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Oceanography
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Definition
Oceanography is the study of the
ocean, with emphasis on its
character as an environment. The
goal is to obtain a description
sufficiently quantitative to be used
for predicting the future with some
certainty
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Why study oceanography?
no other planet has an ocean
oceans influence weather. carbon
dioxide and oxygen exchange
stable environment for life
source of food, minerals, and energy.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Scope
marine organisms and ecosystem
dynamics
ocean currents, waves, and
geophysical fluid dynamics
plate tectonics and the geology of
the sea floor
fluxes of various chemical substances
physical properties within the ocean
and across its boundaries
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Branch
Biological Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Biological Oceanography
Biological oceanography investigates the
ecology of marine organisms in the
context of the physical, chemical, and
geological characteristics of their ocean
environment. It is closely aligned with
marine biology, though the latter has
more emphasis on the biology of
individual marine organisms.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Chemical oceanography, or marine
chemistry, is the study of the chemistry of
the ocean and its chemical interaction
with the atmosphere;
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Geological oceanography, or marine
geology, is the study of the geology of the
ocean floor including plate tectonics and
paleoceanography;
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
Physical oceanography, or marine
physics, studies the ocean's physical
attributes including temperature-salinity
structure, mixing, waves, internal waves,
surface tides, internal tides, and currents.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean
Definition
from Ancient Greek
Ὠκεανὸς (Okeanos) the
World Ocean of classical
antiquity
A body of saline
water that composes
a large part of a
planet's hydrosphere
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean
Definition
There is only one ocean. It is
divided into three named
parts by international
agreement: the Atlantic,
Pacific, and Indian ocean
(International Hydrographic
Bureau, 1953).
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Sea
Definition of Sea
A sea is a large body of
saline water that may be
connected with an ocean or
may be a large saline lake
that lacks a natural outlet.
Sometimes the terms sea
and ocean are used
synonymously
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Water Properties
Physical Water Properties
Salinity
Conductivity
Temperature
Pressure
Density
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Water Properties
Chemical Water Properties
Heat Latency
Surface Tension
Hydrogen Bounding
Dissolving Power
Light Transmission
Acidity/Alkalinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Nutrients
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Salinity
Definition
Salinity is total mass, expressed in grams, of all substances
dissolved in 1 kg of sea water when all carbonate has been
converted to oxide, all bromine and iodine has been
replaced by chlorine and all organic compounds have
been oxidized at a temperature of 480°C
Expressed in 0/00 or ppt (part per thousand) or psu
(practical salinity unit)
Normal range of salinity of open sea water 30 – 35 psu
Coastal areas salinity varies more widely
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Salinity
Extreme Value
Highest salinity value : 300 – 400 psu in the Dead
Sea (Israel and Jordan)
Lowest point on dry land 418 m below MSL
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Conductivity
Definition
Sea water conductivity is the ability or
power of sea water to conduct or transmit
heat, electricity, or sound
Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI
and micromhos per centimeter
[mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units
Normal range of conductivity : 2 – 5 S/m
Salinity in practice is calculated from
conductivity
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Temperature
Definition
Temperature is a measure of the heat content
Temperature is a thermodynamic property of a
fluid, and is due to the activity of molecules and
atoms in the fluid. The more the activity (energy),
the higher the temperature.
Unit : Degrees Celsius (°C)
Normal range of sea water temperature : 0 – 33 °C
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pressure
Definition
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by
water on either side of the unit area, therefore
it increases with increasing depth
Ocean pressure is usually measured in decibars
1 dbar = 10-1 bar = 105 dyne/cm2 = 104 Pascal
The total vertical variation in pressure in the
ocean is thus from near zero (surface) to
10,000 dbar (deepest)
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Density
Definition
The density of an object is the ratio of its
mass to its volume
The density of pure water in SI units is
1000 kilogram per cubic meter. Range of
seawater density is 1020 - 1050 kg/m3
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Heat Latency
Heat Capacity
Heat required to raise one gram of a water by
1°C.
• highest of all substances (except liquid
ammonia)
• thermal buffering and heat transport by
ocean currents
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Heat Latency
Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat required to melt one gram of ice at
0°C to liquid water at 0°C.
• highest of all substances (except liquid
ammonia)
• thermal buffering
Latent Heat of
Evaporation
Heat required to evaporate 1 gr of water at
100°C to water vapor at 100°C
• highest of all substances
• thermal buffering and heat transfer from
the ocean to the atmosphere
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Surface Tension
Definition
measure of how difficult it is to stretch
or break the surface of a liquid
water has a greater surface tension
than most liquids
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Hydrogen Bounding
Definition
The electromagnetic attractive interaction of a
polar hydrogen atom in a water molecule
Oceans and lakes don't freeze because of
hydrogen bonding, water is less dense as a solid
than it is as a liquid. Density Anomaly
Consequences:
Ice layer in the frozen lakes, river or seas is located
on the top layer
Insulating the water from further freezing
Keep fish and other organism in the lake and river
alive during winter
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dissolving Power
Definition
Ability to dissolve a wide range of substances
Highest of all liquids
solvent for all biological and geochemical reactions
Water's polarity allows it to dissolve other polar substances
very easily. When a polar substance is put in water, the
positive ends of its molecules are attracted to the negative
ends of the water molecules, and vice versa
Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid even the strongest acid!
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Light Transmission
Definition
Ability to absorb or transmit UV,
visible and IR light
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
transparent to visible
strongly absorbs UV and IR
absorbs heat energy from the
sun
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Accidity
Definition
measure of the dissociation of water
into ions (H+, OH)
pH = - log [H+]
pH effects on biological and
geochemical reactions
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dissolved Oxygen
Definition
is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen
that is dissolved or carried in a given medium
seawater\atmosphere exchange at air water
interface only
biological processes that affect O2 concentration:
photosynthesis and respiration
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Nutrient Concentration
Definition
Concentration of nutrient molecule in the
water
Nitrates (NO3-), Ammonia (NH3),
Phosphate (PO4) and Sulphur (SO4)
inorganic sources of N, P, S and other
atoms required for phytoplankton
growth
photosynthesis and respiration
contributes in nutrient distribution
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Nutrient Concentration
Nutrient pollution, especially from nitrogen and
phosphorus, has consistently ranked as one of the
top causes of degradation in some waters for
more than a decade
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus lead to
significant water quality problems including
harmful algal blooms, hypoxia and declines in
wildlife and wildlife habitat
EUTROPHICATION
Excesses have also been linked to higher amounts
of chemicals that make people sick
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Definition
Oceanography is the study of the
ocean, with emphasis on its
character as an environment. The
goal is to obtain a description
sufficiently quantitative to be used
for predicting the future with some
certainty
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Why study oceanography?
no other planet has an ocean
oceans influence weather. carbon
dioxide and oxygen exchange
stable environment for life
source of food, minerals, and energy.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Scope
marine organisms and ecosystem
dynamics
ocean currents, waves, and
geophysical fluid dynamics
plate tectonics and the geology of
the sea floor
fluxes of various chemical substances
physical properties within the ocean
and across its boundaries
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Branch
Biological Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Biological Oceanography
Biological oceanography investigates the
ecology of marine organisms in the
context of the physical, chemical, and
geological characteristics of their ocean
environment. It is closely aligned with
marine biology, though the latter has
more emphasis on the biology of
individual marine organisms.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Chemical oceanography, or marine
chemistry, is the study of the chemistry of
the ocean and its chemical interaction
with the atmosphere;
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Geological oceanography, or marine
geology, is the study of the geology of the
ocean floor including plate tectonics and
paleoceanography;
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
Physical oceanography, or marine
physics, studies the ocean's physical
attributes including temperature-salinity
structure, mixing, waves, internal waves,
surface tides, internal tides, and currents.
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean
Definition
from Ancient Greek
Ὠκεανὸς (Okeanos) the
World Ocean of classical
antiquity
A body of saline
water that composes
a large part of a
planet's hydrosphere
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean
Definition
There is only one ocean. It is
divided into three named
parts by international
agreement: the Atlantic,
Pacific, and Indian ocean
(International Hydrographic
Bureau, 1953).
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Sea
Definition of Sea
A sea is a large body of
saline water that may be
connected with an ocean or
may be a large saline lake
that lacks a natural outlet.
Sometimes the terms sea
and ocean are used
synonymously
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Water Properties
Physical Water Properties
Salinity
Conductivity
Temperature
Pressure
Density
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Water Properties
Chemical Water Properties
Heat Latency
Surface Tension
Hydrogen Bounding
Dissolving Power
Light Transmission
Acidity/Alkalinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Nutrients
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Salinity
Definition
Salinity is total mass, expressed in grams, of all substances
dissolved in 1 kg of sea water when all carbonate has been
converted to oxide, all bromine and iodine has been
replaced by chlorine and all organic compounds have
been oxidized at a temperature of 480°C
Expressed in 0/00 or ppt (part per thousand) or psu
(practical salinity unit)
Normal range of salinity of open sea water 30 – 35 psu
Coastal areas salinity varies more widely
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Salinity
Extreme Value
Highest salinity value : 300 – 400 psu in the Dead
Sea (Israel and Jordan)
Lowest point on dry land 418 m below MSL
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Conductivity
Definition
Sea water conductivity is the ability or
power of sea water to conduct or transmit
heat, electricity, or sound
Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI
and micromhos per centimeter
[mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units
Normal range of conductivity : 2 – 5 S/m
Salinity in practice is calculated from
conductivity
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Temperature
Definition
Temperature is a measure of the heat content
Temperature is a thermodynamic property of a
fluid, and is due to the activity of molecules and
atoms in the fluid. The more the activity (energy),
the higher the temperature.
Unit : Degrees Celsius (°C)
Normal range of sea water temperature : 0 – 33 °C
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pressure
Definition
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by
water on either side of the unit area, therefore
it increases with increasing depth
Ocean pressure is usually measured in decibars
1 dbar = 10-1 bar = 105 dyne/cm2 = 104 Pascal
The total vertical variation in pressure in the
ocean is thus from near zero (surface) to
10,000 dbar (deepest)
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Density
Definition
The density of an object is the ratio of its
mass to its volume
The density of pure water in SI units is
1000 kilogram per cubic meter. Range of
seawater density is 1020 - 1050 kg/m3
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Heat Latency
Heat Capacity
Heat required to raise one gram of a water by
1°C.
• highest of all substances (except liquid
ammonia)
• thermal buffering and heat transport by
ocean currents
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Heat Latency
Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat required to melt one gram of ice at
0°C to liquid water at 0°C.
• highest of all substances (except liquid
ammonia)
• thermal buffering
Latent Heat of
Evaporation
Heat required to evaporate 1 gr of water at
100°C to water vapor at 100°C
• highest of all substances
• thermal buffering and heat transfer from
the ocean to the atmosphere
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Surface Tension
Definition
measure of how difficult it is to stretch
or break the surface of a liquid
water has a greater surface tension
than most liquids
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Hydrogen Bounding
Definition
The electromagnetic attractive interaction of a
polar hydrogen atom in a water molecule
Oceans and lakes don't freeze because of
hydrogen bonding, water is less dense as a solid
than it is as a liquid. Density Anomaly
Consequences:
Ice layer in the frozen lakes, river or seas is located
on the top layer
Insulating the water from further freezing
Keep fish and other organism in the lake and river
alive during winter
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dissolving Power
Definition
Ability to dissolve a wide range of substances
Highest of all liquids
solvent for all biological and geochemical reactions
Water's polarity allows it to dissolve other polar substances
very easily. When a polar substance is put in water, the
positive ends of its molecules are attracted to the negative
ends of the water molecules, and vice versa
Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid even the strongest acid!
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Light Transmission
Definition
Ability to absorb or transmit UV,
visible and IR light
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
transparent to visible
strongly absorbs UV and IR
absorbs heat energy from the
sun
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Accidity
Definition
measure of the dissociation of water
into ions (H+, OH)
pH = - log [H+]
pH effects on biological and
geochemical reactions
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dissolved Oxygen
Definition
is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen
that is dissolved or carried in a given medium
seawater\atmosphere exchange at air water
interface only
biological processes that affect O2 concentration:
photosynthesis and respiration
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Nutrient Concentration
Definition
Concentration of nutrient molecule in the
water
Nitrates (NO3-), Ammonia (NH3),
Phosphate (PO4) and Sulphur (SO4)
inorganic sources of N, P, S and other
atoms required for phytoplankton
growth
photosynthesis and respiration
contributes in nutrient distribution
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Nutrient Concentration
Nutrient pollution, especially from nitrogen and
phosphorus, has consistently ranked as one of the
top causes of degradation in some waters for
more than a decade
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus lead to
significant water quality problems including
harmful algal blooms, hypoxia and declines in
wildlife and wildlife habitat
EUTROPHICATION
Excesses have also been linked to higher amounts
of chemicals that make people sick
Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I
Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology