The Foliar Application of Exogenous Antioxidant for Increasing Drought Tolerance in Soybean

  12/28/2017 Editorial ChemTech

  11 Dr.Alamdar Ashnagar, Pasteur Institute of Iran. Dr. Abdulkareem Ismaiel Abdulraheem,

  12 College of Health Sc.,PAAET, Kuwait.

  Dr. Ji-Tai Li,

  13 Hebei University, China.

  Dr.Abdalla Shalaby,

  14 Zigzag University,Egypt

Dr. Georgia Koliopoulou,

  15 University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

  Dr. A. A. Mottahedi ,

  16 IROST,Iran Dr. Gwendoline Ee Cheng Lian,

  17 University PutraMalaysia, Malaysia.

  Dr. J.V.Manwar,

  18 GSPS.IOP, M.S.India.

  

Dr.Miss Swastika Ganguly,

  19 Birla Insti.of Tech.,India.

  Prof. Dr. Sbirna Simona-Liana,

  20 University of Craiova, Romania.

  Dr Carolyn Coulter,

  21 University of Otago, New Zealand.

  Dr. Konstantinos M. Kasiotis,

  22 B P Institute, Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Athens, 14561, Greece.

  Dr. Arun HS Kumar,

  23 University College Cork,Ireland.

  24 Associate editors: Dr. M.Z. Kumbhare, M.S.India. Dr. S.R.Ninawe, M.S.India.

  

All Privacy & Copyrights reserved with Sai Scientific Communications.

_{Designed & Developed by :ISC email : aasifnasim(at)gmail(dot)com}

  

INDEX Page-1.

S.N.(Page Title of Paper and Names of Authors Numbers) Development and Evaluation of Lamotrigine loaded N-Trimethyl Chitosan Microspheres for Intranasal Administration (01-13) Jayshree B Taksande, Kamlesh J Wadher,Rashmi V Trivedi, Milind J Umekar

  Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff Leaf Extracts Have Potential to Protect Pancreas of Alloxan-induced Hyperglycemic Mice (14-18)

  I Made Artika, Hayatul Rahmi, Djarot Sasongko Hami Seno, Waras Nurcholis Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

Bacterial Patterns, Resistance and Susceptibility to Antibiotic in Patients with Cellulitis

(19-23) Donna Partogi, Dina Arwina Dalimunthe, Cut Putri Hazlianda Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Synthesis Beads Photocatalyst TiO2/N-zeolite/chitosan to photodegradation Methylene Blue with Sunlight (24-31) Sri Wardhani, Danar Purwonugroho, Rachmat Triandi Tjahtjanto Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Preparation of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Electrode for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Effect of Anodization Potential on Morphology and Photocurrent Response (32-39) Hedi Surahman, Yuni K Krisnandi and Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

  (40-44) The Textural properties of Zirconia pillared Indonesian Bentonite Ahmad Suseno, KarnaWijaya, Wega Trisunaryanti, Roto and Priyono

  Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effect of Black Cincau (Mesona palustris BL) Supplement Againts Oxidative Stress in Rats (45-55) Tri Dewanti. Widyaningsih, Betty Teodora F. Sari Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML The Effect of Mannanolytic Fungi and Humic Acid Dosage to Improve the Nutrient Content and Quality of FermentedPalm Kernel Cake (56-61) Mirnawati, G. Ciptaan, Ferawati Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Synthesis of TiO2/Chitosan Photocatalyst, TiO2/Bentonite and Adsorption of Zeolite to Purify Unnes’s Water Reservoir (62-69) Emas Agus Prastyo Wibowo, Navela Rahma Aji,Nuni Widiarti Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Preparation and Solid State Characterization of Binary Mixtures of Acyclovir – Succinic Acid (70-75) Agnes Nuniek Winantari, Dwi Setyawan, Siswandono, Sundani Nurono Soewandhi Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Peer Education : The Effect on Menstrual Knowledge in Early Reproductive Age Women in West Java Rural Area (76-83) Lulu Eva Rakhmilla, Ahsani Rahma Rudibianti,Vitriana Biben, Nur Amalia Rosyada Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Phytochemical, TLC Profile, and Antioxidant Activity of Malinau Endemic Plant of Tabar Kedayan (Aristolochia papilifolia Ding Hou) Root Fractions (84-90) Islamudin Ahmad, Mirhansyah Ardana, Riski Sulistyarini, Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo, Muhammad Arifuddin Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Plerixa for by RP-HPLC Method in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage form (91-98) S.V.Saibaba, P.Shanmuga Pandiyan Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML In Vitro Test of Chive Leaves Infuse (Allium schoenoprasum, L.) on Calcium Oxalate Solubility using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (99-102) Iksen, Ginda Haro, Siti Morin Sinaga Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

  (103-107) Extract Ethanol of Poguntano as Anti Diabetic in Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats

  Sry Suryani Widjaja, Delfitri Munir, Rusdiana, Maya Savira Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Hypoglycemic Activity of Nano Particles from Temuru Leaves and Temuru(Murraya Koenigii (L.) Spreng) Leaf Extract on Alloxan Induced rats and Antioxidant Activity (108-114) Rini Handayani, Urip Harahap, Karsono Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Chronic Lead Poisoning Prevention In Children With Calcium Supplementation (115-120) Aznan Leloa, Sri Sofyani Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Establishing correct coal quality for achieving optimum boiler efficiency & performance – a case study in the Indian utility industry (121-131) Ashok Sarkar, Prabhansu, Abhijit Chatterjee, Anup Kumar Sadhukhan, Pradip Kumar Chatterjee Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Effect Of Glucose In Addition To The Sequenching Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor (SBBGR) For Microorganism Growth (132-139) Candra Dwiratna W, Sudiro, Lito Drischa Azizah Baun Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Effect of Precursor Ions on the Removal of Phosphate from Low Strength Wastewater by Precipitation (140-149) ArsetoYekti Bagastyo, Anita Dwi Anggrainy, and Joni Hermana Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Correlation of Anemia and Total Iron Binding Capacity among Primary School Children in Medan (150-155) Zaimah Z Tala, Dewi Masyithah Darlan, Cellya Amanta, Syah Mirsya Warli, Nurfida K Arrasyid Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML The Foliar Application of Exogenous Antioxidant for increasing Drought Tolerance in Soybean (156-162) Yaya Hasanah, Lisa Mawarni and Tengku Irmansyah Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Corrosion Inhibition of Ethanol Extract of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Leaves on Mild Steel in Sulfuric Acid (163-171) Diah Riski Gusti, Emriadi, Admin Alif, Mai Efdi Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

  

(172-175) Characterization and Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds of Extract Ethanol Tagetes erecta L. by GC-

  MS Hosea Jaya Edy, Marchaban, Subagus Wahyuono, Agung Endro Nugroho Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Enzymes From Actinomycetes – Review (176-182) T. JANAKI Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Tolerance level of three genotypes of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) toward drought stress of vegetative phase based on morphological and physiological responses (183-192) Devi Armita, Estri Laras Arumyngtyas and Retno Mastuti Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Formulation Design and Optimization of Rice Bran Oil Microencapsulation with Ionic Gelation Method (193-199) Siti Nashihah, Fitria Ramadhani, Sutriyo, Fadlina Chany Saputri, Abdul Mun’im Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Evaluation Of Physical Stability And Antibacterial Properties Of Snakehead Fish (Ophiocephalus Striatus) Cream Containing Immunoglobulin (200-206) Robert Tungadi, Ekawaty Prasetya Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Inhibition of Alpha-Glucosidase and Antioxidant Test Using DPPH Method of Leaf Extracts of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb., and Phytochemical Screening on the Most Active Extract (207-215) Berna Elya, Jauza Nurrianti, Marista Gilang Mauldina Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Effect of Length Main Stem Pruning Variation on Physiology Character Three Genotype Chilli Pepper (Capsicum Frutescens L.) Commercial (216-223) Nau G.W., Arumyngtias E.L.

  Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Two Input Buck-Buck PWM DC-DC Converter fed Separately Excited DC motor: Design, Switch Realization and Simulation (224-235) A.Thiyagarajan Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

  (236-242) Kinect Base Virtual Reality versus Biodex Gait Training on Lower Limbs Function in Burned Patients Mona Mohammed Abd El khalek Talaat, Mohammed Mahmoud Abd El khalek Khalaf, Ahmed Gamil El Sharkawy

  Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Rice Husk Ash as Supplementary Material in Concrete- A Review (243-252) T.S. Ramesh Babu, D Neeraja Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Cupping therapy versus interferential cupping therapy on mechanical low back pain (253-264) Ahmed Assem Abd El Rahim, Maher Ahmed ELkabalawy, Ahmed Salah Al-Din Hassan, Hanaa kenawy Atta Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Practical aspects of phytobiotic (Veto-Acid®) supplemented to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge (265-272) Hanan A. Abo-State and A.I. Noor El-Deen Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Quality attributes of Flame seedless grapes as affected by some bio-stimulants (273-288) R.G. Stino, M.A. Ali, M.A. Abdel-Mohsen, M.A. Maksoud and A.Y.I. Thabet Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

Response of Chronic Venous Leg Ulcer Depth to Different Physical Therapy Modalities

(289-294) Heba M. Mohamady Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Norms for Gross Motor Development in Egyptian Toddlers: Pilot Study (295-300) Walaa Mahfouz Ali, Faten Hassan Abd Elazeim Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Dynamic Postural Control in Recurrent Ankle Sprain (301-307) Radwa El- Shorbagy, Alaa EL-Din Balbaa, Khaled Ayad Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML The Effect of a-Tocopherol in Egg Yolk Tris Diluent on the Spermatozoa Plasma Membrane Integrity, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA)in Bali CattleAt 5OC of Temperature (308-318) Lukman hy Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

  (319-331) Effect of Electro-Acupuncture on Low Back Pain During Pregnancy

  Magda S. Morsy and Adel F. Begawy Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML The impact of some innocuous treatments (UV, Ozone, anise oil and acetic acid) on maintaining the quality attributes of “Swelling” peach fruit at cold storage (332-344) Sherif, S. Saleh and Essam, M.Mshraky, A.M A.

  Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Estimating Water Content of Leaves by Using Innovative Laser Sensor (345-353) Khattab,Yosria K., H. Hassan, M. E. Shawkey, A. M. Abou El Magd, and W.M. Sultan Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML A randomized controlled trial of electromagnetic therapy on microcirculation and healing of painful vascular leg ulceration./td> (354-370) Eman M. Othman Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Sol gel synthesis of perovskite calcium manganese oxide nanopowder (371-380) H.K. Farag and A.M. Youssef Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Role of Cold Laser as an Alternative Tool to Bariatric Surgeries in Modifying Sirtuin1 Gene Expression in Obese Down Syndrome Patients (381-392) Mohamed Maher Ahmed, Zakaria Mowafy Emam Mowafy, Ehab Ragae, Samah Hosney Nagib, Fathea M. Metwally Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Economic importance of date palm pests in Aljouf region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (393-398) El- Kholy M.Y. and Abdel-Moniem, A.S.H.

  Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML Molecular identification and Control of some Gram negative bacterial isolates from Dental Unit Water Lines (399-408) Dina A. Maany and Amr A. El-Waseif Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML An investigation of Cymothoid Isopod invasion in Lake Qarun Fishes with preliminary trial for biological control (409-416) Nisreen E Mahmoud, M M Fahmy and Mai Abouwarda, M Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

  (417-424) Training Impact with Inspiratory Muscle Trainer Versus Pranayama On Pulmonary Functions Of Hemodialysis Patients Hany Farid Eid Elsisi, Sahier Omar Elkhashab, Marwa Mahmoud Elsayed Mahmoud Abstract Full Text PDF Full Text XML

  1

  2

  3 Next

(Back to Journal section)

International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.10 No.2, pp 156-162, 2017 The Foliar Application of Exogenous Antioxidant for increasing Drought Tolerance in Soybean Yaya Hasanah*, Lisa Mawarni and Tengku Irmansyah

  1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia Abstract : The objective of the research was to identify strategies for increasing soybean production in the dry lands through exogenous antioxidant role, in order to increase soybean production in the dry lands and to identify the role of exogenous antioxidants to changes in reactive oxygen species soybean on drought stress. The research used a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was drought stress treatment namely 80%, 60% and 40% of field capacity. The second factor was foliar application of antioxidant exogenous consisted of without antioxidant ; salycilic acid 500 ppm, ascorbic acid 500 ppm, c-tocopherol 500 ppm and chitosan 500 ppm. The results suggest that increased drought stress (80-40% of field capacity) increased the total soluble protein, superoxida dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and H O . Foliar application antioxidant increased the total soluble

  2

  2 protein, SOD, POD and H O as compared to without the application of antioxidants.

  2

  Yaya Hasanah et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(2): 156-162. *****

  

The Foliar Application of Exogenous Antioxidant for

increasing Drought Tolerance in Soybean

Yaya Hasanah*, Lisa Mawarni and Tengku Irmansyah

  1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia Abstract :

  The objective of the research was to identify strategies for increasing soybean production in the dry lands through exogenous antioxidant role, in order to increase soybean production in the dry lands and to identify the role of exogenous antioxidants to changes in reactive oxygen species soybean on drought stress. The research used a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was drought stress treatment namely 80%, 60% and 40% of field capacity. The second factor was foliar application of antioxidant exogenous consisted of without antioxidant ; salycilic acid 500 ppm, ascorbic acid 500 ppm, D-tocopherol 500 ppm and chitosan 500 ppm. The results suggest that increased drought stress (80-40% of field capacity) increased the total soluble protein, superoxida dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and H

  2 O

  2

  . Foliar application antioxidant increased the total soluble protein, SOD, POD and H

  2 O

  2 as compared to without the application of antioxidants.

  Keywords : antioxidant exogenous, foliar application, soybean.

  International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.10 No.2, pp 156-162, 2017

Introduction

  Drought stress is a major constraint to the production and yield stability of soybean. Drought stress can affect plant growth process, both from the anatomical, morphological, physiological and biochemical

  5

  . Based on the biochemical aspects, drought stress can cause cell damage to crops due to the oxidative stress caused an increase in the accumulation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. ROS accumulation hampering the process of photosynthesis with the closing of stomata, causing oxidative damage to photosynthetic organelles. Free radicals are reactive in the plant tissue that can lead to damage in several ways that break the chains of protein, fat and membrane damage react with DNA causing cell mutation

  7,8

  . However, ROS tolerant crops will perform an adaptation by producing compounds that are antioxidants. Natural antioxidant in plants generally in the form of phenolic compounds or polyphenols which can be a class of flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, coumarin, tocopherol, and polyfunctional organic acids

  9 .

  An increase in ROS in plants by drought causes oxidative stress which result in damage to the cell by oxidation of lipids and nucleic acids. To cope with oxidative stress, plants have mechanisms to increase resilience through the formation and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione Reductase (GRX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and other antioxidant compounds that can save

  Soybeans have a strategic potential in food security as a source of protein and high-quality functional foods for human needs. One of the benefits of soybean seed is that it contains secondary natural metabolite compounds, including phenolic acid, lignin, and isoflavones. These compounds are thought to have multi-health benefits for humans and plants. For example, isoflavones and phenolics are reported to have health benefits as antioxidants against heart disease and cancer.

  1,2,3,4

  

Yaya Hasanah et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(2): 156-162. 157

  crops from ROS. Damage Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the ability of antioxidant

  10, 11, 12

  enzymes and toksifikasi ROS One approach to increase oxidative stress tolerance in soybean plants on drought stress is the foliar application of exogenous antioxidants. Application of antioxidants is expected to prevent / reduce the activity of

  ROS caused by drought, so the plants are more tolerant and as an indicator is the increased activity of SOD

  

13, 14

  which served to protect the function of chloroplasts . Several types of exogenous antioxidants that can be

15, 16.

used include ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and chitosan

  The antioxidant activity are widely known on aspects of biomedical, nutritional and environmental

  17, 18

  protection , but there is still little knowledge about the role of exogenous antioxidants in reducing the effects of drought stress on soybeans. Based on the above background, the study aims to identify the role of exogenous antioxidants to changes in reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in soybean under drought stress.

Material and Methods

  Research was conducted in kassa house of Faculty of Agriculture University of Sumatera Utara (Indonesia) from July to November 2016. Analysis of ROS and antioxidant enzymes do in Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture USU Medan. Analysis of protein content is done at the Laboratory of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture USU.

  Experimental design and crop management

  Treatments were arranged in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors and three replications. The first factor is exogenous antioxidant treatment consists of (1). Without exogenous antioxidants (2). Chitosan 1 mg / ml (3). 500 ppm of ascorbic acid and (4). Salicylic Acid 500 ppm and (5).

  D- tocopherol. The second factor is treatment of drought stress namely 80%, 60% and 40% of field capacity. Preparation of antioxidant exogenous refered to standard procedures. Chitosan, ascorbic acid, methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid are product of Sigma Aldrich. Chitosan is a linear amino polysaccharide of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units and is obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin extracted from

  19,20 the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs, as well from the cell walls of some fungi . o

  Autoclaved stock solution of 120 C for 20 minutes, and sterile distilled water to obtain a final concentration of chitosan solution 1 mg/mL. Antioxidant exogenous, salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and methyl jasmonate dissolved in distilled water and diluted to concentrations (500 ppm). The determination of the concentration of 21. salicylic acid refers to research

  The soil for the study were taken from dry land Tungtungan Village, Medan. Before planting liming with dolomite 500 kg / ha and incubated for 3 weeks. A total of 10 kg of air-dry soil put in a poly bag size 30 cm x 40 cm. Poly bag had previously been covered with plastic. Soybean varieties used Wilis. Selection of the

  22

  cultivar referring to previously experiment conducted by Hasanah . Soybean planted in poly bags. Foliar application of exogenous antioxidant carried out in accordance concentrations on 2 week after planting (WAP) to R6 with an interval of once a week.

  Determination of soil water content to determine the weight of air-dry soil that will be incorporated into

  23

  the poly bag carried by the drying method , while the determination of water content at field capacity (FC) 23. was conducted using a hydrometer Bouyoucos Treatment 80% of FC done since the time of planting until harvest. In the treatment of 60% and 40% of FC, the application of water initially as much as 80% of FC performed each up to 4 WAP, after that, the plant in poly bag watered with a certain volume once a day to maintain water levels in the poly bag until it reached each treatment % of FC by the gravimetri method. P and

• 1 -1

  K fertilizer application at a dose of 150 kg ha P O and 75 kg K O ha for all crops at planting time. N

  2

  

5

  2

• 1

  fertilizer application at dose of 50 kg ha Urea was given half the dose of N fertilizer at planting time and the rest at 4 WAP. Weeding is done manually by removing the weeds in accordance with the conditions of the field. Harvesting is done after soybean showed the harvest criteria that the skin pods has brownish, stems and leaves have dried up at the age of 82 days after planting.

  

Yaya Hasanah et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(2): 156-162. 158

  Parameters observed was total soluble protein content with units mg Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA)/g sample, reactive oxygen species (H O ) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase/SOD) and peroxidase

  2

  2

  24

  (POD). The determination of total soluble protein content refers to the procedure described by Bradford with

  25

  units mg Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA)/g sample, SOD refers to procedures by Giannopolitis and Ries and

  24

  26 POD refers to Pinto determination of H O refers to Sergiev

  2

  Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparison of means. A combined analysis of variance was done to evaluate isoflavones affected by growing season. Means were separated using Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test at the 0.05 probability level.

  Result and Discussion Total Soluble Protein

  Based on Table 1 showed that the interaction between drought stress and antioxidant exogenous application have significantly effect on the total soluble protein. Increased drought stress (80% - 40% of field capacity/FC) tends to lower total soluble protein. In general, antioxidant treatment of chitosan increase the protein content than other treatments. Effect of drought stress treatment 80% of FC and antioxidants chitosan significantly increased the protein total soluble protein, while 40% of FC treatment and chitosan produced low total soluble protein.

  Table 1. Total soluble protein of soybean with application of antioxidant exogenous and drought stress Drought stress Antioksidan (A) (K) Without Salycilic Ascorbic

  D-

   (% of field Mean

antioksidan acid acid tocophero Chitosan

capacity)

  

(A0) (A1) (A2) l (A3) (A4)

…………………… mg BSA/g…………………..

  80 (K1) 58.09abc 50.30bc 74.98abc 97.88abc 152.51a

  86.75 60 (K2) 73.86abc 34.50c 96.24abc 73.99abc 113.22abc 78.36 40 (K3) 84.59abc 131.93ab 36.99bc 51.44bc 32.34c

  67.46 Mean

  72.18

  72.24

  69.40

  74.44

  99.36 Different letters represent significant differences at Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05) Protein is a complex organic compound weights high molecular polymer of an acid monomers amino are connected to each other by peptide bonds. Plants absorb nutrients and then distributed to the entire parts of the plant to the leaves so the plants form proteins and make reforms catabolism). Plants experience drought stress will increase proline content that contributes to dehydration tolerance in a way protects the protein and membrane structure. In this mechanism, there synthesis and accumulation of organic compounds that can lower thereby reducing the osmotic potential of water potential in the cell without limiting enzyme function and maintain cell turgor. Some of the compounds which plays a role in cell osmotical adjustments include osmotic

  27

  sugar, proline and betaine, protein dehidrin . The reduction in the total soluble proteins detected in the plants under water stress is due to probable increase of the protease enzyme activities, in which these protease enzymes promote the breakdown of the proteins and consequently decrease the protein amount present in the 28, 29, 30. plant under abiotic stress conditions In inadequate conditions to the plant the pathway of protein breakdown is active, because the plant uses the proteins for the synthesis of nitrogen compounds as amino acids

  

31

that might be auxiliary for the plant osmotic adjustment .

  Peroxidase Enzyme (POD)

  Base on Table 2 showed that drought stress, antioxidant exogenous application and the interaction between drought stress, antioxidant exogenous application not signicantly effect on the peroxidase enzyme. Increased drought stress (80% - 40% of FC) tends to increase peroxidase enzyme. Salicylic acid antioxidant treatment tends to increase the content of peroxidase enzymes than other treatments, whereas without the antioxidant treatment tent to reduce the content of peroxidase. Effect of drought stress treatment 40% of FC and

  

Yaya Hasanah et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(2): 156-162. 159

  chitosan tent to increase the peroxidase enzyme, while 80% of FC treatment and chitosan produce the lower of peroxidase enzyme.

  Antioxidant enzymes of soybean were increased in response to different concentration of Salycilic Acid (SA). It was found that increased SOD activity was accompanied by increase in catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) because of high demands of H O quenching. It was cleared that increment in SOD and POD

  2

  2

  simultaneously affect each other. First line of defense was provided by SOD against the cellular due to

  32

  environmental stress along with its major superoxide scavenger . Salicylic acid was also found to enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and catalase

  33 (CAT), when sprayed exogenously to the drought stressed plants of tomato .

  

Table 2. Peroxydase enzyme content of soybean with application of antioxidant exogenous and drought

stress Drought stress Antioksidan (A) (K) Without Salycilic Ascorbic

  D-

   (% of field Mean antioksidan acid acid tocophero Chitosan capacity) (A0) (A1) (A2) l (A3) (A4) …………………… unit/protein……………..

  80 (K1)

  0.64

  1.28

  0.74

  0.47

  0.32

  0.69 60 (K2)

  0.70

  1.58

  0.84

  0.59

  0.41

  0.82 40 (K3)

  0.57

  0.51

  0.82

  1.97

  1.97

  1.17 Mean

  0.63

  1.12

  0.80

  1.01

  0.90 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) Base on the Table 3 showed that drought stress, antioxidant exogenous and the interaction between them has no significantly effect on the enzyme of SOD. Increased drought stress (80% - 40% of FC) tends to increase the SOD enzyme. The

  D- tocopherol antioxidant treatment tends to increase the content of SOD than other treatments, whereas the chitosan antioxidant treatment tends to reduce the content of SOD. Effect of drought stress treatment 40% of FC and antioxidants of

  D- tocopherol increased the SOD, while 60% of FC treatment and chitosan produce low SOD enzyme.

  Tabel 8. SOD enzyme of soybean with application of antioxidant exogenous and drought stress Drought stress Antioxidant exogenous (A) Mean (K) Without Salycilic Ascorbic

  D-

   (% of field

antioksidan acid acid tocopherol Chitosan

capacity)

  

(A0) (A1) (A2) (A3) (A4)

…………………… unit/protein ……………..

  80 (K1)

  0.38

  0.97

  1.08

  0.85

  0.43

  0.74 60 (K2)

  1.36

  0.90

  0.67

  1.43

  0.22

  0.91 40 (K3)

  0.62

  0.28

  2.13

  2.62

  1.28

  1.39 Mean

  0.79

  0.72

  1.29

  1.63

  0.64 Among enzymatic mechanisms, SOD plays an important role, and catalyzes the dismutation of two

  

molecules of superoxide into O and H O ; the first step in reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. A study

  2

  2

  2

utilizing two rapidly drought-stressed clones of Coffea canephora, proposed that drought tolerance might, or at

34.

least in part, be associated with enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes Alpha-tocopherol is the major

  vitamin E, this antioxidant deactivates photosynthesis-derived reactive oxygen species, and prevents the propagation of lipid peroxidation by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals in thylakoid membranes. Alpha- tocopherol levels change differentially in response to environmental constraints, depending on the magnitude of the stress and species-sensitivity to stress. Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), which is hydrophobic and associated with membranes, is one of the most important components of cellular defense against oxidative injury. It reacts with superoxide, lipid peroxy radical, and singlet oxygen and terminates the chain reactions of lipid

  

Yaya Hasanah et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(2): 156-162. 160

  peroxidation. A significant increase of -tocopherol concentration is observed in several plant species when ž they are subjected to drought. Highly significant correlations were observed between stress tolerance and

  35, 36, 37, 38

  tocopherol concentration (Spearmans rank correlation coefficient r =0.731)

  H O content

  2

  2 Base on Table 4 showed that the drought stress and antioxidant exogenous application have

  significantly effect on H O . Increased drought stress (80% - 40% of FC) increased H O . Treatment antioxidant

  2

  2

  2

  2

  ascorbic acid increased the content of H O than other treatments, whereas without the antioxidant treatment

  2

  2

  reduced the content of H O . Effect of drought stress treatment to 40% and the antioxidant ascorbic acid tent to

  2

  2

  increase the content of H O , while 80% KL treatment and without antioxidant exogenous tent to decrease the

  2

  2 produce of H O content.

  2

  2 Table 9. H O content of soybean with application of antioxidant exogenous and drought stress

  2

  D-

   (% of field antioxidant acid acid tocophero Chitosan capacity)

(A0) (A1) (A2) l (A3) (A4)

…………………… unit ……………..

  80 (K1) 0.059 0.127 0.174 0.059 0.112 0.106b 60 (K2) 0.150 0.153 0.146 0.166 0.116 0.146ab 40 (K3) 0.111 0.130 0.232 0.156 0.158 0.157a

  Mean 0.107e 0.137b 0.184a 0.127d 0.129c Different letters at the same row or coloumn represent significant differences at Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05)

  Ascorbic acid acts as a cofactor for several enzymes and regulates the phytohormone-mediating

  39

  40

  signaling processes , and many physiological processes in plants , also modulates the tocopherol synthesis,

  41

  which protects the plant from several environmental stresses . Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule in plants, which helps to regulate plant resistance against drought stress. Hydrogen peroxide (H O ),

  2

  2

  acts as signaling molecule and assistant in triggering stress resistance mechanism. Exogenous application of

  42, 43 salycilic acid helps in improving the resistance against drought stress in soybean .

  Conclusion Increased drought stress (80-40% of FC) increased the total soluble protein, SOD, POD and H O .

  2

  2 Foliar application antioxidant increased the total soluble protein, SOD, POD and H2O2 as compared to without the application of antioxidants.

Acknowledgement

  The authors gratefully thank University of Sumatera Utara for financing and supporting this work, and gratefully thank Laily Asyura and Ahmad Sadam for technical assistance in planting and harvesting the research.

References 1

  G. Sakthivelu, M. K. A. Devi, P. Giridhar, T. Rajasekaran, G. A. Ravishankar, M. T. Nikolova, G. B. Angelov, R. M. Todorova and G. P. Kosturkova. 2008. Isoflavone Composition, Phenol Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Soybean Seeds from India and Bulgaria, J. of Agric. and Food Chemistry 56(6) : 2090-2095. doi:10.1021/jf072939a

  2. M. Messina. 1995. Modern Applications for an Ancient Bean: Soybeans and the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease. J. of Nutrition 125 : 567- 569.

  

Yaya Hasanah et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(2): 156-162. 161

  13. Hussein, M.M., O.M. Kassab and A.A. Ellil. 2008. Evaluating water stress influence on growth and photosynthetic pigments of two sugars beet varieties. Research Agric. And Biol. Sci. 4(6):936-941.

  24. Bradford, M.M. 1976. A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72, 248-254.

  23. Foth, H.D. 2004. Fundamentals of Soil Science. J. Willey and Sons. Inc. N.Y.

  J. of Agric. and Environ. for International Development 109(1): 5 – 14.

  22. Hasanah, Y., T. Chairun Nisa, Hapsoh dan H. Hanum. 2015. Isoflavone content of soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.] cultivars with different nitrogen souces and growing season under dry land conditions.

  21. Saini, R.K., M. Akithadevi, Parvatamgiridhar, G. Ravishankar. 2013. Augmentation of major isoflavones in Glycine max L. Acta Bot. Croat. 72 (2), 311–322.

  20. No, H. K. and Meyers, S. P. 1997. Preparation of chitin and chitosan. In: Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Peter, M.G. (Eds.), Chitin Handbook. European Chitin Society, Grottammare AP, Italy, pp. 475-489

  19. Saeid, N.M. 2016. Postharvest Application of Chitosan and Thymol For Controlling Grey Mould and Soft Rot diseases of Strawberry Fruits., International Journal of PharmTech Research,9(9):9-16.

  18. Sun T, Zhou DX, Mao F, Zhu YN (2007) Preparation of low molecular-weight carboxymethyl chitosan and their superoxide anion scavenging activity. Eur Polym J 43: 652- 656

  17. Meng, X.H., Li, B.Q., Liu J, Tian S.P. 2008. Physiological responses and quality attributes of table grape fruit to chitosan preharvest spray and postharvest coating during storage. Food Chem 106: 501- 508.

  16. Prashanth, H.K.V., Dharmesh, S.M., Rao J.K.S., Tharanathan, R.N. 2007. Free radical-induced chitosan depolymerized products protect calf thymus DNA from oxidative damage. Carbohydr Res 342: 190-195.

  15. Nadapdap, T. P. 2015. Role of Chitosan on the Spermatogenesis Disruptionof Rat (Rattussp.) After Plumbum-Acetate Administration, International Journal of PharmTech Research,. 8(2) : 213-220, 2015

  14. Carvalho, M.H.C. 2008. Drought stress and reactive oxygen species Production, scavenging and signaling. Review. Plant Signaling & Behavior 3 (3) : 156-165

  12. Fayez, K.A. and S.A. Bazaid. 2014. Improving drought and salinity tolerance in barley by application of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agric. Sci. 13 : 45–55.

  3. S. M. Potter, J. A. Baum, H. Y. Teng, R. J. Stillman, N. F. Shay and J. W. Erdman. 1998. Soy Protein and Isoflavones: Their Effects on Blood Lipids and Bone Density in Post-menopausal Women.

  129:1627-1632.

  11. Rodríguez AA, Grunberg KA, Taleisnik EL. 2002. Reactive Oxygen Species in the Elongation Zone of Maize Leaves Elongation Zone of Maize Leaves Are Necessary for Leaf Extension. Plant Physiol.

  International Journal of PharmTech Research 8(9) : 24-30.

  10. Sembiring, H., T. Barus, L. Marpaung and P. Simanjuntak. 2015. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Some Leaves Extracts (Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and N-Hexane) of Scurrula fusca G.Don.

  9. Sgherri CLM, Navari-Izzo F. 1995. Sunflower seedling subjected to increasing water deficit stress. Oxidative stress an defence mechanism. Physiol. Plant. 93: 25-30.

  8. Puneetha, G.K., Murali, M., Thrivani, M.C. and Amruthesh, K.N., Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial properties of Taxillus cuneatus (Roth.) Danser-A Hemi-parasitic Angiosperm, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2014, 5 (5), 702- 711.

  7. Chatterjee, S., Zareena Niaz, S. Gautam, Soumyakanti Adhikari, Prased S. Variyar and Arun Sharma, Antioxidant Activity of Some Phenolic Constituents from Green Pepper (Piper ningrum L.) and Fresh Nutmeg Mace (Myristica fragrans), Food Chemistry. 2007, 101, 515-523.

  6. Prochazkova D, Sairam RK, Srivastava GC, Singh DV. 2001. Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity as the basis of senescence in maize leaves. Plant Sci. 161 :765-771.

  Physiological and Molecular Approaches to Improve Drought Resistance in Soybean. Plant Cell Physiol. 50(7):1260-1276.

  5. Manalavan, L.P., Satish K. Guttikonda1, Lam-Son Phan Tran and Henry T. Nguyen. 2009.

  4. Su, S. J., Yeh, T. M., Lei, H. Y. and Chow, N. H. 2000. Thepotential of soybean foods as a chemoprevention approach for human urinary tract cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 6 : 230-236.

  American J. of Clin. Nutrition 68 : 1375s-1379s.

  25. Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK. 1977. Superoxide dismutase. I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiology. 59: 309–314

  

Yaya Hasanah et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(2): 156-162. 162

  26. Pinto, M.C.M., J. M. Martins Ribeiro, Francisco Pinheiro de Araújo, Natoniel Franklin de Melo2 and Kátia Valevski Sales Fernandes. 2015. Purification and characterization of a peroxidase present in xilopodium exsudates of umbu plants (Spondias tuberosa A.). African J. of Biotechnology 14(21) : 1838-1845.

  27.

  27. Sergiev, I., Alxieva, V. and Karanov, E. 1997. Effect of spermone, atrazine and combination bet ween them on some endogenous protective systems and stress markers in plants. Comp. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 51, 121-124.

  28. Verslues PE, M Agarwal, S Katiyar-Agarwal, J Zhu, J Kang Zhu. 2006. Methods and concepts in quantifying resistance to drought, salt and freezing, abiotic stresses that affect plant water status. The

  Plant Journal, 45 : 523-539.

  29. Lobato AKS, Costa RCL, Oliveira Neto CF, Santos Filho BG, Cruz FJR, Freitas JMN, Cordeiro FC (2008) Morphological changes in soybean under progressive water stress. Int J Bot 4:231-235.

  30. Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Wahid A, Farooq M, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R (2009) Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition. Int J Agric Biol 11:100-105.

  31. Sepanlo, N., R. Talebi, A. Rokhadi and H. Mohammadi. 2016. Morphological and physiological behavior in soybean (Glycine max) genotypes to drought stress implemented at pre- and post-anthesis stages. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 58(2):109-113.

  32. Sankar B, Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Kishorekumar A, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R. 2007.

  Drought-induced biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Acta Bot Croat 66:43-56.

  33. Agarwal, S., R.K. Sairam, G.C. Srivastava, A. Tyagi and R.C. Meena. 2005. Role of ABA, salicylic acid, calcium and hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant enzymes induction in wheat seedlings. Plant Science 169 : 559–570.

  34. Jakhar, S. and M. Sheokand. 2015. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes of soybean plant. Int. J. of Applied and Pure Sci. and Agric. 01(8) : 7-15.

  35. Lima A.L.S., DaMatta F.M., Pinheiro H.A., Totola M.R., Loureiro M.E. (2002) Photochemical

  responses and oxidative stress in two clones of Coffea canephora under water deficit conditions, Environ. Exp. Bot. 47, 239–247.

  36. Bosch, M. 2005. The role of alpha-tocopherol in plant stress tolerance. J Plant Physiol. 162(7):743- 748.

  37. Fryer, M. J. 1992. The antioxidant effects of thylakiod vitamin E ( D-tocopherol). Plant, Cell and Environment. 15:381-392.

  38. Price, A. H., and G.A.F. Henry. 1987. In: C. Rice-Evens (eds.) Free radicals, oxygen stress and drug action. pp. 443-450. Richlieu Press, London.

  39. Zhang, X. 1997. Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Turfgrass Growth, Antioxidant Status, and Drought Tolerance. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. [Disertation].

  40. Farooq, M., M. Irfan, T. Aziz, I. Ahmad and S.A. Cheema, 2013. Seed priming with ascorbic acid improves drought resistance of wheat. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 199:12-22.