M02054
Sharing Knowledge as the Bridge to Achieve Fluorishing Inner Well
Being: Literature Review
Rauly Sijabat a, Lieli Suharti b
Lecturer of STIE Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Lecturer of Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Indonesia
Abstract
The study on the influence of sharing-knowledge behavior is often linked with the ability of innovation, sustainability,
and performance. This paper, using literature review approach tries to reveal the relation between sharing-knowledge behavior
and fluorishing inner well-being.
The findings of this paper are based on the analysis and interpretation of previous research studies using literature review
approach.
The result of literature review indicates that research on sharing knowledge behavior is still limited on the intention to
share and some antecedents which affect them. There are few empirical researches that link sharing behavior and outer variable
so it can emerge an integrative sharing knowledge model.
This paper is based on literature studies already existed today that can be reached by the writers. So there is possibility
that there are some literature out of the writers reach which are not covered in the analysis.
The previous research has not raised the need hierarchy theory where the highest need is self actualization as the impact
of sharing knowledge behavior. It has motivated this study to explore fluorishing inner well being variables so that it needs to
be studied empirically as variables that are influenced by the behavior of sharing knowledge.
Keywords: sharing knowledge, self-actualization, fluorishing inner well being .
Introduction
Knowledge is stored in the human head and can not
absolutely be formulated in a collection of documents.
However, such knowledge can enhance individual
creativity (Choi & Lee 2002) for knowledge stimulating
individual to be able to think critically and creatively
(Lindsey, 2006, Aulawi et al, 2009) which in turn can
improve innovation capabilities of individuals (Jackson et
al., 2006, Rebernick and Sirec 2007, Aulawi et al., 2009)
and enable individuals to produce new knowledge for
organization. That’s why it is not wrong if the knowledge
is needed to gain a competitive advantage (Gnyawali,
Stewart, & Grant1997, Chilton & Bloodgood2008, Eldin &
Hamza2009, Mohammadi, Khanlari, & Sohrabi2009) and
as company major resource that is hard to duplicate (Grant
1996).
Nonetheless, competitive advantage can only be
achieved if knowledge can be managed and maintained by
company (Morling and Yakhlef 1999). Knowledgemanagement is system that enables organizations to
manage and to maintain the knowledge possessed by
individuals. Management and maintenance as well as the
creation of knowledge require action and interaction of
individuals within the organization. Here, sharing
knowledge behavior role of the individual in the success or
failure of a knowledge-management strategy (Bollinger
and Smith 2001).
* Corresponding author. Telp +6281325710949
e-mail address: [email protected]
The role of sharing knowledge behavior in
knowledge-management has been widely expressed in
many previous studies. Behavior of sharing knowledge is
an important part of the knowledge-management (Orr &
Persson, 2003, Yuen 2007, Shanshan 2014), determe the
success of knowledge-management (Xue, Liang et al,
2012, Di Gangi, Wasko, & Tang, 2012, Boughzala &
Briggs 2012 , Yesil 2013) as well as being key to the
success of knowledge-management (Singh & Kant, 2008).
The study on the behavior of sharing knowledge is
not a new study. The study on the behavior of sharing
knowledge has been studied by many previous researchers
who have successfully mapped various variables that
explain the behavior of sharing knowledge. At the level of
the individual, there are many variables that can explain the
behavior of sharing knowledge, such as the feeling of
loosing the power of knowledge (Alhalhouli, Hassan &
Albualkhishik 2013), expectations of an increase in
rewards, recognition, and status (Saad & Haron, 2013,
Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkhishik 2013), self-efficacy
(Kwakye & Nor 2011, Tseng & Kuo, 2014, Chen and Hew
2015), personality (Matzler & Müller2011). At the level of
interpersonal, there are variables such as reciprocity
(Kwakye & Nor 2011, Di Gangi, Wasko & Tang, 2012,
Goh & Sandhu, 2013, Hau, Kim, Lee & Kim, 2013, Saad
& Haron, 2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkhishik 2013,
Chen & Hew, 2015), trust (Lee, Lee, and Seo 2011,
Kwakye & Nor 2011, Seba, Rowley & Lambert, 2012,
Howell & Annansingh 2013, Kukko 2013, Dokhtesmati &
2
Bousari 2013, Hau, Kim, Lee & Kim, 2013, Chen &
Chang, 2013, Kukko, 2013, Chen and Hew 2015). At the
level of organization variable such as organizational
culture (Aris 2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik
2013), reward systems (Yiu & Lawa 2012, Saad & Haron,
2013, Aris 2013), top management support and leadership
style (Jahani, Ramayah, & Effendi 2011, Lee, Lee & Seo,
2011, Yun 2011, Seba, Rowley, Lambert 2012, Ismail,
Welch, & Xu, 2013, Carmeli, 2013, Howell & Annansingh
2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik 2013) are found.
Based on the study results of previous studies, it can be
concluded that the studies are still focus on variables that
describe the behavior of sharing knowledge. However,
studies that link the effect of sharing knowledge behavior
toward the outcomes (outputs) or the consequences of the
behavior of sharing knowledge have not been widely
studied. This has become a special attraction to be able to
study in more depth through the study of literature review
on the outcome of sharing knowledge behavior of the
subject or the person doing the sharing knowledge
behavior. The literature review study toward the outcomes
of sharing knowledge behavior conducted in this study is
expected to provide reference for the development of
sharing knowledge behavior model that is more
integrative.
Previous Research
Outputs of the behavior of sharing knowledge is
often associated with various benefits such as the reduction
of production cost, the accomplishment of new projects
which are faster, product development, the performance of
the team, innovation ability of the company, and the
company's performance as well as the sale growth and
income srom product and service (Arthur & Huntley2005,
Collins & Smith2006, Lin2007, Mesmer-Magnus &
DeChurch2009). Sharing knowledge behavior can also
increase the quality of organization work, decision-making
skills, eficiency of problem solving, and competency
(Yang 2007). It is also identified that the behavior of
sharing knowledge can improve the behavior of individual
(Aulawi et al. 2009), team (MacCurtain et al, 2008, Weber
et al., 2011) and the organization innovation (Lin 2007,
Wangpipatwong 2009, Kamaşak & Bulutlar 2010,
Mehrabani & Mohamad 2011).
Table 1
Outcomes Approach of Sharing Knowledge in Previous Research
Gayut Variables
Sharing knowledge behavior
Researchers
Cheng, Ho & Lau (2009), Kwakye & Nor (2011), Masrek & Edang
(2012), Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik (2013), Ayalew, Bekele &
Straub (2013), Omar et al (2013), Othman & Skeik (2014), Shanshan
(2014), Chen, Fan & Tsai (2014), Kumari & Takahashi (2014), Osman,
Sauid, & Azizan (2015), Mallasi & Ainin (2015)
Intention to share knowledge
Bock et al (2005), Cho, Li & Su (2007), Welschen, Todorova& Mills
(2012), Rahab & Wahyuni (2013), Tan & Ramayah (2014)
Innovation behavior
Liu & Philips (2011), Iqbal et al (2011), Yesil&Hirlak (2013)
Knowledge contribution
Wasko & Faraj (2005)
Quality of sharing knowledge
Ismail & Yusof (2010)
Source: Extracted from Various Previous Researches, 2016
sharing knowledge as gayut variable also had been done by
Omar et al (2013) used variable of sharing
Cheng Ho and Lau (2009), Kwakye & Nor (2011), Masrek
knowledge behavior as gayut variable and personal
& edang (2012), Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik (2013),
attitudes variables (self-efficacy and confidence) and
Ayalew, Bekele, and Straub (2013), Chen, Fan & Tsai
technological factors (availability of technology and
(2014), Kumari & Takahashi (2014), Osman, Sauid, and
perception of technology benefits) as independent
Azizan (2015).
variables. Othman & Skeik (2014) also used variable of
sharing knowledge behavior as gayut variable with
Welschen, Todorova & Mills research (2012) only
attitudes variable, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and
to the intention of sharing knowledge as gayut variables
control as independent variables. Research conducted by
and the variables of autonomy, self-efficacy, the
Shanshan (2014) also used variable of sharing knowledge
significance, impact and subjective norm as independent
behavior as gayut variables with independent variables
variables and variables attitude as mediator variables.
include the support of top management, organizational
Similarly, the research of Bock et al. (2005), Cho, Li and
culture, social relations; variable attitudes and intentions
Su (2007), Ibragimova et al. (2012), Rahab & Wahyuni
towards sharing knowledge as mediator variables and
(2013), Tan & Ramayah (2014) also used variables
variables of trust, self-efficacy, motivation, and training as
intention of sharing knowledge as gayut variables.
moderating variable. Mallasi & Ainin research (2015)
examine the effect of non-monetary factors (the joy of
Research conducted by Yesil & Hirlak (2013) is
helping others, reputation, self-efficacy, confidence,
more advanced than other studies because it involves
humility, and religiosity) of sharing knowledge behavior.
variables as gayut variables innovation behavior. Liu and
The previous studies that test variables, the behavior of
Philips Research (2011) also used the team innovation as
3
the gayut variables. Still on innovation, research conducted
by Iqbal et al (2011) also used the innovation capability of
the university as gayut variable.
Studies conducted by Wasko and Faraj (2005) give
another color in the study of sharing knowledge by lifting
knowledge contribution variables as gayut variables. Ismail
& Yusof (2010) raised the variable quality of sharing
knowledge as the gayut variables.
Based on the data presented in Table 1 above, if it
is compared to the studies that examine the variables
explaining the behavior of sharing knowledge, research on
outcomes of sharing knowledge is still very limited. In
addition, studies on the outcomes of sharing knowledge
behavior also have not separated the variables at the level
of the individual, interactional and organizations.
Research Method
The findings resulted from this paper are based on
the analysis and interpretation of previous research studies
by using literature review approach. There are a number of
43 previous studies studied in this paper from 2005 to 2015.
Table 1.2
Previous Research Distribution
Year
Observation
2005
2007
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Total
Amount
Source of Publication
Amount
2
1
1
1
7
5
16
6
4
African Journal of Business Management (AJBM)
American International Journal of Contemporary Research
American Journal of Economics and Business Administration
Asian Social Science
Computers & Education
Educational Technology and Society
Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries
Human Resource Management
Information Research
Innovation and Knowledge Management: A Global Competitive Advantage
International Business Research
International Journal of Engineering Business Management
International Journal of Information and Education Technology
International Journal of Information Management
International Journal of Knowledge Management
International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics
Journal of Asian Scientific Research
Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research
Journal of Economic Psychology
Journal of Education and Vocational Research
Journal of Global Business and Technology
Journal of Organizational Knowledge Management
Journal of Strategic Information Systems
Knowledge Management Research & Practice
Middle East Journal of Scientific Research
MIS Quarterly
MSIE
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science
Proceeding
Service Science
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Journal of Communication and Education
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
43
43
Reseach Results and Discussion
The results of the literature review that have been
conducted shows that the studies examined the effect of
sharing knowledge behavior towards outcomes (outputs) or
the consequences of the behavior of sharing knowledge
4
assessed on an individual level have not been studied yet
by many reseachers. Sharing knowledge behavior process
allows social interaction and involvement with other
people to the individual need fulfillment toward social
interaction. Meanwhile, knowledge derived from sharing
knowledge behavior can be used to fulfill social need and
individual cognitive as well as to improve individual life
satisfaction and to support individual to develop.
Theory of Moral Ethics of Aristotle is used to
explain that the purpose of life is happiness where
happiness is synonymous with goodness. Aristotle
distinguishes two human goodness functions, i.e functions
as being a good person according to his profession and the
function of acting as a human being. A good professor, is
not tyhe same as good person, and vice versa. One effort to
achieve such kindness, Aristotle expressed the need for the
intellectual goodness (intellectual virtues) that includes the
reason (nus), theoretical wisdom (Sophia ), scientific
knowledge (episteme), the practical wisdom (phronesis),
and skill (techne). The concept of sharing knowledge
behavior allows social contact and involvemenr with other
people to fulfill individual need toward social interaction.
Meanwhile, the knowledge got from sharing knowledge
process is required to fylfill social need andindividual
cognitive and to improve individual life satisfaction as well
as to support individual to develop.
Besides based on Moral Ethics theory, this research
also uses the theory of hierarchy of needs submitted by
Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-1970) in which the highest
level of needs is self-actualization. The combination of
Moral Ethics Theory and AbrahamHarold Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs Theory, ushers this study to formulate
a variable at the level of individuals, namely fluorishing
inner well being .
The concept of sharing knowledge behavior
outcomes raised in this paper is fluorishing inner well
being. The concept marries Aristotle's Moral Ethics theory
and the Abraham Harold Maslow's hierarchy of needs
theory (1908-1970). Moral Ethics Theory of Aristotle that
the goal of life is happiness and happiness is synonymous
with goodness. Aristotle distinguishes two functions of
human kindness, the function to be a good person
according to his profession and the function of acting as a
human being. A good lecturer, is not the same as good
person, and vice versa. One of the efforts to achieve such
kindness, needs given level the person will try to "forget"
himself, by merely want to give maximum benefit possible
for another person, or in other words do good sincerely.
Knowledge is always linked with every human
being because every living human beings will always see
the problems and these problems must be solved with
knowledge or with what has been known. In accordance
with the basic personality traits which always want to
know, the man has always wrestled with the quest for
knowledge. It is the duty also to practice the knowledge
that has owned and studied so that the knowledge that has
owned and studied can provide benefits.
Everyone knows that sharing a wonderful,
wonderful for the recipient and the giver. What beauty is
that? First, the beauty of the soul, a great soul who wants
people around him could be like him by sharing
knowledge. Second, someone who did sharing knowledge
means that they are simultaneously adding new knowledge
which sometimes has not been thought by them. If prior
knowledge is remain stored so that knowledge may be able
to increase but will not develop. Third, sharing knowledge
has indirectly improved knowledge that has previously
ruled that if they do not share with others the possibility of
such knowledge will be forgotten. Fourth, when we can
share our knowledge with others sincerely then there will
be a feeling of satisfaction, pleasure and joy.
Besides these beauties, sharing knowledge as one of
the forms of behavior do good to others is the key to
happiness. First, by doing good through sharing knowledge
outrightly will give a certain feeling that makes the giver
feel better / comfortable. Second, the behavior of sharing
knowledge is a form of kindness for their feelings of
connectedness high social as human nature as social beings
will stimulate certain brain regions called the mesombolic
system that lead to feelings of self-esteem that is
simultaneously also may cause effects of increasing self
confidence. Third, directly proportional to the kindness
given through sharing knowledge behavior then it will
improve friendship. Fourth, goodness manifested in
sharing knowledge will give benefit inner peace for a
person who gives such kindness. Fifth, kindness through
sharing knowledge behavior seen by other people will be
able to stimulate positive feelings that encourage recipients
on the kindness to pass the kindness to someone else. It is
clear that individual attitudes toward sharing knowledge
effectively determines the happiness of individuals
(Isfahani et al 2013) and welfare of individuals (Ma &
Chan 2015).
Closing
Sharing is a wonderful activity and becomes a
human virtue as a social being particularly sharing
knowledge. Emerging paradigm is that when we share then
what we share with others will be reduced is a
misconception. Like a glass, which is kept filled with water
then one day the cup would be full and the water will flow
down the spaces around the glass. Similarly to the
knowledge, the knowledge that we share with others will
never run out. Precisely through sharing knowledge, the
insights that we have to be renewable by other knowledge
we have received from others, and the knowledge that we
have had will renew the knowledge that has been owned by
someone else. Sharing knowledge allows us to continue to
grow in both scientific and spiritual welfare. Sharing
knowledge enables private individuals to feel happy when
knowing that the knowledge we share will be useful to
other people and knowledge that we receive will renew the
knowledge that our knowledge will expand. So the concept
of fluorishing inner well being is a concept that can
represent the output of the sharing knowledge behavior at
5
the individual level. Based on the findings of this writing it
is appropriate to do research in the future to test empirically
the effect of sharing knowledge behavior of fluorishing
inner well being .
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Being: Literature Review
Rauly Sijabat a, Lieli Suharti b
Lecturer of STIE Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
Lecturer of Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Indonesia
Abstract
The study on the influence of sharing-knowledge behavior is often linked with the ability of innovation, sustainability,
and performance. This paper, using literature review approach tries to reveal the relation between sharing-knowledge behavior
and fluorishing inner well-being.
The findings of this paper are based on the analysis and interpretation of previous research studies using literature review
approach.
The result of literature review indicates that research on sharing knowledge behavior is still limited on the intention to
share and some antecedents which affect them. There are few empirical researches that link sharing behavior and outer variable
so it can emerge an integrative sharing knowledge model.
This paper is based on literature studies already existed today that can be reached by the writers. So there is possibility
that there are some literature out of the writers reach which are not covered in the analysis.
The previous research has not raised the need hierarchy theory where the highest need is self actualization as the impact
of sharing knowledge behavior. It has motivated this study to explore fluorishing inner well being variables so that it needs to
be studied empirically as variables that are influenced by the behavior of sharing knowledge.
Keywords: sharing knowledge, self-actualization, fluorishing inner well being .
Introduction
Knowledge is stored in the human head and can not
absolutely be formulated in a collection of documents.
However, such knowledge can enhance individual
creativity (Choi & Lee 2002) for knowledge stimulating
individual to be able to think critically and creatively
(Lindsey, 2006, Aulawi et al, 2009) which in turn can
improve innovation capabilities of individuals (Jackson et
al., 2006, Rebernick and Sirec 2007, Aulawi et al., 2009)
and enable individuals to produce new knowledge for
organization. That’s why it is not wrong if the knowledge
is needed to gain a competitive advantage (Gnyawali,
Stewart, & Grant1997, Chilton & Bloodgood2008, Eldin &
Hamza2009, Mohammadi, Khanlari, & Sohrabi2009) and
as company major resource that is hard to duplicate (Grant
1996).
Nonetheless, competitive advantage can only be
achieved if knowledge can be managed and maintained by
company (Morling and Yakhlef 1999). Knowledgemanagement is system that enables organizations to
manage and to maintain the knowledge possessed by
individuals. Management and maintenance as well as the
creation of knowledge require action and interaction of
individuals within the organization. Here, sharing
knowledge behavior role of the individual in the success or
failure of a knowledge-management strategy (Bollinger
and Smith 2001).
* Corresponding author. Telp +6281325710949
e-mail address: [email protected]
The role of sharing knowledge behavior in
knowledge-management has been widely expressed in
many previous studies. Behavior of sharing knowledge is
an important part of the knowledge-management (Orr &
Persson, 2003, Yuen 2007, Shanshan 2014), determe the
success of knowledge-management (Xue, Liang et al,
2012, Di Gangi, Wasko, & Tang, 2012, Boughzala &
Briggs 2012 , Yesil 2013) as well as being key to the
success of knowledge-management (Singh & Kant, 2008).
The study on the behavior of sharing knowledge is
not a new study. The study on the behavior of sharing
knowledge has been studied by many previous researchers
who have successfully mapped various variables that
explain the behavior of sharing knowledge. At the level of
the individual, there are many variables that can explain the
behavior of sharing knowledge, such as the feeling of
loosing the power of knowledge (Alhalhouli, Hassan &
Albualkhishik 2013), expectations of an increase in
rewards, recognition, and status (Saad & Haron, 2013,
Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkhishik 2013), self-efficacy
(Kwakye & Nor 2011, Tseng & Kuo, 2014, Chen and Hew
2015), personality (Matzler & Müller2011). At the level of
interpersonal, there are variables such as reciprocity
(Kwakye & Nor 2011, Di Gangi, Wasko & Tang, 2012,
Goh & Sandhu, 2013, Hau, Kim, Lee & Kim, 2013, Saad
& Haron, 2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkhishik 2013,
Chen & Hew, 2015), trust (Lee, Lee, and Seo 2011,
Kwakye & Nor 2011, Seba, Rowley & Lambert, 2012,
Howell & Annansingh 2013, Kukko 2013, Dokhtesmati &
2
Bousari 2013, Hau, Kim, Lee & Kim, 2013, Chen &
Chang, 2013, Kukko, 2013, Chen and Hew 2015). At the
level of organization variable such as organizational
culture (Aris 2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik
2013), reward systems (Yiu & Lawa 2012, Saad & Haron,
2013, Aris 2013), top management support and leadership
style (Jahani, Ramayah, & Effendi 2011, Lee, Lee & Seo,
2011, Yun 2011, Seba, Rowley, Lambert 2012, Ismail,
Welch, & Xu, 2013, Carmeli, 2013, Howell & Annansingh
2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik 2013) are found.
Based on the study results of previous studies, it can be
concluded that the studies are still focus on variables that
describe the behavior of sharing knowledge. However,
studies that link the effect of sharing knowledge behavior
toward the outcomes (outputs) or the consequences of the
behavior of sharing knowledge have not been widely
studied. This has become a special attraction to be able to
study in more depth through the study of literature review
on the outcome of sharing knowledge behavior of the
subject or the person doing the sharing knowledge
behavior. The literature review study toward the outcomes
of sharing knowledge behavior conducted in this study is
expected to provide reference for the development of
sharing knowledge behavior model that is more
integrative.
Previous Research
Outputs of the behavior of sharing knowledge is
often associated with various benefits such as the reduction
of production cost, the accomplishment of new projects
which are faster, product development, the performance of
the team, innovation ability of the company, and the
company's performance as well as the sale growth and
income srom product and service (Arthur & Huntley2005,
Collins & Smith2006, Lin2007, Mesmer-Magnus &
DeChurch2009). Sharing knowledge behavior can also
increase the quality of organization work, decision-making
skills, eficiency of problem solving, and competency
(Yang 2007). It is also identified that the behavior of
sharing knowledge can improve the behavior of individual
(Aulawi et al. 2009), team (MacCurtain et al, 2008, Weber
et al., 2011) and the organization innovation (Lin 2007,
Wangpipatwong 2009, Kamaşak & Bulutlar 2010,
Mehrabani & Mohamad 2011).
Table 1
Outcomes Approach of Sharing Knowledge in Previous Research
Gayut Variables
Sharing knowledge behavior
Researchers
Cheng, Ho & Lau (2009), Kwakye & Nor (2011), Masrek & Edang
(2012), Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik (2013), Ayalew, Bekele &
Straub (2013), Omar et al (2013), Othman & Skeik (2014), Shanshan
(2014), Chen, Fan & Tsai (2014), Kumari & Takahashi (2014), Osman,
Sauid, & Azizan (2015), Mallasi & Ainin (2015)
Intention to share knowledge
Bock et al (2005), Cho, Li & Su (2007), Welschen, Todorova& Mills
(2012), Rahab & Wahyuni (2013), Tan & Ramayah (2014)
Innovation behavior
Liu & Philips (2011), Iqbal et al (2011), Yesil&Hirlak (2013)
Knowledge contribution
Wasko & Faraj (2005)
Quality of sharing knowledge
Ismail & Yusof (2010)
Source: Extracted from Various Previous Researches, 2016
sharing knowledge as gayut variable also had been done by
Omar et al (2013) used variable of sharing
Cheng Ho and Lau (2009), Kwakye & Nor (2011), Masrek
knowledge behavior as gayut variable and personal
& edang (2012), Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik (2013),
attitudes variables (self-efficacy and confidence) and
Ayalew, Bekele, and Straub (2013), Chen, Fan & Tsai
technological factors (availability of technology and
(2014), Kumari & Takahashi (2014), Osman, Sauid, and
perception of technology benefits) as independent
Azizan (2015).
variables. Othman & Skeik (2014) also used variable of
sharing knowledge behavior as gayut variable with
Welschen, Todorova & Mills research (2012) only
attitudes variable, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and
to the intention of sharing knowledge as gayut variables
control as independent variables. Research conducted by
and the variables of autonomy, self-efficacy, the
Shanshan (2014) also used variable of sharing knowledge
significance, impact and subjective norm as independent
behavior as gayut variables with independent variables
variables and variables attitude as mediator variables.
include the support of top management, organizational
Similarly, the research of Bock et al. (2005), Cho, Li and
culture, social relations; variable attitudes and intentions
Su (2007), Ibragimova et al. (2012), Rahab & Wahyuni
towards sharing knowledge as mediator variables and
(2013), Tan & Ramayah (2014) also used variables
variables of trust, self-efficacy, motivation, and training as
intention of sharing knowledge as gayut variables.
moderating variable. Mallasi & Ainin research (2015)
examine the effect of non-monetary factors (the joy of
Research conducted by Yesil & Hirlak (2013) is
helping others, reputation, self-efficacy, confidence,
more advanced than other studies because it involves
humility, and religiosity) of sharing knowledge behavior.
variables as gayut variables innovation behavior. Liu and
The previous studies that test variables, the behavior of
Philips Research (2011) also used the team innovation as
3
the gayut variables. Still on innovation, research conducted
by Iqbal et al (2011) also used the innovation capability of
the university as gayut variable.
Studies conducted by Wasko and Faraj (2005) give
another color in the study of sharing knowledge by lifting
knowledge contribution variables as gayut variables. Ismail
& Yusof (2010) raised the variable quality of sharing
knowledge as the gayut variables.
Based on the data presented in Table 1 above, if it
is compared to the studies that examine the variables
explaining the behavior of sharing knowledge, research on
outcomes of sharing knowledge is still very limited. In
addition, studies on the outcomes of sharing knowledge
behavior also have not separated the variables at the level
of the individual, interactional and organizations.
Research Method
The findings resulted from this paper are based on
the analysis and interpretation of previous research studies
by using literature review approach. There are a number of
43 previous studies studied in this paper from 2005 to 2015.
Table 1.2
Previous Research Distribution
Year
Observation
2005
2007
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Total
Amount
Source of Publication
Amount
2
1
1
1
7
5
16
6
4
African Journal of Business Management (AJBM)
American International Journal of Contemporary Research
American Journal of Economics and Business Administration
Asian Social Science
Computers & Education
Educational Technology and Society
Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries
Human Resource Management
Information Research
Innovation and Knowledge Management: A Global Competitive Advantage
International Business Research
International Journal of Engineering Business Management
International Journal of Information and Education Technology
International Journal of Information Management
International Journal of Knowledge Management
International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics
Journal of Asian Scientific Research
Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research
Journal of Economic Psychology
Journal of Education and Vocational Research
Journal of Global Business and Technology
Journal of Organizational Knowledge Management
Journal of Strategic Information Systems
Knowledge Management Research & Practice
Middle East Journal of Scientific Research
MIS Quarterly
MSIE
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science
Proceeding
Service Science
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Journal of Communication and Education
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
43
43
Reseach Results and Discussion
The results of the literature review that have been
conducted shows that the studies examined the effect of
sharing knowledge behavior towards outcomes (outputs) or
the consequences of the behavior of sharing knowledge
4
assessed on an individual level have not been studied yet
by many reseachers. Sharing knowledge behavior process
allows social interaction and involvement with other
people to the individual need fulfillment toward social
interaction. Meanwhile, knowledge derived from sharing
knowledge behavior can be used to fulfill social need and
individual cognitive as well as to improve individual life
satisfaction and to support individual to develop.
Theory of Moral Ethics of Aristotle is used to
explain that the purpose of life is happiness where
happiness is synonymous with goodness. Aristotle
distinguishes two human goodness functions, i.e functions
as being a good person according to his profession and the
function of acting as a human being. A good professor, is
not tyhe same as good person, and vice versa. One effort to
achieve such kindness, Aristotle expressed the need for the
intellectual goodness (intellectual virtues) that includes the
reason (nus), theoretical wisdom (Sophia ), scientific
knowledge (episteme), the practical wisdom (phronesis),
and skill (techne). The concept of sharing knowledge
behavior allows social contact and involvemenr with other
people to fulfill individual need toward social interaction.
Meanwhile, the knowledge got from sharing knowledge
process is required to fylfill social need andindividual
cognitive and to improve individual life satisfaction as well
as to support individual to develop.
Besides based on Moral Ethics theory, this research
also uses the theory of hierarchy of needs submitted by
Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-1970) in which the highest
level of needs is self-actualization. The combination of
Moral Ethics Theory and AbrahamHarold Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs Theory, ushers this study to formulate
a variable at the level of individuals, namely fluorishing
inner well being .
The concept of sharing knowledge behavior
outcomes raised in this paper is fluorishing inner well
being. The concept marries Aristotle's Moral Ethics theory
and the Abraham Harold Maslow's hierarchy of needs
theory (1908-1970). Moral Ethics Theory of Aristotle that
the goal of life is happiness and happiness is synonymous
with goodness. Aristotle distinguishes two functions of
human kindness, the function to be a good person
according to his profession and the function of acting as a
human being. A good lecturer, is not the same as good
person, and vice versa. One of the efforts to achieve such
kindness, needs given level the person will try to "forget"
himself, by merely want to give maximum benefit possible
for another person, or in other words do good sincerely.
Knowledge is always linked with every human
being because every living human beings will always see
the problems and these problems must be solved with
knowledge or with what has been known. In accordance
with the basic personality traits which always want to
know, the man has always wrestled with the quest for
knowledge. It is the duty also to practice the knowledge
that has owned and studied so that the knowledge that has
owned and studied can provide benefits.
Everyone knows that sharing a wonderful,
wonderful for the recipient and the giver. What beauty is
that? First, the beauty of the soul, a great soul who wants
people around him could be like him by sharing
knowledge. Second, someone who did sharing knowledge
means that they are simultaneously adding new knowledge
which sometimes has not been thought by them. If prior
knowledge is remain stored so that knowledge may be able
to increase but will not develop. Third, sharing knowledge
has indirectly improved knowledge that has previously
ruled that if they do not share with others the possibility of
such knowledge will be forgotten. Fourth, when we can
share our knowledge with others sincerely then there will
be a feeling of satisfaction, pleasure and joy.
Besides these beauties, sharing knowledge as one of
the forms of behavior do good to others is the key to
happiness. First, by doing good through sharing knowledge
outrightly will give a certain feeling that makes the giver
feel better / comfortable. Second, the behavior of sharing
knowledge is a form of kindness for their feelings of
connectedness high social as human nature as social beings
will stimulate certain brain regions called the mesombolic
system that lead to feelings of self-esteem that is
simultaneously also may cause effects of increasing self
confidence. Third, directly proportional to the kindness
given through sharing knowledge behavior then it will
improve friendship. Fourth, goodness manifested in
sharing knowledge will give benefit inner peace for a
person who gives such kindness. Fifth, kindness through
sharing knowledge behavior seen by other people will be
able to stimulate positive feelings that encourage recipients
on the kindness to pass the kindness to someone else. It is
clear that individual attitudes toward sharing knowledge
effectively determines the happiness of individuals
(Isfahani et al 2013) and welfare of individuals (Ma &
Chan 2015).
Closing
Sharing is a wonderful activity and becomes a
human virtue as a social being particularly sharing
knowledge. Emerging paradigm is that when we share then
what we share with others will be reduced is a
misconception. Like a glass, which is kept filled with water
then one day the cup would be full and the water will flow
down the spaces around the glass. Similarly to the
knowledge, the knowledge that we share with others will
never run out. Precisely through sharing knowledge, the
insights that we have to be renewable by other knowledge
we have received from others, and the knowledge that we
have had will renew the knowledge that has been owned by
someone else. Sharing knowledge allows us to continue to
grow in both scientific and spiritual welfare. Sharing
knowledge enables private individuals to feel happy when
knowing that the knowledge we share will be useful to
other people and knowledge that we receive will renew the
knowledge that our knowledge will expand. So the concept
of fluorishing inner well being is a concept that can
represent the output of the sharing knowledge behavior at
5
the individual level. Based on the findings of this writing it
is appropriate to do research in the future to test empirically
the effect of sharing knowledge behavior of fluorishing
inner well being .
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Trust and Altruism in Knowledge Sharing: An
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