A Companion to Catullus 2007
A COMPANION TO CATULLUS
BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD
This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of
classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between
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essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of
scholars, students, and general readers.A N CI E N T H I S TO R Y Published A Companion to the Roman Army Edited by Paul Erdkamp A Companion to the Roman Republic Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein- Marx A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by David S. Potter A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Daniel C. Snell A Companion to the Hellenistic World Edited by Andrew Erskine In preparation
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A COMPANION
TO CATULLUS
Edited by
Marilyn B. Skinner
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the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Catullus/edited by Marilyn B. Skinner. p. cm. — (Blackwell companions to the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3533-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Catullus, Gaius Valerius—Criticism and interpretation. I. Skinner, Marilyn B. PA6276.C66 2007 874’.01—dc22
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Cornelius Nepos, Life of Atticus 18.5
Contents
List of Illustrations x
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Notes on Contributors xx
1 Introduction
1 Marilyn B. Skinner
Part I The Text and the Collection
11
2 History and Transmission of the Text
13 J. L. Butrica
3 Authorial Arrangement of the Collection: Debate Past and Present
35 Marilyn B. Skinner
Part II Contexts of Production
55
4 The Valerii Catulli of Verona
57 T. P. Wiseman
5 The Contemporary Political Context
72 David Konstan
6 The Intellectual Climate
92
7 Gender and Masculinity 111 Elizabeth Manwell
Part III Influences 129
8 Catullus and Sappho 131 Ellen Greene
9 Catullus and Callimachus 151 Peter E. Knox
Part IV Stylistics 173
10 Neoteric Poetics 175
W. R. Johnson
11 Elements of Style in Catullus 190 George A. Sheets
12 Catullus and Elite Republican Social Discourse 212 Brian A. Krostenko
Part V Poems and Groups of Poems 233
William W. Batstone
14 The Lesbia Poems 254 Julia T. Dyson
15 Sexuality and Ritual: Catullus’ Wedding Poems 276 Vassiliki Panoussi
16 Catullan Intertextuality: Apollonius and the Allusive Plot of Catullus 64 293 Jeri Blair DeBrohun
17 Poem 68: Love and Death, and the Gifts of Venus and the Muses 314 Elena Theodorakopoulos
18 Social Commentary and Political Invective 333 W. Jeffrey Tatum
Part VI Reception 355
19 Catullus and Horace 357 viii Contents
13 Catullus and the Programmatic Poem: The Origins, Scope, and Utility of a Concept 235
Contents ix
20 Catullus and Vergil 377 Christopher Nappa
21 Catullus and Roman Love Elegy 399 Paul Allen Miller
22 Catullus and Martial 418 Sven Lorenz
23 Catullus in the Renaissance 439 Julia Haig Gaisser
24 The Modern Reception of Catullus 461 Brian Arkins
Part VII Pedagogy 479
25 Catullus in the Secondary School Curriculum 481 Ronnie Ancona and Judith P. Hallett
26 Catullus in the College Classroom 503 Daniel H. Garrison
Part VIII Translation 521
27 Translating Catullus 523 Elizabeth Vandiver
Consolidated Bibliography 542
General Index 568
Index Locorum 585
Illustrations
4.1 Transpadane Italy
58
4.2 North end of the Sirmione peninsula
60
4.3 Schematic reconstruction of a lost inscription from Lanuvium (CIL 14.2095)
61
4.4 Hypothetical reconstruction of the Sirmio villa
65
4.5 Fragment of wall-painting from the villa at Sirmione
67
Acknowledgments
The editor of this volume, the contributors, and the publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material in this book: Authorities of the Italian Air Force (Aeronautica militare) for fig. 4.2, photograph of the north end of the Sirmione peninsula (CODIC, SMA N. 356 – 12 August 1981). Thanks to the British Embassy in Rome for assistance in obtaining the photograph.
A. P. Watt Ltd for non-US English rights to reprint excerpts from W. B. Yeats’ ‘‘The Scholars’’ and The Autobiography of W. B. Yeats. Permission granted by A. P. Watt Ltd on behalf of Michael B. Yeats.
Carcanet Press Ltd for world rights to reprint Robert Graves’ ‘‘The Thieves,’’ from Robert Graves: The Complete Poems in One Volume, edited by Beryl Graves and Dunstan Ward (2000). ß1995 by the Trustees of the Robert Graves Copyright Trust.
The University of Chicago Press, for permission to publish a synopsis of Brian
A. Krostenko, Cicero, Catullus, and the Language of Social Performance (ß 2001 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.). Elisabetta Roffia, Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici della Lombardia, for
D
photographs of fragment of fresco (Archivio Fotografico 756) reproduced as fig.4.5. David Higham Associates for world rights to reprint an excerpt from ‘‘Epitaph for Liberal Poets,’’ by Louis MacNeice, included in E. R. Dodds, ed., The Collected Poems of Louis MacNeice. Copyright ß1966 by The Estate of Louis MacNeice. Faber & Faber Ltd for UK and British Commonwealth (excluding Canada) rights to reprint excerpts from the following works by Ezra Pound:
‘‘The Flame’’ and ‘‘To Formianus’ Young Lady Friend’’ by Ezra Pound, from Personae,
copyright ß1926 by Ezra Pound.
Selected Prose of Ezra Pound 1909–1965, copyright ß1973 by The Estate of Ezra Pound.
‘‘Canto IV’’ and ‘‘Canto V’’ by Ezra Pound, from The Cantos of Ezra Pound, copyright
ß1934, 1937, 1940, 1948, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1966, and 1968 by Ezra Pound.
The Literary Essays of Ezra Pound, copyright ß1935 by Ezra Pound.
‘‘Catullus: XXVI and LXXXV’’ by Ezra Pound, from The Translations of Ezra Pound,
copyright ß1963 by Ezra Pound.Faber & Faber Ltd for British Commonwealth and European rights to reprint an excerpt from The Invention of Love, by Tom Stoppard. Copyright ß1997 by Tom Stoppard. New Directions Publishing Corporation for United States and Canadian rights to quote from the following works and authors:
‘‘The Flame’’ and ‘‘To Formianus’ Young Lady Friend’’ by Ezra Pound, from Personae,
copyright ß1926 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing
Corporation.Selected Letters of Ezra Pound, copyright ß1950 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permis-
sion of New Directions Publishing Corporation.Selected Prose of Ezra Pound 1909–1965, copyright ß1973 by The Estate of Ezra Pound.
Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation.‘‘Canto IV’’ and ‘‘Canto V’’ by Ezra Pound, from The Cantos of Ezra Pound, copyright
ß1934, 1937, 1940, 1948, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1966, and 1968 by Ezra
Pound. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation.The Literary Essays of Ezra Pound, copyright ß1935 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by
permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation.‘‘Catullus: XXVI and LXXXV’’ by Ezra Pound, from The Translations of Ezra Pound,
copyright ß1963 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing
Corporation.‘‘Dear Little Sirmio: Catullus Recollected,’’ by Stevie Smith, from Collected Poems of
Stevie Smith, copyright ß1972 by Stevie Smith. Reprinted by permission of New Direc-
tions Publishing Corporation.Pickering & Chatto Publishers Ltd for permission to quote an excerpt from Terry L. Meyers, ed., The Uncollected Letters of Algernon Charles Swinburne, Vol. 3, 1890–1909 (London and Brookfield, VT: Pickering & Chatto, 2004). Reproduced courtesy of Pickering & Chatto Publishers.
Brian Read and the literary estate of Arthur Symons for permission to reprint Arthur Symons’ translation of Poem 8, originally contained in From Catullus – Chiefly Concerning Lesbia, ß1924 by Arthur Symons.
Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, for US rights to reprint excerpts from W. B. Yeats’ ‘‘The Scholars’’ and The Autobiography of W. B. Yeats. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologizes for any errors or omissions in the above list and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. xii Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Abbreviations of the names of ancient authors and their works follow, whenever possible, the practice of the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition (1996), referred
3
to as OCD . Otherwise Greek authors and titles are abbreviated as in Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 9th edition, revised by H. Stuart Jones and supplemen- ted by various scholars (1968), referred to as LSJ. Latin authors and titles are abbreviated as in the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1982), commonly cited as OLD. Names of authors or works in square brackets [—] indicate spurious or questionable attributions. Numbers in superscript following a title indicate the number of an
3
edition (e.g., OCD ). Abbreviations and descriptions of works of secondary scholar-
3 ship are also usually taken from OCD .
General Abbreviations
ad; ad loc. ad locum, at the line being discussed in the commentary ap. apud, within, indicating a quotation contained in another author c., cc. carmen, poem; carmina, poems ca. circa, about or approximately cf. compare ch. chapter cos. consul (date follows) des. designatus, appointed but not yet installed suff. suffectus, appointed to fill out a term
d. died def. definition f. filius, filia, son or daughter ff. and the following (lines, pages) fig., figs. figure, figures fr., frr. fragment, fragments G Sangermanensis (Paris codex of Catullus) ibid. ibidem, in the same work cited above l. libertus, liberta, freedman or -woman m. married MS, MSS manuscript, manuscripts n., nn. note, notes no., nos. number, numbers O Oxoniensis (Oxford codex of Catullus) p., pp. page, pages passim passim, throughout pr. praetor (date follows) pref. preface pron. pronepos, great-grandson R Romanus (Vatican codex of Catullus) sc. scilicet, namely s.v. sub verbo, under the word test. testimonia, mentions in later antiquity tr. pop. tribune of the people (date follows) trans. translated (by)
V Veronensis (Verona codex of Catullus) v., vv. verse, verses vel sim. vel simile, or something similar
Roman Praenomina
First names of male Roman citizens, relatively few and handed down in families, are abbreviated on inscriptions and conventionally in modern works of scholarship. The following occur in this volume: Ap. Appius
C. Gaius Cn. Gnaeus
D. Decimus L. Lucius M. Marcus P. Publius Q. Quintus Ser. Servius Sex. Sextus T. Titus Ti. Tiberius xiv Abbreviations Aesch. Aeschylus Anth. Pal. Palatine Anthology App. B Civ. Appian, Bellum Civile Ap. Rhod. Argon. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica Arist. Rhet. Aristotle, Rhetoric Callim. Callimachus
Aet. Aetia Epigr. Epigrams
Democr. Democritus Dio Cass. Dio Cassius Hes. Theog. Hesiod, Theogony Hom. Homer
Il. Iliad Od. Odyssey
Joseph. BJ Josephus, Bellum Judaicum Pind. Isthm. Pindar, Isthmian Odes Pl. Plato
Resp. Republic Plut. Plutarch
Caes. Life of Julius Caesar Cat. Mi. Life of Cato the Younger Cic. Life of Cicero Galb. Life of Galba Nic. Life of Nicias Pomp. Life of Pompey
Polyb. Polybius Strab. Strabo Theoc. Id. Theocritus, Idylls
Apul. Apol. Apuleius, Apologia Asc. . . . C Asconius, ed. A. C. Clark (OCT, 1907) Aur. Vict. Caes. Aurelius Victor, Caesares Babr. Babrius Caes. Caesar
B Civ. Bellum Civile B Gall. Bellum Gallicum
Catull. Catullus Cic. Cicero
Amic. De amicitia Att. Letters to Atticus
Abbreviations xv
Greek Authors and Works
Roman Authors and Works
Caecin. Pro Caecina Cael. Pro Caelio Cat. In Catilinam De or. De oratore Div. De divinatione Fam. Letters to Acquaintances (Ad familiares) Fin. De finibus Flac. Pro Flacco Font. Pro Fonteio Har. resp. De haruspicum response Inv. rhet. De inventione rhetorica Leg. Man. Pro lege Manilia Off. De officiis Orat. Orator Phil. Philippics Pis. In Pisonem Quinct. Pro Quinctio Sest. Pro Sestio Tusc. Tusculanae Disputationes Verr. In Verrem
[Cic.] Sall. [Cicero], In Sallustium Dig. Paulus, Justinian’s Digest Enn. Ann. Ennius, Annales (ed. Skutsch) Fest. Festus Gell. NA Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights Hirt. B Gall. Hirtius, Bellum Gallicum Hor. Horace
Ars P. Ars Poetica Carm. Odes Carm. Saec. Carmen Saeculare Ep. Epistles Epod. Epodes Sat. Satires
Isid. Etym. Isidore, Etymologiae Jer. Chron. Jerome, Chronica Just. Epit. Justin, Epitome (of Trogus) Juv. Juvenal Liv. Livy Luc. Lucan Macrob. Sat. Macrobius, Saturnalia Mart. Martial Men. Rhet. Menander Rhetor Nep. Att. Cornelius Nepos, Life of Atticus Ov. Ovid
Am. Amores Met. Metamorphoses xvi Abbreviations Paul. Dig. Iulius Paulus, Digesta Iustiniani Phaedr. Phaedrus Plaut. Plautus
Bacch. Bacchides Men. Menaechmi Mil. Miles gloriosus Per. Persa Rud. Rudens
Plin. Ep. Pliny (the Younger), Letters Plin. HN Pliny (the Elder), Natural History Prisc. Inst. Priscian, Institutes of the Art of Grammar Prop. Propertius Q. Cic. Comment. pet. Quintus Cicero, Commentariolum petitionis Quint. Inst. Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory Rhet. Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium Sall. Sallust
Cat. Catiline Hist.
B. Maurenbrecher, ed., C. Sallusti Crispi Histor- iarum reliquiae (1893) Jug. Jugurtha
Sen. Controv. Seneca (the Elder), Controversiae Sen. Ep. Seneca (the Younger), Epistulae Serv. Servius Stat. Silv. Statius, Silvae Suet. Suetonius
Calig. Life of Caligula Claud. Life of the Deified Claudius Gram. De grammaticis Iul. Life of the Deified Julius Ner. Life of Nero Vita Hor. Life of Horace
Tac. Tacitus Agr. Agricola Ann. Annales Dial. Dialogus de oratoribus Hist. Historiae
Ter. Maur. Terentianus Maurus Val. Max. Valerius Maximus Var. Men. Varro, Menippeae Vell. Pat. Velleius Paterculus Verg. Vergil
Aen. Aeneid Ecl. Eclogues
G. Georgics Abbreviations xvii
Works of Secondary Scholarship
(1855–1923; rpt. 1961) H. R. Helm, ed., Die Chronik des Hieronymus, 2nd edn. (1956)
Pf. R. Pfeiffer, ed., Callimachus, 2 vols. (1949) xviii Abbreviations
H. Malcovati, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta (2nd edn. 1955; 4th edn. 1967)
(1968–82) ORF
OCT Oxford Classical Text OLD P. G. W. Glare, ed., Oxford Latin Dictionary
E. Lobel and D. L. Page, eds., Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta (1955)
L-P
(1903) DVS Sexti Pompei Festi De verborum significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli epitome (1913)
D. L. Page, ed., Lyrica Graeca Selecta (1968) Lindsay W. M. Lindsay, ed. DCD Nonii Marcelli De compendiosa doctrina, 3 vols.
H. Wankel, ed., Die Inschriften von Ephesos, 8 vols. in 10 (1979–84) Inscr. Ital. Inscriptiones Italiae (1931/2–) LGS
IG Inscriptiones Graecae (1873–) Inschrif. Eph.
AE´ L’Anne´e E´pigraphique, published in Revue Arche´ologique and separately (1888–)
Bla¨nsdorf J. Bla¨nsdorf, ed., Fragmenta poetarum Latinorum epicorum et lyricorum praeter Ennium et Lucilium, 3rd edn. (1995)
H. Diels and W. Kranz, eds., Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6th edn. (Berlin, 1952)
E. Diehl, ed., Anthologica Lyrica Graeca (1925; 2nd edn. 1942; 3rd edn. 1949–52) D-K
Diehl
E. Courtney, ed., The Fragmentary Latin Poets (1993)
Courtney
F. Bu¨cheler and E. Lommatzsch, eds., Carmina Latina Epigraphica (1825–1926)
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863–) CLE
A. Boeckh, ed., Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (1828–77)
(1963) Ce`be J.-P. Ce`be, ed., Varron, satires Me´nippe´es (1972–99) CIG
Bu¨cheler F. Bu¨cheler, ed., Petronii Saturae, 8th edn.
GLK H. Keil, ed., Grammatici Latini, 8 vols. P. Mil. Vogl. VIII 309
G. Bastianini and C. Gallazzi with C. Austin, eds., Posidippo di Pella: Epigrammi, Papiri dell’ Universita degli Studi di Milano 8 (2001)
Radt
B. Snell, R. Kannicht, and S. Radt, eds., Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (TrGF), 5 vols. (1971–85)
Sk. O. Skutsch, ed., The Annals of Q. Ennius (1985) S-M
B. Snell and H. Maehler, eds., Pindari carmina cum fragmentis (1987–8) Supp. Hell.
H. Lloyd-Jones and P. Parsons, eds., Supplementum Hellenisticum, Texte und Kommentare no. 11 (1983)
TLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (1900–) Abbreviations xix
Notes on Contributors
Ronnie Ancona is professor of classics at Hunter College, CUNY, and in the PhD program of the CUNY Graduate Center. She received her PhD in classics from the Ohio State University in 1983. Her publications include Time and the Erotic in Horace’s Odes (1994); Horace: Selected Odes and Satire 1.9, student text with accom- panying teacher’s guide (1999, 2nd edition 2005); Writing Passion: A Catullus Reader with accompanying teacher’s guide (2004); Gendered Dynamics in Latin Love Poetry, co-edited with Ellen Greene (2005); and A Concise Guide to Teaching Latin Literature, forthcoming. She is the series editor for the Bolchazy-Carducci college-level Latin Readers and, with Sarah B. Pomeroy, the co-editor of a series on women in antiquity for Routledge. Current projects include a monograph, Contex- tualizing Catullus: Literary Interpretation and Cultural Setting.
Brian Arkins is professor of classics at the National University of Ireland, Galway. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College and at University College Dublin, where he obtained an MA in classics and a PhD in Latin. His main research interests are in Latin poetry and in reception studies, with special reference to modern Irish litera- ture. His books include Sexuality in Catullus (1982); An Interpretation of the Poems of Propertius (2005); Builders of My Soul: Greek and Roman Themes in Yeats (1990); Greek and Roman Themes in Joyce (1999); and Hellenising Ireland: Greek and Roman Themes in Modern Irish Literature (2005). He has also published over a hundred journal articles.
William W. Batstone is associate professor of Greek and Latin at the Ohio State University. He received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1984. His research interests include literary theory and philosophical hermeneutics as well as both the prose and poetry of the Roman Republic and early Empire. He is the author with Cynthia Damon of Caesar’s Civil War (2006) and has written on
Notes on Contributors xxi Cicero, Sallust, and Vergil. He is currently working on articles for companions to Roman history and Roman rhetoric and a book on comedy, ancient and modern, and the vicissitudes of Hegel’s concrete universal.
J. L. Butrica , who passed away while this book was in press, received his BA from Amherst College in 1972, and his MA and PhD from the University of Toronto in 1973 and 1978 respectively. Besides a few articles on Greek drama, most of his work was concerned with the textual criticism of Latin poetry (most notably The Manu- script Tradition of Propertius [1984]). More recently he began to publish reviews and articles on Roman sexuality. He also translated Erasmus’ ‘‘Ecclesiastes’’ for the ‘‘Collected Works of Erasmus’’ series (due to appear in 2006–7). Currently he has two substantial articles awaiting publication in Phoenix and Rheinisches Museum arguing that Epigrammata Bobiensia 37 and 36 respectively are works of the Domitianic poet Sulpicia (a traditional attribution, now generally rejected, in the first case, a new attribution in the second).
Jeri Blair DeBrohun is associate professor of classics at Brown University. She received her PhD from the University of Michigan in 1992 and taught in the Classics Department at Florida State University for three years before joining the Brown faculty in 1995. Her research specializations are Hellenistic and Roman poetry, with particular emphasis on Republican and Augustan poetry at Rome. Her publica- tions include Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy (2003) plus articles on Propertius, Catullus, Ovid, and Lucretius. She also has an interest in cultural studies, and she is currently writing a book on Greco-Roman Dress as an Expressive Medium.
Julia T. Dyson is associate professor of classics at Baylor University. She received her PhD from Harvard University in 1993. Before taking up her present post in 2003, she worked for ten years at the University of Texas at Arlington. Her research interests include Latin poetry, Roman religion, and women of ancient Rome. She has written one monograph, King of the Wood: The Sacrificial Victor in Virgil’s Aeneid (2001), a sourcebook in translation with commentary, Clodia: Readings in Roman Passion, Politics, and Poetry (forthcoming), and several articles on Vergil and Ovid.
She is currently at work on a monograph involving religion and intertextuality in Ovid, Ovid and His Gods: The Epic Struggles of an Elegiac Hero. Andrew Feldherr is associate professor of classics at Princeton University. He received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1991. His research concentrates on Latin literature in several genres with a special emphasis on histori- ography (Spectacle and Society in Livy’s History [1998]) and epic. He is currently completing a monograph on the Metamorphoses entitled Playing Gods: The Politics of Fiction in Ovid’s Metamorphoses as well as editing the Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians. Julia Haig Gaisser is Eugenia Chase Guild Professor in the Humanities Emeritus at Bryn Mawr College, where she taught from 1975 to 2006. She received her PhD in Greek from the University of Edinburgh in 1967. Her research interests lie in three xxii Notes on Contributors Roman literature, and Renaissance humanism. She is the author of Catullus and His Renaissance Readers (1993) and Pierio Valeriano On the Ill Fortune of Learned Men: A Renaissance Humanist and His World (1999) and the editor of Catullus in English (2001), an anthology of Catullus translations. Forthcoming are Oxford Readings in Catullus and The Fortunes of Apuleius: A Study in Transmission and Reception.
Daniel H. Garrison is professor of classics at Northwestern University. He received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1968. His dissertation work was rewritten as a monograph, Mild Frenzy: A Reading of the Hellenistic Love Epigram (1978). His editions of Horace’s lyrics, Horace Epodes and Odes: A New Annotated Latin Edition (1991), and Catullus, The Student’s Catullus (3rd edition, 2004), grew out of his classroom work with these poets at Northwestern. He has also written on Greek and Roman sexual culture in Sexual Culture in Ancient Greece (2000). He is now completing an annotated translation of the first comprehensive anatomy book in Europe, Andreas Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica (1543, 1555), and is editing a volume on constructions of the human body in the ancient world.
Ellen Greene is the Joseph Paxton Presidential Professor of Classics at the University of Oklahoma. She received her PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1992. Her research specialization is Greek and Roman lyric poetry, with an emphasis on issues in gender and sexuality. She is the author of The Erotics of Domination: Male Desire and the Mistress in Latin Poetry (1999), and has edited or co-edited four collections of essays: Reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches (1996), Re-Reading Sappho: Reception and Transmission (1996), Women Poets in Ancient Greece and Rome (2005), and Gendered Dynamics in Latin Love Poetry (with Ronnie Ancona, 2005). She has also published numerous articles on Greek and Latin love lyric, and is currently working on a book-length study of Sappho for Blackwell.
Judith P. Hallett is professor of classics at the University of Maryland at College Park. She received her PhD from Harvard University in 1971, and has been a Mellon Fellow at Brandeis University and the Wellesley College Center for Research on Women as well as the Blegen Visiting Scholar at Vassar College. Her major research specializations are Latin language and literature; gender, sexuality, and the family in ancient Greek and Roman society; and the history of classical studies in the United States. Author of Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society: Women and the Elite Family (1984), she has also co-edited a special double issue of Classical World on Six North American Women Classicists (1996–7), a special issue of Arethusa on The Personal Voice in Classical Scholarship (2001), and a special issue of Helios on Roman Mothers (2007). Her co-edited volumes include Roman Sexualities (1997); Com- promising Traditions: The Personal Voice in Classical Scholarship (1997); and Rome and Her Monuments: Essays on the City and Literature of Rome in Honor of Katherine Geffcken (2000). In addition, she has published over sixty articles, chapters in books, and translations, as well as speeches (ovationes) and songs in classical Latin. Finally, she contributed the essays on Cornelia, Sulpicia the elegist, Martial’s Sulpicia, and the women of the Vindolanda tablets to Women Writing Latin, Volume I (2002).
Notes on Contributors xxiii W. R. Johnson is John Matthews Manly Distinguished Service Professor of Classics and Comparative Literature, Emeritus, at the University of Chicago. He received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1967. He has taught at Berkeley and Cornell and at the University of Chicago and has been visiting professor at the University of Michigan and UCLA. He gave the Martin Lectures at Oberlin in 1984, the Townsend Lectures at Cornell in 1989, and the Biggs Lectures at Washington University in 2004. In 1984 his monograph The Idea of Lyric won the Christian Gauss Award for Literary Criticism. He has written several books and numerous articles on Latin poetry, most recently Lucretius and the Modern World (2000) and the introduction to Stanley Lombardo’s translation of The Aeneid (2005). Peter E. Knox is professor of classics at the University of Colorado in Boulder. He received his PhD in 1982 from Harvard University, where he also taught briefly before moving to faculty positions at Columbia University and his present post. His research interests focus on Roman literature of the late Republic and early Empire, as well as Greek poetry of the Hellenistic period. He is the author of Ovid’s Meta- morphoses and the Traditions of Augustan Poetry (1986) and Ovid, Heroides: Select Epistles (1986), and has published widely in scholarly journals on topics in Greek and Latin literature, ranging from Sappho to Nonnus. In addition he is known as co-editor of Style and Tradition: Studies in Honor of Wendell Clausen (1998) and as editor of Oxford Readings in Ovid (2006) and a Companion to Ovid, forthcoming in this series. David Konstan is the John Rowe Workman Distinguished Professor of Classics and the Humanistic Tradition, and Professor of Comparative Literature, at Brown Uni- versity. He holds a BA in mathematics, and a PhD in classics, from Columbia University. Prior to coming to Brown in 1987, he taught for 20 years at Wesleyan University in Connecticut. He has held visiting appointments at the University of Otago in New Zealand, the University of Edinburgh, the Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, the University of La Plata in Argentina, the University of Natal in Durban, the University of Sydney, Monash University in Melbourne, the American University in Cairo, and the Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico. His books include Roman Comedy (1983); Sexual Symmetry: Love in the Ancient Novel and Related Genres (1994); Greek Comedy and Ideology (1995); Friendship in the Classical World (1997); Pity Transformed (2001); and The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks (2006). He was president of the American Philological Association in 1999.
Brian A. Krostenko is associate professor of classics at the University of Notre Dame. He received his PhD from Harvard University in 1993 and has held faculty positions at the University of California at Berkeley and the University of Chicago. His research interests are the culture of the late Roman Republic, Cicero, rhetoric, and Latin linguistics. He is the author of Cicero, Catullus, and the Language of Social Perform- ance (2001), which explores the problem of aestheticism in Roman culture by means of historical semantics.
Sven Lorenz received his PhD from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨t in Munich in xxiv Notes on Contributors Panegyrik: Martials epigrammatische Kaiser) was published in 2002. Since then, he has published articles on Martial, Juvenal, and the Appendix Vergiliana. Recently he has completed a full annotated bibliography on Martial scholarship from 1970 to 2003 (part 1: Lustrum 45, 2003, 167–277; part 2: forthcoming). He teaches Latin and English at a secondary school near Munich. Elizabeth Manwell is the Sally Appleton Kirkpatrick Assistant Professor of Classical Studies at Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan. She received her PhD from the University of Chicago in 2003. Her research interests encompass the literature and culture of the Roman Republic, theories of gender, and classical reception. Randall L. B. McNeill is associate professor of classics at Lawrence University in Wisconsin. He received his AB summa cum laude from Harvard University in 1992 and his PhD from Yale University in 1998. His research focuses on techniques of self- presentation and the depiction of social relationships in Latin poetry of the late Republican and Augustan periods. He is the author of Horace: Image, Identity, and Audience (2001) and articles on Horace, Catullus, and classical Greek art.
Paul Allen Miller received his PhD in comparative literature from the University of Texas at Austin (1989). He is currently Carolina Distinguished Professor of Classics and Comparative Literature at the University of South Carolina, and the editor of Transactions of the American Philological Association. He is the author of Lyric Texts and Lyric Consciousness: The Birth of a Genre from Archaic Greece to Augustan Rome (1994); Latin Erotic Elegy: An Anthology and Reader (2002); Subjecting Verses: Latin Love Elegy and the Emergence of the Real (2004); and Latin Verse Satire: An Anthology and Critical Reader (2005). He has edited or co-edited 11 volumes of essays on literary theory, gender studies, and topics in classics, including Rethinking Sexuality: Foucault and Classical Antiquity (1998). He has published articles on Latin, Greek, French, and English literature as well as theory. He is currently finishing work on Spiritual Practices: The Reception of Plato and the Construction of the Subject in Postmodern France.
Christopher Nappa is associate professor of classics at the University of Minnesota. He is the author of Reading after Actium: Vergil’s Georgics, Octavian, and Rome (2005) and Aspects of Catullus’ Social Fiction (2001) as well as a number of articles on Latin poetry. His interests include Republican and Augustan Latin literature, satire, and intertextuality.
Vassiliki Panoussi is assistant professor of classical studies at the College of William and Mary. She received her PhD from Brown University in 1998. Previously she held a visiting position at the University of Virginia and a faculty post at Williams College. Her research focuses on Roman literature of the late Republic, the age of Augustus, and the early Empire as informed through the study of intertextuality, cultural anthropology, and sexuality and gender. She has published articles on Catullus, Vergil, Ovid, Seneca, Lucan, and Statius. She is currently completing a book-length study of Vergil’s Aeneid and its intertextual and ideological relationship to Greek
Notes on Contributors xxv tragedy. She is also at work on another book project on Women’s Rituals in Roman Literature.
George A. Sheets is associate professor and chair of classical and Near Eastern studies at the University of Minnesota, and associate professor of law in the University of Minnesota Law School. He received his PhD from Duke University in 1974, and his JD from the William Mitchell College of Law in 1990. His research and teaching interests include comparative Indo-European linguistics, the application of linguistic pragmatics to literary texts, the history of the Greek and Latin languages, and comparative law. Currently he is working on a study of jurisprudential issues associ- ated with tombs, corpses, and deceased persons as legal subjects and objects in Roman law.
Marilyn B. Skinner is professor of classics at the University of Arizona in Tucson. She received her PhD from Stanford University in 1977. Before taking up her present post in 1991, she held faculty positions at Reed College, the University of California at Los Angeles, and Northern Illinois University, and visiting appointments at the University of Texas in Austin and Colgate University. Her research specialization is Roman literature of the Republican and Augustan eras. She has authored two monographs, Catullus’ Passer: The Arrangement of the Book of Polymetric Poems (1981) and Catullus in Verona (2003), and has co-edited a collection of scholarly essays, Vergil, Philodemus, and the Augustans (2004). She is well known for her work on sexuality and gender in antiquity, as both co-editor of Roman Sexualities (1997) and author of Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture (2005). Finally, she has published numerous articles on the Greek female poetic tradition, including Sappho and her successors Korinna, Erinna, Anyte, Moero, and Nossis.
W. Jeffrey Tatum is Olivia Nelson Dorman Professor of Classics at Florida State University. In 2005 he was De Carle Distinguished Lecturer in the Humanities at Otago University. His research concentrates on the Roman Republic. He is the author of The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher (1999) and numerous articles on Roman history and Latin poetry.
Elena Theodorakopoulos has been a lecturer in classics at the University of Birming- ham since 1994. She received her PhD from the University of Bristol in 1996 and her research specialization is Roman literature of the Republican and Augustan ages. She has written on Vergil, Ovid, and Catullus, as well as Apollonius of Rhodes. She has also edited Attitudes to Theatre from Plato to Milton (2004) and co-edited Advice and its Rhetoric in Greece and Rome (2006). In addition she has an interest in filmic representations of Rome, on which she has just completed a book, Story and Spectacle (forthcoming). Currently, she is at work on a book on Catullus and performance.
Elizabeth Vandiver is assistant professor of classics at Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington. She received her PhD from the University of Texas at Austin in 1990. Before coming to Whitman in 2004, she held several visiting appointments, including positions at Rhodes College, the University of Maryland, and North- xxvi Notes on Contributors translation studies, and the classical tradition. She has published a monograph, Heroes in Herodotus: The Interaction of Myth and History (1991), and the first English translation of Johannes Cochlaeus’ biography of Martin Luther in Luther’s Lives: Two Contemporary Accounts of Martin Luther (2002). She is currently at work on a third book, which examines the importance of the classical tradition in British poetry of World War I. She has published articles on a variety of topics, including Catullus, Livy, the classical tradition, and translation.
T. P. Wiseman is Emeritus Professor of Classics at the University of Exeter; he was lecturer and then reader at the University of Leicester before going to Exeter in 1977. His Oxford DPhil thesis was published as New Men in the Roman Senate 139 BC–AD 14 (1971); his other books include Catullan Questions (1969), Cinna the Poet and Other Roman Essays (1974), Clio’s Cosmetics (1979), Catullus and His World (1985), Roman Studies Literary and Historical (1987), Historiography and Imagination (1994), Remus: A Roman Myth (1995), Roman Drama and Roman History (1998), and The Myths of Rome (2004), which won the American Philological Association’s Goodwin Award of Merit for 2005. He is a Fellow of the British Academy, and an honorary DLitt of the University of Durham. In 1996 he received the silver griffin award of the Comune di Sirmione for his work on Catullus.
A Companion to Catullus
Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner Copyright © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Introduction
Marilyn B. Skinner
Catullus, as William Fitzgerald acutely observes, is a poet whom ‘‘we have taken rather too much to our hearts’’ (1995: 235). For a considerable part of the nine- teenth and twentieth centuries, both lay and academic audiences reacted to the lyric voice in the Catullan collection as that of a friend and contemporary, whose grief over a brother’s death and anger at betrayals of trust struck us as candid, universally human responses to circumstance. Yet treating Catullus sympathetically as one of ourselves greatly impeded efforts to appreciate his literary achievement as a whole and to locate his poetry within its particular cultural and historical milieu. New Criticism finally taught readers to value the longer works of the learned ‘‘Alexandrian’’ Catullus and even to relish displays of erudition in the love poetry, but only at the price of dismissing his barbed invective and his coarsely funny occasional pieces as material supposedly displaying a ‘‘lower level of intent’’ (Quinn 1959: 27–43). Appreciation of the Catullan corpus, obscenity and all, in its entirety and within its proper context had to wait for the rise of New Historicism in the 1980s and the subsequent impact of
1 the cultural studies movement on the humanities.
It is just since the 1980s, then, that wide-ranging research has succeeded in grounding Catullus firmly in the socio-historical world around him – by investigating his provincial North Italian background, his family connections, and his dealings with the Roman elite; by observing his interactions with fellow provincials seeking advancement; by teasing out references to matters of everyday life in his poems; by studying, lastly, the circumstances under which his works were produced and dissem- inated and what they might have conveyed to the audiences at which they were aimed. This historicizing approach has proved unusually fruitful; since Wiseman’s Catullus and His World (1985), influential articles and entire monographs on Catullus have appeared with increasing frequency. Such recent critical studies have employed a variety of incisive tools, including those of anthropology, cultural studies, gender theory, Lacanian psychology, performance theory, reader-response theory,
2 Marilyn B. Skinner which the poetry operates. They have given us a more nuanced grasp of Catullus’ language and poetics and his standing among his contemporaries.
Unfortunately, this ferment in present critical discourse seldom trickles down to high-school or even undergraduate college classrooms, although on both levels of Latin instruction Catullus is now one of the three ancient authors most commonly encountered. As Ancona and Hallett demonstrate in this volume, his current peda- gogical popularity is likewise a nascent phenomenon. Within the living memory of many North American teachers, Catullus was a text assigned only on the college level, and then with some trepidation: despite their relatively easy syntax and their imme- diate emotive appeal, the poems were deemed simply too racy for the young. Incorporation into the Advanced Placement syllabus (for examinations usually taken in the senior year of high school, approximately age 17) gradually furthered Catullus’ secondary-school canonicity, though he was not finally accepted as a core AP author until 1994. Consequently, although annotated teaching texts and mater- ials on the poet have proliferated over the past few years, and good general introduc- tions, such as those of Martin (1992) and Hurley (2004), are available, students and teachers looking for more detailed summaries of current scholarly opinion find nothing really suitable in English. Hence the Blackwell Companion to Catullus appears to be a timely project. Containing essays on a range of topics by recognized and emerging authorities and drawing together two decades’ worth of research into a collection adaptable for classroom use, this volume is intended to present C. Valerius Catullus to a wider public as a writer who was very much a man of his time and a perceptive eyewitness to the last troubled decade of the Roman Republic.