ERRORS OF GRAMMATICAL AGREEMENT ON STUDENT RECOUNT WRITING AT SMA SANTO YOSEP AEKKANOPAN.
ERRORS OF GRAMMATICAL AGREEMENT ON STUDENTS’
RECOUNT WRITING AT SMA SANTO YOSEP AEKKANOPAN
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
By:
DEDY PRANATA SIMANGUNSONG
Registration Number: 2112121004
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Simangunsong, Dedy Pranata Simangunsong. 2015. 2112121004. Errors of
Grammatical Agreement on Students’ Recount Writing at SMA Santo
Yosep Aekkanopan . A Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Languages
and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study aims at analyzing the errors of grammatical agreement on students’
recount writing. It was conducted by using qualitative descriptive. The
population of this research was tenth (X) grade students of SMA Swasta Santo
Yosep Aekkanopan. The number of samples was taken from one class. It is X1 which consists of 25 students. The instrument for collecting the data was
writing recount text. The result of the study showed that there are so many
grammatical agreement errors found on students’ recount writing. The analysis
showed that the most common types of grammatical agreement errors made by
the students is selection errors (90 or 845%) with 73 cases of subject-verb
agreement error and 17 cases of pronoun reference noun agreement. From the
analysis was found that the main causes of grammatical agreement errors is
strategy of communication and assimilation (31.5%%), Overgeneralization
(31%), Interference (26%) and performance error (11.5%)
Keywords: Error, Grammatical Agreement, Recount Writing.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................ i
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… iii
TABLE OF CONTENT..........................................................................
iv
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………. vii
LIST OF APPENDIXES………………………………………………… viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study...................................................... 1
B. The Problems of the Study........................................................... 5
C. The Objectives of the Study.......................................................... 6
D. The Scope of the Study................................................................. 6
E. The Significances of the Study..................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical
Framework..................................................................................... 8
1.
Error........................................................................................ 8
a. Error Analysis................................................................... 9
b. Types of Errors.................................................................
iv
10
c. The Causes of Error.........................................................
11
d. The Procedures of Error.................................................. 12
2.
Grammar................................................................................ 13
a. The Definition of Grammar............................................ 13
b. The Meaning of Grammatical Agreement..................... 14
1)
Subject- Verb Agreement..................................... 16
2)
Pronoun reference noun agreement.................... 26
3. Recount Text........................................................................... 29
a. Constructing in Writing Recount Text.................. ........... 30
B. Relevant of Study………………………………………............... 31
C. Conceptual Framework................................................................ 33
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Design............................................................................. 34
B. Population and Sample.................................................................. 34
C. Instrument of the Research........................................................... 34
D. Procedure of Collecting Data........................................................ 35
E. Technique of Data Analysis.......................................................... 36
CHAPTER IV. DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data................................................................................................. 38
B. Data Analysis.................................................................................. 39
C. Discussion....................................................................................... 40
v
D. Research Finding........................................................................... 48
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions..................................................................................... 49
B. Suggestions..................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A..…..............……………………...………………..
57
APPENDIX B ................................................................................
60
APPENDIX C .................................................................................
61
APPENDIX D..................................................................................
85
APPENDIX E .................................................................................
107
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Title
Pages
Table 1.1
The list of Error Percentages on
Grammatical Agreement Error…………………………… 3
Table 1.2
List of Students’ Percentages Who Pass the KKM………
Table 2.1
The Indefinite Person or Things…………………………. 24
Table 2.2
Personal Pronouns………………………………………..
Table 3
Total of grammatical agreement errors………………….. 38
Table 4.1
Examples of Students’ Errors in Selection………………. 42
Table 4.2
Examples of Students Errors in Omission……………….. 43
Table 4.3
Examples of Students Errors in Ordering………………… 45
Table 4.4
Example of Studens Errors in Addition………………….. 46
Table 5
Percentages of Errors Causes…………………………….. 48
Table 6.1
The Observation Data of Writing Score
4
27
X-1 at SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan………………….. 57
Table 6.2
The Observation Data of Writing Score
X-2 at SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan ………………..... 58
Table 6.3
The Observation Data of Writing Score
X-3 at SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan………………….
59
Table 7
The List of Student’s Grammatical Agrrement Error……. 85
Table 8
Number of Students Grammatical Agreement Errors……. 107
vii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix
Title
Pages
Appendix A
Observation Data of Writing Score………... ......... 57
Appendix B
Writing Recount Test Procedure…………………. 60
Appendix C
Students’ Writing………………………………… 61
Appendix D
The List of Students’ Grammatical
Agreement Error…………………………………... 85
Appendix E
Number of Students Grammatical
Agreement Errors………………………………….. 107
viii
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on the data in the previous chapter, the writer would like to draw a
conclusion that the tenth grade students of SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan still
made many errors in their recount writing.
1. From the data analysis the researcher found that most common error in
grammatical aggreement made by the students in recount writing made by the
students is selection (90 or 45%) with 73 cases of subject-verb agreement
errors and 17 cases of pronoun reference noun agreement errors. The second
error that the students made is omission (74 or 37%) with 58 cases of subject
verb agreement errors and 16 cases of pronoun reference noun agreement.
The third Error that the students made is order (19 or 9.5%) with 15 cases of
subject verb agreement errors and 4 cases pronoun reference noun agreement
errors. The last errors that the students made is omission (17 or 7.5%) with 15
cases of subject verb agreement errors and 2 cases of pronoun reference noun
agreement errors.
2. From that data analysis the researcher found that the causes of grammatical
agreement on students’ recount writing are Strategy of communication and
assimilation with 63 or 31.5%, overgeneralization with number of errors are
62 or 31%, interferences with 52 or 26%, and performance error with 23 or
11.5%,
52
53
B. Suggestions
After the writer carried out the research, he would like to give suggestions
related to the result of this research. Hopefully it can be applied easily in teaching
learning activity and decrease the errors.
1. The teachers should keep teaching and explaining more to students how to
use the appropriate grammar on writing recount text especially in using
grammatical agreement.
2. Writing is a skill which needs a process and practice. Therefore, the students
should practice writing started from the simplest one such as writing a daily
activity or writing their past experience like recount text and learn more
about applying grammatical agreement on their writing.
3. This research is not too complete yet and needs additional explaination. It
still need elaboration from other researchers who are interested on studying
grammatical agreement also but pf course with different genre and sample of
population.
REFERENCES
Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1999. Understanding and Using English Grammar. 3rd
edition.White Plains, New York: Longman.
Brown, H. Douglas, 2000. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Boardman, CA and Frydenberg, Jia. 2008. Writing to Communicate. Pearson:
Longman.
Corder, S. P. 1981. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Cholipah. 2014. An analysis of students’ Error in Writing Recount Text. Syarif
Hidayatullah state islamic university Jakarta: unpublised.
Emmaryana, Fajariani. 2005. An Analysis on the Grammatical Errors in the
Students’ Writing .Syarif Hidayatullah’Sstate Islamic University .
Jakarta: unpublised.
Gass, Susan M., and Larry Selinker. 2008. Second Language Acquisition: An
Introductory Course. Third Edition. New York: Routledge Taylor and
Francis Group.
Harmer, Jeremy. 2004.
Limited.
How to Teach Writing. Essex: Pearson Education
Hartsuiker , Robert J, Herman H. J. Kolk, and Wendy J. Huinck.1999.
Agrammatic Production of Subject–Verb Agreement: The Effect of
Conceptual Number. Brain and Language 69, 119–160.
Lorimor, Heidi. 2007. Conjunctions and Grammatical Agreement. University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
James, Carl. 1998. Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error
Analysis. London: Longman.
Knapp, Peter and Watkins, Megan. 2005. Genre, Text, Grammar: Technologies
for Teaching and Assessing Writing. Australia: New South Wales Press,
Ltd.
Matthews, P. 1993. Grammatical Theory in the United States from Bloomfield to
Chomsky. Cambridge University Press.
54
55
Murshidi , Ghadah Al, Dr. 2004. Subject-Verb Agreement Grammatical Errors
and Punctuation Errors in Submissions of Male Uae University Students.
European Journal of Business and Innovation Research. Vol5. 44-47.
Nayan , Surina. 2009. A Study of Subject-Verb Agreement: From Novice Writers
to Expert Writers. Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi
MARA Perlis. Vol. 2, No. 3.
Norrish, John. 1987. Language Learners and Their Errors. London: MacMillan
Press.
Porte, Richard E. 1993. Writing English Language Test. Cambridge: Cambridge
press.
Purpura, James E. 2004. Assessing Grammar.
University Press.
United Kingdom: Cambridge
Ria. 2007. Grammatical Agreement Errors on Students’ Descriptive Writing.
State University of Medan.
Richards, J.C. 1973. Error Analysis. London: Longman.
Sharpe, MC. 2005. The language and Linguistic Australia: A comprehensive
Guide. Germany: CPI books GmbH, Leck.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2005. How Prepare for The TOEFL Test, 11th Edition. Borro’s
Educational Deries, Inc
Thronbury, Scott. 1999. How to Teach Grammar. Cambridge. Cambridge
University Press.
Unher, Susan C. 1992. Subject-Verb Agreement in the Second Language Learner
of English. The Journal of the Center for Educational Research and
Practices, Vol 3. 51-62.
Unwin, Timothy. 2010. Journeys in Writing. Liverpool: Liverpool University
Press.
Ur, Penny. 1996. A Course in Language Teaching. Melbourne: Cambridge
University Press.
Wee , Roselind, Jacqueline Sim and Kamaruzaman Jusoff. 2010. Verb- Form
Errors In EAP Writing. Educational Research and Review. Vol. 5, 16-23.
Wunderlich, Dieter. 2011. Agreement, Grammatical. University of Düsseldorf.
RECOUNT WRITING AT SMA SANTO YOSEP AEKKANOPAN
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
By:
DEDY PRANATA SIMANGUNSONG
Registration Number: 2112121004
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Simangunsong, Dedy Pranata Simangunsong. 2015. 2112121004. Errors of
Grammatical Agreement on Students’ Recount Writing at SMA Santo
Yosep Aekkanopan . A Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Languages
and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study aims at analyzing the errors of grammatical agreement on students’
recount writing. It was conducted by using qualitative descriptive. The
population of this research was tenth (X) grade students of SMA Swasta Santo
Yosep Aekkanopan. The number of samples was taken from one class. It is X1 which consists of 25 students. The instrument for collecting the data was
writing recount text. The result of the study showed that there are so many
grammatical agreement errors found on students’ recount writing. The analysis
showed that the most common types of grammatical agreement errors made by
the students is selection errors (90 or 845%) with 73 cases of subject-verb
agreement error and 17 cases of pronoun reference noun agreement. From the
analysis was found that the main causes of grammatical agreement errors is
strategy of communication and assimilation (31.5%%), Overgeneralization
(31%), Interference (26%) and performance error (11.5%)
Keywords: Error, Grammatical Agreement, Recount Writing.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................ i
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… iii
TABLE OF CONTENT..........................................................................
iv
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………. vii
LIST OF APPENDIXES………………………………………………… viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study...................................................... 1
B. The Problems of the Study........................................................... 5
C. The Objectives of the Study.......................................................... 6
D. The Scope of the Study................................................................. 6
E. The Significances of the Study..................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical
Framework..................................................................................... 8
1.
Error........................................................................................ 8
a. Error Analysis................................................................... 9
b. Types of Errors.................................................................
iv
10
c. The Causes of Error.........................................................
11
d. The Procedures of Error.................................................. 12
2.
Grammar................................................................................ 13
a. The Definition of Grammar............................................ 13
b. The Meaning of Grammatical Agreement..................... 14
1)
Subject- Verb Agreement..................................... 16
2)
Pronoun reference noun agreement.................... 26
3. Recount Text........................................................................... 29
a. Constructing in Writing Recount Text.................. ........... 30
B. Relevant of Study………………………………………............... 31
C. Conceptual Framework................................................................ 33
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Design............................................................................. 34
B. Population and Sample.................................................................. 34
C. Instrument of the Research........................................................... 34
D. Procedure of Collecting Data........................................................ 35
E. Technique of Data Analysis.......................................................... 36
CHAPTER IV. DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data................................................................................................. 38
B. Data Analysis.................................................................................. 39
C. Discussion....................................................................................... 40
v
D. Research Finding........................................................................... 48
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions..................................................................................... 49
B. Suggestions..................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A..…..............……………………...………………..
57
APPENDIX B ................................................................................
60
APPENDIX C .................................................................................
61
APPENDIX D..................................................................................
85
APPENDIX E .................................................................................
107
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Title
Pages
Table 1.1
The list of Error Percentages on
Grammatical Agreement Error…………………………… 3
Table 1.2
List of Students’ Percentages Who Pass the KKM………
Table 2.1
The Indefinite Person or Things…………………………. 24
Table 2.2
Personal Pronouns………………………………………..
Table 3
Total of grammatical agreement errors………………….. 38
Table 4.1
Examples of Students’ Errors in Selection………………. 42
Table 4.2
Examples of Students Errors in Omission……………….. 43
Table 4.3
Examples of Students Errors in Ordering………………… 45
Table 4.4
Example of Studens Errors in Addition………………….. 46
Table 5
Percentages of Errors Causes…………………………….. 48
Table 6.1
The Observation Data of Writing Score
4
27
X-1 at SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan………………….. 57
Table 6.2
The Observation Data of Writing Score
X-2 at SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan ………………..... 58
Table 6.3
The Observation Data of Writing Score
X-3 at SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan………………….
59
Table 7
The List of Student’s Grammatical Agrrement Error……. 85
Table 8
Number of Students Grammatical Agreement Errors……. 107
vii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix
Title
Pages
Appendix A
Observation Data of Writing Score………... ......... 57
Appendix B
Writing Recount Test Procedure…………………. 60
Appendix C
Students’ Writing………………………………… 61
Appendix D
The List of Students’ Grammatical
Agreement Error…………………………………... 85
Appendix E
Number of Students Grammatical
Agreement Errors………………………………….. 107
viii
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on the data in the previous chapter, the writer would like to draw a
conclusion that the tenth grade students of SMA Santo Yosep Aekkanopan still
made many errors in their recount writing.
1. From the data analysis the researcher found that most common error in
grammatical aggreement made by the students in recount writing made by the
students is selection (90 or 45%) with 73 cases of subject-verb agreement
errors and 17 cases of pronoun reference noun agreement errors. The second
error that the students made is omission (74 or 37%) with 58 cases of subject
verb agreement errors and 16 cases of pronoun reference noun agreement.
The third Error that the students made is order (19 or 9.5%) with 15 cases of
subject verb agreement errors and 4 cases pronoun reference noun agreement
errors. The last errors that the students made is omission (17 or 7.5%) with 15
cases of subject verb agreement errors and 2 cases of pronoun reference noun
agreement errors.
2. From that data analysis the researcher found that the causes of grammatical
agreement on students’ recount writing are Strategy of communication and
assimilation with 63 or 31.5%, overgeneralization with number of errors are
62 or 31%, interferences with 52 or 26%, and performance error with 23 or
11.5%,
52
53
B. Suggestions
After the writer carried out the research, he would like to give suggestions
related to the result of this research. Hopefully it can be applied easily in teaching
learning activity and decrease the errors.
1. The teachers should keep teaching and explaining more to students how to
use the appropriate grammar on writing recount text especially in using
grammatical agreement.
2. Writing is a skill which needs a process and practice. Therefore, the students
should practice writing started from the simplest one such as writing a daily
activity or writing their past experience like recount text and learn more
about applying grammatical agreement on their writing.
3. This research is not too complete yet and needs additional explaination. It
still need elaboration from other researchers who are interested on studying
grammatical agreement also but pf course with different genre and sample of
population.
REFERENCES
Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1999. Understanding and Using English Grammar. 3rd
edition.White Plains, New York: Longman.
Brown, H. Douglas, 2000. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Boardman, CA and Frydenberg, Jia. 2008. Writing to Communicate. Pearson:
Longman.
Corder, S. P. 1981. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Cholipah. 2014. An analysis of students’ Error in Writing Recount Text. Syarif
Hidayatullah state islamic university Jakarta: unpublised.
Emmaryana, Fajariani. 2005. An Analysis on the Grammatical Errors in the
Students’ Writing .Syarif Hidayatullah’Sstate Islamic University .
Jakarta: unpublised.
Gass, Susan M., and Larry Selinker. 2008. Second Language Acquisition: An
Introductory Course. Third Edition. New York: Routledge Taylor and
Francis Group.
Harmer, Jeremy. 2004.
Limited.
How to Teach Writing. Essex: Pearson Education
Hartsuiker , Robert J, Herman H. J. Kolk, and Wendy J. Huinck.1999.
Agrammatic Production of Subject–Verb Agreement: The Effect of
Conceptual Number. Brain and Language 69, 119–160.
Lorimor, Heidi. 2007. Conjunctions and Grammatical Agreement. University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
James, Carl. 1998. Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error
Analysis. London: Longman.
Knapp, Peter and Watkins, Megan. 2005. Genre, Text, Grammar: Technologies
for Teaching and Assessing Writing. Australia: New South Wales Press,
Ltd.
Matthews, P. 1993. Grammatical Theory in the United States from Bloomfield to
Chomsky. Cambridge University Press.
54
55
Murshidi , Ghadah Al, Dr. 2004. Subject-Verb Agreement Grammatical Errors
and Punctuation Errors in Submissions of Male Uae University Students.
European Journal of Business and Innovation Research. Vol5. 44-47.
Nayan , Surina. 2009. A Study of Subject-Verb Agreement: From Novice Writers
to Expert Writers. Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi
MARA Perlis. Vol. 2, No. 3.
Norrish, John. 1987. Language Learners and Their Errors. London: MacMillan
Press.
Porte, Richard E. 1993. Writing English Language Test. Cambridge: Cambridge
press.
Purpura, James E. 2004. Assessing Grammar.
University Press.
United Kingdom: Cambridge
Ria. 2007. Grammatical Agreement Errors on Students’ Descriptive Writing.
State University of Medan.
Richards, J.C. 1973. Error Analysis. London: Longman.
Sharpe, MC. 2005. The language and Linguistic Australia: A comprehensive
Guide. Germany: CPI books GmbH, Leck.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 2005. How Prepare for The TOEFL Test, 11th Edition. Borro’s
Educational Deries, Inc
Thronbury, Scott. 1999. How to Teach Grammar. Cambridge. Cambridge
University Press.
Unher, Susan C. 1992. Subject-Verb Agreement in the Second Language Learner
of English. The Journal of the Center for Educational Research and
Practices, Vol 3. 51-62.
Unwin, Timothy. 2010. Journeys in Writing. Liverpool: Liverpool University
Press.
Ur, Penny. 1996. A Course in Language Teaching. Melbourne: Cambridge
University Press.
Wee , Roselind, Jacqueline Sim and Kamaruzaman Jusoff. 2010. Verb- Form
Errors In EAP Writing. Educational Research and Review. Vol. 5, 16-23.
Wunderlich, Dieter. 2011. Agreement, Grammatical. University of Düsseldorf.