.
The issue of infidelity in marriage always becomes an interesting topic to
be discussed in literature. Some literary works even brought up a story about
adultery in marriage. It added lots of drama to the story and made the story more
intriguing. Affairs are a pivotal theme in literature and soap opera, and a major
focus of gossip among the public and the press (2004: XI).One of the literary
works which is discussed in this thesis is Madame Bovary by a French writer,
Gustave Flaubert:
The year 1857 propelled Flaubert into the law courts and into celebrity. It
was not exactly the kind of celebrity he had wished for. Madame Bovary
had appeared serially in La Revue de Paris. Now the imperial prosecutor
was attacking the work for being offensive to religion and morality. Not
only the seduction scenes, but the episodes dealing with religion and the
description of Emma’s death, came under direct censure. More than the
subject, the general tone of the novel was denounced as immoral: the
pervasive eroticism, the poetry of adultery, the so-called ‘realism’ of the
style (Flaubert, 1993: VII).
Madame Bovary was written in 1857 and became a controversial literary work in
the mid 19th century because it was reputed as an erotic and a satire toward
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religion. The mid 19th century was the dark ages when people had strong belief in
religion and superstition, the issue of adultery still considered as taboo and sinful.
This novel tells a story of a married woman named Emma Bovary who
committed adultery with two different men. In mid 19th century the way Flaubert
described Emma’s adultery had been reputed as vulgar although Flaubert only
described it in a poetic way. As a main character in this novel, Emma is described
as a hopeless romantic woman who is longing for a romantic love as described in
the introduction:
Emma Bovary, transgressor and victim, is a great dreamer. Baudelaire, in
a perceptive article written soon after the novel’s publication, was quick to
see that she is the only dignified and poetic figure in her small world. Her
feverish yearnings experienced in the context of the most banal daily
existence and in the most mediocre provincial setting reaffirm the powers
and prerogatives of the imagination. She not only towers over her lovers
(the first is a local rake, the second a weak career-oriented young man),
but positively gains in stature as she approaches her doom, always in
pursuit of an unattainable ideal of love and happiness (Flaubert, 1993: XI).
It is stated that Emma viewed as the transgressor and victim in the novel; she is
the transgressor because she violates her marriage vow and also the victim of her
own actions. However, there is another way of seeing Emma Bovary other than a
transgressor and victim. Emma Bovary and her adultery can be seen through
psychoanalytic perspective.
Therefore, the psychoanalytic criticism which was introduced by Sigmund
Freud can be used to analyze Emma’s motives of adultery. Psychoanalytic
criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of
psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature (Barry, 2002:96). Psychoanalysis
used to be a therapy which cures a mental disorder of an individual, but now
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psychoanalysis is applicable to analyze the literary work, especially the character
presented in the novel.
In Madame Bovary, Emma’s adultery is a phenomenon which becomes the
main concern in the story. According to Duncombe, adultery can be strongly
related to the adulterer’s individual aspect which in Emma’s case is her
psychological condition:
Our psychological vocabulary describes adultery in terms of the
insecurities and unresolved issues of individuals. Even the vocabulary of
Freudian desires discusses deviance at the individual level while referring
to these desires as part of a natural, universal human experience (2004:8).
Adultery is all about an individual matter and it is related to human desires which
are natural. According to Freud, an individual’s personality is the result of the
interaction of the id, ego and superego which is known as three part model of
personality (Pettijohn, 1992:262).
Freudian theory expresses this belief well. Freud would say that adultery is
a classic manifestation of antinomic desires splitting the psyche of the
adulterer. The split is externalized in the three actors: the betrayed spouse
is the superego, the lover is id, and the adulterer is the ego. Social norms
and institutions act as extensions of the superego that serve to regulate
behaviors prompted by the id, thus implicitly blaming the third party for
intruding between the rational self and the conscience (2004:3).
The statement above strongly convinced that adultery can be analyzed
through Freudian three-part model of personality. Thus, it is possible to analyze
Emma’s adultery by using this theory. Freudian Tree part model of personality
contains Id, Ego and Superego. Id as the pleasure principle, Ego is a mediator
between Id and Superego or the reality principle and Superego is the moral aspect
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of a personality. Some people cannot hold themselves against temptation and keep
following their desire or the Id. In other word, they are unable to control
themselves against the lustful desire and disobey the norms in the society which
represented by superego. The ego operates the reality principle, and tries to find
socially acceptable ways (according to superego) to gratify the Id. In the
personality of a well adjusted person, the ego is the dominant force (Pettijohn,
1992:262).
This study aims to analyze the relation of Emma Bovary’s adultery and her
psychological aspect. Freudian three part model of personality uses as the main
theory of this study. The writer aims to explain more about Emma’s adultery and
how it is strongly related to her psychological aspect.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What are the characteristics of Emma Bovary in Madame Bovary?
2. How do the characteristics lead to her adultery from the perspective
of Freudian Three Part Model of personality?
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C. Objectives of the Study
The objective of this study is to answer the three questions formulated in
the problem formulation. First is to find out Emma Bovary’s characteristics as
seen in the story. Then, the writer tries to related Emma Bovary’s characteristics
to her adultery. After that, the writer connects Emma’s characteristics and
Freudian Three Part Model of personality, to see how Emma’s action strongly
related to psychological aspects.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid any misunderstanding, the key terms used in this study are
defined as follows.
1. Three-part Model of Personality
Three-part model of human personality or “tri-partite human psyche” is
the theory suggested by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, which states that
every person's behavior is the result of the interaction of three forces, namely the
id, superego, and ego (Pettijohn, 1992: 262).
2. Id
The id is the most basic instinctual or biological drives, which
“unconsciously and impulsively seek immediate pleasure and consider nothing
else” (Pettijohn, 1992: 262).
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3. Ego
The ego is “a conscious faculty for perceiving and dealing intelligently
with reality” it acts like a mediator between the id and the superego (Pettijohn,
1992: 262).
4. Superego
The superego is societal and parental values that have been instilled in the
person. It is largely unconscious and restrains the impulses of the Id (Pettijohn,
1992: 262).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
The first related study is Sanata Dharma University; English Education
Program Undergraduate Thesis written by Yohanes Basuki Wahyu Lastiyanto
entitled An Analysis of Central Character in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary
Based on the Theory of Self-concept. Lastiyanto topic is about the analysis of
central character in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary based on theory of self –
concept. The objective of this study is to find out Emma’s self concept influence
to her personality and also her personality pattern development based on the
theory of self concept as actualized in her behavior. His analysis points out those
Emma self-perceptions turn her into an unrealistic, idealist, sentimental, and
volatile wife. Her ideal and transitory self concept is the most dominant force in
developing her personality pattern. Unlike Lastiyanto study, this study does not
use the theory of self concept. This study also focuses on her psychological aspect
in the perspective of Freudian Three-Part model of personality.
The second related study is Sanata Dharma University; English
Education Program Undergraduate Thesis written by Eko Prasetyaningrum
entitled The influence of Emma Rouault`s traits of character upon her daily
affairs in Gustave Flaubert`s Madame Bovary. Prasetyanigrum focused on
Emma’s reason to commit adultery related to her traits as a human being. He uses
9
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the psychological approach from Rothberger, Woods and also M.J Murphy theory
to express 9 expressions and characteristics. The result of his analysis is that
Emma traits as immoral, shallow, dreamer and unrealistic is strongly related to her
adultery. Emma also has lots of disappointment of her husband who does not give
her a marriage life as she expected.
The difference between Prasetyanigrum’s analysis and this analysis is on
the theory used to analyze the problem formulation. This analysis uses Sigmund
Freud Psychoanalytic criticism which focuses more on Emma’s Three-Part Model
of personality. This analysis sees the adultery not as an immoral act, but an action
influenced by psychological aspects.
Those two related studies analyzed Emma’s characteristics by using
different psychoanalytic theories. Lastiyanto’s analysis used the theory of selfconcept and Prasetyanigrum’s used Rothberger psychoanalytic theory. The result
of those analysis points out that Emma’s adultery strongly related to her traits and
lack of morality. Unlike those studies, this study aims to analyze Emma Bovary
further and deeper into her psyche by using Freud’s Three-Part Model of
personality which consists of Id, Ego and Superego.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character is the most essential part in a story. Abrams (2009:42)
states that characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative
work who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral,
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intellectual and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons
say and their distinctive way of saying it.
According to Murphy, characterization is process in which an
author describes the characters in his or her work, in order to convey to the
reader what sort of people they are” and “make the reader get to know and
understand them” (1972: 161). He suggested nine methods to describing a
character in literary works, those are personal description, Character as
seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct
comment, thoughts and mannerism.
2. The Relation Between Literature and Psychology
Literature and psychology are two different things. Literature is a
form of art while psychology is a scientific study about the way human
mind works and how it influences behavior. However, psychology has
entered the scope of literary studies. According to Wellek and Warren in
Theory of Literature the psychology of literature can be the psychological
study of the writer, as type and individual, or the study of the creative
process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within
works of literature, or , finally, the effects of literature upon its reader
(1963:81).
The literary study which uses psychological approach often
mentioned as Psychoanalytic criticism. Barry in Beginning Theory
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describes psychoanalytic criticism as a form of literary criticism which
uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of
literature (2002:98). Psychoanalytic criticism often uses to analyze some
intrinsic elements of the literary work. Character is an intrinsic element
which often becomes the object of the study. Character is the most
important element in the literary work and it is certain that every character
has characteristics and emotions represented in the story. Thus,
psychoanalytic criticism can be used to analyze further the character in the
story explicitly. Unlike other theories, psychological approaches provide
insight into the thematic and symbolic mysteries of work of literature and
enhance other readings. These critics seeks the possible motives behind
the literary work, reading “between the lines” for author’s and characters’
psychological conflicts (Guerin, 2011:222).
3. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
For this analysis the writer uses the Psychoanalytic criticism by
Sigmund Freud. According to Peter Barry (2002:96) in the Beginning
Theory, Psychoanalytic is a form of therapy which aims to cure mental
disorders by investigating the interactions of conscious and unconscious
elements in mind. Sometimes there are feelings which have been repressed
in the unconscious mind, just like an iceberg. When people experience
some emotion in their life that they cannot face or handle, they try to
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repress it. Unfortunately, repressing a feeling will not make it go away but
will always be in the unconscious mind and someday it will find a way out
to the conscious mind. There will always be a return of the repressed.
Freud suggested three part model of psyche, divided into ego, super ego
and id those are refers to the consciousness, conscience and unconscious.
However, this theory also has some flaws when it is applied to analyze a
literary work. First, this theory is only focused on the psyche of the
character and sometimes it ignores other aspects which influence a
character’s motive.
a) Id
The Id is the aspect of personality which is entirely
unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive
behaviors. According to The Freud Reader, Id is considered as the
non-moral principle:
From the point of view of instinctual control, of morality, it
may be said of the id that it is totally non-moral, of the ego
that it strives to be moral, and of the super-ego that it can be
super-moral and then become as cruel as only the id can be.
It is remarkable that the more a man checks his
aggressiveness towards the exterior the more severe-that is
aggressive-he becomes in his ego ideal (Gay, 1989:655).
In other words, Id is the pleasure principle which has no
relation with morality. It is human desires that influence their
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emotional and physical needs and are driven by pleasure principle.
It is the primary component of personality:
Governed by the pleasure principle, the id demands
immediate gratification: “I want it now!” Today, we would
identify the id as the primitive, reptilian “gut” brain housed
in the brain stem, along with the “emotional” limbic brain
(Heller, 2005:90).
The Id represents human desires which need to be fulfilled.
However it is not always possible for people to always follow their
Id immediately. In the society people should behave in an
appropriate way so they will be acceptable by the society. That is
why there are Ego and Superego which will help to control the Id.
b) Ego
Unlike Id, Ego is the component of personality that is responsible
to dealing with reality. It is developed from the Id and insures that the
impulses of Id can be expressed in an appropriate manner in the real
world. In The Freud Reader, Ego is defined as:
We have formed the idea that in each individual there is a coherent
organization of mental processes; and we call this his ego. It is to this
ego that consciousness is attached; the ego controls the approaches to
motility-that is, to the discharge of excitations into the external world;
it is the mental agency which supervises all its own constituent
processes, and which goes to sleep at night, though even then it
exercises the censorship on dreams (1989:630).
Ego functions as the reality principle which controls most of
human behavior and also keeps the balance between the Id and the
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Superego. Ego principle tends to be realistic in fulfilling the Id. It weighs
the cost and benefit of an action before committing it:
:
For the ego, perception plays the part which in the id falls to
instinct. The ego represents what may be called reason and
common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions.
All this falls into line with popular distinctions which we are all
familiar with; at the same time, however, it is only to be regarded
as holding good on the average or 'ideally'(1989:636).
Ego controls so people can see the reality before fulfilling their
desires. The Id may say “I want it now.”, but the Ego controls it and
convinces the brain to wait until it is possible to follow what Id wants:
Representing “what may be called reason and common sense,
in contrast to the id, which contains the passions,” the ego
works diligently to arbitrate the blind demands of the id and the
restrictions that the external world imposes. It helps us survive
safely in the world by obeying the reality principle—“I may
want it now but I know I have to wait”—and by relying on the
power of secondary process thought—sensible, logical thinking
about the consequence of eating that candy bar before
dinner(2005: 91).
The example is when someone is very hungry in the middle of the class.
The Id may wants her to just go out to class and get some lunch, but the
Ego states that it is not an appropriate time to have a lunch, the teacher
will be angry and she will be considered as inappropriate, so the Ego
decides that she will have a lunch after the class finished. Ego eventually
allows the behavior, but in appropriate time and place
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c) Superego
Superego is the aspect of personality which holds all our internalized
moral standards and ideals acquired from both parents and society. It is using the
sense of right or wrong. The tension between the harsh super-ego and the ego that
is subjected to it is called the sense of guilt; it expresses itself as a need for
punishment (1989:756). When someone has a strong Superego and accidentally
obey the Id without limiting it with Superego, that person will definitely feel
guilty.
It is in keeping with the course of human development that external
coercion gradually becomes internalized; for a special mental
agency, man's super-ego, takes it over and includes it among its
commandments. Every child presents this process of
transformation to us; only by that means does it become a moral
and social being. Such a strengthening of the super-ego is a most
precious cultural asset in the psychological field (1989:690).
Superego works to suppress those unacceptable urges from the Id and
struggles to make Ego act upon idealistic standards rather than realistic principles.
People usually get their moral standard from family and society. However, family
is the most influential factors which determine a person’s moral standard:
Initially, we had to obey our parents or get punished. But as we
matured, we identified with our parents and internalized the norms
and prohibitions that they taught us, as if our parents were a
homunculus or little voice inside the self (2005: 91).
The example is when a person who lives in a conservative country wants to have a
sexual intercourse. With the Ego that person can have sex with someone in an
appropriate time and place, not straightly in a public place, but her moral
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principles states that she can only have sex with someone who has already be her
husband, so to fulfill her Id and make it acceptable for the society which consider
that having sex outside of marriage as immoral, she marries a man and finally can
have sex in an acceptable way in the society. The key of a healthy psychology is
when the Ego is a dominant force which can control the balance between the Id
and the Superego.
C. Theoretical Framework
For this analysis the writer needs to understand fully how to identify the
main character’s characteristic and how does she characterized in the story.
Then after knowing the main character’s personality, the writer tries to relate
the characteristics to the main character’s adultery in the perspective of
Freudian Three Part Model of personality.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is the novel Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
which firstly published in 1857, the age of reason. Madame Bovary is a part of
mid 19th century French literary work which has been a controversial piece of
work in that era. It is considered to be offensive to religion and morality. Madame
Bovary consists of three chapters and 330 pages. This literary work has been made
into several movies and TV series. Madame Bovary tells a story about a French
woman named Emma who committed adultery with two different men.
B. Approach of the Study
This study uses Psychoanalytic Criticism by Sigmund Freud. Freud as
quoted in Peter Barry’s Beginning Theory defines psychoanalysis as the form of
therapy which aims to cure mental disorders by investigating the interactions of
conscious and unconscious elements in mind.
Freud first used the term psychoanalysis in 1896. The theory of
psychoanalysis proposes that problems arise from unconscious desires and
unresolved childhood conflicts. It rests on the hotly contested tenets of
determinism, conflict, and the unconscious (Heller, 2005:184).
This study uses Freud’s tripartite model of personality which consist of Id,
Ego and Superego which represent different part in a person’s personality.
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Each of the three agencies exists for a different purpose. Housing the basic
survival instincts, the id strives for immediate satisfaction. The ego seeks
to control these primal instincts by seeking realistic ways to express them.
The superego censures and tries to block instincts that are unacceptable by
society (Heller, 2005: 90).
Although psychoanalysis are originally derived from psychology. It can
also be used to analyze the literary work. However, this theory is also considered
as controversial. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature stated that:
Even if we assume that an author succeeds in making his figure behave
with ‘psychological truth’, we may well raise the question whether such
‘truth’ is an artistic value. Much great art continuously violates standards
of psychology, either contemporary with it or subsequent. It works with
improbable situations, with fantastic motifs. Like the demand for social
realism, psychological truth is a naturalistic standard without universal
validity. In some cases, to be sure, psychological insight seems to enhance
artistic value (1963: 92)
It is still debatable whether the application of psychoanalytic criticism is
contradictive with the artistic value of a literary work itself. Despite of the flaws,
this theory can analyze the inner psyche of the character in a literary work. This
analysis focuses more of the main character’s Id, Ego and Superego to see
whether the main character has a balance in her personality, and how that relates
to her adultery.
C. Method of the Study
This study uses library research by searching the references in the library.
There are several books which are used as the references of this study. The
primary source of this analysis is an original copy of Madame Bovary novel. The
theories used in this analysis are Abrams’ theory of character, Murphy’s theory of
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characterization to answer the first problem and Sigmund Freud’s tripartite model
of personality which consists of Id, Ego and Superego to answer the second
problem and discover how it relates to Emma’s action of committing adultery.
There are several steps to complete this study. First step is to read the
literary work completely. Then, the writer gathers the related studies, theories and
references. Finally, the writer tries to relate the topic and the theory used.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The entire questions in problem formulation are answered in this section
by analyzing the work using provided theories. The first part answers the question
of Emma Bovary’s characteristics and the second part divides into two sub parts,
the first sub part answers the relation between Emma’s characteristics and her
adultery while the second sub part answers the way Emma’s characteristics leads
to her adultery in the perspective of Freudian’s Three-Part model of personality.
A. Characteristics of Emma Bovary
This section explains Emma Bovary’s characteristics. In Madame
Bovary, Emma is described as unrealistic, demanding, selfish, deceitful
and religious woman. The writer uses Murphy’s theory of characterization
to describe the characteristics of Emma Bovary.
1. Unrealistic
In Madame Bovary, Emma is described as a woman who has
unrealistic expectations; she is a dreamer who longs for an ideal lover.
Emma has been affected by romantic literature; she loves to read. She is
stirred by the passion of romantic words and stories in literature. Her
passion of romantic literature has brought her to an unrealistic dream that
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her life should be as excitable as the stories in Literature. It is stated that
she has read romantic novels since she was a little girl and she also dreams
of many things which never come to reality:
She had read Paul and Virginia, and had dreamed of the bamboo
cabin, of the Negro Domingo and the dog Fidele; and especially
she dreamed that she, too, had a sweet little brother for a devoted
friend, and that he climbed trees as tall as church steeples to pluck
her their crimson fruit, and came running barefoot over the sand to
bring her a bird's nest (1993:33).
Paul and Virginia is a romantic novel and she also imagines that
she lives in the same way as the characters in that novel. Her mind is full
of romantic illusions. She has high expectations for her marriage; she
expects that marriage will give her a better life. She also believes that
marriage will bring lots of happiness even though it brings the opposite in
the reality:
Before her marriage she had thought that she had love within her
grasp; but since the happiness which she had expected this love to
bring her hadn't come, she supposed she must have been mistaken.
And Emma tried to imagine just what was meant, in life, by the
words 'bliss,' 'passion,' and 'rapture'- words that had seemed so
beautiful to her in books (1993:32-33).
The quotation above explains that Emma’s point of view about marriage is
just like those she read in romantic novels. The romantic novels often
picture marriage as something which is blissful and passionate. She is
trapped in her own illusions and imaginations. She thinks that her marriage
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will bring the same passion that she feels when she reads those romantic
novels.
Emma’s desires to get married are also influenced by her eagerness
for a change. When she gets married, she persuades herself that the love
she always dreams of is already within her grasp, (1993:37). She lives a
monotonous and tedious life in her father’s farm. Her father, Monsieur
Roault also thinks that she is not really useful for the farm and it is the best
decision to let her marry Charles. After she gets married, she quickly gets
disappointed and regrets her decision. Emma would ask herself again and
again: 'Why -why - did I ever marry?' (1993:42).
She did not go for a date with Charles before she decides to marry
him. Charles is the one who is charmed by her beauty. He thought that she
would be a perfect wife for him. She did not know much about Charles
except his occupation as a doctor. When they get married, she discovered
that Charles was a dull and boring man. She even dreamed that she would
have found another man who met all her expectations if she had not met
Charles:
She wondered whether some different set of circumstances might
not have resulted in her meeting some different man; and she tried
to picture those imaginary circumstances , the life they would have
brought her, the unknown other husband. However, she imagined
him; he wasn’t a bit like Charles. He might have been handsome,
witty, distinguished, magnetic-the kind of man her convent
schoolmates had doubtless married (1993:42).
It is stated that she has unrealistic expectations. She always wants a
perfect and flawless man who never exists in the reality. As Charles’ wife,
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she is never happy. She spends lot of her days dreaming of things which
not seem to be real. She is tortured by her own dreams and expectations:
Deep down, all the while, she was waiting for something to happen.