HIV-AIDS Education and Willingness to VCT among Youth.
HIV-AIDS EDUCATION AND WILLINGNESS TO VCT AMONG YOUTH
Nyoman Agus Jagat Raya
Medical Surgical Nursing Department
Nursing Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University
Bali, Indonesia
Email: jagatraya.bali@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The HIV-AIDS education is very important given to the young age because the spread of
HIV-AIDS among productive age groups especially among youth in the world is increasing.
Knowledge of HIV-AIDS will have an influence and an impact for Voluntary Counseling
Testing (VCT). The purpose of this literature review is to know about HIV-AIDS education
and willingness to VCT among young age. Literature review was conducted from several
publications and journal articles from open access publisher from 2010-2015. There were
significant correlation between HIV-AIDS education and willingness to VCT among youth.
Better knowledge on HIV-AIDS has influenced on attitudes to VCT, although there were
contributing factors and hindering factors to VCT. HIV-AIDS education and HIV-AIDS
intervention program especially for youth. It must not only provide accurate information, but
also must be made to provide health service access for youth friendly, and is to understand the
needs of the youth related to sexual rights and reproductive.
Keywords: HIV-AIDS, Willingness, VCT, Youth
37.2 million) people living with HIV
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is a period of growth that
has become the focus of attention of most
people in the phase of growth and
development, starting from the times of
search for identity, the development of
freedom of the parents, and the preparation
for membership in social organizations
(Bowden and Cindy, 2010). Hockenberry
and Davin estimate that more than half the
adolescents
had
at
least
one
sexual
experience after finishing high school with a
friend or a friend of the opposite sex
(Hockenberry
and
David,
2009).
Its
behavior can increase a risk of sexual health
problems in adolescents, if sexual behavior
of adolescence is unsafe or does not perform
a
clean
treatment
processes
in
the
reproductive organs. One of sexual health
issues
could
be happened
Immunodeficiency
Immuno
Virus
Deficiency
is
-
Human
Acquired
Syndrome
(HIV-
AIDS).
HIV-AIDS, part of the IMS, which
became a global health problem. According
to the United Nations Program on HIVAIDS
(UNAIDS)
World
Health
Organization (WHO) in 2014 reported an
increase in cases of the year 2010 as many
as 34 million people until the end of 2013,
there were an average of 35 million (33.2 to
worldwide. New cases of HIV in 2013 are
estimated at 2.1 million cases (1.9 to 2.4
million).
People
who
have
received
antiretroviral therapy (ARV) to June 2014
only reached 13.6 million people (UNAIDS,
2014).
A more serious challenge today, is the
growing infection rates among adolescence.
Research has shown that highest group
found to be infected with the virus is the
age-group 15-24. The youth high-risk group
accounts for 60% of all new infections in
many countries. For example, in subSaharan African, which has just over 10% of
the world’s population, remains the most
seriously affected region (Asante, 2013). An
estimated population of over 150 million
people, Nigeria currently has the second
highest number of infected person, over 3.4
million. Risky sexual activities particularly
among young people ages 15-24 years are
responsible for 80% of new HIV infection
with prevalence of 4.1%, same as the
national rate (Oladunni, 2013).
Meanwhile, Indonesia has a number of
youth as much as 64 million or 27.6% of the
total population of Indonesia (BKKBN,
2013). Fairly high number of the youth who
have become a serious concern in dealing
with risky sexual activities, including; casual
sex,
multiple
sexual
partners,
sexual
violence and transactional sex exchange.
Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) is
one of the other different forms of HCT.
According to the Demographic and Health
VCT prevents transmission of the virus
Survey (2007), general knowledge about
by combining personalized counseling with
reproductive health is still low. Young
knowledge of one’s HIV status, to motivate
people make up around 30% of the most-at-
people to change their behavior. As an
risk population, where HIV prevalence is
important and cost-effective HIV prevention
higher. Estimates in 2011 placed prevalence
strategy,
rates at 36% amongst injecting drug users,
improving access to care and support, VCT
22% amongst transgender, 10% amongst
services have been widely promoted in
female sex workers, 8.5% amongst men who
developing countries, as part of their
have sex with men (UNICEF Indonesia,
primary health care package (Mahato,
2012).
2013). VCT and the knowledge of HIV-
Access to sexual and reproductive health
service and access for the young people to
with
an
increasing
role
in
AIDS have related each other.
In 1999, a survey of HIV-AIDS related
HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support
knowledge
are some of the key target of the Millennium
conducted among student at the University
Development Goals (MDGs). Over the
of Botswana, USA, the country’s major
years, effort have been directed at different
center of education and higher learning,
preventive strategies including abstinence
which found that high levels of risky
from sex, being faithful to an uninfected
behavior were prevalent among students
partner, screening of blood and blood
despite widespread knowledge that these
products, use condom correctly, do not
behaviors may lead to HIV-1 infection
drugs injection, and take information about
(Wester, 2012). In Indonesia, study in five
HIV-AIDS its self. HIV counseling and
provinces
testing (HCT), one of the strategies is used
comprehensive knowledge about HIV-AIDS
as a key entry point for all form of HIV and
amongst youth in the general population,
AIDS prevention and control interventions,
from 11.4% in 2010 to 20.6% in 2011, with
including treatment, care, and support
similar proportions for men and women
program (Onipede and Okoukoni, 2011).
(UNICEF Indonesia, 2012). Based on this
background,
and
sexual
showed
an
HIV-AIDS
practices
increase
education
was
in
and
willingness to VCT among youth have
correlation in each other. Thus, it will be
analyzed by collecting some articles and
journals, which have been published.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Writer wrote by literature review from
few articles and journals publication, which
is taken from full text electronic database,
started from 2010 until 2015. Keyword is
used are HIV-AIDS, willingness, VCT, and
youth. Writer focuses on journals and
articles that use English or international
journal. Purposes of this literature review to
descript and analyzes the literature about
related HIV-AIDS education to willingness
to do VCT among youth from few countries
in the world.
FINDINGS
Journal 1
Knowledge of HIV and VCT and attitude
to VCT among National Youth Service
Corps members in Ilesa and Ife, South
Western Nigeria
Result:
Total of 307 out of 330 questionnaires
Knowledge of HIV AIDS; 32% poor,
20% good, 48% fair.
Knowledge of VCT; 29% poor, good
20%, fair 51%.
Attitude to VCT; 42% negative and
58% positive.
Journal 2
HIV/AIDS knowledge and uptake of HIV
counseling and testing among under
graduated private university students in
Accra, Ghana
Result:
Knowledge of the modes of HIV
transmission was high as majority of
the respondents (96%) correctly
identify one or more modes, 50%
more than two, 24% more than three,
22% only single way of HIV
transmission, 4% unable to identify.
Knowledge of prevention; 78% know
to use condom, 70% abstinence, 63%
avoiding sharing object, 57% being
faithful.
Knowledge
of
treatment
for
HIV/AIDS high 89% no cure for
AIDS.
Over 95% of the students were
knowledgeable about where to get an
HIV test, but only 45.4% had tested
for HIV. Over half (54.6%) of the
participants had not tested for HIV
prior to the study. Additionally, 62.7%
indicated would test for HIV in the
future, with more males (67%)
showing more willingness than
females (33%).
Journal 3
Factors hindering acceptance of HIV/AIDS
Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT)
among youths in Kwara State, Nigeria
Result:
Factors hindering acceptance of HIV/AIDS
VCT: Ignorance (3.22), fear of being
positive (3.19), cost of VCT (2.85),
inadequacy of VCT centres (2.55),
stigmatization
(2.15),
discrimination
(1.90), religious belief (1.63), cultural
belief (1.35), parental pressure (1.20),
inadequate motivation (1.18).
statistically significant was found
(r287=0.371, p
Nyoman Agus Jagat Raya
Medical Surgical Nursing Department
Nursing Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University
Bali, Indonesia
Email: jagatraya.bali@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The HIV-AIDS education is very important given to the young age because the spread of
HIV-AIDS among productive age groups especially among youth in the world is increasing.
Knowledge of HIV-AIDS will have an influence and an impact for Voluntary Counseling
Testing (VCT). The purpose of this literature review is to know about HIV-AIDS education
and willingness to VCT among young age. Literature review was conducted from several
publications and journal articles from open access publisher from 2010-2015. There were
significant correlation between HIV-AIDS education and willingness to VCT among youth.
Better knowledge on HIV-AIDS has influenced on attitudes to VCT, although there were
contributing factors and hindering factors to VCT. HIV-AIDS education and HIV-AIDS
intervention program especially for youth. It must not only provide accurate information, but
also must be made to provide health service access for youth friendly, and is to understand the
needs of the youth related to sexual rights and reproductive.
Keywords: HIV-AIDS, Willingness, VCT, Youth
37.2 million) people living with HIV
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is a period of growth that
has become the focus of attention of most
people in the phase of growth and
development, starting from the times of
search for identity, the development of
freedom of the parents, and the preparation
for membership in social organizations
(Bowden and Cindy, 2010). Hockenberry
and Davin estimate that more than half the
adolescents
had
at
least
one
sexual
experience after finishing high school with a
friend or a friend of the opposite sex
(Hockenberry
and
David,
2009).
Its
behavior can increase a risk of sexual health
problems in adolescents, if sexual behavior
of adolescence is unsafe or does not perform
a
clean
treatment
processes
in
the
reproductive organs. One of sexual health
issues
could
be happened
Immunodeficiency
Immuno
Virus
Deficiency
is
-
Human
Acquired
Syndrome
(HIV-
AIDS).
HIV-AIDS, part of the IMS, which
became a global health problem. According
to the United Nations Program on HIVAIDS
(UNAIDS)
World
Health
Organization (WHO) in 2014 reported an
increase in cases of the year 2010 as many
as 34 million people until the end of 2013,
there were an average of 35 million (33.2 to
worldwide. New cases of HIV in 2013 are
estimated at 2.1 million cases (1.9 to 2.4
million).
People
who
have
received
antiretroviral therapy (ARV) to June 2014
only reached 13.6 million people (UNAIDS,
2014).
A more serious challenge today, is the
growing infection rates among adolescence.
Research has shown that highest group
found to be infected with the virus is the
age-group 15-24. The youth high-risk group
accounts for 60% of all new infections in
many countries. For example, in subSaharan African, which has just over 10% of
the world’s population, remains the most
seriously affected region (Asante, 2013). An
estimated population of over 150 million
people, Nigeria currently has the second
highest number of infected person, over 3.4
million. Risky sexual activities particularly
among young people ages 15-24 years are
responsible for 80% of new HIV infection
with prevalence of 4.1%, same as the
national rate (Oladunni, 2013).
Meanwhile, Indonesia has a number of
youth as much as 64 million or 27.6% of the
total population of Indonesia (BKKBN,
2013). Fairly high number of the youth who
have become a serious concern in dealing
with risky sexual activities, including; casual
sex,
multiple
sexual
partners,
sexual
violence and transactional sex exchange.
Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) is
one of the other different forms of HCT.
According to the Demographic and Health
VCT prevents transmission of the virus
Survey (2007), general knowledge about
by combining personalized counseling with
reproductive health is still low. Young
knowledge of one’s HIV status, to motivate
people make up around 30% of the most-at-
people to change their behavior. As an
risk population, where HIV prevalence is
important and cost-effective HIV prevention
higher. Estimates in 2011 placed prevalence
strategy,
rates at 36% amongst injecting drug users,
improving access to care and support, VCT
22% amongst transgender, 10% amongst
services have been widely promoted in
female sex workers, 8.5% amongst men who
developing countries, as part of their
have sex with men (UNICEF Indonesia,
primary health care package (Mahato,
2012).
2013). VCT and the knowledge of HIV-
Access to sexual and reproductive health
service and access for the young people to
with
an
increasing
role
in
AIDS have related each other.
In 1999, a survey of HIV-AIDS related
HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support
knowledge
are some of the key target of the Millennium
conducted among student at the University
Development Goals (MDGs). Over the
of Botswana, USA, the country’s major
years, effort have been directed at different
center of education and higher learning,
preventive strategies including abstinence
which found that high levels of risky
from sex, being faithful to an uninfected
behavior were prevalent among students
partner, screening of blood and blood
despite widespread knowledge that these
products, use condom correctly, do not
behaviors may lead to HIV-1 infection
drugs injection, and take information about
(Wester, 2012). In Indonesia, study in five
HIV-AIDS its self. HIV counseling and
provinces
testing (HCT), one of the strategies is used
comprehensive knowledge about HIV-AIDS
as a key entry point for all form of HIV and
amongst youth in the general population,
AIDS prevention and control interventions,
from 11.4% in 2010 to 20.6% in 2011, with
including treatment, care, and support
similar proportions for men and women
program (Onipede and Okoukoni, 2011).
(UNICEF Indonesia, 2012). Based on this
background,
and
sexual
showed
an
HIV-AIDS
practices
increase
education
was
in
and
willingness to VCT among youth have
correlation in each other. Thus, it will be
analyzed by collecting some articles and
journals, which have been published.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Writer wrote by literature review from
few articles and journals publication, which
is taken from full text electronic database,
started from 2010 until 2015. Keyword is
used are HIV-AIDS, willingness, VCT, and
youth. Writer focuses on journals and
articles that use English or international
journal. Purposes of this literature review to
descript and analyzes the literature about
related HIV-AIDS education to willingness
to do VCT among youth from few countries
in the world.
FINDINGS
Journal 1
Knowledge of HIV and VCT and attitude
to VCT among National Youth Service
Corps members in Ilesa and Ife, South
Western Nigeria
Result:
Total of 307 out of 330 questionnaires
Knowledge of HIV AIDS; 32% poor,
20% good, 48% fair.
Knowledge of VCT; 29% poor, good
20%, fair 51%.
Attitude to VCT; 42% negative and
58% positive.
Journal 2
HIV/AIDS knowledge and uptake of HIV
counseling and testing among under
graduated private university students in
Accra, Ghana
Result:
Knowledge of the modes of HIV
transmission was high as majority of
the respondents (96%) correctly
identify one or more modes, 50%
more than two, 24% more than three,
22% only single way of HIV
transmission, 4% unable to identify.
Knowledge of prevention; 78% know
to use condom, 70% abstinence, 63%
avoiding sharing object, 57% being
faithful.
Knowledge
of
treatment
for
HIV/AIDS high 89% no cure for
AIDS.
Over 95% of the students were
knowledgeable about where to get an
HIV test, but only 45.4% had tested
for HIV. Over half (54.6%) of the
participants had not tested for HIV
prior to the study. Additionally, 62.7%
indicated would test for HIV in the
future, with more males (67%)
showing more willingness than
females (33%).
Journal 3
Factors hindering acceptance of HIV/AIDS
Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT)
among youths in Kwara State, Nigeria
Result:
Factors hindering acceptance of HIV/AIDS
VCT: Ignorance (3.22), fear of being
positive (3.19), cost of VCT (2.85),
inadequacy of VCT centres (2.55),
stigmatization
(2.15),
discrimination
(1.90), religious belief (1.63), cultural
belief (1.35), parental pressure (1.20),
inadequate motivation (1.18).
statistically significant was found
(r287=0.371, p