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Ocean and Coastal Currents
GD3208-Coastal Environmental Survey
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
COZSES - Coastal and Oceanic Zone Sciences and Engineering System
Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering
Bandung Institute of Technology
Objectives
Students should be able to explain global and local (Indonesian)
ocean circulation pattern as well as its forcing factor
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean Circulation
Why It is Important
•
Impact all human activities on
the ocean or in the coastal area
(transportation, fishing,
mariculture, tourism and sport,
erosion and sedimentation,
water pollution, etc)
•
Redistribute heat in global
climatic pattern
How is the Movement of Ocean
Waters
•
Currents, Tides and Waves
Hydrodynamics
•
Ocean Circulation Ocean
Currents
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Driving Factors
In shallow water (coastal
area)
• tides the most
important
• bottom friction
• bathymetry
• fresh water discharges
from rivers
In deep water (offshore
area)
• winds surface layer
• density gradients
deeper layer
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean Circulation
Magnitudes of Ocean
Currents
•
the magnitude of currents
in units of sverdrups (Sv)
•
1 sv = 1,000,000 m3/s
• the magnitude of the
major ocean currents range
from a few sverdrup to
over 100 sverdrup
•
by comparison, the largest
river in the world, the
Amazon, has a flow of
approximately 0.2
sverdrup
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean Circulation
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Winds flow from higher to lower
atmospheric pressure
• air pressure is the weight of the air
from Earth’s surface to the top of the
atmosphere and equals 1.04kg/cm2
(standard air pressure, one
atmosphere) at sea level
• change in pressure across a horizontal
distance is a pressure gradient
• greater the difference in pressure and
the shorter the distance between
them, the steeper the pressure
gradient and the stronger the wind
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Global wind pattern is
controlled by the density of
atmosphere
• Density is a function of
temperature, pressure and
moisture content
• Warm air is less dense than
cold air and moist air is less
dense than dry air
• Warm air has less pressure
and cold air has more
pressure
• Wind pattern is affected by
solar heating
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Maximum Solar Heating at the
equator (over 400 Watts per
square meter) and minimum
at the poles (less than 200
Watts per square meter)
• At the equator, sunlight strikes
the earth at a nearly
perpendicular angle.
• The atmosphere absorbs a
certain fraction of the sunlight
striking the earth. Sunlight
travels a longer path through the
atmosphere at high latitudes
than it does at low latitudes.
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Uneven solar heat
distribution
• Because air at the
equator is warmer than
air at the poles, it is less
dense
• Because air at the
equator is less dense, it
rises while cold, dense
air at the poles sinks
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Uneven solar heat distribution
• three circulation cells form
between the equator and each
pole
• air sinks at both 30° latitude and
the poles; rises at about 60°
latitude, moves north and south
• due to the Coriolis effect, flow on a
sphere curves: to the right in the
northern hemisphere and to the
left in the southern hemisphere.
• the trade winds at tropical
latitudes, and westerlies at mid
latitudes are formed
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Resulted Ocean Currents Gyre
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Gyre
Western boundary
currents -These are
narrow, deep, fast
currents found at the
western boundaries of
ocean basins
• the Gulf Stream
• the Japan Current
• the Brazil Current
• the Agulhas Current
• the Eastern Australian
Current
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Gyre
Eastern boundary
currents –These currents
are cold, shallow and
broad, and their
boundaries are not well
defined
• the Canary Current
• the Benguela Current
• the California Current
• the West Australian
Current
• the Peru Current
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Monsoon
Monsoons are patterns
of wind circulation
that change with the
season
Areas with monsoons
generally have dry
winters and wet
summers
In Indonesia
(particularly western
part), monsoon creates
dry and wet (rainy)
season
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
20 Jun
20 Sep
22
Mar
21 Dec
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Mar-Sep
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Mar-Sep
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Sep - Mar
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Indonesian Surface Currents
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Indonesian Surface Currents
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Upwelling and Downwelling
Wind induced vertical
circulation is vertical movement
induced by wind-driven
horizontal movement of water
• Upwelling is the upward motion
of water. This motion brings cold,
nutrient rich water towards the
surface
• Downwelling is downward
motion of water. It supplies the
deeper ocean with dissolved
gases
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Upwelling and Downwelling
Downwelling
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Upwelling and Downwelling
Upwelling
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Indonesian Throughflow
Very important in world
climates
• Due to difference of Sea Surface
Topography at Pacific and
Indian Oceans
• Global exchange of water and
heat between the Pacific and
Indian Oceans
• Influences the climate conditions
in eastern Indonesia and western
Australia
• If the throughflow is not present,
the ocean and climate conditions
of Western Australia would be as
dry and cold as the western coast
of South America
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Deep Water Currents
In deep water, currents are
mainly driven by differences in
density, which is the function of
salinity, temperature and
depth
• Water at the surface is exposed
to more rapid changes in salinity
through evaporation or
precipitation and in temperature
through cooling or heating
• Most deep and bottom water
originated at the surface where
cooling and increased salinity
raised their density until they
sank
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Global Deep Water Circulation
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
Under Normal Conditions
• Easterly trade winds cause
surface waters to pile up in the
west
• Thermocline is deep in the west
and shallow in the east
• Proximity of thermocline near
the surface in the east enhances
coastal upwelling effects and
thus biological productivity
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
El Niño Conditions
• Easterly trade winds are
weakening
• Thermocline is shallower in the
west and deeper in the east
compare to normal condition
• Sea level at western Pacific
drops, upwelling occurs
• Warm water moves from west to
east
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
Under Normal Conditions
• Satellite derived estimates of Sea
Surface Temperature during
normal (1996), El Niño
Conditions (1997), and Sea
Surface Temperature Anomaly
during El Niño compare to
normal condition
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
Indonesia
Peru
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Thank You !!!
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
COZSES - Coastal and Oceanic Zone Sciences and Engineering System
Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering
Bandung Institute of Technology
GD3208-Coastal Environmental Survey
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
COZSES - Coastal and Oceanic Zone Sciences and Engineering System
Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering
Bandung Institute of Technology
Objectives
Students should be able to explain global and local (Indonesian)
ocean circulation pattern as well as its forcing factor
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean Circulation
Why It is Important
•
Impact all human activities on
the ocean or in the coastal area
(transportation, fishing,
mariculture, tourism and sport,
erosion and sedimentation,
water pollution, etc)
•
Redistribute heat in global
climatic pattern
How is the Movement of Ocean
Waters
•
Currents, Tides and Waves
Hydrodynamics
•
Ocean Circulation Ocean
Currents
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Driving Factors
In shallow water (coastal
area)
• tides the most
important
• bottom friction
• bathymetry
• fresh water discharges
from rivers
In deep water (offshore
area)
• winds surface layer
• density gradients
deeper layer
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean Circulation
Magnitudes of Ocean
Currents
•
the magnitude of currents
in units of sverdrups (Sv)
•
1 sv = 1,000,000 m3/s
• the magnitude of the
major ocean currents range
from a few sverdrup to
over 100 sverdrup
•
by comparison, the largest
river in the world, the
Amazon, has a flow of
approximately 0.2
sverdrup
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Ocean Circulation
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Winds flow from higher to lower
atmospheric pressure
• air pressure is the weight of the air
from Earth’s surface to the top of the
atmosphere and equals 1.04kg/cm2
(standard air pressure, one
atmosphere) at sea level
• change in pressure across a horizontal
distance is a pressure gradient
• greater the difference in pressure and
the shorter the distance between
them, the steeper the pressure
gradient and the stronger the wind
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Global wind pattern is
controlled by the density of
atmosphere
• Density is a function of
temperature, pressure and
moisture content
• Warm air is less dense than
cold air and moist air is less
dense than dry air
• Warm air has less pressure
and cold air has more
pressure
• Wind pattern is affected by
solar heating
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Maximum Solar Heating at the
equator (over 400 Watts per
square meter) and minimum
at the poles (less than 200
Watts per square meter)
• At the equator, sunlight strikes
the earth at a nearly
perpendicular angle.
• The atmosphere absorbs a
certain fraction of the sunlight
striking the earth. Sunlight
travels a longer path through the
atmosphere at high latitudes
than it does at low latitudes.
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Uneven solar heat
distribution
• Because air at the
equator is warmer than
air at the poles, it is less
dense
• Because air at the
equator is less dense, it
rises while cold, dense
air at the poles sinks
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Uneven solar heat distribution
• three circulation cells form
between the equator and each
pole
• air sinks at both 30° latitude and
the poles; rises at about 60°
latitude, moves north and south
• due to the Coriolis effect, flow on a
sphere curves: to the right in the
northern hemisphere and to the
left in the southern hemisphere.
• the trade winds at tropical
latitudes, and westerlies at mid
latitudes are formed
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Atmospheric Processes
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Resulted Ocean Currents Gyre
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Gyre
Western boundary
currents -These are
narrow, deep, fast
currents found at the
western boundaries of
ocean basins
• the Gulf Stream
• the Japan Current
• the Brazil Current
• the Agulhas Current
• the Eastern Australian
Current
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Gyre
Eastern boundary
currents –These currents
are cold, shallow and
broad, and their
boundaries are not well
defined
• the Canary Current
• the Benguela Current
• the California Current
• the West Australian
Current
• the Peru Current
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Monsoon
Monsoons are patterns
of wind circulation
that change with the
season
Areas with monsoons
generally have dry
winters and wet
summers
In Indonesia
(particularly western
part), monsoon creates
dry and wet (rainy)
season
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
20 Jun
20 Sep
22
Mar
21 Dec
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Mar-Sep
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Mar-Sep
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Sep - Mar
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Research Division
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology
Indonesian Surface Currents
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Indonesian Surface Currents
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Upwelling and Downwelling
Wind induced vertical
circulation is vertical movement
induced by wind-driven
horizontal movement of water
• Upwelling is the upward motion
of water. This motion brings cold,
nutrient rich water towards the
surface
• Downwelling is downward
motion of water. It supplies the
deeper ocean with dissolved
gases
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Upwelling and Downwelling
Downwelling
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Upwelling and Downwelling
Upwelling
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Indonesian Throughflow
Very important in world
climates
• Due to difference of Sea Surface
Topography at Pacific and
Indian Oceans
• Global exchange of water and
heat between the Pacific and
Indian Oceans
• Influences the climate conditions
in eastern Indonesia and western
Australia
• If the throughflow is not present,
the ocean and climate conditions
of Western Australia would be as
dry and cold as the western coast
of South America
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Deep Water Currents
In deep water, currents are
mainly driven by differences in
density, which is the function of
salinity, temperature and
depth
• Water at the surface is exposed
to more rapid changes in salinity
through evaporation or
precipitation and in temperature
through cooling or heating
• Most deep and bottom water
originated at the surface where
cooling and increased salinity
raised their density until they
sank
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Global Deep Water Circulation
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
Under Normal Conditions
• Easterly trade winds cause
surface waters to pile up in the
west
• Thermocline is deep in the west
and shallow in the east
• Proximity of thermocline near
the surface in the east enhances
coastal upwelling effects and
thus biological productivity
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
El Niño Conditions
• Easterly trade winds are
weakening
• Thermocline is shallower in the
west and deeper in the east
compare to normal condition
• Sea level at western Pacific
drops, upwelling occurs
• Warm water moves from west to
east
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
Under Normal Conditions
• Satellite derived estimates of Sea
Surface Temperature during
normal (1996), El Niño
Conditions (1997), and Sea
Surface Temperature Anomaly
during El Niño compare to
normal condition
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
El Niño
Indonesia
Peru
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
@2013 - Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program - Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering - Bandung Institute of Technology
Thank You !!!
Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata
COZSES - Coastal and Oceanic Zone Sciences and Engineering System
Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering Study Program
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Engineering
Bandung Institute of Technology