Acute Care Surgery And Trauma Evidence Based Practice pdf
Ac ute C a re Surg e ry a nd Tra um a Evide nc e Ba se d Pra c tic e Ed ite d b y
Acute Care Surgery and Trauma:
Evidence Based Practice
Edited by
MD FACS
Stephen M. Cohn Witten B. Russ Professor of Surgery
University of Texas Health Science Center
San Antonio, Texas, USA© 2009 Informa UK Ltd
First published in the United Kingdom in 2009 by Informa Healthcare, Telephone House, 69-77 Paul Street, London EC2A 4LQ.
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Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Section I – Trauma
1. Evidence for Injury Prevention Strategies: From Private Practice to Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Michelle A. Price and Cynthia L.Villarreal
2. Trauma Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
S. Morad Hameed and Richard K. Simons3. Evidence-Based Review of Trauma Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Michael M. Badellino, John J. Hong, and Michael D. Pasquale
4. Evidence-Based Surgery: Military Injury Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Brian J. Eastridge
5. Evidence-Based Surgery: Traumatized Airway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Edgar J. Pierre and Amanda Saab
6. Monitoring of the Trauma Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Eugene Y. Fukudome and Marc A. de Moya
7. Resuscitation of the Trauma Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
David R. King
8. Diagnosis of Injury in the Trauma Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Pedro G. R. Teixeira and Kenji Inaba9. An Evidence-Based Approach to Damage Control Laparotomy for Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Bruce Crookes
10. Evidence-Based Surgery: Coagulopathy in the Trauma Patient . . . . . . . . . . 65
Joseph J. DuBose and Peter M. Rhee
11. Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Ara J. Feinstein and Kenneth D. Stahl
12. Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Yoram Klein and Shaul Sagiv iv Contents
Facial Injuries
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Antonio Jorge V. Forte, Renato da Silva Freitas and Joseph H. Shin Ocular Trauma: An Evidence-Based
14. Approach to Evaluation and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Marc A. de Moya Emergency Thoracotomy
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Joseph E. Glaser and Alexandra A. MacLean An Evidence-Based Approach to Pregnant Trauma Patients 27.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Steven E. Wolf
32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Gabriel E. Burkhardt and Todd E. Rasmussen Critical Questions in Support of the Burned Patient 33.
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Hany Bahouth and Doron Norman Limb Salvage for the Mangled Extremity
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Howard Wang, Patrick Schaner and Sahar David Lower Extremity Injury. . . . . . . . . . . 177 Terence O’Keeffe Surgery of Upper Extremity
28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Matthew O. Dolich An Evidence-Based Approach to Extremity Vascular Trauma 29.. . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Igor Jeroukhimov Pelvic Fractures
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Adrian W. Ong and Elan Jeremitsky Abdominal Vascular Trauma
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Joseph J. DuBose and Mark Gunst Trauma to the Chest WallHeidi I. Becker and M. Kelly Green Neck Trauma
23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Daniel L. Dent Diaphragmatic Injuries
22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Alberto Garcia, Maria Fernanda Jimenez and Juan Carlos Puyana Small Bowel and Colon Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Deborah L. Mueller An Evidence-Based Approach to Spleen Trauma: Management 21. and Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Anne Saladyga and Robert Benjamin Injury to the Liver
19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Dror Soffer and Edan Sarid Injury to the Esophagus, Trachea, and Bronchus 20.. . . . . . . . . . 115 Mark Cockburn Evidence-Based Surgery: Cardiac Trauma
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Joseph J. DuBose and Lydia Lam Evidence-Based Surgery: Injury to the Thoracic Great Vessels 18.
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Fahim Habib Pancreatic and Duodenal TraumaContents v Burn Wound Management 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Joseph H. Shin, Antonio Jorge V. Forte and Renato Freitas Inhalation Injury 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Leopoldo C. Cancio Electrical, Cold, and Chemical Injuries 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Stephanie A. Savage Evidence-Based Wound Care Management 37.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 David Sahar and Howard Wang Viperidae Snakebite Envenomation 38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Steven Granger and Ronald Stewart Evidence-Based Surgery: War Wounds 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Lorne H. Blackbourne Evidence-Based Surgery: Pediatric Trauma 40.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Gerald Gollin An Evidence-Based Approach to Geriatric Trauma 41.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Carl I. Schulman Rural Trauma 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Burke Thompson Reducing Patient Errors in Trauma Care 43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Kenneth D. Stahl and Susan E. Brien
Section II – Emergency General Surgery Small Bowel Surgery 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Erik J. Teicher, John J. Hong, Michael M. Badellino, and Michael D. Pasquale An Evidence-Based Approach to Upper GI Bleed Management 45.
. . . . . . . . 285 John G. Schneider and Bruce A. Crookes Peptic Ulcer Disease 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Wayne H. Schwesinger Enterocutaneous Fistula 47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Peter A. Learn Paraesophageal Hernia Repair 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Omid Noormohammadi, Alicia Logue and Kent R. Van Sickle Appendicitis 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Peter P. Lopez and Amy De Rosa Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Steven D. Schwaitzberg Diverticular Disease of the Colon 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Brent Izu and Akpofure Peter Ekeh Large Bowel Obstruction 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Jerry Lee Howard, John J. Hong, Michael M. Badellino, and Michael D. Pasquale Acute and Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia 53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Joshua B. Alley vi Contents
Ogilvie’s Syndrome and Colonic Volvulus 54.
66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Ryan T. Hagino Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Sapoora Manshaii and Greg J. Beilman
73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Christopher Busken, Rebecca Coefield, Robert Kelly and Steven Brower
72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Steven Schwaitzberg Surgical Endocrine Emergencies
71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Mark D. Sawyer Incarcerated Hernias
70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
George C. Velmahos Necrotizing Soft Tissue InfectionsPaula K. Shireman Pulmonary Embolism
Deep Venous Thrombosis
69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Boulos Toursarkissian Acute Aortic Dissection
65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Maureen K. Sheehan Acute Arterial Embolus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Raymond P. Compton Hemorrhoids
. . . . . 406 Robert M. Esterl Jr., Greg A. Abrahamian and K. Vincent Speeg Gangrene of the Foot
63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Andreas G. Tzakis and Pararas Nikolaos Diagnosis and Treatment of Variceal Hemorrhage due to Cirrhosis 64.
62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Olga N. Tucker and Raul J. Rosenthal Liver Abscess
61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Stephen W. Behrman Pancreatic Pseudo-cysts
60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Adrian W. Ong and Charles F. Cobb Acute Pancreatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Juliane Bingener Acute Cholangitis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Scott R. Steele and Joel E. Goldberg Evidence-Based Practice: Acute Cholecystitis 59.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Matthew J. Eckert, Joel E. Goldberg and Scott R. Steele Rectal Prolapse: Evidence-Based Outcomes 58.
56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
W. Brian Perry Evidence-Based Surgery: Pilonidal Disease 57.
55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Clarence E. Clark III Anal Fissure, Fistula, and AbscessV. Seenu Reddy
Section III – Surgical Critical Care Problems Evidence-Based Surgery: Bacteremia
Contents vii
75. Prevention of Central Venous Catheter Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 J. Matthias Walz and Stephen O. Heard
76. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Aaron M. Fields
77. Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock . . . 473 Antonio Hernandez
78. Perioperative Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Bipin K. Ravindran and Mohan N. Viswanathan
79. Feeds and Feeding Surgical Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Jayson D. Aydelotte
80. Evidence-Based Surgery: Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Juan J. Blondet and Greg J. Beilman
81. Acute Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Teofilo Lama
82. Hyperglycemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Balachundhar Subramaniam and Alan Lisbon
83. Abdominal Compartment Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 James C. Doherty
84. Agitation and Delirium in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Robert Chen
85. Malignant Hypertension: An Evidence-based Surgery Review . . . . . . . . . . 523 David S. Owens and Marshall A. Corson Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
1 Contributors
Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB San Antonio, Texas, USA
Juliane Bingener MD
Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
COL Lorne H. Blackbourne MD FACS
U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas, USA
Juan J. Blondet MD
Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Col. W. Brian Perry MD USAF MC
Susan E. Brien MD MEd CSPQ FRCSC CPE
Bethesda MD
Associate Director, Professional Affairs, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Steven Brower MD
Division of General Surgery Memorial Health Medical Center Savannah, Georgia, USA
Gabriel E. Burkhardt MD Capt USAF MC
Vascular Surgery Resident, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Christopher Busken MD
Division of General Surgery Memorial Health Medical Center Savannah, Georgia, USA
Department of Surgery Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma Fort Lewis, Washington, USA
Greg A. Abrahamian MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
Associate Professor of Surgery Penn State College of Medicine Program Director, General Surgery Residency Lehigh Valley Health Network Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA
Omid Noormohammadi, Alicia Logue MD
University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Joshua B. Alley MD
Major USAF MC, Staff General Surgeon Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB Texas. Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Jayson D. Aydelotte MD
Director of Trauma, Department of Surgery Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
Michael M. Badellino MD
Hany Bahouth MD BS C
Robert Benjamin MD FACS
General and Trauma Surgeon, Director Acute Care Surgery, Rambam Health Campus Haifa, Israel
Heidi I. Becker MD
Assistant Professor Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
Stephen W. Behrman MD FACS
Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery The University of Tennessee Health Science-Center Memphis, Tennessee, USA
Greg J. Beilman MD FACS
Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Chief of Trauma Services William Beaumont Army Medical Center Department of Surgery El Paso, Texas, USA
Contributors ix Leopoldo C. Cancio MD FACS
Akpofure Peter Ekeh MD
Matthew O. Dolich MD FACS
Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery University of California, Irvine Orange, California, USA
Joseph J. DuBose MD
Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Wilford Hall Medical Center Lackland AFB, Texas Clinical Instructor, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Los Angeles County, University of Southern California Hospital Los Angeles, California, USA
COL Brian J. Eastridge MD FACS
Director, Joint Trauma System U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Matthew J. Eckert MD
Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center Fort Lewis, Washington, USA
Associate Professor Wright State University Department of Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine Dayton, Ohio, USA Robert M. Esterl Jr.
James C. Doherty MD MPH
MD
Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
Ara J. Feinstein MD MPH
Ryder Trauma Center, Jackson Memorial Hospital Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery Miami, Florida, USA
Aaron M. Fields MD
Assistant Program Director Critical Care Fellowship, Staff Intensivist Staff Anesthesiologist, United States Air Force Wilford Hall Medical Center Lackland AFB, Texas, USA
Antonio Jorge V. Forte MD Resident
Plastic Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Renato Freitas MD PhD
Director of Trauma Surgery and Critical Care Advocate Christ Medical Center Oak Lawn, Illinois Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Associate Professor, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S. Army, U.S., Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas, USA
Division of General Surgery Memorial Health Medical Center Savannah, Georgia, USA
Robert Chen MD FRCPC
Attending Anaesthetist and Intensivist Assistant Professor St. Michael’s Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, USA
Clarence E. Clark III MD
Chief Resident, General Surgery Department of Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio and Wilford Hall Medical Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Charles F. Cobb MD
Associate Professor of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital Department of Surgery Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Mark Cockburn MD
New Rochelle, New York, USA
Rebecca Coefi eld MD
Raymond P. Compton MD FACS
Daniel L. Dent MD
Paris Surgical Specialists, Chief of Surgery, Henry County Medical Center Paris, Tennessee, USA
Marshall A. Corson MD
Associate Professor of Medicine Head, Section of Cardiology Medical Center Division of Cardiology University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, Washington, USA
Bruce A. Crookes MD FACS
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Trauma Burns and Critical Care, Department of Surgery University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, Vermont, USA
Marc A. de Moya MD FACS
Assistant Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical School Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Amy P. De Rosa DO
Resident Surgeon MCRMC: Department of General Surgery Michigan State University East Larsing, Michigan, USA
Adjunct Professor of Plastic Surgery Federal University of Parana Curitiba, Brazil x Contributors
Eugene Y. Fukudome MD
Resident in Surgery Wright State University Department of Surgery Boonshoft School of Medicine Dayton, Ohio, USA
Assistant Professor Director of Cardiothoracic & Transplant Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
John J. Hong MD
Chief, Section of Trauma Research Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care Lehigh Valley Health Network Allentown, Pennsylvania , USA
Jerry Lee Howard MD
Department of Surgery, Lehigh Valley Health Network Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA
Kenji Inaba MD MS C FRCSC FACS
Assistant Professor of Surgery University of Southern California Division of Trauma Surgery and Surgical Critical Care Los Angeles, California, USA
Brent Izu MD
Elan Jeremitsky MD
Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology and Surgery University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Masschusetts, USA
Division of Trauma Surgery Department of Surgery Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Igor Jeroukhimov MD
Head of Trauma Unit Attending in General Surgery Division of Surgery, Hasaf Harofei Medical Center Affi liated with Tel Aviv University Zerefi n, Israel
Maria Fernanda Jimenez MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
Robert Kelly MD
Division of General Surgery, Memorial Health Medical Center Savannah, Georgia, USA
David R. King MD Major USAF MC
Antonio Hernandez MD
Stephen O. Heard MD
Resident, Department of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Steven Granger MD
Alberto Garcia MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Universidad del Valle Chief Emergency Department, Fundacion Valle de Lili Cali, Colombia
Joseph E. Glaser MD
Resident, Department of General Surgery New York Hospital of Queens, Flushing New York, USA
Joel E. Goldberg MD FACS
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Masschusetts, USA
Gerald Gollin MD
Associate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Loma Linda University School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Surgery Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Surgery Intermountain Medical Center Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Assistant Professor of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
M. Kelly Green MD
Resident, Department of Ophthalmology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
Mark Gunst MD MPH
Division of Acute Care Surgery Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Wilford Hall Medical Center Lackland AFB, Texas, USA
Fahim Habib MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, USA
Ryan T. Hagino MD FACS
Associate Professor, Division of Vascular Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
S. Morad Hameed MD MPH FRCSC
Instructor of Surgery, Division of Trauma Emergency Surgery, Surgical Critical Care Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Contributors xi Yoram Klein MD
Michelle A. Price MEd PhD
Adrian W. Ong MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine Allegheny General Hospital Department of Surgery Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Michael D. Pasquale MD
Associate Professor of Surgery Penn State College of Medicine Chief, Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care Lehigh Valley Health Network Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA
Edgar J. Pierre MD
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Surgery and Care Critical Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miami, Florida, USA
Brad H. Pollock MPH PhD
Professor and Chairman Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
Assistant Professor of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
Terence O’Keeffe MB ChB BS C FRCS(E D ) MSPH
Basil A. Pruitt, Jr., MD
Clinical Professor Department of Surgery The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
Juan Carlos Puyana MD
Associate Professor Surgery and Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh - Chief Medical Offi cer
IMITS Center, UPMC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Todd E. Rasmussen MD Lt Col USAF MC
Chief Division of Surgery Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center Lackland Air Force Texas Associate Professor of Surgery, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Bipin K. Ravindran MD MPH
Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
Orthopedic Surgeon, Director, orthopedic surgery B Rambam Health Campus Haifa, Israel
Assistant Professor of Surgery Chief, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, The Hebrew University School of Medicine - Kaplan Medical Center Rehovot, Israel
Peter P. Lopez MD
Lydia Lam MD
Critical Care Fellow, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Los Angeles County University of Southern California Hospital Los Angeles, California, USA
Teofi lo Lama MD
Trauma and Critical Care Services Saint Mary’s Medical Center West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
Peter A. Learn MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas Wilford Hall, USAF Medical Center Lackland AFB, Texas, USA
Alan Lisbon MD
Associate Professor of Anaesthesia Harvard Medical School, Acting Chair, Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Masschusetts, USA
Assistant of Professor of Surgery Division of General and Laparoscopic Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Doron Norman MD
Alexandra A. MacLean MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Weill Medical College Cornell University, Attending Surgeon New York Hospital of Queens Flushing, New York, USA
Sapoora Manshaii MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Deborah L. Mueller MD FACS
Associate Professor of Surgery Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Pararas Nikolaos MD PhD
Transplant Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami, Florida , USA
Fellow, Cardiology and Cardiac Electrophysiology Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington, USA xii Contributors
V. Seenu Reddy, MD MBA FACS
Anne Saladyga MD
Raul J. Rosenthal MD FACS
The Bariatric Institute Cleveland Clinic Florida Weston, Florida, USA
Amanda Saab MD
Resident in Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miami, Florida, USA
Shaul Sagiv MD
Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Chief Division of Spine and Orthopedic Trauma The Hebrew University School of Medicine – Kaplan Medical Center Rehovot, Israel
David Sahar MD
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
William Beaumont Army Medical Center El Paso, Texas, USA
Peter M. Rhee MD MPH
Edan Sarid MD
Research Assistant, The Yitzhak Robin Trauma Division Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Department of Surgery B Tel Aviv, Israel
Stephanie A. Savage MD Major USAF MC
Surgical Critical Care/Chief of Trauma Wilford Hall Medical Center Lackland AFB, Texas, USA
Mark D. Sawyer MD
Consultant in Surgery Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, The Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Patrick Schaner MD
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Professor of Surgery, Chief, Section of Trauma Critical Care and Emergency Surgery Arizona Health Sciences Center Department of Surgery Tucson, Arizona, USA
John G. Schneider MD
Resident, Department of Surgery University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, Vermont, USA
Joseph H. Shin MD FACS
Carl I. Schulman MD MSPH FACS
DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery Division of Trauma and Critical Care University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, USA
Steven D. Schwaitzberg MD
Chief of Surgery, Cambridge Health Alliance Visiting Associate Professor Surgery Harvard Medical School Cambridge, Masschusetts, USA
Wayne H. Schwesinger MD FACS
Professor of Surgery Division of General and Laparoendoscopic Surgery Department of Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Maureen K. Sheehan MD FACS
Assistant Professor Division of Vascular Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Chief of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery, Baystate Medical Center Tufts Medical School Springfi eld, Masschusetts, USA
Associate Professor of Surgery University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
Joseph H. Shin MD FACS
Chief of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery, Baystate Medical Center Tufts Medical School Springfi eld, Masschusetts, USA
Paula K. Shireman MD FACS
Departments of Surgery and Medicine and The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at the University of Texas Health Science Center South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio, Texas, USA
Kent R. Van Sickle MD
Division of General and Laparoendoscopic Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Renato da Silva Freitas MD PhD
Adjunct Professor of Plastic Surgery Federal University of Parana Curitiba, Brazil
Richard K. Simons MBChB FRCSC
Assistant Professor Division of Thoracic Surgery Director Thoracic Aortic Surgery Department of Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Contributors xiii Boulos Toursarkissian MD
University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas Clinical Instructor, Trauma Surgery San Antonio, Texas Institute of Surgical Research San Antonio, Texas, USA
Professor of Medicine/Gastroenterology Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
Kenneth D. Stahl MD FACS
Assistant Professor of Surgery and Director of Patient Safety, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Director of Patient Safety Research William Lehman Injury Research Center The University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, USA
Scott R. Steele MD FACS
Colon and Rectal Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center Department of Surgery Assistant Professor of Surgery Uniformed Services University Fort Lewis, Washington, USA
Ronald Stewart MD
Balachundhar Subramaniam MBBS MD
Director, The Yitzhak Rabin Trauma, Division Assistant Professor of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Department of Surgery B Tel Aviv, Israel
Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Director of Cardiac Anesthesia Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Masschusetts, USA
Erik J. Teicher MD
Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care Lehigh Valley Health Network Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA
Pedro G.R. Teixeira MD
Research Fellow University of Southern California Division of Trauma Surgery and Surgical Critical Care Los Angeles, California, USA
Burke Thompson MD MPH
K. Vincent Speeg MD PhD
Dror Soffer MD
Associate Professor and Chief Division of Vascular Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas, USA
Cynthia L. Villarreal MA
Olga N. Tucker MD FRCSI
The Academic Department of Surgery The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, United Kingdom
Andreas G. Tzakis MD PhD FACS
Professor of Surgery Transplant Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami, Florida, USA
George C. Velmahos MD PhD MSEd
John F. Burke Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical School, Chief, Division of Trauma Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Faculty Associate Department of Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
Betty and Bob Kelso Distinguished Professor in Burns and Trauma, Vice-Chairman for Research Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center Chief and Task Area Manager, Clinical Trials United States Army San Antonio, Texas, USA
Mohan N. Viswanathan MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology Department of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington, USA
J. Matthias Walz MD
Assistant Professor Departments of Anesthesiology and Surgery University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
Howard Wang MD
University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery San Antonio, Texas, USA
Steven E. Wolf MD
Associate Director of Trauma Moses Cone Health System, Trauma Program Moses Cone Memorial Hospital Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
1
“The questions never change . . . just the answers!”
—Owen Wangensteen Preface
JOHN HUNTER, FATHER OF EVIDENCE-BASED SURGERY
The first surgeon to apply evidence to the field of surgery was probably John Hunter (1728–1793, Fig. P.1). His approach to medicine is exemplified by his management of gunshot wounds.
Conventional practice dictated that army surgeons open up a gunshot wound—a technique known as “dilatation”— prize out the musket ball or shot with their fingers or forceps prior to cleaning away any debris and dressing the wound. The principle of dilatation stemmed from the belief that gunpowder was poisonous, dating back to its first use in European warfare in the thirteenth century. This doctrine almost certainly increased death and suffering. The acts of incising flesh within a wound were exceedingly painful before the advent of anaesthetic agents and often lead to tremendous loss of blood. In addition, dilatation frequently introduced fatal infection as military surgeons often treated their casualties on muddy, manure-ridden battlefields.