A00204
Ǥ ǡǤʹǡʹͲͳͶ
-XGXO
%XGD\D .RWD NDZXOD 0XGD GDQ
0HGLD0RGHUQ 0HQDWDS%HQWXUDQ
%XGD\D
3HQXOLV
5REE\,&KDQGUD
3HQHUELW
%LQDZDUJD
,6%1
7DKXQ7HUELW &HWDNDQ,
7HEDO
YLLL
%XNX LQL PHQFHULWDNDQ GDQ PHPEHULNDQ SHPDKDPDQ \DQJ FXNXS
NRPSUHKHQVLI WHQWDQJ SHUPDVDODKDQSHUPDVDODKDQ \DQJ WHUMDGL GLNDODQJDQ
PXGDNKXVXVQ\DSHULODNXPXGDPXGLSHUNRWDDQGHQJDQSHQGHNDWDQ&XOWXUDO
VWXGLHV 0HGLD PDVVD \DQJ MXJD PHPLOLNL SHUDQ \DQJ VDQJDW SHQWLQJ MXJD
GLMDEDUNDQ VHFDUD JDPEODQJ GDODP EXNX LQL %XNX LQL PHQ\HGLDNDQ HQDP
SRNRNEDKDVDQ\DQJGLNHPDVGDODPHQDPEDEPDVLQJPDVLQJPHPEHULNDQ
SHPDKDPDQ\DQJEHUDJDPQDPXQUHLQWHJUDVLGHQJDQEDLNPHQJJXQDNDQVDWX
SHUVSHNWLI\DLWXVHSHUWL\DQJGLVHEXWNDQDGDODK&XOWXUDOVWXGLHV.DZXODPXGD
\DQJ GLDQJNDW GDODP SHPEDKDVDQ GL EXNX LQL PHPEHULNDQ VXDWX SHDKDPDQ
EDKZD JHQHUDVL PXGD PHPLOLNL WDQJJXQJ MDZDE \DQJ VDQJDW EHVDU GDODP
SHPEDQJXQDQ EDQJVD 1DPXQ GHQJDQ SHUNHPEDQJDQ PHGLD PDVVD \DQJ
VHDNDQDNDQ VXOLW XQWXN GLEHQGXQJ VHKLQJJD PHPDNVD NDZXOD PXGD XQWXN
KDUXVVHODOXEHUDGDSWDVLGDODPSHPEDQJXQDQEDQJVDWHUVHEXW
'LVDPSLQJPHQMDGLDJHQGDODPSHPEDQJXQDQEDQJVDVHFDUDXWXKGDQ
XPXPNDZXODPXGDMXJDGLEHULNDQWDQJJXQJMDZDEXQWXNEDJDLPDQDWHUOLEDW
GDODPJHUHMDGDQEHUVDPDVDPDGHQJDQZDUJDMHPDDWXQWXNEDKXPHPEDKX
PHPEHULNDQ NRQWULEXVL \DQJ Q\DWD VHEDJDL EDJLDQ GDUL SHPEDQJXQDQ LWX
VHQGLUL 6HODLQ SHUVRDODQSHUVRDODQ DNWXDO \DQJ WHUMDGL WHRUL \DQJ GL
SHUNHQDONDQMXJDPHQMDGLVHVXDWX\DQJSHQWLQJGDULEXNXLQL.RQVHSNRQVHS
EHUXSDNRWDIHRGDOGDQMXJDVHMDUDKPXQFXOQ\DNRWDNRWDGLGXQLDWHUOHELKNRWD
NRWDGL(URSDSXQWXUXWPHQMDGLEDJLDQSHQWLQJGDODPEXNXLQL.RWDPHQMDGL
GDHUDKDWDXZLOD\DKSXVDWSHPHULQWDKDQSXVDWELVQLVSXVDWLQGXVWULEDKNDQ
0HQDWDS%HQWXUDQ%XGD\D
MXJDPHQMDGLSXVDWSHQGLGLNDQWHQXWXQ\DPHPLOLNLSHUDQ\DQJVDQJDWEHVDU
XQWXNPHQDULNPLQDWPDV\DUDNDWWHUXWDPDNDZXODPXGDXQWXNWXUXWPHQMDGL
EDJLDQGDODPJHJDSJHPSLWD\DQJPXQJNLQKDQ\DELVDGLGDSDWGLVHEXDKNRWD
.RWD GL\DNLQL VHEDJDL SXVDW NHKLGXSDQ MXJD WLGDN MDUDQJ GLSDKDPL VHEDJDL
SXVDWSHUDGDEDQ0DNVXGQ\DDGDODKVHJDODVHVXDWXELVDGLGDSDWNDQGL.RWD
2OHKNDUHQDLWXXUEDQLVDVLWLGDNELVDGLEHQGXQJODJLNHWLNDSHPDKDPDQVHSHUWL
LQLWHUWDQDPGDODPPDV\DUDNDW'LWDPEDKODJLGHQJDQSHUNHPEDQJDQPHGLD
PDVVD PRGHUQ \DQJ MXJD GLSHUFD\D EHUSHUDQ XQWXN PHPSHUFHSDW SURVHV
XUEDQLVDVLEDLNSHQGXGXNPDXSXQLQIRUPDVL
%XNX LQL PHPEHULNDQ GXD SDUDGLJPD EHUSLNLU VHFDUD WHUVWUXNWXU
GLVDMLNDQGDODP%DE±SHU%DE3DUDGLJPDWHUVHEXWDGDODKELVDGLOLKDWEDKZD
WHUGDSDWSDUDGLJPDVRVLRORJLKLQJJDDQWURSRORJL1DPXQNHGXDQSDUDGLJPD
LQLPHPLOLNLSHQHOXVXUDQQ\DPDVLQJPDVLQJ6RVLRORJLVHFDUDNRQWUDVWLGDN
PHPELFDUDNDQ RUDQJ WHUWHQWX GDUL NRWD DNDQ WHWDSL OHELK SDGD NHWHULNDWDQ
KXEXQJDQSHUVRQDOGHQJDQUXUDOOLIH&DUDSDQGDQJLQLEHUNHPEDQJOHELKDZDO
GDODPLOPXVRVLDOGHQJDQSHPLNLUDQHYROXVLVRVLDO+DOLWXPHUXSDNDQUHIOHNVL
VWXGL³6XLFLGH´GDUL(PLOH'XUNKHLP GHQJDQNRQVHSDQRPLHDWDXVWDWH
RIQRUPOHVVQHVV$QRPLVXLFLGHPHUXSDNDQNDUDNWHUEDJLPHUHND\DQJKLGXS
WHULVRODVLGDULGXQLDLPSHUVRQDO)HUGLQDQG7|QQLHV PHPEXDWMDUDN
DQWDUD*HPHLQVFKDIW FRPPXQLW\ GDQ*HVHOOVFKDIW VRFLHW\ NRQVHSGDVDUQ\D
VHFDUD NRQWUDV XQWXN PHQGDODPL KXEXQJDQ NRQWUDNWXDO SHUWDOLDQ NDUDNWHU
PDV\DUDNDWNDSLWDOLVGDQDNWLYLWDVEHUVDPDGDULPDV\DUDNDWIHRGDO
-LNDVRVLRORJLPHQJDPDWLNHORPSRNGDODPPDV\DUDNDWSHUNRWDDQGDODPEXNX
LQLSHQGHNDWDQDQWURSRORJLOHELKGLDUDKNDQSDGDSHULODNXSHULODNXEXGD\DSRS
\DQJ SDVWLQ\D DNDQ VHFDUD ODQJVXQJ PXQFXO GDODP NHKLGXSDQ PDV\DUDNDW
SHUNRWDDQ 8UEDQ DQWURSRORJ\ \DQJ MXJD SHUQDK GLXQJNDSNDQ ROHK 3DUVXGL
6XSDUODQ GDODP EHUEDJDL HVVDLQ\D SXQ ELVD NLWD WHPXNDQ GDODP EXNX LQL
ZDODXSXQ GDODP SHUVSHNWLI \DQJ EHUEHGD 6DODK VDWXQ\D DGDODK EHUNDLWDQ
GHQJDQNRQIOLN\DQJWHUMDGL-LND6XSDUODQOHELKPHQHNDQNDQSDGD NRQIOLN
ILVLN SHUWLNDLDQ SHUNHODKLDQ QDPXQ GDODP EXNX LQL PHOLKDW NRQIOLN \DQJ
WHUMDGLVHEHQDUQ\DGDODPWXEXKNDZXODPXGDLWXVHQGLUL.RQIOLNLQWUDSHUVRQDO
VDQJDWNXDWPHOHNDWGDODPWXOLVDQLQL+DOLQLGLGXNXQJGHQJDQSHUQ\DWDDQ
EDKZDPDQXVLDNRWDWHUOHELKSDUDNDZXODPXGDOHELKEDQ\DNEHUJXODWGHQJDQ
NHVHSLDQ NHVHQGLULDQ NHKLODQJDQ PDNQD GDQ VWUHVV -LND PHOLKDW DNWLYLWDV
PDV\DUDNDWSHUNRWDDQ\DQJWHQWXQ\DPHPLOLNLWLQJNDWNHVLEXNDQ\DQJUHODWLI
WLQJJL PDND NHVHSLDQ NHVHQGLULDQ QDPSDNQ\D PHQMDGL NRQVHNXHQVL \DQJ
VDQJDW ORJLV 3HULODNX LQGLYLGXDO \DQJ PXQFXO NDUQD EHUEDJDL DODVDQ GDQ
PRWLYDVLKLGXSVHDNDQDNDQELVDGLWROHULUROHKVHVDPDNDXPXUEDQ
'HQJDQ PHOLKDW UHDOLWDV WHUVHEXW PDND EXNX LQL SXQ PHPEHULNDQ
EHEHUDSD VROXVL WHUXWDPD GDODP ELGDQJ NRPXQLNDVL .RPXQLNDVL \DQJ
GLPDNVXG WLGDN KDQ\D NRPXQLNDVL PDVVD QDPXQ MXJD NRPXQLNDVL DQWDU
SULEDGLNRPXQLNDVLNHORPSRNEDKNDQGLGDODPOLQJNXSJHUHMD
Ǥ ǡǤʹǡʹͲͳͶ
3DGDEDJLDQSHUWDPDEXNXLQLPHPEDKDVPHQJHQDLSHUXEDKDQKDNLNDWKLGXS
PDQXVLD GDUL GHVD NH NRWD 3HQXOLV PHPDVXNDQ SHQGDSDW \DQJ VDQJDW
PHQ\HQWXKDVSHNSVLNRORJLVSHPEDFDNHWLND\DQJGLEDKDVGDODPEDJLDQLQL
DGDODKUDVLRQDOLWDV6HEDJDLPDQXVLDPRGHUQNLWDWHQWXQ\DWLGDNDNDQPHUDVD
KHUDQ GHQJDQ XQJDNDSDQ UDVLRQDO LQL %HWDSD WLGDN PDQXVLD VHFDUD VDGDU
DWDXSXQ WLGDN VHODOX PHQFDUL SHPEXNWLDQSHPEXNWLDQ EDLN LOPLDK PDXSXQ
WLGDNQDPXQVHODOXKDUXVUDVLRQDO5DVLRQDOPHQMDGLKDUJDPDWL\DQJWLGDNELVD
GLWDZDUWDZDUODJLGDODPNHKLGXSDQPDV\DUDNDWPRGHUQ7HUGDSDWWLJDEDJLDQ
SHQWLQJ \DQJ GLEDKDV WHUNDLW GHQJDQ UDVLRQDO \DLWX SHUWDPD HIHNWLILWDV GDQ
HILVLHQVL PHQMDGL SHUKDWLDQ PDQXVLD NRWD 0DQXVLD NRWD KDUXV SXQ\D
SHUHQFDQDDQ\DQJDNXUDWPHQJHQDLNHKLGXSDQQ\D'DQGLGDODPSHUHQFDQDDQ
WHUVHEXWPDQXVLDNRWDKDUXVEHUSLNLUGDQEHUWLQGDNVHHIHNWLIGDQVHHILVLHQ
PXQJNLQ.HGXDSHQJHMDUDQREMHNWLYLWDV\DQJWLQJJL2EMHNWLYLWDVGDQIDNWD
PHQMDGLKDOPXWODNGDODPNHKLGXSDQPDV\DUDNDWNRWD\DQJUDVLRQDO+DOLQL
WHQWXWLGDNELVDGLOHSDVNDQEHJLWXVDMDGDULSUHVWLVHPDV\DUDNDWNRWD+DOLQL
MXJD PHQMDGL VDODK VDWX IDFWRU \DQJ PHPDFX GDQ PHPRWLYDVL NHKLGXSDQ
PDV\DUDNDW SHUNRWDDQ .HWLJD WHNDQDQ SDGD KXEXQJDQ +XEXQJDQ SHUVRQDO
PDXSXQ \DQJ WLGDN SHUVRQDO MXJD GLEDKDV VHEDJDLPDQD WHODK PHOHNDW SDGD
UDVLRQDOEDJLDQSHUWDPGDQNHGXD
3DGD%DJLDQNHGXDEXNXLQLPHPEDKDVPHQJHQDLNHPXQFXODQEXGD\D
PHGLD SHUXEDKDQ NRPXQLNDVL GDQ SURVHV SHQJRODKDQ LQIRUPDVL GL GDODP
EXGD\D3DGDEDJLDQLQLSHQXOLVPHPSHUNHQDONDQNRQVHSNRPXQLNDVLWHUXWDPD
NRPXQLNDVLYHUEDOSDGDPXODQ\DGDQMXJDSHUNHPEDQJDQQ\DGDULSHUVSHNWLI
\DQJEHUEHGD-LNDSDGDEXNXNRPXQLNDVLSDGDXPXPQ\DPHPEDKDVWHQWDQJ
WHRUL+DUUROG/DVVZHOOPDNDGDODPWXOLVDQLQL\DQJPHQMDGLPHQDULNDGDODK
WHRULNRPXQLNDVL\DQJGLNHPXNDNDQROHKVHRUDQJELRORJEXNDQVHRUDQJDKOL
SROLWLN VRVLRORJL DQWURSRORJL ILVLND PDWHPDWLN DWDX DKOL NRPXQLNDVL LWX
VHQGLUL3HUXEDKDQ\DQJWHUMDGLSDGDPDV\DUDNDWNRWDEXNDQVDMDWHUMDGLSDGD
SRODNRPXQLNDVLQ\DQDPXQMXJDSDGDSHUXEDKDQSHQJRODKDQGDWDNRPXQLNDVL
WHUVHEXW-LNDSDGDSHUNHPEDQJDQWHNQRORJLNRPXQLNDVLPDVVDWHUGDSDW.RUDQ
UDGLRGDQWHOHYLVLPDNDGDODPEXNXLQLMXJDGLSHUNHQDONDQPHGLDEHQWXNEDUX
\DLWXNHKDGLUDQLQWHUQHW
-XGXO
%XGD\D .RWD NDZXOD 0XGD GDQ
0HGLD0RGHUQ 0HQDWDS%HQWXUDQ
%XGD\D
3HQXOLV
5REE\,&KDQGUD
3HQHUELW
%LQDZDUJD
,6%1
7DKXQ7HUELW &HWDNDQ,
7HEDO
YLLL
%XNX LQL PHQFHULWDNDQ GDQ PHPEHULNDQ SHPDKDPDQ \DQJ FXNXS
NRPSUHKHQVLI WHQWDQJ SHUPDVDODKDQSHUPDVDODKDQ \DQJ WHUMDGL GLNDODQJDQ
PXGDNKXVXVQ\DSHULODNXPXGDPXGLSHUNRWDDQGHQJDQSHQGHNDWDQ&XOWXUDO
VWXGLHV 0HGLD PDVVD \DQJ MXJD PHPLOLNL SHUDQ \DQJ VDQJDW SHQWLQJ MXJD
GLMDEDUNDQ VHFDUD JDPEODQJ GDODP EXNX LQL %XNX LQL PHQ\HGLDNDQ HQDP
SRNRNEDKDVDQ\DQJGLNHPDVGDODPHQDPEDEPDVLQJPDVLQJPHPEHULNDQ
SHPDKDPDQ\DQJEHUDJDPQDPXQUHLQWHJUDVLGHQJDQEDLNPHQJJXQDNDQVDWX
SHUVSHNWLI\DLWXVHSHUWL\DQJGLVHEXWNDQDGDODK&XOWXUDOVWXGLHV.DZXODPXGD
\DQJ GLDQJNDW GDODP SHPEDKDVDQ GL EXNX LQL PHPEHULNDQ VXDWX SHDKDPDQ
EDKZD JHQHUDVL PXGD PHPLOLNL WDQJJXQJ MDZDE \DQJ VDQJDW EHVDU GDODP
SHPEDQJXQDQ EDQJVD 1DPXQ GHQJDQ SHUNHPEDQJDQ PHGLD PDVVD \DQJ
VHDNDQDNDQ VXOLW XQWXN GLEHQGXQJ VHKLQJJD PHPDNVD NDZXOD PXGD XQWXN
KDUXVVHODOXEHUDGDSWDVLGDODPSHPEDQJXQDQEDQJVDWHUVHEXW
'LVDPSLQJPHQMDGLDJHQGDODPSHPEDQJXQDQEDQJVDVHFDUDXWXKGDQ
XPXPNDZXODPXGDMXJDGLEHULNDQWDQJJXQJMDZDEXQWXNEDJDLPDQDWHUOLEDW
GDODPJHUHMDGDQEHUVDPDVDPDGHQJDQZDUJDMHPDDWXQWXNEDKXPHPEDKX
PHPEHULNDQ NRQWULEXVL \DQJ Q\DWD VHEDJDL EDJLDQ GDUL SHPEDQJXQDQ LWX
VHQGLUL 6HODLQ SHUVRDODQSHUVRDODQ DNWXDO \DQJ WHUMDGL WHRUL \DQJ GL
SHUNHQDONDQMXJDPHQMDGLVHVXDWX\DQJSHQWLQJGDULEXNXLQL.RQVHSNRQVHS
EHUXSDNRWDIHRGDOGDQMXJDVHMDUDKPXQFXOQ\DNRWDNRWDGLGXQLDWHUOHELKNRWD
NRWDGL(URSDSXQWXUXWPHQMDGLEDJLDQSHQWLQJGDODPEXNXLQL.RWDPHQMDGL
GDHUDKDWDXZLOD\DKSXVDWSHPHULQWDKDQSXVDWELVQLVSXVDWLQGXVWULEDKNDQ
0HQDWDS%HQWXUDQ%XGD\D
MXJDPHQMDGLSXVDWSHQGLGLNDQWHQXWXQ\DPHPLOLNLSHUDQ\DQJVDQJDWEHVDU
XQWXNPHQDULNPLQDWPDV\DUDNDWWHUXWDPDNDZXODPXGDXQWXNWXUXWPHQMDGL
EDJLDQGDODPJHJDSJHPSLWD\DQJPXQJNLQKDQ\DELVDGLGDSDWGLVHEXDKNRWD
.RWD GL\DNLQL VHEDJDL SXVDW NHKLGXSDQ MXJD WLGDN MDUDQJ GLSDKDPL VHEDJDL
SXVDWSHUDGDEDQ0DNVXGQ\DDGDODKVHJDODVHVXDWXELVDGLGDSDWNDQGL.RWD
2OHKNDUHQDLWXXUEDQLVDVLWLGDNELVDGLEHQGXQJODJLNHWLNDSHPDKDPDQVHSHUWL
LQLWHUWDQDPGDODPPDV\DUDNDW'LWDPEDKODJLGHQJDQSHUNHPEDQJDQPHGLD
PDVVD PRGHUQ \DQJ MXJD GLSHUFD\D EHUSHUDQ XQWXN PHPSHUFHSDW SURVHV
XUEDQLVDVLEDLNSHQGXGXNPDXSXQLQIRUPDVL
%XNX LQL PHPEHULNDQ GXD SDUDGLJPD EHUSLNLU VHFDUD WHUVWUXNWXU
GLVDMLNDQGDODP%DE±SHU%DE3DUDGLJPDWHUVHEXWDGDODKELVDGLOLKDWEDKZD
WHUGDSDWSDUDGLJPDVRVLRORJLKLQJJDDQWURSRORJL1DPXQNHGXDQSDUDGLJPD
LQLPHPLOLNLSHQHOXVXUDQQ\DPDVLQJPDVLQJ6RVLRORJLVHFDUDNRQWUDVWLGDN
PHPELFDUDNDQ RUDQJ WHUWHQWX GDUL NRWD DNDQ WHWDSL OHELK SDGD NHWHULNDWDQ
KXEXQJDQSHUVRQDOGHQJDQUXUDOOLIH&DUDSDQGDQJLQLEHUNHPEDQJOHELKDZDO
GDODPLOPXVRVLDOGHQJDQSHPLNLUDQHYROXVLVRVLDO+DOLWXPHUXSDNDQUHIOHNVL
VWXGL³6XLFLGH´GDUL(PLOH'XUNKHLP GHQJDQNRQVHSDQRPLHDWDXVWDWH
RIQRUPOHVVQHVV$QRPLVXLFLGHPHUXSDNDQNDUDNWHUEDJLPHUHND\DQJKLGXS
WHULVRODVLGDULGXQLDLPSHUVRQDO)HUGLQDQG7|QQLHV PHPEXDWMDUDN
DQWDUD*HPHLQVFKDIW FRPPXQLW\ GDQ*HVHOOVFKDIW VRFLHW\ NRQVHSGDVDUQ\D
VHFDUD NRQWUDV XQWXN PHQGDODPL KXEXQJDQ NRQWUDNWXDO SHUWDOLDQ NDUDNWHU
PDV\DUDNDWNDSLWDOLVGDQDNWLYLWDVEHUVDPDGDULPDV\DUDNDWIHRGDO
-LNDVRVLRORJLPHQJDPDWLNHORPSRNGDODPPDV\DUDNDWSHUNRWDDQGDODPEXNX
LQLSHQGHNDWDQDQWURSRORJLOHELKGLDUDKNDQSDGDSHULODNXSHULODNXEXGD\DSRS
\DQJ SDVWLQ\D DNDQ VHFDUD ODQJVXQJ PXQFXO GDODP NHKLGXSDQ PDV\DUDNDW
SHUNRWDDQ 8UEDQ DQWURSRORJ\ \DQJ MXJD SHUQDK GLXQJNDSNDQ ROHK 3DUVXGL
6XSDUODQ GDODP EHUEDJDL HVVDLQ\D SXQ ELVD NLWD WHPXNDQ GDODP EXNX LQL
ZDODXSXQ GDODP SHUVSHNWLI \DQJ EHUEHGD 6DODK VDWXQ\D DGDODK EHUNDLWDQ
GHQJDQNRQIOLN\DQJWHUMDGL-LND6XSDUODQOHELKPHQHNDQNDQSDGD NRQIOLN
ILVLN SHUWLNDLDQ SHUNHODKLDQ QDPXQ GDODP EXNX LQL PHOLKDW NRQIOLN \DQJ
WHUMDGLVHEHQDUQ\DGDODPWXEXKNDZXODPXGDLWXVHQGLUL.RQIOLNLQWUDSHUVRQDO
VDQJDWNXDWPHOHNDWGDODPWXOLVDQLQL+DOLQLGLGXNXQJGHQJDQSHUQ\DWDDQ
EDKZDPDQXVLDNRWDWHUOHELKSDUDNDZXODPXGDOHELKEDQ\DNEHUJXODWGHQJDQ
NHVHSLDQ NHVHQGLULDQ NHKLODQJDQ PDNQD GDQ VWUHVV -LND PHOLKDW DNWLYLWDV
PDV\DUDNDWSHUNRWDDQ\DQJWHQWXQ\DPHPLOLNLWLQJNDWNHVLEXNDQ\DQJUHODWLI
WLQJJL PDND NHVHSLDQ NHVHQGLULDQ QDPSDNQ\D PHQMDGL NRQVHNXHQVL \DQJ
VDQJDW ORJLV 3HULODNX LQGLYLGXDO \DQJ PXQFXO NDUQD EHUEDJDL DODVDQ GDQ
PRWLYDVLKLGXSVHDNDQDNDQELVDGLWROHULUROHKVHVDPDNDXPXUEDQ
'HQJDQ PHOLKDW UHDOLWDV WHUVHEXW PDND EXNX LQL SXQ PHPEHULNDQ
EHEHUDSD VROXVL WHUXWDPD GDODP ELGDQJ NRPXQLNDVL .RPXQLNDVL \DQJ
GLPDNVXG WLGDN KDQ\D NRPXQLNDVL PDVVD QDPXQ MXJD NRPXQLNDVL DQWDU
SULEDGLNRPXQLNDVLNHORPSRNEDKNDQGLGDODPOLQJNXSJHUHMD
Ǥ ǡǤʹǡʹͲͳͶ
3DGDEDJLDQSHUWDPDEXNXLQLPHPEDKDVPHQJHQDLSHUXEDKDQKDNLNDWKLGXS
PDQXVLD GDUL GHVD NH NRWD 3HQXOLV PHPDVXNDQ SHQGDSDW \DQJ VDQJDW
PHQ\HQWXKDVSHNSVLNRORJLVSHPEDFDNHWLND\DQJGLEDKDVGDODPEDJLDQLQL
DGDODKUDVLRQDOLWDV6HEDJDLPDQXVLDPRGHUQNLWDWHQWXQ\DWLGDNDNDQPHUDVD
KHUDQ GHQJDQ XQJDNDSDQ UDVLRQDO LQL %HWDSD WLGDN PDQXVLD VHFDUD VDGDU
DWDXSXQ WLGDN VHODOX PHQFDUL SHPEXNWLDQSHPEXNWLDQ EDLN LOPLDK PDXSXQ
WLGDNQDPXQVHODOXKDUXVUDVLRQDO5DVLRQDOPHQMDGLKDUJDPDWL\DQJWLGDNELVD
GLWDZDUWDZDUODJLGDODPNHKLGXSDQPDV\DUDNDWPRGHUQ7HUGDSDWWLJDEDJLDQ
SHQWLQJ \DQJ GLEDKDV WHUNDLW GHQJDQ UDVLRQDO \DLWX SHUWDPD HIHNWLILWDV GDQ
HILVLHQVL PHQMDGL SHUKDWLDQ PDQXVLD NRWD 0DQXVLD NRWD KDUXV SXQ\D
SHUHQFDQDDQ\DQJDNXUDWPHQJHQDLNHKLGXSDQQ\D'DQGLGDODPSHUHQFDQDDQ
WHUVHEXWPDQXVLDNRWDKDUXVEHUSLNLUGDQEHUWLQGDNVHHIHNWLIGDQVHHILVLHQ
PXQJNLQ.HGXDSHQJHMDUDQREMHNWLYLWDV\DQJWLQJJL2EMHNWLYLWDVGDQIDNWD
PHQMDGLKDOPXWODNGDODPNHKLGXSDQPDV\DUDNDWNRWD\DQJUDVLRQDO+DOLQL
WHQWXWLGDNELVDGLOHSDVNDQEHJLWXVDMDGDULSUHVWLVHPDV\DUDNDWNRWD+DOLQL
MXJD PHQMDGL VDODK VDWX IDFWRU \DQJ PHPDFX GDQ PHPRWLYDVL NHKLGXSDQ
PDV\DUDNDW SHUNRWDDQ .HWLJD WHNDQDQ SDGD KXEXQJDQ +XEXQJDQ SHUVRQDO
PDXSXQ \DQJ WLGDN SHUVRQDO MXJD GLEDKDV VHEDJDLPDQD WHODK PHOHNDW SDGD
UDVLRQDOEDJLDQSHUWDPGDQNHGXD
3DGD%DJLDQNHGXDEXNXLQLPHPEDKDVPHQJHQDLNHPXQFXODQEXGD\D
PHGLD SHUXEDKDQ NRPXQLNDVL GDQ SURVHV SHQJRODKDQ LQIRUPDVL GL GDODP
EXGD\D3DGDEDJLDQLQLSHQXOLVPHPSHUNHQDONDQNRQVHSNRPXQLNDVLWHUXWDPD
NRPXQLNDVLYHUEDOSDGDPXODQ\DGDQMXJDSHUNHPEDQJDQQ\DGDULSHUVSHNWLI
\DQJEHUEHGD-LNDSDGDEXNXNRPXQLNDVLSDGDXPXPQ\DPHPEDKDVWHQWDQJ
WHRUL+DUUROG/DVVZHOOPDNDGDODPWXOLVDQLQL\DQJPHQMDGLPHQDULNDGDODK
WHRULNRPXQLNDVL\DQJGLNHPXNDNDQROHKVHRUDQJELRORJEXNDQVHRUDQJDKOL
SROLWLN VRVLRORJL DQWURSRORJL ILVLND PDWHPDWLN DWDX DKOL NRPXQLNDVL LWX
VHQGLUL3HUXEDKDQ\DQJWHUMDGLSDGDPDV\DUDNDWNRWDEXNDQVDMDWHUMDGLSDGD
SRODNRPXQLNDVLQ\DQDPXQMXJDSDGDSHUXEDKDQSHQJRODKDQGDWDNRPXQLNDVL
WHUVHEXW-LNDSDGDSHUNHPEDQJDQWHNQRORJLNRPXQLNDVLPDVVDWHUGDSDW.RUDQ
UDGLRGDQWHOHYLVLPDNDGDODPEXNXLQLMXJDGLSHUNHQDONDQPHGLDEHQWXNEDUX
\DLWXNHKDGLUDQLQWHUQHW