Physical Profile of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for Pekan Olahraga Nasional XVIII Riau | Lafanda | Althea Medical Journal 554 1846 1 PB
281
Physical Profile of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for Pekan Olahraga
Nasional XVIII Riau
Pynkan Lafanda,1 Ambrosius Purba,2 Tri Damiati Pandji3
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, 2Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine,
Universitas Padjadjaran, 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of
Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung,
1
Abstract
Background: Taekwondo is a martial sport that is often included in competitions, especially in a national
event such as Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON) XVIII Riau in September 2012. A taekwondo athlete must have
maximum physical condition in order to achieve maximum performance. West Java taekwondo athletes who
will participate in this national sport event receive centralized exercises as a special preparation stage. This
study aimed to determine the physical condition profile of male and female taekwondo athletes for PON
XVIII Riau
Methods: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted in September 2012 to 15 West Java taekwondo
athletes for PON Riau XVIII consisting of 7 male athletes and 8 female athletes. Physical conditions measured
were strength, endurance, power, speed, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, agility, and reaction time. The
measurement results were then compared to the physical standards data from the head of National Sports
Committee of Indonesia (Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia/KONI) and were analyzed by percentage
category
Results: Characteristics in less category were abdominal muscle endurance (male 71.43% and female
100%), cardio respiratory fitness (male 85.71%), and agility (female 37.50%). Characteristics in far category
were cardio respiratory fitness (female 62.50%) and agility (male 57.14%)
Conclusion: The ability of the physical condition of male and female West Java taekwondo athletes for Pekan
Olahraga Nasional XVIII Riau still needs to be improved to maximize achievement. [AMJ.2015;2(1):281–86]
Keywords: Athletes, physical condition, taekwondo
Introduction
Taekwondo is a sport originated from Korea.
Taekwondo is martial art that is very often
competed at the national, regional, and
international sport events.1-3 Taekwondo is
one of the sports included in the competition
in the National Sport Competition (Pekan
Olahraga Nasional, PON) Riau XVIII 2012.
Taekwondo athletes using stance techniques
such as guard position and ready stance. In
addition, taekwondo athlete at the time of
the defense uses rising block and knife-hand
block. The same is also true when they dog
strike movements such as taekwondo fist and
side punch as well as in kicking movement
such as side kick, front kick, and jumping
round kick.2 Motion patterns of taekwondo
athletes during a match can be grouped as
follows: stances, blocks, strikes, and kicks.
According to these motion patterns, the
muscle abilities need to be prioritized are
arm muscles and leg muscles. Based on the
pattern of taekwondo athlete motions, experts
agree that physical conditions need to be
trained and upgraded are: leg muscle strength,
muscle endurance (leg muscles and abdominal
muscles), power (leg muscles and arm
muscles), speed, flexibility, cardio respiratory
fitness, agility, speed, and reaction time.4
To improve the physical condition of
taekwondo athletes in accordance to the
opinion of experts, three stages are needed: the
preparation stage (general preparation stage
and specific preparation stage), the match
stage, and the resting stage.4 Therefore, West
Java taekwondo athletes who will attend the
national sport event (known as Pekan Olahraga
Nasional/PON Riau XVIII) were prepared
with centralized training program that is
currently at the stage of special preparation.
Correspondence: Pynkan Lafanda, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21,
Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia, Phone: +628122432396 Email: [email protected]
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
282
AMJ June, 2015
Related to the request of the coach and the
deal with researchers, this study measured
the physical conditions of male and female
taekwondo athlete who is doing training at
special preparation stage. To determine the
physical condition abilities of taekwondo
athlete who was training at a special
preparation stage, it was measured: ability of
leg muscles strength with leg dynamometer,
ability of leg muscles endurance with
squat jumps, ability of abdominal muscles
endurance with sit-ups, ability of leg muscles
power with vertical jumps, ability of arm
muscles with medicine ball put, ability of
speed with run 50 meters, ability of flexibility
with flexometer, ability of cardio respiratory
fitness with Astrand (VO2max) test, ability
of agility with beam side step, ability of
reaction time with whole body reaction.5 To
predict the effectiveness of training and the
achievement of athletes, all measurement
results are compared with physical standards
data from head of National Sports Committee
of Indonesia (Komite Olahraga Nasional
Indonesia/KONI).6 According to the experts, an
athlete specially taekwondo athlete who has a
physical condition in either category of good
or perfect will have maximum performance to
get a gold medal on any particular sport events
especially PON XVIII Riau.7
The purpose of this study is to determine
the profile of the physical condition of male
and female West Java taekwondo athletes for
PON XVIII Riau at special preparation stage
age. The abilities of physical conditions are
leg muscle strength, muscle endurance (leg
muscles and abdominal muscles), power (leg
muscles and arm muscles), speed, flexibility,
cardio respiratory fitness, agility, speed, and
reaction time.
Methods
A quantitative descriptive study with the
sample was 15 West Java taekwondo athletes
for PON Riau XVIII consisting of 7 male
athletes and 8 female athletes. Data is collected
in September 2012 at West Java KONI office,
Bandung.
Data were taken from KONI of West Java
which is the result of measurements made
by Sport Medicine Team of West Java KONI.
The data consisted of age, gender, strength,
endurance, power, speed, flexibility, cardio
respiratory fitness, agility, and time reaction.
The results of the data obtained and then
compared with standard physical condition of
KONI Pusat.
Results
Assessments were conducted in 15 West Java
taekwondo athletes. Of this team, 7 male
athletes with a lifespan range from 16 years to
27 years and 8 female athletes with a lifespan
Figure 1 Body Mass Index of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for PON XVIII Riau
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
Pynkan Lafanda, Ambrosius Purba, Tri Damiati Pandji: Physical Profile of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for 283
PON XVIII Riau
Table 1 Profile of the Physical Conditions of Male West Java Taekwondo Athletes for PON
XVIII Riau at Special Preparation Stage
Abilities
Category Percentage (%)
Poor
Fairly
Good
Very Good
Perfect
0
28.57
28.57
0
14.29
42.86
42.86
28.57
14.00
0
0
14.29
71.43
14.29
14.29
Strength
Leg Muscles
Endurance
Leg Muscles
Abdominal Muscles
0
14.29
71.43
Power
Leg Muscles
0
Arm Muscles
0
14.29
Speed
0
33.33
Flexibility
0
14.29
Cardio respiratory Fitness
85.71
Agility
28.57
Reaction Time
0
57.14
Slow: 14.29
ranging from 16 years to 28 years. Physical
characteristics West Java taekwondo athletes
consisting of body mass index which stratified
by the World Health Organization (WHO) body
mass index criteria8 (Figure 1). Both of male
and female athletes were included in normal
category.
For male athletes included in the perfect
category was flexibility; the very good
categories were leg muscle strength and arm
muscles power; the good categories were leg
muscle endurance, leg muscle power, and
speed; the fairly category was agility; and
the poor categories were abdominal muscle
endurance and cardio respiratory fitness.
Then the ability of the reaction time was in the
slow category.
For female athletes who were in the perfect
categories were leg muscle endurance, arm
muscles power, and flexibility; the very good
categories were leg muscle strength and leg
muscles power; the good category was speed;
the fairly category was cardio respiratory
fitness; and the poor categories were
abdominal muscle endurance and agility. Then
the ability of the reaction time in most female
athletes was included in the slow category.
Discussions
The results of strength component
demonstrate that ability of leg muscle strength
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
0
28.57
57.14
0
66.67
0
0
28.57
43.00
0
0
0
0
14.29
14.29
14.29
Fast: 85.71
in mostly male athletes included in the very
good category (42.86%) and mostly female
athletes included in either good (42.86%)
and very good (42.86%). Even so, there were
athletes who still had leg muscle strength in
fairly categories, male (28.57%) and females
(14.29%). The maximum ability of the leg
muscle strength is required by a taekwondo
athlete to achieve maximum performance.
At the time of kick movements like side kick
and jumping round kick when attacking an
opponent in the game requires leg muscle
strength.2 Based on observations male and
female West Java taekwondo athletes at
special preparation stage is done appropriate
weight training, namely: exercise 2–3 times a
week with the intensity of 8–12 RM and do as
much as 3 set.4 Weight training will increase
the ability of muscle strength taekwondo
athletes because of myofibril hypertrophy and
increased of tendons and ligaments.4,9
Muscle strength needs to be maintained
and improved in order to achieve maximum
performance especially in taekwondo athletes
who has not reached the category well yet.
Because in a game required this ability to
perform muscular strength when kick the
opponent.3
The results of endurance component
indicate that leg muscle endurance athletes
in mostly male athletes included in good
category (42.86%) and the majority of
female athletes included in perfect category
284
AMJ June, 2015
Table 2 Profile of the Physical Conditions of Female West Java Taekwondo Athletes for PON
XVIII Riau at Special Preparation Stage
Abilities
Category Percentage (%)
Poor
Fairly
Good
Very Good
Perfect
0
14.29
42.86
42.86
0
Strength
Leg Muscles
Endurance
Leg Muscles
0
37.50
12.50
50.00
100
0
0
0
0
Leg Muscles
0
12.50
37.50
50.00
0
Arm Muscles
0
0
25.00
37.50
37.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
0
0
0
25.50
25.50
50.00
Cardio respiratory Fitness
12.50
25.00
0
0
Agility
37.50
62.50
62.50
25.00
0
12.50
Abdominal Muscles
0
Power
Speed
Flexibility
Reaction Time
25.00
Slow: 25.00
(50.00%). Even so, there were male athletes
who still had leg muscle endurance in fairly
categories (14.29%). Based on observations
on training program, male and female West
Java taekwondo athletes had an appropriate
weight training, namely: exercise 2–3 times
a week, as many as 20–25 RM intensity and
do as much as 3 set.4 Leg muscle endurance
needed by a taekwondo athlete to perform
maximally due to the repeatedly motion shot
in a long time.9 In addition to maximum leg
muscle endurance, also required abdominal
muscle endurance abilities that taekwondo
athletes could have a maximum achievement.
The results demonstrate that abdominal
muscle endurance in mostly male athletes
included in poor category (71.43%) and
female athletes are all included in the poor
category (100%). The ability of abdominal
muscle endurance of male and female West
Java taekwondo athletes is lacking, likely
influenced by the lack of weight training which
can increase abdominal muscle strength, such
as sit-ups and push-ups exercises.9 From
the above, it can explain the discovery of leg
muscle endurance was good while abdominal
muscle endurance were not maximized.
The results of power component indicate
that leg muscle power in mostly male athletes
included in good category (71.43%) and
the majority of female athletes fall into very
good category (50.00%). Even so, there were
athletes who still had leg muscle power in
Fast: 75.00
fairly categories, male (14.29 %) and females
(12.50 %). For those athletes who has
not maximum leg muscle power yet, need
appropriate weight training exercise 2–3
times a week and do as much as 12–15 RM
intensity for 3 set.4 In addition to maximum
leg muscles power, power ability which also
necessary for taekwondo athletes is arm
muscles power. The results demonstrate that
arm muscles power on mostly male athletes
fall into very good category (57.00%) and
the majority of female athletes included in
the perfect category (38.00%). Even so, there
were male athletes who still had arm muscles
power in fairly categories (14.29 %). Based
on observations male and female West Java
taekwondo athletes had done appropriate
weight training. But for those athletes who
has not maximum arm muscles power yet, still
need appropriate weight training like program
for increasing leg muscles power, namely:
exercise 2–3 times a week, as many as 12–15
RM intensity and do as much as 3 set.4 Leg
muscles and arm muscles power in taekwondo
athletes needed for explosive movements in
punching and kicking opponents. The results
above show that the power of the leg muscles
and arm muscles are excellent and perfect
that need to be maintained and improved to
achieve maximum performance.
The results of speed component
demonstrate the speed of the male athletes
mostly included in good category (66.67%)
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
Pynkan Lafanda, Ambrosius Purba, Tri Damiati Pandji: Physical Profile of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for 285
PON XVIII Riau
and either the majority of female athletes
included in good category (62.50%). Even so,
there were male athletes who still had speed
in fairly categories (14.29%) and female
athletes who still have speed in poor category
(12.50 %). Athletes who still had speed ability
in poor or fairly category maybe did not do
appropriate training program such exercises
with interval training run at a distance of 40
meters, break 3–5 minutes, and 3–5 times
as much done a week.4 Speed ability need to
be maintained and improved in order to do
some kicking and punching times in a row in
the shortest possible time which can affect the
success of winning.9
The results of flexibility component
demonstrate that flexibility in mostly male
athletes including in perfect category (43.00%)
and the majority of female athletes are also
included in the perfect category (50.00%).
Even so, there were male athletes who still
have flexibility in fairly categories (14.29%). It
was found that the perfect flexibility skills in
West Java taekwondo athletes based on field
observations, the athletes had exercises with
passive stretching or PNF (Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation) as much as 3–5
times a week.4
The results of cardiorespiratory fitness
component demonstrate that cardiorespiratory
fitness of mostly male athletes fall into poor
category (85.71%) and the majority of female
athletes included in fairly category (62.50%).
To achieve maximum performance in a game,
taekwondo athlete should be able to achieve
the maximum cardiorespiratory fitness in
order to perform the game in a relatively long
time. Cardiorespiratory fitness means having
the capacity of the heart, lungs, and circulatory
both in delivering oxygen to the muscles so that
they can work within long time.5,10 To maximize
the ability of cardiorespiratory fitness of male
and female West Java taekwondo athletes who
had poor or fairly category should be improved
with aerobic exercise, such as running,
jogging, swimming, and other.4 Exercise which
beneficial for improving pulmonary and heart
endurance is done for 3–5 times a week, more
than 1 hour workout, while exercise intensity
75–85% maximum pulse.11 According to the
previous explanation, it can be explained that
poor cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) was
occurred because the coach did not provide
intensive training to improve aerobic capacity.
The results of agility component
demonstrate the agility of mostly male
athletes included in fairly category (57.14%)
and the majority of female athletes included
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
in the poor category (37.50%). In accordance
with the pattern of motion of the taekwondo
sport that requires agility in the game, such as
the ability to change the position and direction
of the body so fast. Based on results, agility on
male and female taekwondo athlete needs to
be improved so that they can achieve maximum
category. In connection with these exercises
to improve agility are running back and forth,
zig-zag run, squat thrust, and obstacle race.4
The results of reaction time component
demonstrate the ability of the reaction time
on mostly male athletes included in the slow
category (85.71%) and the majority of female
athletes are also included in the slow category
(75.00%). The results of the above calculation
show both male and female taekwondo
athlete has slowly reaction time. While the
reaction time is necessary in taekwondo,
especially when it came under attacks from
opponents and then athletes have to do fast
respond.2 To improve the reaction time of
taekwondo athletes should doing repetitive
specific response exercises which suitable to
taekwondo motions. Another form of exercise
can be interval run training which done 3–5
times a week and as much as 3 set.4
Limitations of this study are limited sample
size and time. A large enough and randomly
selected sample, will help the analysis in this
study to be more accurate.
References
1. World Taekwondo Federation. What
is taekwondo. Gyeonggi-do: World
Taekwondo Federation; 2009 [Cited 2012
May 5]; Available from: http://www.wtf.
org/wtf_eng/site/about_taekwondo/
taekwondo.html.
2. Park YH, Park YH, Gerrard J. Tae Kwon Do:
the ultimate reference guide to the world’s
most popular martial art. 3rd ed. New
York: Facts on File; 2009.
3. Kyong Myong Lee KJJK. The book of
WTF poomsae competition. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama; 2009.
4. Bompa
TO.
Periodization:
theory
and methodology of training, 5th ed.
Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2009.
5. Åstrand PO. Textbook of work physiology:
physiological bases of exercise. Champaign:
Human Kinetics; 2003.
6. Tim Sport Medicine. Prosedur dan
instrumen evaluasi fungsional atlet.
Standar KONI Pusat. Jakarta: KONI; 2011.
7. Bidang Sport Science dan Penerapan Iptek
286
AMJ June, 2015
Olahraga. Pemahaman dasar sport science
& penerapan iptek olahraga, editor.
Jakarta: KONI; 2012.
8. World
Health
Organization.
BMI
classification. Geneva: WHO; 2012
[Cited 2012 September 5]; Available
from:
http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.
jsp?introPage=intro_3.html.
9. Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assessment
and exercise prescription: Champaign:
Human Kinetics; 2006.
10. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical
physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier
Saunders; 2006.
11. Purba A. Kardiovaskular dan faal olahraga.
Bandung: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Padjadjaran; 2012.
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
Physical Profile of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for Pekan Olahraga
Nasional XVIII Riau
Pynkan Lafanda,1 Ambrosius Purba,2 Tri Damiati Pandji3
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, 2Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine,
Universitas Padjadjaran, 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of
Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung,
1
Abstract
Background: Taekwondo is a martial sport that is often included in competitions, especially in a national
event such as Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON) XVIII Riau in September 2012. A taekwondo athlete must have
maximum physical condition in order to achieve maximum performance. West Java taekwondo athletes who
will participate in this national sport event receive centralized exercises as a special preparation stage. This
study aimed to determine the physical condition profile of male and female taekwondo athletes for PON
XVIII Riau
Methods: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted in September 2012 to 15 West Java taekwondo
athletes for PON Riau XVIII consisting of 7 male athletes and 8 female athletes. Physical conditions measured
were strength, endurance, power, speed, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, agility, and reaction time. The
measurement results were then compared to the physical standards data from the head of National Sports
Committee of Indonesia (Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia/KONI) and were analyzed by percentage
category
Results: Characteristics in less category were abdominal muscle endurance (male 71.43% and female
100%), cardio respiratory fitness (male 85.71%), and agility (female 37.50%). Characteristics in far category
were cardio respiratory fitness (female 62.50%) and agility (male 57.14%)
Conclusion: The ability of the physical condition of male and female West Java taekwondo athletes for Pekan
Olahraga Nasional XVIII Riau still needs to be improved to maximize achievement. [AMJ.2015;2(1):281–86]
Keywords: Athletes, physical condition, taekwondo
Introduction
Taekwondo is a sport originated from Korea.
Taekwondo is martial art that is very often
competed at the national, regional, and
international sport events.1-3 Taekwondo is
one of the sports included in the competition
in the National Sport Competition (Pekan
Olahraga Nasional, PON) Riau XVIII 2012.
Taekwondo athletes using stance techniques
such as guard position and ready stance. In
addition, taekwondo athlete at the time of
the defense uses rising block and knife-hand
block. The same is also true when they dog
strike movements such as taekwondo fist and
side punch as well as in kicking movement
such as side kick, front kick, and jumping
round kick.2 Motion patterns of taekwondo
athletes during a match can be grouped as
follows: stances, blocks, strikes, and kicks.
According to these motion patterns, the
muscle abilities need to be prioritized are
arm muscles and leg muscles. Based on the
pattern of taekwondo athlete motions, experts
agree that physical conditions need to be
trained and upgraded are: leg muscle strength,
muscle endurance (leg muscles and abdominal
muscles), power (leg muscles and arm
muscles), speed, flexibility, cardio respiratory
fitness, agility, speed, and reaction time.4
To improve the physical condition of
taekwondo athletes in accordance to the
opinion of experts, three stages are needed: the
preparation stage (general preparation stage
and specific preparation stage), the match
stage, and the resting stage.4 Therefore, West
Java taekwondo athletes who will attend the
national sport event (known as Pekan Olahraga
Nasional/PON Riau XVIII) were prepared
with centralized training program that is
currently at the stage of special preparation.
Correspondence: Pynkan Lafanda, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21,
Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia, Phone: +628122432396 Email: [email protected]
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
282
AMJ June, 2015
Related to the request of the coach and the
deal with researchers, this study measured
the physical conditions of male and female
taekwondo athlete who is doing training at
special preparation stage. To determine the
physical condition abilities of taekwondo
athlete who was training at a special
preparation stage, it was measured: ability of
leg muscles strength with leg dynamometer,
ability of leg muscles endurance with
squat jumps, ability of abdominal muscles
endurance with sit-ups, ability of leg muscles
power with vertical jumps, ability of arm
muscles with medicine ball put, ability of
speed with run 50 meters, ability of flexibility
with flexometer, ability of cardio respiratory
fitness with Astrand (VO2max) test, ability
of agility with beam side step, ability of
reaction time with whole body reaction.5 To
predict the effectiveness of training and the
achievement of athletes, all measurement
results are compared with physical standards
data from head of National Sports Committee
of Indonesia (Komite Olahraga Nasional
Indonesia/KONI).6 According to the experts, an
athlete specially taekwondo athlete who has a
physical condition in either category of good
or perfect will have maximum performance to
get a gold medal on any particular sport events
especially PON XVIII Riau.7
The purpose of this study is to determine
the profile of the physical condition of male
and female West Java taekwondo athletes for
PON XVIII Riau at special preparation stage
age. The abilities of physical conditions are
leg muscle strength, muscle endurance (leg
muscles and abdominal muscles), power (leg
muscles and arm muscles), speed, flexibility,
cardio respiratory fitness, agility, speed, and
reaction time.
Methods
A quantitative descriptive study with the
sample was 15 West Java taekwondo athletes
for PON Riau XVIII consisting of 7 male
athletes and 8 female athletes. Data is collected
in September 2012 at West Java KONI office,
Bandung.
Data were taken from KONI of West Java
which is the result of measurements made
by Sport Medicine Team of West Java KONI.
The data consisted of age, gender, strength,
endurance, power, speed, flexibility, cardio
respiratory fitness, agility, and time reaction.
The results of the data obtained and then
compared with standard physical condition of
KONI Pusat.
Results
Assessments were conducted in 15 West Java
taekwondo athletes. Of this team, 7 male
athletes with a lifespan range from 16 years to
27 years and 8 female athletes with a lifespan
Figure 1 Body Mass Index of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for PON XVIII Riau
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
Pynkan Lafanda, Ambrosius Purba, Tri Damiati Pandji: Physical Profile of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for 283
PON XVIII Riau
Table 1 Profile of the Physical Conditions of Male West Java Taekwondo Athletes for PON
XVIII Riau at Special Preparation Stage
Abilities
Category Percentage (%)
Poor
Fairly
Good
Very Good
Perfect
0
28.57
28.57
0
14.29
42.86
42.86
28.57
14.00
0
0
14.29
71.43
14.29
14.29
Strength
Leg Muscles
Endurance
Leg Muscles
Abdominal Muscles
0
14.29
71.43
Power
Leg Muscles
0
Arm Muscles
0
14.29
Speed
0
33.33
Flexibility
0
14.29
Cardio respiratory Fitness
85.71
Agility
28.57
Reaction Time
0
57.14
Slow: 14.29
ranging from 16 years to 28 years. Physical
characteristics West Java taekwondo athletes
consisting of body mass index which stratified
by the World Health Organization (WHO) body
mass index criteria8 (Figure 1). Both of male
and female athletes were included in normal
category.
For male athletes included in the perfect
category was flexibility; the very good
categories were leg muscle strength and arm
muscles power; the good categories were leg
muscle endurance, leg muscle power, and
speed; the fairly category was agility; and
the poor categories were abdominal muscle
endurance and cardio respiratory fitness.
Then the ability of the reaction time was in the
slow category.
For female athletes who were in the perfect
categories were leg muscle endurance, arm
muscles power, and flexibility; the very good
categories were leg muscle strength and leg
muscles power; the good category was speed;
the fairly category was cardio respiratory
fitness; and the poor categories were
abdominal muscle endurance and agility. Then
the ability of the reaction time in most female
athletes was included in the slow category.
Discussions
The results of strength component
demonstrate that ability of leg muscle strength
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
0
28.57
57.14
0
66.67
0
0
28.57
43.00
0
0
0
0
14.29
14.29
14.29
Fast: 85.71
in mostly male athletes included in the very
good category (42.86%) and mostly female
athletes included in either good (42.86%)
and very good (42.86%). Even so, there were
athletes who still had leg muscle strength in
fairly categories, male (28.57%) and females
(14.29%). The maximum ability of the leg
muscle strength is required by a taekwondo
athlete to achieve maximum performance.
At the time of kick movements like side kick
and jumping round kick when attacking an
opponent in the game requires leg muscle
strength.2 Based on observations male and
female West Java taekwondo athletes at
special preparation stage is done appropriate
weight training, namely: exercise 2–3 times a
week with the intensity of 8–12 RM and do as
much as 3 set.4 Weight training will increase
the ability of muscle strength taekwondo
athletes because of myofibril hypertrophy and
increased of tendons and ligaments.4,9
Muscle strength needs to be maintained
and improved in order to achieve maximum
performance especially in taekwondo athletes
who has not reached the category well yet.
Because in a game required this ability to
perform muscular strength when kick the
opponent.3
The results of endurance component
indicate that leg muscle endurance athletes
in mostly male athletes included in good
category (42.86%) and the majority of
female athletes included in perfect category
284
AMJ June, 2015
Table 2 Profile of the Physical Conditions of Female West Java Taekwondo Athletes for PON
XVIII Riau at Special Preparation Stage
Abilities
Category Percentage (%)
Poor
Fairly
Good
Very Good
Perfect
0
14.29
42.86
42.86
0
Strength
Leg Muscles
Endurance
Leg Muscles
0
37.50
12.50
50.00
100
0
0
0
0
Leg Muscles
0
12.50
37.50
50.00
0
Arm Muscles
0
0
25.00
37.50
37.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
0
0
0
25.50
25.50
50.00
Cardio respiratory Fitness
12.50
25.00
0
0
Agility
37.50
62.50
62.50
25.00
0
12.50
Abdominal Muscles
0
Power
Speed
Flexibility
Reaction Time
25.00
Slow: 25.00
(50.00%). Even so, there were male athletes
who still had leg muscle endurance in fairly
categories (14.29%). Based on observations
on training program, male and female West
Java taekwondo athletes had an appropriate
weight training, namely: exercise 2–3 times
a week, as many as 20–25 RM intensity and
do as much as 3 set.4 Leg muscle endurance
needed by a taekwondo athlete to perform
maximally due to the repeatedly motion shot
in a long time.9 In addition to maximum leg
muscle endurance, also required abdominal
muscle endurance abilities that taekwondo
athletes could have a maximum achievement.
The results demonstrate that abdominal
muscle endurance in mostly male athletes
included in poor category (71.43%) and
female athletes are all included in the poor
category (100%). The ability of abdominal
muscle endurance of male and female West
Java taekwondo athletes is lacking, likely
influenced by the lack of weight training which
can increase abdominal muscle strength, such
as sit-ups and push-ups exercises.9 From
the above, it can explain the discovery of leg
muscle endurance was good while abdominal
muscle endurance were not maximized.
The results of power component indicate
that leg muscle power in mostly male athletes
included in good category (71.43%) and
the majority of female athletes fall into very
good category (50.00%). Even so, there were
athletes who still had leg muscle power in
Fast: 75.00
fairly categories, male (14.29 %) and females
(12.50 %). For those athletes who has
not maximum leg muscle power yet, need
appropriate weight training exercise 2–3
times a week and do as much as 12–15 RM
intensity for 3 set.4 In addition to maximum
leg muscles power, power ability which also
necessary for taekwondo athletes is arm
muscles power. The results demonstrate that
arm muscles power on mostly male athletes
fall into very good category (57.00%) and
the majority of female athletes included in
the perfect category (38.00%). Even so, there
were male athletes who still had arm muscles
power in fairly categories (14.29 %). Based
on observations male and female West Java
taekwondo athletes had done appropriate
weight training. But for those athletes who
has not maximum arm muscles power yet, still
need appropriate weight training like program
for increasing leg muscles power, namely:
exercise 2–3 times a week, as many as 12–15
RM intensity and do as much as 3 set.4 Leg
muscles and arm muscles power in taekwondo
athletes needed for explosive movements in
punching and kicking opponents. The results
above show that the power of the leg muscles
and arm muscles are excellent and perfect
that need to be maintained and improved to
achieve maximum performance.
The results of speed component
demonstrate the speed of the male athletes
mostly included in good category (66.67%)
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
Pynkan Lafanda, Ambrosius Purba, Tri Damiati Pandji: Physical Profile of West Java Taekwondo Athletes for 285
PON XVIII Riau
and either the majority of female athletes
included in good category (62.50%). Even so,
there were male athletes who still had speed
in fairly categories (14.29%) and female
athletes who still have speed in poor category
(12.50 %). Athletes who still had speed ability
in poor or fairly category maybe did not do
appropriate training program such exercises
with interval training run at a distance of 40
meters, break 3–5 minutes, and 3–5 times
as much done a week.4 Speed ability need to
be maintained and improved in order to do
some kicking and punching times in a row in
the shortest possible time which can affect the
success of winning.9
The results of flexibility component
demonstrate that flexibility in mostly male
athletes including in perfect category (43.00%)
and the majority of female athletes are also
included in the perfect category (50.00%).
Even so, there were male athletes who still
have flexibility in fairly categories (14.29%). It
was found that the perfect flexibility skills in
West Java taekwondo athletes based on field
observations, the athletes had exercises with
passive stretching or PNF (Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation) as much as 3–5
times a week.4
The results of cardiorespiratory fitness
component demonstrate that cardiorespiratory
fitness of mostly male athletes fall into poor
category (85.71%) and the majority of female
athletes included in fairly category (62.50%).
To achieve maximum performance in a game,
taekwondo athlete should be able to achieve
the maximum cardiorespiratory fitness in
order to perform the game in a relatively long
time. Cardiorespiratory fitness means having
the capacity of the heart, lungs, and circulatory
both in delivering oxygen to the muscles so that
they can work within long time.5,10 To maximize
the ability of cardiorespiratory fitness of male
and female West Java taekwondo athletes who
had poor or fairly category should be improved
with aerobic exercise, such as running,
jogging, swimming, and other.4 Exercise which
beneficial for improving pulmonary and heart
endurance is done for 3–5 times a week, more
than 1 hour workout, while exercise intensity
75–85% maximum pulse.11 According to the
previous explanation, it can be explained that
poor cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) was
occurred because the coach did not provide
intensive training to improve aerobic capacity.
The results of agility component
demonstrate the agility of mostly male
athletes included in fairly category (57.14%)
and the majority of female athletes included
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)
in the poor category (37.50%). In accordance
with the pattern of motion of the taekwondo
sport that requires agility in the game, such as
the ability to change the position and direction
of the body so fast. Based on results, agility on
male and female taekwondo athlete needs to
be improved so that they can achieve maximum
category. In connection with these exercises
to improve agility are running back and forth,
zig-zag run, squat thrust, and obstacle race.4
The results of reaction time component
demonstrate the ability of the reaction time
on mostly male athletes included in the slow
category (85.71%) and the majority of female
athletes are also included in the slow category
(75.00%). The results of the above calculation
show both male and female taekwondo
athlete has slowly reaction time. While the
reaction time is necessary in taekwondo,
especially when it came under attacks from
opponents and then athletes have to do fast
respond.2 To improve the reaction time of
taekwondo athletes should doing repetitive
specific response exercises which suitable to
taekwondo motions. Another form of exercise
can be interval run training which done 3–5
times a week and as much as 3 set.4
Limitations of this study are limited sample
size and time. A large enough and randomly
selected sample, will help the analysis in this
study to be more accurate.
References
1. World Taekwondo Federation. What
is taekwondo. Gyeonggi-do: World
Taekwondo Federation; 2009 [Cited 2012
May 5]; Available from: http://www.wtf.
org/wtf_eng/site/about_taekwondo/
taekwondo.html.
2. Park YH, Park YH, Gerrard J. Tae Kwon Do:
the ultimate reference guide to the world’s
most popular martial art. 3rd ed. New
York: Facts on File; 2009.
3. Kyong Myong Lee KJJK. The book of
WTF poomsae competition. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama; 2009.
4. Bompa
TO.
Periodization:
theory
and methodology of training, 5th ed.
Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2009.
5. Åstrand PO. Textbook of work physiology:
physiological bases of exercise. Champaign:
Human Kinetics; 2003.
6. Tim Sport Medicine. Prosedur dan
instrumen evaluasi fungsional atlet.
Standar KONI Pusat. Jakarta: KONI; 2011.
7. Bidang Sport Science dan Penerapan Iptek
286
AMJ June, 2015
Olahraga. Pemahaman dasar sport science
& penerapan iptek olahraga, editor.
Jakarta: KONI; 2012.
8. World
Health
Organization.
BMI
classification. Geneva: WHO; 2012
[Cited 2012 September 5]; Available
from:
http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.
jsp?introPage=intro_3.html.
9. Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assessment
and exercise prescription: Champaign:
Human Kinetics; 2006.
10. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical
physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier
Saunders; 2006.
11. Purba A. Kardiovaskular dan faal olahraga.
Bandung: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Padjadjaran; 2012.
Althea Medical Journal. 2015;2(2)