A UNIT SHIFT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH INDONESIAN TRANSLATION IN THE NOVEL “KITE RUNNER” BY KHALED HOSSEINI.
A UNIT SHIFT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH INDONESIAN
TRANSLATION IN THE NOVEL “KITE RUNNER” BY
KHALED HOSSEINI
A THESIS
Submitted as in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree
of Sarjana Sastra
By:
REZEKI SOFIAN
Registration Number: 2112220016
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The greatest gratitude is expressed to Allah SWT, the Almighty and Most
Beneficial for His Grace, Guidance, Praise, Honor, and Mercy that has been given
to the writer so that he finally accomplishes her thesis entitled: “A Unit Shift
Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel ‘Kite Runner’ by Khaled
Hosseini.
In completing this thesis, the writer realized that he faced some problems
and he had received the academic guidance, suggestions, and comments and got a
lot of assistance and moral support from many people. Therefore, the writer
would like to express her gratitude and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
and Arts, State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A. the Secretary of English and
Literature Department, Nora Maranita, M.Hum., the Head of
English Education Program, and Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum. the
Head of English Literature Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan.
Drs. Lidiman Sahat Martua Sinaga, M.Hum., his Thesis
Consultant, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., his Academic Adviser and
also Thesis Examiner, Dr. Anni H. Pulungan, M.Hum., and Drs.
Muhammad Natsir, M. Hum., his Thesis Examiners who have given
their precious time, guidance, suggestions, and comments.
advised him throughout the academic years.
All lecturers of English Department who have taught, guided, and
Mam Euis, Mam Enda and Pak Pantes, the Administration Staff of
English Department, for their attention, assistance, and information.
ii
His special sincere gratitude goes to his beloved parents (May Allah
SWT watches over them), his lovely mother Kaharia, his beloved
aunt Mardiah, M.Com. and Bariah, his beloved uncle Ali Nafiah,
his lovely sisters Afriani Nur Sarumaha, Syahfitri Handayani and
all his families for their endless love, pray, inspiration, motivation,
and everything that they have given to the writer during his whole life.
All his classmates in Sastra A and B 2011 who cannot be mentioned
one by one that conquered the lectures and shared knowledge, ideas,
and bitter-sweet of campus life together and have been cooperatively
supporting the writer in completing this thesis.
His beloved friends, Hasbi Ramadhan, S.S., Isma Eriyanti, S.Pd.,
Sofyan Fernandesh H, David Sihite, Serius Afandi, Manguhal
Hutagalong, Ayu Septia Lestari, Sofa Priyandayani, S.S.,
Christina Manurung, Martha Simanjuntak, S.S., Ika Sapitriani,
Raja Bobby Adytia, for their endless support, attention, pray and
love which they have been giving to the writer not only during the
term of the writers’ study, but also in everyday.
The writer realizes that this thesis still has the paucity, he conveniently
welcomes any suggestions, comments, and advices that will improve the quality
of this thesis. He hopes that this thesis would be useful for those who are read and
interested in the field of this study.
Medan,
July 2015
The writer,
Rezeki Sofian
Reg. No. 2112220016
iii
ABSTRACT
Sofian, Rezeki. 2112220016. A Unit Shift Analysis of English-Indonesian
Translation in the Novel ‘Kite Runner’ by Khaled Hosseini. A Thesis.
English Literature Department. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State
University of Medan. 2015
The objective of this research is to find out the pattern of unit shift in
English-Indonesian translation. Also, the purpose of this research is to figure out
what are the factors that can cause or affect each unit shift. The theory of unit shift
used in this research is based on translation shift by J.C. Catford. This research is
conducted upon unit analysis, a novel by Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner and
its Indonesian Translation by Berliani M. Nugrahani.
The result shows that there are 9 shifts from bound morpheme to word, 57
shifts from word to phrase, 4 shift from word to clause, 15 shift from word to
reduplication, 80 shifts from phrase to word, 4 from phrase to clause, 5 shift from
clause to phrase, 2 shifts form clause to word. Furthermore, the characteristics of
language which affect translation especially unit shift in the novel are: meaning
component which is affected by surface structure, one form which represents
several alternative meaning, and a single meaning which expressed in a variety of
form. Those characteristics have impact with the occurrence of unit shift in
translation of the novel.
Key Words: Translation, unit shift, characteristics of language.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
LIST OF TABLE ...........................................................................................
CHAPTER I.
Pages
i
ii
iv
vi
INTRODUCTION .............................................................
A. The Background of The Study......................................
B. The Problem of The Study............................................
C. The Objective of The Study..........................................
D. The Scope of The Study ...............................................
E. The Significance of The Study .....................................
1
1
4
4
5
5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...........................................
A. Definition of Translation ..............................................
1. Shift in Translation ...................................................
a. Level Shift ............................................................
b. Category Shift ......................................................
1) Structure Shift ..............................................
2) Class Shift ....................................................
3) Unit Shift .....................................................
4) Intra System Shift.........................................
2. Reduplication ..........................................................
3. Grammatical Hierarchy ..........................................
4. Cause of Translation Shift ......................................
B. Relevant Studies ...........................................................
C. Conceptual Framework .................................................
6
6
6
8
9
9
10
10
12
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................
A. Research Design ............................................................
B. The Source of Data ........................................................
C. The Instrument of Collecting Data ................................
D. The Technique of Collecting Data .................................
E. The Technique of Analyzing the Data ...........................
33
33
33
34
34
35
CHAPTER IV. FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS ................................
A. Data Description ............................................................
B. The Unit Shift Category Analysis ..................................
a. Shift of Morphemes to Word ...................................
b. Shift of Word to Phrase ...........................................
c. Shift of Word to Clause ...........................................
d. Shift of Word to Reduplication................................
e. Shift of Phrase to Word ...........................................
36
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
iv
12
24
27
29
f. Shift of Phrase to Clause..........................................
40
g. Shift of Clause to Phrases ........................................
41
h. Shift of Clause to Word ...........................................
42
C. The Factors that Cause the Existence of Unit Shift Category
..........................................................................
42
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ..............................
A. Conclusion .....................................................................
B. Suggestion......................................................................
46
46
47
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
APPENDIX .....................................................................................................
48
50
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1. Example of Level Shift .................................................................
8
Table 2.2. Example of Structure Shift ............................................................
9
Table 2.3. Example of Class Shift ..................................................................
10
Table 2.4. Example Shift of Word into Phrase...............................................
10
Table 2.5 Shift of Phrase into Clause ............................................................
10
Table 2.6. Example of Intra System Unit Shift ..............................................
12
Table 2.7. Example of Lexical Aspects ..........................................................
25
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of the Study
Every language in the world has its own characteristics. Therefore, when
the source language and the target language are widely different in structure and
cultural background, there cannot be an exact equivalent transfer of the source
language into the target language. To overcome the differences in characteristics
of these languages, translators are required to understand the structure of both the
source and target languages. It can be said that translation is a complicated
process encompassing both linguistic and non-linguistic problems. One aspect of
the linguistic problems to be mastered by a translator is the structure, meaning the
sequence of linguistic units that have relationship to each other. A translator who
translates English text into Indonesian has to be competent in mastering both
English and Indonesian language structure. It will make them capable in grasping
the meaning embedded in the text accurately, and will allow them to transfer the
same meaning correctly and appropriately using the suitable structure in the target
language.
Translation has a very important role in solving communication problems
between two different languages. Communication among people from different
countries, or even continents, might be intervened because of their language
differences, but it can be solved by translating a language into another, so that
they can understand each other.
1
2
It is stated that translation is basically a change of form. When it is
concerned with speaking a language, it refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses,
sentences, and paragraphs which are spoken or written. These forms are referred
to as the surface structure of a language. Larson (1984: 3).
The term “translation shift” was first introduced by Catford (1965). His
definition of this concept relies on his distinction between formal correspondence
and textual equivalence: formal correspondence is a relationship that holds
between two linguistic categories that occupy approximately the same place in the
organization of their respective languages, while textual equivalence holds
between two portions of text that are actual translations of each other. When a
textual equivalent is not formally correspondent with its source, this is called a
translation shift. Catford divided shifts into two major types; they are level shift
and category shift. And category shifts is divided into four types, they are
structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra system shifts.
The shift is done by the translator in order to establish equivalent and the
exact meaning or structure in target language so that the translation could be
natural and communicative. If the translator does not do the shifts, then he/she
preserves the form of the source language, the result or the product of the
translation might not be good, rigid, and inflexible, and it will make the readers
confused and even the translation would lead them to the wrong understanding.
In this thesis the writer wants to analyze one of the types of category
shifts, that is the unit shifts. Unit shifts is also called rank shifts. Catford in
(Munday 2001:61) states “Unit shifts or rank shifts are shifts where the translation
3
equivalent in the TL is at different rank to the SL. „Rank‟ here refers to the
hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme”. Unit
shifts are done because an idea or expression which is usually conveyed in word
level in SL must be conveyed in phrase level in TL. In another word unit shifts
deals to the change of rank from the source language to the target language.
This thesis focuses to find out the unit shifts category of English Indonesian translation in Novel Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini and its
translation by Berliani M. Nugrahani. This is because in translating the text from
different languages is very difficult and every language has its own rules. So that
to translate the language we use shifts to get the equivalence meaning in order to
make the reader understand the product of the translation.
The following are some examples of unit shifts category the writer finds
after reading the novel and it‟s translation at a glance:
1) SL: … On a frigid overcast day in the winter of 1975. (p.1)
TL: Pada suatu hari yang beku di musim dingin 1975. (p.17)
From the example above, (1) the word winter in source text is translated
into phrase musim dingin in the target text. It means that there is a change of rank
from word to phrase.
2) “Can we roll down the window?” I asked. (p211)
“Bisakah kita membuka jendela?” tanyaku. (p391)
From the examples above (2), it can be seen there are two changes of rank.
The first one is the phrase roll down in source text is translated into membuka in
the target text. It means there is a change of rank from phrase to word. The second
4
one the phrase I in source text is translated into morpheme tanyaku. It means that
there is a shift from word to morpheme.
Sometimes, there is no word in English as the source text that can
comprise the meaning in the target text like in the example above the word SL
(winter) translated TL (musim dingin). This happened because meaning
component package in the lexical items of two languages are different and to keep
the meaning conveyed in Indonesia, the form or unit need to be changed.
B.
The Problems of the Study
The problems will be answered in this discussion are formulated through
the following questions:
1. What are the unit shift category in Novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini
and its translation in Indonesia by Berliani M. Nugrahani?
2. What are the factors that cause the existence of each unit shift in the unit
analysis?
C.
The Objective of the Study
Based on the research questions above, the objective of this research are:
a. To find out the pattern of the unit shift category in English to
Indonesian translation of the novel Kite Runner.
b. To find out the factors that cause or affect each unit shift category in
the translation of English to Indonesian.
5
D.
The Scope of the Study
The writer is aware that it is impossible for him to cope all types of
translation shift which are covered in the novel The Kite Runner because of his
limited capability and knowledge. Hence, The subject of the study is limited to the
unit shift category that are covered in the first five pages in each chapter which is
taken from Khaled Hosseini‟s novel The Kite Runner and its Indonesian
translation.
E.
The Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the
development of linguistic studies, especially for the translation study about some
insights of the possible translation English into Indonesian and at once to see the
occurrence of unit shift category and the factor that cause the existence of each
unit shift category in the unit analysis. Therefore the clearest translation can be
done by the translator.
Practically, hopefully the result of this research can be used as a reference
in the process of analyzing the unit shift category in the novel. Also, I expect that
this research can be used as framework for translating English text into
Indonesian, especially in the unit shift category,
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
The research of this thesis is objected to find the unit shift category in the
translation of English into Indonesian language. This research is done based on
the theory of unit-shift by J.C. Catford. This theory of unit-shift is applied on the
unit analysis, the novel Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini and its Indonesian
translation by Berliani M. Nugrahani.
The writer found 9 shifts from bound morpheme to word, 57 shifts from
word to phrase, 4 shift from word to clause, 15 shift from word to reduplication,
80 shifts from phrase to word, 4 from phrase to clause, 5 shift from clause to
phrase, 2 shifts form clause to word.
The writer also analyzed the cause of unit shifts based on the
characteristics by Mildred L. Larson. Some of the shifts like Happiest: paling
bahagia, boy: anak laki-laki, side by side: berdampingan, occur because the
lexical aspects of meaning component from one language to another. Weather
because there is no similar unit with equivalent meaning or because the translators
choose to translate it to different diction. This frequently happen in translation,
especially in literary translation, based on efficiency or to keep the aesthetic
values of the source text in the target text.
There are also some unit shifts like countless: tak terhitung and careless:
ceroboh which occur because the grammatical aspects difference between English
43
44
and Indonesian. Nevertheless, none of the shifts in the target text change the
meaning components of the source text, indeed some of the shifts done to keep the
meaning remains the same. Therefore, the objective of translation can be
accomplished.
B.
Suggestions
The writer would like to suggest that in doing any translation, the most
important thing is to keep the meaning or the message of the source text remains
the same when it is being translated into the target text. Because of divergence in
cultural background of the two languages, a translator may not find the best
equivalent with similar form or unit in the target text, then shift of form must be
conducted.
Sometimes, change or shift of form or the structure needs to be managed
in order to convey the message in a way that is acceptable in the target text. This
shift may also be conducted to keep the aesthetic value of a text, especially in
literary text. Nevertheless, as long as this shift does not change the meaning of the
text, even make it more acceptable, then this can be used in the translation
process.
REFERENCES
Alwi, Hasan. Et al. 1998. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai
Pustaka.
Al-Zoubi, 2001. Constructing a Model for Shift Analysis in Translation. Irbid
National University, Jordan.
Al-Qinai, J. 2009. Style Shift in Translation. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association
of Applied Linguistics, 13 (2) 23-41.
Azar, Betty Schrampfer. Fundamentals of English Grammar, Third Edition.
United States of America: Longman.
Alzuhdy, Yosa Abduh. 2014. Analisis Translation Shift Dalam Penerjemahan
Bilingual Bahasa Inggris – Bahasa Indonesia, 22 (2) 185-193.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford
University Press.
Fonoza, Lamuddin. 2009. Komposisi Indonesia. Jakarta: Diksi Insan Mulia.
Hosseini, Khaled. 2003. The Kite Runner. Bloosmbury Publishing, London, New
Delhi, New York and Sydney.
Munday J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies Theory and Applicantion.
London and New York. Routledge.
Larson, Mildred. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation. New York: University Press
of America.
Machali, Rochayah. 1991. Redefining Textual Equivalence in Translation. United
State of America. Longman.
Margono. 1999. Essentials of Theory and Practice of Translation. Denpasar:
Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana.
Nida, Eugene A. and Chalrles R. Taber. 1974. The Theory and Practice of
Translation. Leiden, Netherlands: The United Bible Societies.
Roger T. Bell. 1991. Translation and Translating Theory and Practice. United
State of America. Longman.
Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian Reference Grammar. St. Leonards: Allen
& Unwin
45
46
Shih, Chung-ling. 2012. A Corpus-Aided Study of Shifts in English-to Chinese
Translation of Prepositions. International Journal of English Linguistics, 2
(6) 50-62.
Hosseini-Maasoum, Mohammad, Sayed. 2013. Translation Shifts in the Persian
Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Academic Journal
of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2 (1) 391-398.
Vossoughi, Hossein & Pourebrahim, Farhad. 2010. Applying Catford’s Shifts to
the Farsi Translation of Psychology Texts, 1 (3) 79-90.
TRANSLATION IN THE NOVEL “KITE RUNNER” BY
KHALED HOSSEINI
A THESIS
Submitted as in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree
of Sarjana Sastra
By:
REZEKI SOFIAN
Registration Number: 2112220016
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The greatest gratitude is expressed to Allah SWT, the Almighty and Most
Beneficial for His Grace, Guidance, Praise, Honor, and Mercy that has been given
to the writer so that he finally accomplishes her thesis entitled: “A Unit Shift
Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel ‘Kite Runner’ by Khaled
Hosseini.
In completing this thesis, the writer realized that he faced some problems
and he had received the academic guidance, suggestions, and comments and got a
lot of assistance and moral support from many people. Therefore, the writer
would like to express her gratitude and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
and Arts, State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A. the Secretary of English and
Literature Department, Nora Maranita, M.Hum., the Head of
English Education Program, and Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum. the
Head of English Literature Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan.
Drs. Lidiman Sahat Martua Sinaga, M.Hum., his Thesis
Consultant, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., his Academic Adviser and
also Thesis Examiner, Dr. Anni H. Pulungan, M.Hum., and Drs.
Muhammad Natsir, M. Hum., his Thesis Examiners who have given
their precious time, guidance, suggestions, and comments.
advised him throughout the academic years.
All lecturers of English Department who have taught, guided, and
Mam Euis, Mam Enda and Pak Pantes, the Administration Staff of
English Department, for their attention, assistance, and information.
ii
His special sincere gratitude goes to his beloved parents (May Allah
SWT watches over them), his lovely mother Kaharia, his beloved
aunt Mardiah, M.Com. and Bariah, his beloved uncle Ali Nafiah,
his lovely sisters Afriani Nur Sarumaha, Syahfitri Handayani and
all his families for their endless love, pray, inspiration, motivation,
and everything that they have given to the writer during his whole life.
All his classmates in Sastra A and B 2011 who cannot be mentioned
one by one that conquered the lectures and shared knowledge, ideas,
and bitter-sweet of campus life together and have been cooperatively
supporting the writer in completing this thesis.
His beloved friends, Hasbi Ramadhan, S.S., Isma Eriyanti, S.Pd.,
Sofyan Fernandesh H, David Sihite, Serius Afandi, Manguhal
Hutagalong, Ayu Septia Lestari, Sofa Priyandayani, S.S.,
Christina Manurung, Martha Simanjuntak, S.S., Ika Sapitriani,
Raja Bobby Adytia, for their endless support, attention, pray and
love which they have been giving to the writer not only during the
term of the writers’ study, but also in everyday.
The writer realizes that this thesis still has the paucity, he conveniently
welcomes any suggestions, comments, and advices that will improve the quality
of this thesis. He hopes that this thesis would be useful for those who are read and
interested in the field of this study.
Medan,
July 2015
The writer,
Rezeki Sofian
Reg. No. 2112220016
iii
ABSTRACT
Sofian, Rezeki. 2112220016. A Unit Shift Analysis of English-Indonesian
Translation in the Novel ‘Kite Runner’ by Khaled Hosseini. A Thesis.
English Literature Department. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State
University of Medan. 2015
The objective of this research is to find out the pattern of unit shift in
English-Indonesian translation. Also, the purpose of this research is to figure out
what are the factors that can cause or affect each unit shift. The theory of unit shift
used in this research is based on translation shift by J.C. Catford. This research is
conducted upon unit analysis, a novel by Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner and
its Indonesian Translation by Berliani M. Nugrahani.
The result shows that there are 9 shifts from bound morpheme to word, 57
shifts from word to phrase, 4 shift from word to clause, 15 shift from word to
reduplication, 80 shifts from phrase to word, 4 from phrase to clause, 5 shift from
clause to phrase, 2 shifts form clause to word. Furthermore, the characteristics of
language which affect translation especially unit shift in the novel are: meaning
component which is affected by surface structure, one form which represents
several alternative meaning, and a single meaning which expressed in a variety of
form. Those characteristics have impact with the occurrence of unit shift in
translation of the novel.
Key Words: Translation, unit shift, characteristics of language.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
LIST OF TABLE ...........................................................................................
CHAPTER I.
Pages
i
ii
iv
vi
INTRODUCTION .............................................................
A. The Background of The Study......................................
B. The Problem of The Study............................................
C. The Objective of The Study..........................................
D. The Scope of The Study ...............................................
E. The Significance of The Study .....................................
1
1
4
4
5
5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...........................................
A. Definition of Translation ..............................................
1. Shift in Translation ...................................................
a. Level Shift ............................................................
b. Category Shift ......................................................
1) Structure Shift ..............................................
2) Class Shift ....................................................
3) Unit Shift .....................................................
4) Intra System Shift.........................................
2. Reduplication ..........................................................
3. Grammatical Hierarchy ..........................................
4. Cause of Translation Shift ......................................
B. Relevant Studies ...........................................................
C. Conceptual Framework .................................................
6
6
6
8
9
9
10
10
12
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................
A. Research Design ............................................................
B. The Source of Data ........................................................
C. The Instrument of Collecting Data ................................
D. The Technique of Collecting Data .................................
E. The Technique of Analyzing the Data ...........................
33
33
33
34
34
35
CHAPTER IV. FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS ................................
A. Data Description ............................................................
B. The Unit Shift Category Analysis ..................................
a. Shift of Morphemes to Word ...................................
b. Shift of Word to Phrase ...........................................
c. Shift of Word to Clause ...........................................
d. Shift of Word to Reduplication................................
e. Shift of Phrase to Word ...........................................
36
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
iv
12
24
27
29
f. Shift of Phrase to Clause..........................................
40
g. Shift of Clause to Phrases ........................................
41
h. Shift of Clause to Word ...........................................
42
C. The Factors that Cause the Existence of Unit Shift Category
..........................................................................
42
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ..............................
A. Conclusion .....................................................................
B. Suggestion......................................................................
46
46
47
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
APPENDIX .....................................................................................................
48
50
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1. Example of Level Shift .................................................................
8
Table 2.2. Example of Structure Shift ............................................................
9
Table 2.3. Example of Class Shift ..................................................................
10
Table 2.4. Example Shift of Word into Phrase...............................................
10
Table 2.5 Shift of Phrase into Clause ............................................................
10
Table 2.6. Example of Intra System Unit Shift ..............................................
12
Table 2.7. Example of Lexical Aspects ..........................................................
25
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of the Study
Every language in the world has its own characteristics. Therefore, when
the source language and the target language are widely different in structure and
cultural background, there cannot be an exact equivalent transfer of the source
language into the target language. To overcome the differences in characteristics
of these languages, translators are required to understand the structure of both the
source and target languages. It can be said that translation is a complicated
process encompassing both linguistic and non-linguistic problems. One aspect of
the linguistic problems to be mastered by a translator is the structure, meaning the
sequence of linguistic units that have relationship to each other. A translator who
translates English text into Indonesian has to be competent in mastering both
English and Indonesian language structure. It will make them capable in grasping
the meaning embedded in the text accurately, and will allow them to transfer the
same meaning correctly and appropriately using the suitable structure in the target
language.
Translation has a very important role in solving communication problems
between two different languages. Communication among people from different
countries, or even continents, might be intervened because of their language
differences, but it can be solved by translating a language into another, so that
they can understand each other.
1
2
It is stated that translation is basically a change of form. When it is
concerned with speaking a language, it refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses,
sentences, and paragraphs which are spoken or written. These forms are referred
to as the surface structure of a language. Larson (1984: 3).
The term “translation shift” was first introduced by Catford (1965). His
definition of this concept relies on his distinction between formal correspondence
and textual equivalence: formal correspondence is a relationship that holds
between two linguistic categories that occupy approximately the same place in the
organization of their respective languages, while textual equivalence holds
between two portions of text that are actual translations of each other. When a
textual equivalent is not formally correspondent with its source, this is called a
translation shift. Catford divided shifts into two major types; they are level shift
and category shift. And category shifts is divided into four types, they are
structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra system shifts.
The shift is done by the translator in order to establish equivalent and the
exact meaning or structure in target language so that the translation could be
natural and communicative. If the translator does not do the shifts, then he/she
preserves the form of the source language, the result or the product of the
translation might not be good, rigid, and inflexible, and it will make the readers
confused and even the translation would lead them to the wrong understanding.
In this thesis the writer wants to analyze one of the types of category
shifts, that is the unit shifts. Unit shifts is also called rank shifts. Catford in
(Munday 2001:61) states “Unit shifts or rank shifts are shifts where the translation
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equivalent in the TL is at different rank to the SL. „Rank‟ here refers to the
hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme”. Unit
shifts are done because an idea or expression which is usually conveyed in word
level in SL must be conveyed in phrase level in TL. In another word unit shifts
deals to the change of rank from the source language to the target language.
This thesis focuses to find out the unit shifts category of English Indonesian translation in Novel Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini and its
translation by Berliani M. Nugrahani. This is because in translating the text from
different languages is very difficult and every language has its own rules. So that
to translate the language we use shifts to get the equivalence meaning in order to
make the reader understand the product of the translation.
The following are some examples of unit shifts category the writer finds
after reading the novel and it‟s translation at a glance:
1) SL: … On a frigid overcast day in the winter of 1975. (p.1)
TL: Pada suatu hari yang beku di musim dingin 1975. (p.17)
From the example above, (1) the word winter in source text is translated
into phrase musim dingin in the target text. It means that there is a change of rank
from word to phrase.
2) “Can we roll down the window?” I asked. (p211)
“Bisakah kita membuka jendela?” tanyaku. (p391)
From the examples above (2), it can be seen there are two changes of rank.
The first one is the phrase roll down in source text is translated into membuka in
the target text. It means there is a change of rank from phrase to word. The second
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one the phrase I in source text is translated into morpheme tanyaku. It means that
there is a shift from word to morpheme.
Sometimes, there is no word in English as the source text that can
comprise the meaning in the target text like in the example above the word SL
(winter) translated TL (musim dingin). This happened because meaning
component package in the lexical items of two languages are different and to keep
the meaning conveyed in Indonesia, the form or unit need to be changed.
B.
The Problems of the Study
The problems will be answered in this discussion are formulated through
the following questions:
1. What are the unit shift category in Novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini
and its translation in Indonesia by Berliani M. Nugrahani?
2. What are the factors that cause the existence of each unit shift in the unit
analysis?
C.
The Objective of the Study
Based on the research questions above, the objective of this research are:
a. To find out the pattern of the unit shift category in English to
Indonesian translation of the novel Kite Runner.
b. To find out the factors that cause or affect each unit shift category in
the translation of English to Indonesian.
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D.
The Scope of the Study
The writer is aware that it is impossible for him to cope all types of
translation shift which are covered in the novel The Kite Runner because of his
limited capability and knowledge. Hence, The subject of the study is limited to the
unit shift category that are covered in the first five pages in each chapter which is
taken from Khaled Hosseini‟s novel The Kite Runner and its Indonesian
translation.
E.
The Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the
development of linguistic studies, especially for the translation study about some
insights of the possible translation English into Indonesian and at once to see the
occurrence of unit shift category and the factor that cause the existence of each
unit shift category in the unit analysis. Therefore the clearest translation can be
done by the translator.
Practically, hopefully the result of this research can be used as a reference
in the process of analyzing the unit shift category in the novel. Also, I expect that
this research can be used as framework for translating English text into
Indonesian, especially in the unit shift category,
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
The research of this thesis is objected to find the unit shift category in the
translation of English into Indonesian language. This research is done based on
the theory of unit-shift by J.C. Catford. This theory of unit-shift is applied on the
unit analysis, the novel Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini and its Indonesian
translation by Berliani M. Nugrahani.
The writer found 9 shifts from bound morpheme to word, 57 shifts from
word to phrase, 4 shift from word to clause, 15 shift from word to reduplication,
80 shifts from phrase to word, 4 from phrase to clause, 5 shift from clause to
phrase, 2 shifts form clause to word.
The writer also analyzed the cause of unit shifts based on the
characteristics by Mildred L. Larson. Some of the shifts like Happiest: paling
bahagia, boy: anak laki-laki, side by side: berdampingan, occur because the
lexical aspects of meaning component from one language to another. Weather
because there is no similar unit with equivalent meaning or because the translators
choose to translate it to different diction. This frequently happen in translation,
especially in literary translation, based on efficiency or to keep the aesthetic
values of the source text in the target text.
There are also some unit shifts like countless: tak terhitung and careless:
ceroboh which occur because the grammatical aspects difference between English
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and Indonesian. Nevertheless, none of the shifts in the target text change the
meaning components of the source text, indeed some of the shifts done to keep the
meaning remains the same. Therefore, the objective of translation can be
accomplished.
B.
Suggestions
The writer would like to suggest that in doing any translation, the most
important thing is to keep the meaning or the message of the source text remains
the same when it is being translated into the target text. Because of divergence in
cultural background of the two languages, a translator may not find the best
equivalent with similar form or unit in the target text, then shift of form must be
conducted.
Sometimes, change or shift of form or the structure needs to be managed
in order to convey the message in a way that is acceptable in the target text. This
shift may also be conducted to keep the aesthetic value of a text, especially in
literary text. Nevertheless, as long as this shift does not change the meaning of the
text, even make it more acceptable, then this can be used in the translation
process.
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