The Delivery System of Education Programs.
SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE
DEVELOPMENT
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE DEVELOPMENT
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et. al.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
In Cooperation With
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
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ISBN: 978-602-9276-56-5
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
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mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
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Sociology and Welfare Development
CONTENTS
Contents ...................................................................................
iii
List of Contributors .................................................................
v
Acknowledgement ....................................................................
ix
Foreword ..................................................................................
xi
Introduction .............................................................................
xiii
Welfare Development: Meanings, Issues and
Challenges
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................
1
Poverty and Social Development
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum, Indri
Indarwati ........................................................
19
The Emergence of Jakarta-Bandung MegaUrban Region and Its Future Challenges
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen,
Forina Lestari and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ....
39
Development for Urban Poor Housing
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya, Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Hery Wibowo and Mohd Tauik
Mohammad .....................................................
69
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Sociology and Welfare Development
iii
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
iv
Baitul Mal wat Tamwil: a Sociological
and Social Welfare Movement ?
Hery Wibowo & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........
Environmental Participation among Youth:
Challenges, Issues and Motivating Factors
Lim Jen Zen & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .........
79
97
Indonesian Workers Health Condition:
A Sociological Analysis
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, Desi Yunita
and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........................... 125
he Delivery System of Education Programs
Mahathir Yahaya, Ali Maksum,
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and Azlinda Azman ... 135
Child Brides, Not Our Pride:
Looking Into Child Marriage Incidences in
Malaysia
Mitshel Lino, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and
Azlinda Azman ................................................
143
Concluding Remarks
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................. 151
Sociology and Welfare Development
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, is a PhD candidate at West
Australia University, Perth – Australia. He is a Planning Staf, Directorate
of Spatial Planning and Land Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas). He is a Best Graduate Student in Regional
and Planning Department, Bandung Institute of Technology (2006)
and Utrecht Excellence Scholarships Awardee 2007-2009 on Research
Master Human Geography & Planning, Faculy of Geoscience, Utrecht
University.
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research
and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from
defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published
in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies,
Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Azlinda Azman, Ph.D is an Associate Professor and Head of Social
Work Programme at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. She is also the Convenor of the
AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), USM. She was a Fulbright
Scholar and obtained her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree in Clinical
Social Work from New York University. Her ields of expertise include
social work education and practice, theory and methods in social work
and social work research. Her areas of research interest include poverty,
Sociology and Welfare Development
v
HIV/AIDS and drug related issues.
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, a leturer at Social Welfare Departement
in Social and Political Sciences Faculty, University of Padjadjaran. She
obtained Bachelor degree, master degree and Doctoral degree from
University of Padjadjaran. Some scientiic papers had been published
at national or international level. Currently, he is focusing on waste
management problem in society who life near the Cikapundung river at
Bandung City.
Desi Yunita, oicially join the Departemen of Sociology at Social
and Political Science Faculty University of Padjadjaran since 2014. She
got Magister degree in Sociology also from University of Padjadjaran and
focusing the research on development and environmental problem.
Forina Lestari, obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008). Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan
Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and
expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National
Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of
Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works (2013), Directorate General
of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and
Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing
(2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian
House of Representatives (DPR, 2011). Junior Expert, Directorate of
Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning
Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Hery Wibowo, S.Psi, MM, PhD is a leturer at Departement of Social
Welfare Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University.
Indri Indarwati, is PhD candidate in Social Work at Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM). Since 1999 she has been attached as a civil servant in
the Ministry of Social Afairs. Her research areas are study of social work,
gender and community development.
vi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Mitshel Lino is a Master of Social Sciences (Psychology) candidate
under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Intan Hashimah Mohd
Hashim from the Department of Social Work, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Her research interest surrounds the ield of Social Psychology. She was
a Graduate Assistant, serving as a Psychology tutor in the university.
She was invited to the Golden Key International Honour Society for
academic excellence and awarded Second Upper Class Honours from her
undergraduate. Her past researches included the area of Multicultural
Psychology and Child Marriage in Malaysia, collaboration project with
UNICEF.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University
Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing
and being supervised by. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD and associate
professor Azlinda Azman, PhD
Mohd Tauik Mohammad is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding on Specialization Social Work, Forensic
Social Work/Victims’ Studies/Restorative Justice, being supervised by
associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of
Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011)
and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement
of Sociology in Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran
University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University
of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains
Malaysia (2012- present).
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996
– present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing. Current Researches
are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Sociology and Welfare Development
vii
Current Public Services are Facilitator, Comprehensive Maternal Village
Program in West Java, West Java Province Health Department (2006 –
2008), Facilitator for Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization
(SCBD) Project in Bau-bau City and Buton Regency (2008 – 2012),
District Advisory Team Capacity Building Program Minimum Service
Standard Basic Education at Sorong West Papua (2014-2016), tdevianty@
rocketmail.com.
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
viii
Sociology and Welfare Development
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing
giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and
Welfare Development. he publication of this book would not have
been possible without the guidance and knowledge wich I have acquired
from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of
Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I
would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and
our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and
Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the
assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from
the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world.
In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of
Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially
thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the
editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of
Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University. All of my MastersPhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM
whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards
my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Welfare Development
ix
x
Sociology and Welfare Development
FOREWORD
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
First of all, I am honored to write this foreword and to give my
warm endorsement to this book edited by my colleague Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Ph.D. In my point of view, Indonesian harmony is urgent and
should be achieved soon. he government and all stakeholders are pushed
to react and formulate a strong policy to reach the national goals.
his book provides a comprehensive assessment regarding sociology
and welfare development discourses with a new paradigm and approaches
to build Indonesian future. his compilation chapter divided into ifteen
chapters, conclusion and also given constructive policy recommendations.
Although, all authors in this book are depart from various background
and issues, yet they produce and extent some challenges should become
serious attention especially the government. I can argue that this book is
very multidisciplinary and discussed from various angle.
Personally, as practitioner and based on my professional experiences,
I am strongly recommend this book to be read speciically by civil servant,
professional, academicians and those who engage in the social welfare
tasks. One of the important recomendation given by this book is a good
public policy totally need tough cooperation among individuals, groups,
and institutions. I am also impressed that this book which emphasized on
Sociology and Welfare Development
xi
welfare development discourses is smartly promoting the ideas of “spiritual
development” which in some extent isolated from main discussion. his
is important and also to alerting as well as to underscore that Indonesia
is a religious country.
Finally, I am pleased to congratulate to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin,
PhD which successfully publish this book and demonstrated that he
is a productive scholar. As academician, lecturer and researcher he has
more than thirty years professional experiences in the ield of social and
political sciences in Indonesia as well as recognized in the broad. I hope,
the collaboration between the agency of research and development in
the Ministry of Home Afairs of the Republic Indonesia with the Centre
for Socioglobal Studies - Padjadjaran University become more efective,
fruitful and sustain in the future.
hank you and Wassalam.
Jakarta, 2014
xii
Sociology and Welfare Development
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
sociology to develop human welfare. he main objective of the Sociology
and Welfare Development is to present an integrated analysis of how
the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding
of the variety of welfare development issues, practices and institutions
approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries.
his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as
ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human
welfare.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social science can contribute to the development of human life through
many perspectives. he various theme have been selected are discussed
from philosophy to policy models. Each chapter attempt to understand
with a core idea namely welfare development.
In the irst chapter, the main theme related to welfare development
is regarding the global presence in knowledge body. In this chapter
demonstrate that there have gap and diferences between modern and
spiritual concept of welfare development. Chapter two focus on poverty
phenomena in Indonesia as a serious problem. Some have observed
that poor family are marginalized and obtain small attention, while
many also has seen that the problems are the policy makers. It has to
recognized that some assistants and stimulus packages has given by
government to the poor family. However, it has to recognized also that
there were existed some problems regarding inefective management,
Sociology and Welfare Development
xiii
policy implementation, bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, all indicates
that Indonesian government has taken a serious strategic action in order
to struggle to eradicate poverty as well as eradication policy against
chronic of corruption. Related with poverty phenomena, in the chapter
nine, concern on historical and inherited problems such as the disabled
people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaing
in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small.
In the third chapter focus on human geography and planning as part
of human life. Sociologically, this study concludes that the relationships
between two adjacent metropolitan centres are two geographical
phenomena occurred in the Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region
(JBMUR). However, a rapid urbanization process has also been occurring
in the corridor area between both metropolitan centers. here are both
direct and indirect relations between these two geographical phenomena
which inally lead to the emergence of the Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban
region. In the fourth chapter, that in addition, the struggle of urban poor
communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related
to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial
period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on
the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and
hence they are known as urban pioneers.
In the ifth chapter the author analyzes the social-welfare fund
called Baitul Mal wat Tamwil (BMT). he authors believe that BMT in
particular and microinance institutions in general is one of the social
welfare movement, getting stronger if you see the development of BMT
in Indonesia, as have been reported by Reuters. he growth of Islamic
microinance institutions (LKMS) in Indonesia is increasingly signiicant.
he main objective of the micro and super micro which is generally being
located in rural areas, LKMS transformed into a small people mover a
tough economy. Currently, there are about three million customers who
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Sociology and Welfare Development
obtained inancial assistant from micro LKMS or BMT.
Chapter six examines the environmental destruction of young
generation to protect and conserve the natural environment. As such,
the key actors in engaging youth participation in environmental action,
be it the government, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) or
the community, should address the multi-dimensional issues that are
obstacles towards the involvement of the young and come up with
strategies to develop a more intrinsically-motivated participation.
Generally, environmental awareness among youth worldwide is at an
adequate level but it is the translation into action that is still lacking. A
review of the implementation strategies of current environmental action
programs involving youth should be done by the respective organizers
in order to create programs that are fun, hands-on and allows as well
as entrusts youth to apply their environmental knowledge and personal
skills to make key decisions for the future of then environment which
they shall inherit from the present. Hence, there is a need to move
beyond the present, traditional top-down institutionalized approach of
implementing programs towards a more dynamic and lexible approach
in which youth are viewed stakeholders, knowledge sharers and leaders,
and not mere passive participants who carry out the aims dictated by the
organizers.
concentrates on socio-cultural diferences between
hometown and destination areas of Indonesian migrant workers and the
impact towards their health condition. It involves the diferences physical
environment, social, and culture. he diferences of physical environment
involve climate change as well as socio-culture between hometown (Peteuy
Condong Village) and destination (Saudi Arabia). hese diferences
inluence towards the workers health condition related job. Social
diferences are related with social economic status between employers
and workers, that impact to the mental depression of the workers.
Culture diferences are cultures diferentiation between hometown and
destination country. Arabian cultures are introvert and over protected. It
emerge diiculties to access health services. While in the chapter eight,
discuss speciic theme about how to develop any rural community it can
be achieve through the dissemination on the importance of education to
all family members in the rural area. his method is expected to transform
the communities towards appreciating education better. he recognition
of society towards education only, is not enough to enhance the living
standards. Yet, it should be incorporated a the positive attitudes of the
Chapter seven
Sociology and Welfare Development
xv
rural community towards education as a strategy for improving life. At
the same time, the delivery system of the education programs must be
enhanced and it is all depend on the commitment of the school and
teachers of the rural schools as well.
Finally, the last chapter focus on the incidences of child marriage are
no longer pertinent only for less developed country; it actually happens
extensively in diferent parts of the world. Due to psychological and
biological immaturity, children are insuiciently mature to make an
informed decision about a life partner.
his book examines the welfare development issues in the broader
“sociology of welfare development” perspective. It is compiled from
travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and
forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my PhD and
Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and
interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope
that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge.
All errors are the author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Chapter
8
he Delivery System of
Education Programs
Mahathir Yahaya, Ali Maksum, Muhamad
Fadhil Nurdin, Azlinda Azman
Readers guide
his chapter discusses on education as
fundamental for the development of prosperous
society. It is in fact serves as a critical platform
for the development of any society. he
Malaysian government has implemented many
educational programs in order to help improve
rural education, including in Baling, Kedah.
However, the involvement of students and
parents in the existing education programs is
still lacking. he involvement of the parents and
students is a question as to whether the parents
are well informed about the programs. In
addition, questions also arise as to whether the
government agencies have provide good delivery
system of information to the parents and school
he Delivery System of Education Programs
135
students in Baling? his issue is critical in order to ensure efective delivery
system of the rural education programs for the Baling children
Introduction:
he Development of Society by hrough Education
A prosperous society is a condition of the individual, group or
community, which has a stable life in terms of the economy, personal
relationships, independence, health, education and security (Nurdin &
Kreuger, 2013). he concept of the public welfare should be understood
from the internal factors such as tranquility, comfort in the relationships
between individuals, groups and communities. If all of these requirements
are fully illed, a welfare society has been reached. he above explanation
demonstrates that any the prosperous society has a close connection with
education. Education and social welfare are the two aspects that should
complement and support with each other. It also believes that educated
people tend to be better in the social welfare (Turiman, Azhari, and ISMI
Arif, 2012). his means that education is fundamental in our lives and
every person has the right to get a quality education. Generally, education
is as an empowerment process of individual throughout the lives. In fact,
Education is indeed a critical platform for the development of prosperous
society towards the building of democracy society and to further achieves
quality of life (Preston and Elo, 1996). Education will transform and
develop from time to time depend on the context and social necessities.
Education in Baling
Education has a close connection with efective social functioning in
order to understand the needs of the education level of the community in
the ight against underdevelopment. he main problems have been faced
in the rural areas such as Baling are due to weaknesses and ineiciency
in the programs (Idris & Nik Pa, 2008). he inefectiveness and lack of
motivation of the teachers were highly contributed to the development of
education which impacted to the increasing number of student dropout
rates. hese problems, particularly in the management system are mainly
departing from directions method, organizing, and implementation of
programs. he previous curriculum was extremely not work and it for
current learning environment due to feedback from the parents to the
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Sociology and Welfare Development
government programs is still lacking. Consequently, the improvement of
education reforms is terribly low (Idris & Nik Pa, 2008).
he average result of school examination in Baling is really
unsatisied though various education programs and services that have
been implemented and reported by the academic achievement statistics
in Baling from 2005 to 2010. It is clearly indicated that the number of
students who fail in all subjects in the primary School Assessment Test
(UPSR) has been increased from 6.56% in 2005 to 28.7% in 2010. he
percentage of students who got A in all subjects was also luctuated. For
instance, in 2007, there only 9.18% of students who were successfully
getting A in all subjects and declined to around 5.66 % in 2008. he
trend is moderately increasing in 2010 about 8 %. hese phenomena were
also occurring in the Lower Secondary Examination (PMR). According
to the statistics the number of students who were able to score A for all
subjects was also unstable. For example, in 2007 there were only 31.2
who obtained A score while the number showed a declined to 1.62 % in
the following year. On other hand, students who fail in all the subjects
has been dramatically increase starting in 2005 with around 1.08% to 2%
in 2007. he similar trend has also risen in the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
(SPM) or Malaysian Certiicate of Education (equal to A-level) where the
number of students who got A in all subjects was only 0.09 % in 2005 and
not much changes until in 2010 which was roughly 0.41%. he showed
trend of students who failed in all the subjects in the SPM examination
since 2005 which was roughly ranging from 1.06% to 3.70% in 2007
became the main concern of the government.
Education Programs
Education programs involved activities which basically organized in
order to transform and to develop paradigm and communication among
individuals (Ismail, 1990). In this context, the programs are developed
based on the methods to educate and address knowledge in order to reach
the desired transformation. he transformation can only be achieved
through the delivery of education agents and through learning activities
under the principles of education. he learning activities however should
be planned, be prepared and be implemented by informally (Ismail,
1990). Among the characteristics of the education program are: 1) to
cultivate and to advance cognitive, afective, and psychomotor in individual
basis; 2) to enhance the ability of the trainee to resolve problems or issues
he Delivery System of Education Programs
137
embedded with him, and in relation to their daily activities; 3) it has been
developed based on the philosophy and science which had been formed directly
from the speciic problem. Furthermore, education activities are prepared
with the expectation to be able to open a solution to the problems that
have been identiied (Ismail, 1990).
Although the programs have been developed according to the needs
and of student and society the primary issue is how much the existing
programs has been well disseminated to general public particularly
parents and school.
he Delivery System of Education Programs
he concept of education requires curriculum construction process
and delivery system that parallels with the demand of individuals and
communities well as norms and values (Idris & Nik Pa, 2008). hese
are portrayed to promote and increase efective educational programs,
particularly the need to improve the delivery system to enhance the of
rural education. In Baling, however, all form of information, programs
activities have been delivered by the schools only by letter and most of
the time the letter had been addressed to parents through students. he
questions arise as to whether the letter has been received by their parents?
And whether the information and the advantages of the programs are
well understood and perceived by parents? hese issues are the main
goal of this research in order to ensure an efective delivery system of the
rural education programs for the Baling children. hus paper will further
discussed on the various factors that can contribute to a more efective
delivery system of education programs.
Medium
he systematic and efective delivery system that was introduced by
Mior Khairul Azrin (2011) can be applied by: (1) media, such as TV
advertisement and announcement board that promote the uniqueness of
Malaysian society as well as provide information on education programs
which conducted in the schools. In this way the information can be
distributed to the public more quickly; (2) to promote a more frequent
basis by opening a one-stop-center in many places, especially focusing on
the rural communities in regards to the government education programs.
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Sociology and Welfare Development
he society is expected to aware the existence of activities undertaken
by the government speciically in the rural areas; (3) using a mobile van
around the country which became a symbol and reference to the people
who want to know the government’s plans. By operating it, people can
earn information programs run by the government without going out of
their area; (4) Transform the schools as a source of all policies information
and programs have been carried out by the government (Mior Jamaluddin,
2011).
Cost
he cost or budget is one of the critical components in the delivering
system of information and education programs. Among the efective
medium to deliver the programs is by using recent advance technologies
mainly internet. his idea supported by a study conducted by Adam Kassim
and Salleh (2009) which argues that the factors backwardness of rural
education are poverty, lack of attention to education, lack of motivation,
perceptions and lack of technology. his means that technology is one of
the real mediums to gain information on education programs.
Nonetheless, to rural communities, the internet services are limited
due to the high costs. Consequently, many of the rural communities like
in Baling, do not know about the availability of the existing education
programs. his inability is primarily due to the poverty in the said rural
communities. he growth of poverty in Baling is really impacted to the
education performances in the area. Che Mat (2012) is highly approved
that the poor level of education has been inluenced by the achievement
of the head of the household itself. He has discovered that the majority
of the household had only primary school education and categorized as
poor.
Attitudes
Another contributing factor would be attitudes. he positive
attitudes of the community towards the programs are required to increase
the quality of delivery of education programs. An important study that
was conducted by Samal (2012), which analyses on the attitude of
parents towards their children’s education of total 116 parents out of
29 families. he study indicated that weaknesses in the delivery system
that were used should be overcome by the government (Samal, 2012).
he Delivery System of Education Programs
139
However, the majority of parents have expressed their positive responses
towards their children’s education. his illustrates that problem faced
during their children’s education process is not seen as a barrier for the
parents to enhance their children’s quality education. hese attitudes
could be a reference and a guide to the teacher, which also play a role in
conveying information programs to students and the parents. Rehman
and Rehman (2011) agree that teachers who teach outside of the city
are less motivated due to the lack of incentives. hus, it makes teachers
become more apathetic towards the teaching process. While the teachers
are being unmotivated, the students will feel that the education is not
important (Rehman & Rehman, 2011).
Conclusion
he high degree of consciousness of parents towards education
of their children will yield a quality generation. he involvement of
students and the parents in the programs are indeed critical for children’s
development. A family with a good education will create a highly educated
and professional community. A rural community be habited by these
groups will lead to the economic growth as well as education development
in the area. It believes that this policy will reduce the poverty in the rural
communities and cut the cost of obtaining information on education
programs have been implemented in the society. hese ways have been
considered as an efective method in assisting rural communities to obtain
information on education programs had run by the government.
Finally, to develop any rural community it can be achieve through
the dissemination on the importance of education to all family members
in the area. his method is expected to transform the communities
towards appreciating education better. he recognition of society towards
education only, is not enough to enhance the living standards. Yet, it
should be incorporated a the positive attitudes of the rural community
towards education as a strategy for improving life. At the same time, the
delivery system of the education programs must be enhanced and it is
all depend on the commitment of the school and teachers of the rural
schools as well.
References
140
Sociology and Welfare Development
Anderson, J. A., & Meyer, T. P. (1988). Mediated Communication: A social
action perspective.
Idris, N., & Nik Pa, N. A. (2008). Perjuangan Pemerkasaan Pendidikan
Di Malaysia Pengalaman 50 Tahun Merdeka. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan
Publications. Journal of Medicine, 334 (8), 537.
Mior Jamaluddin, M. K. (2011). Sistem Pendidikan di Malaysia:
Dasar, Cabaran, dan Pelaksanaan ke Arah Perpaduan Nasional.
SOSIOHUMANIKA , 44-45.Newbury Park: CA: Sage Publications.
Nurdin, M. F., & Azman, A. (2013, Mei 20). Membangun Masyarakat
Sejahtera: Pengalamam Praktikum Kerja Sosial. (R. Omar, S.
Pandian, & Z. A. Sanusi, Eds.) Kempimpinan Institusi Pengajian
Tinggi Dan Kesejahteraan Sosial: Merealisasikan Transformasi Ke
Arah Masyarakat Sejahtera , 102-114.
Preston, S.H. dan Elo, I.T. (1996). Survival after age 80: letter to the
editor. New England
Sosial Negara. (R. Omar, S. Pandian, & Z. A. Sanusi, Eds.) Konvensyen
Kebangsaan , 139-146.
Turiman, S., Azahari, I., & Ismi Arif, I. (2012, Oktober). Peranan
Pendidikan Dan Kesejahteraan. Utusan Publications.
Wan Azmi, R. (1992). Pembangunan Masyarakat Dari Perspektif Kebajikan.
Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication.
he Delivery System of Education Programs
141
DEVELOPMENT
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE DEVELOPMENT
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et. al.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
In Cooperation With
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-56-5
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
ii
Sociology and Welfare Development
CONTENTS
Contents ...................................................................................
iii
List of Contributors .................................................................
v
Acknowledgement ....................................................................
ix
Foreword ..................................................................................
xi
Introduction .............................................................................
xiii
Welfare Development: Meanings, Issues and
Challenges
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................
1
Poverty and Social Development
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum, Indri
Indarwati ........................................................
19
The Emergence of Jakarta-Bandung MegaUrban Region and Its Future Challenges
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen,
Forina Lestari and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ....
39
Development for Urban Poor Housing
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya, Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Hery Wibowo and Mohd Tauik
Mohammad .....................................................
69
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Sociology and Welfare Development
iii
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
iv
Baitul Mal wat Tamwil: a Sociological
and Social Welfare Movement ?
Hery Wibowo & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........
Environmental Participation among Youth:
Challenges, Issues and Motivating Factors
Lim Jen Zen & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .........
79
97
Indonesian Workers Health Condition:
A Sociological Analysis
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, Desi Yunita
and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........................... 125
he Delivery System of Education Programs
Mahathir Yahaya, Ali Maksum,
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and Azlinda Azman ... 135
Child Brides, Not Our Pride:
Looking Into Child Marriage Incidences in
Malaysia
Mitshel Lino, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and
Azlinda Azman ................................................
143
Concluding Remarks
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................. 151
Sociology and Welfare Development
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, is a PhD candidate at West
Australia University, Perth – Australia. He is a Planning Staf, Directorate
of Spatial Planning and Land Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas). He is a Best Graduate Student in Regional
and Planning Department, Bandung Institute of Technology (2006)
and Utrecht Excellence Scholarships Awardee 2007-2009 on Research
Master Human Geography & Planning, Faculy of Geoscience, Utrecht
University.
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research
and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from
defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published
in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies,
Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Azlinda Azman, Ph.D is an Associate Professor and Head of Social
Work Programme at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. She is also the Convenor of the
AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), USM. She was a Fulbright
Scholar and obtained her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree in Clinical
Social Work from New York University. Her ields of expertise include
social work education and practice, theory and methods in social work
and social work research. Her areas of research interest include poverty,
Sociology and Welfare Development
v
HIV/AIDS and drug related issues.
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, a leturer at Social Welfare Departement
in Social and Political Sciences Faculty, University of Padjadjaran. She
obtained Bachelor degree, master degree and Doctoral degree from
University of Padjadjaran. Some scientiic papers had been published
at national or international level. Currently, he is focusing on waste
management problem in society who life near the Cikapundung river at
Bandung City.
Desi Yunita, oicially join the Departemen of Sociology at Social
and Political Science Faculty University of Padjadjaran since 2014. She
got Magister degree in Sociology also from University of Padjadjaran and
focusing the research on development and environmental problem.
Forina Lestari, obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008). Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan
Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and
expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National
Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of
Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works (2013), Directorate General
of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and
Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing
(2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian
House of Representatives (DPR, 2011). Junior Expert, Directorate of
Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning
Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Hery Wibowo, S.Psi, MM, PhD is a leturer at Departement of Social
Welfare Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University.
Indri Indarwati, is PhD candidate in Social Work at Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM). Since 1999 she has been attached as a civil servant in
the Ministry of Social Afairs. Her research areas are study of social work,
gender and community development.
vi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Mitshel Lino is a Master of Social Sciences (Psychology) candidate
under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Intan Hashimah Mohd
Hashim from the Department of Social Work, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Her research interest surrounds the ield of Social Psychology. She was
a Graduate Assistant, serving as a Psychology tutor in the university.
She was invited to the Golden Key International Honour Society for
academic excellence and awarded Second Upper Class Honours from her
undergraduate. Her past researches included the area of Multicultural
Psychology and Child Marriage in Malaysia, collaboration project with
UNICEF.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University
Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing
and being supervised by. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD and associate
professor Azlinda Azman, PhD
Mohd Tauik Mohammad is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding on Specialization Social Work, Forensic
Social Work/Victims’ Studies/Restorative Justice, being supervised by
associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of
Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011)
and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement
of Sociology in Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran
University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University
of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains
Malaysia (2012- present).
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996
– present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing. Current Researches
are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Sociology and Welfare Development
vii
Current Public Services are Facilitator, Comprehensive Maternal Village
Program in West Java, West Java Province Health Department (2006 –
2008), Facilitator for Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization
(SCBD) Project in Bau-bau City and Buton Regency (2008 – 2012),
District Advisory Team Capacity Building Program Minimum Service
Standard Basic Education at Sorong West Papua (2014-2016), tdevianty@
rocketmail.com.
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
viii
Sociology and Welfare Development
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing
giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and
Welfare Development. he publication of this book would not have
been possible without the guidance and knowledge wich I have acquired
from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of
Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I
would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and
our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and
Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the
assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from
the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world.
In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of
Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially
thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the
editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of
Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University. All of my MastersPhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM
whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards
my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Welfare Development
ix
x
Sociology and Welfare Development
FOREWORD
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
First of all, I am honored to write this foreword and to give my
warm endorsement to this book edited by my colleague Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Ph.D. In my point of view, Indonesian harmony is urgent and
should be achieved soon. he government and all stakeholders are pushed
to react and formulate a strong policy to reach the national goals.
his book provides a comprehensive assessment regarding sociology
and welfare development discourses with a new paradigm and approaches
to build Indonesian future. his compilation chapter divided into ifteen
chapters, conclusion and also given constructive policy recommendations.
Although, all authors in this book are depart from various background
and issues, yet they produce and extent some challenges should become
serious attention especially the government. I can argue that this book is
very multidisciplinary and discussed from various angle.
Personally, as practitioner and based on my professional experiences,
I am strongly recommend this book to be read speciically by civil servant,
professional, academicians and those who engage in the social welfare
tasks. One of the important recomendation given by this book is a good
public policy totally need tough cooperation among individuals, groups,
and institutions. I am also impressed that this book which emphasized on
Sociology and Welfare Development
xi
welfare development discourses is smartly promoting the ideas of “spiritual
development” which in some extent isolated from main discussion. his
is important and also to alerting as well as to underscore that Indonesia
is a religious country.
Finally, I am pleased to congratulate to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin,
PhD which successfully publish this book and demonstrated that he
is a productive scholar. As academician, lecturer and researcher he has
more than thirty years professional experiences in the ield of social and
political sciences in Indonesia as well as recognized in the broad. I hope,
the collaboration between the agency of research and development in
the Ministry of Home Afairs of the Republic Indonesia with the Centre
for Socioglobal Studies - Padjadjaran University become more efective,
fruitful and sustain in the future.
hank you and Wassalam.
Jakarta, 2014
xii
Sociology and Welfare Development
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
sociology to develop human welfare. he main objective of the Sociology
and Welfare Development is to present an integrated analysis of how
the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding
of the variety of welfare development issues, practices and institutions
approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries.
his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as
ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human
welfare.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social science can contribute to the development of human life through
many perspectives. he various theme have been selected are discussed
from philosophy to policy models. Each chapter attempt to understand
with a core idea namely welfare development.
In the irst chapter, the main theme related to welfare development
is regarding the global presence in knowledge body. In this chapter
demonstrate that there have gap and diferences between modern and
spiritual concept of welfare development. Chapter two focus on poverty
phenomena in Indonesia as a serious problem. Some have observed
that poor family are marginalized and obtain small attention, while
many also has seen that the problems are the policy makers. It has to
recognized that some assistants and stimulus packages has given by
government to the poor family. However, it has to recognized also that
there were existed some problems regarding inefective management,
Sociology and Welfare Development
xiii
policy implementation, bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, all indicates
that Indonesian government has taken a serious strategic action in order
to struggle to eradicate poverty as well as eradication policy against
chronic of corruption. Related with poverty phenomena, in the chapter
nine, concern on historical and inherited problems such as the disabled
people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaing
in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small.
In the third chapter focus on human geography and planning as part
of human life. Sociologically, this study concludes that the relationships
between two adjacent metropolitan centres are two geographical
phenomena occurred in the Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region
(JBMUR). However, a rapid urbanization process has also been occurring
in the corridor area between both metropolitan centers. here are both
direct and indirect relations between these two geographical phenomena
which inally lead to the emergence of the Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban
region. In the fourth chapter, that in addition, the struggle of urban poor
communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related
to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial
period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on
the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and
hence they are known as urban pioneers.
In the ifth chapter the author analyzes the social-welfare fund
called Baitul Mal wat Tamwil (BMT). he authors believe that BMT in
particular and microinance institutions in general is one of the social
welfare movement, getting stronger if you see the development of BMT
in Indonesia, as have been reported by Reuters. he growth of Islamic
microinance institutions (LKMS) in Indonesia is increasingly signiicant.
he main objective of the micro and super micro which is generally being
located in rural areas, LKMS transformed into a small people mover a
tough economy. Currently, there are about three million customers who
xiv
Sociology and Welfare Development
obtained inancial assistant from micro LKMS or BMT.
Chapter six examines the environmental destruction of young
generation to protect and conserve the natural environment. As such,
the key actors in engaging youth participation in environmental action,
be it the government, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) or
the community, should address the multi-dimensional issues that are
obstacles towards the involvement of the young and come up with
strategies to develop a more intrinsically-motivated participation.
Generally, environmental awareness among youth worldwide is at an
adequate level but it is the translation into action that is still lacking. A
review of the implementation strategies of current environmental action
programs involving youth should be done by the respective organizers
in order to create programs that are fun, hands-on and allows as well
as entrusts youth to apply their environmental knowledge and personal
skills to make key decisions for the future of then environment which
they shall inherit from the present. Hence, there is a need to move
beyond the present, traditional top-down institutionalized approach of
implementing programs towards a more dynamic and lexible approach
in which youth are viewed stakeholders, knowledge sharers and leaders,
and not mere passive participants who carry out the aims dictated by the
organizers.
concentrates on socio-cultural diferences between
hometown and destination areas of Indonesian migrant workers and the
impact towards their health condition. It involves the diferences physical
environment, social, and culture. he diferences of physical environment
involve climate change as well as socio-culture between hometown (Peteuy
Condong Village) and destination (Saudi Arabia). hese diferences
inluence towards the workers health condition related job. Social
diferences are related with social economic status between employers
and workers, that impact to the mental depression of the workers.
Culture diferences are cultures diferentiation between hometown and
destination country. Arabian cultures are introvert and over protected. It
emerge diiculties to access health services. While in the chapter eight,
discuss speciic theme about how to develop any rural community it can
be achieve through the dissemination on the importance of education to
all family members in the rural area. his method is expected to transform
the communities towards appreciating education better. he recognition
of society towards education only, is not enough to enhance the living
standards. Yet, it should be incorporated a the positive attitudes of the
Chapter seven
Sociology and Welfare Development
xv
rural community towards education as a strategy for improving life. At
the same time, the delivery system of the education programs must be
enhanced and it is all depend on the commitment of the school and
teachers of the rural schools as well.
Finally, the last chapter focus on the incidences of child marriage are
no longer pertinent only for less developed country; it actually happens
extensively in diferent parts of the world. Due to psychological and
biological immaturity, children are insuiciently mature to make an
informed decision about a life partner.
his book examines the welfare development issues in the broader
“sociology of welfare development” perspective. It is compiled from
travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and
forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my PhD and
Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and
interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope
that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge.
All errors are the author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Chapter
8
he Delivery System of
Education Programs
Mahathir Yahaya, Ali Maksum, Muhamad
Fadhil Nurdin, Azlinda Azman
Readers guide
his chapter discusses on education as
fundamental for the development of prosperous
society. It is in fact serves as a critical platform
for the development of any society. he
Malaysian government has implemented many
educational programs in order to help improve
rural education, including in Baling, Kedah.
However, the involvement of students and
parents in the existing education programs is
still lacking. he involvement of the parents and
students is a question as to whether the parents
are well informed about the programs. In
addition, questions also arise as to whether the
government agencies have provide good delivery
system of information to the parents and school
he Delivery System of Education Programs
135
students in Baling? his issue is critical in order to ensure efective delivery
system of the rural education programs for the Baling children
Introduction:
he Development of Society by hrough Education
A prosperous society is a condition of the individual, group or
community, which has a stable life in terms of the economy, personal
relationships, independence, health, education and security (Nurdin &
Kreuger, 2013). he concept of the public welfare should be understood
from the internal factors such as tranquility, comfort in the relationships
between individuals, groups and communities. If all of these requirements
are fully illed, a welfare society has been reached. he above explanation
demonstrates that any the prosperous society has a close connection with
education. Education and social welfare are the two aspects that should
complement and support with each other. It also believes that educated
people tend to be better in the social welfare (Turiman, Azhari, and ISMI
Arif, 2012). his means that education is fundamental in our lives and
every person has the right to get a quality education. Generally, education
is as an empowerment process of individual throughout the lives. In fact,
Education is indeed a critical platform for the development of prosperous
society towards the building of democracy society and to further achieves
quality of life (Preston and Elo, 1996). Education will transform and
develop from time to time depend on the context and social necessities.
Education in Baling
Education has a close connection with efective social functioning in
order to understand the needs of the education level of the community in
the ight against underdevelopment. he main problems have been faced
in the rural areas such as Baling are due to weaknesses and ineiciency
in the programs (Idris & Nik Pa, 2008). he inefectiveness and lack of
motivation of the teachers were highly contributed to the development of
education which impacted to the increasing number of student dropout
rates. hese problems, particularly in the management system are mainly
departing from directions method, organizing, and implementation of
programs. he previous curriculum was extremely not work and it for
current learning environment due to feedback from the parents to the
136
Sociology and Welfare Development
government programs is still lacking. Consequently, the improvement of
education reforms is terribly low (Idris & Nik Pa, 2008).
he average result of school examination in Baling is really
unsatisied though various education programs and services that have
been implemented and reported by the academic achievement statistics
in Baling from 2005 to 2010. It is clearly indicated that the number of
students who fail in all subjects in the primary School Assessment Test
(UPSR) has been increased from 6.56% in 2005 to 28.7% in 2010. he
percentage of students who got A in all subjects was also luctuated. For
instance, in 2007, there only 9.18% of students who were successfully
getting A in all subjects and declined to around 5.66 % in 2008. he
trend is moderately increasing in 2010 about 8 %. hese phenomena were
also occurring in the Lower Secondary Examination (PMR). According
to the statistics the number of students who were able to score A for all
subjects was also unstable. For example, in 2007 there were only 31.2
who obtained A score while the number showed a declined to 1.62 % in
the following year. On other hand, students who fail in all the subjects
has been dramatically increase starting in 2005 with around 1.08% to 2%
in 2007. he similar trend has also risen in the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
(SPM) or Malaysian Certiicate of Education (equal to A-level) where the
number of students who got A in all subjects was only 0.09 % in 2005 and
not much changes until in 2010 which was roughly 0.41%. he showed
trend of students who failed in all the subjects in the SPM examination
since 2005 which was roughly ranging from 1.06% to 3.70% in 2007
became the main concern of the government.
Education Programs
Education programs involved activities which basically organized in
order to transform and to develop paradigm and communication among
individuals (Ismail, 1990). In this context, the programs are developed
based on the methods to educate and address knowledge in order to reach
the desired transformation. he transformation can only be achieved
through the delivery of education agents and through learning activities
under the principles of education. he learning activities however should
be planned, be prepared and be implemented by informally (Ismail,
1990). Among the characteristics of the education program are: 1) to
cultivate and to advance cognitive, afective, and psychomotor in individual
basis; 2) to enhance the ability of the trainee to resolve problems or issues
he Delivery System of Education Programs
137
embedded with him, and in relation to their daily activities; 3) it has been
developed based on the philosophy and science which had been formed directly
from the speciic problem. Furthermore, education activities are prepared
with the expectation to be able to open a solution to the problems that
have been identiied (Ismail, 1990).
Although the programs have been developed according to the needs
and of student and society the primary issue is how much the existing
programs has been well disseminated to general public particularly
parents and school.
he Delivery System of Education Programs
he concept of education requires curriculum construction process
and delivery system that parallels with the demand of individuals and
communities well as norms and values (Idris & Nik Pa, 2008). hese
are portrayed to promote and increase efective educational programs,
particularly the need to improve the delivery system to enhance the of
rural education. In Baling, however, all form of information, programs
activities have been delivered by the schools only by letter and most of
the time the letter had been addressed to parents through students. he
questions arise as to whether the letter has been received by their parents?
And whether the information and the advantages of the programs are
well understood and perceived by parents? hese issues are the main
goal of this research in order to ensure an efective delivery system of the
rural education programs for the Baling children. hus paper will further
discussed on the various factors that can contribute to a more efective
delivery system of education programs.
Medium
he systematic and efective delivery system that was introduced by
Mior Khairul Azrin (2011) can be applied by: (1) media, such as TV
advertisement and announcement board that promote the uniqueness of
Malaysian society as well as provide information on education programs
which conducted in the schools. In this way the information can be
distributed to the public more quickly; (2) to promote a more frequent
basis by opening a one-stop-center in many places, especially focusing on
the rural communities in regards to the government education programs.
138
Sociology and Welfare Development
he society is expected to aware the existence of activities undertaken
by the government speciically in the rural areas; (3) using a mobile van
around the country which became a symbol and reference to the people
who want to know the government’s plans. By operating it, people can
earn information programs run by the government without going out of
their area; (4) Transform the schools as a source of all policies information
and programs have been carried out by the government (Mior Jamaluddin,
2011).
Cost
he cost or budget is one of the critical components in the delivering
system of information and education programs. Among the efective
medium to deliver the programs is by using recent advance technologies
mainly internet. his idea supported by a study conducted by Adam Kassim
and Salleh (2009) which argues that the factors backwardness of rural
education are poverty, lack of attention to education, lack of motivation,
perceptions and lack of technology. his means that technology is one of
the real mediums to gain information on education programs.
Nonetheless, to rural communities, the internet services are limited
due to the high costs. Consequently, many of the rural communities like
in Baling, do not know about the availability of the existing education
programs. his inability is primarily due to the poverty in the said rural
communities. he growth of poverty in Baling is really impacted to the
education performances in the area. Che Mat (2012) is highly approved
that the poor level of education has been inluenced by the achievement
of the head of the household itself. He has discovered that the majority
of the household had only primary school education and categorized as
poor.
Attitudes
Another contributing factor would be attitudes. he positive
attitudes of the community towards the programs are required to increase
the quality of delivery of education programs. An important study that
was conducted by Samal (2012), which analyses on the attitude of
parents towards their children’s education of total 116 parents out of
29 families. he study indicated that weaknesses in the delivery system
that were used should be overcome by the government (Samal, 2012).
he Delivery System of Education Programs
139
However, the majority of parents have expressed their positive responses
towards their children’s education. his illustrates that problem faced
during their children’s education process is not seen as a barrier for the
parents to enhance their children’s quality education. hese attitudes
could be a reference and a guide to the teacher, which also play a role in
conveying information programs to students and the parents. Rehman
and Rehman (2011) agree that teachers who teach outside of the city
are less motivated due to the lack of incentives. hus, it makes teachers
become more apathetic towards the teaching process. While the teachers
are being unmotivated, the students will feel that the education is not
important (Rehman & Rehman, 2011).
Conclusion
he high degree of consciousness of parents towards education
of their children will yield a quality generation. he involvement of
students and the parents in the programs are indeed critical for children’s
development. A family with a good education will create a highly educated
and professional community. A rural community be habited by these
groups will lead to the economic growth as well as education development
in the area. It believes that this policy will reduce the poverty in the rural
communities and cut the cost of obtaining information on education
programs have been implemented in the society. hese ways have been
considered as an efective method in assisting rural communities to obtain
information on education programs had run by the government.
Finally, to develop any rural community it can be achieve through
the dissemination on the importance of education to all family members
in the area. his method is expected to transform the communities
towards appreciating education better. he recognition of society towards
education only, is not enough to enhance the living standards. Yet, it
should be incorporated a the positive attitudes of the rural community
towards education as a strategy for improving life. At the same time, the
delivery system of the education programs must be enhanced and it is
all depend on the commitment of the school and teachers of the rural
schools as well.
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140
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he Delivery System of Education Programs
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