T BING 1006932 Table of Content

CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET.................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION........................................................................................................... ii
PREFACE ...................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... v
CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ vii
LIST OF DIAGRAM ................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the study ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Research Questions ....................................................................................... 4
1.3 Purposes and significances of the study........................................................ 4
1.4 The scope of study ........................................................................................ 4
1.5 Clarification of terms .................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................... 8
2.1 Academic writing .......................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Defining academic writing .................................................................. 8
2.2.2 Skripsi of quantitative and qualitative research .................................. 10
2.2.3 Academic writing of non-native English............................................. 12

2.2.4 Academic writing and metadiscourse.................................................. 13
2.2 Hedging and discourse .................................................................................. 15
2.2.1 Basic Notion ....................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Hedging and epistemic modality......................................................... 17
2.2.3 Categories of hedging surface features ............................................... 20
2.2.4 Polypragmatic models of hedging....................................................... 26
2.3 Hedging in academic writing......................................................................... 29
2.4 Previous Studies ............................................................................................ 31

Erfan Muhamad Fauzi, 2014
An Analysis Of Hedging Uses In Skripsi-S Employing Quantitative And Qualitative Research
Method
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 32
3.1 Statement of problems................................................................................... 32
3.2 Research design............................................................................................. 32
3.3 Data Source................................................................................................... 33
3.4 Data collection............................................................................................... 34
3.5 Data analysis.................................................................................................. 36

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................... 40
4.1 Surface features of hedging in skripsi-s ....................................................... 40
4.1.1

Descriptive statistic display of distributional information of the
surface features of hedging uses ....................................................... 41
4.1.1.1 Lexical hedging ..................................................................... 41
4.1.1.2 Non-Lexical hedging ............................................................. 50

4.1.2 Total hedges used in skripsi-s.......................................................... 51
4.1.3 The reconstruction of hedging identified from surface features ...... 53
4.1.3.1 Lexical Hedging.................................................................... 53
4.1.3.2 Non-Lexical Hedging ........................................................... 72
4.2 Polypragmatic models of hedging in skripsi-s ............................................. 74
4.2.1

Content-oriented ................................................................................ 75
4.2.1.1 Accuracy-oriented ................................................................. 76
4.2.1.2 Writer-oriented ...................................................................... 79

4.2.2

Reader-oriented ................................................................................. 81

4.3 Hedging uses in quantitative and qualitative skripsi-s ................................. 81
4.3.1

Comparison of surface features of hedging in quantitative and
qualitative skripsi-s .......................................................................... 82

4.3.2

Comparison of polypragmatic models of hedging uses in
quantitative and qualitative skripsi-s ................................................ 86

4.4 Discussions and implications of hedging uses in skripsi-s employing
qualitative and quantitative research method............................................... 87
4.4.1

Discussions of hedging uses in skripsi-s employing qualitative

and quantitative research method..................................................... 87

4.4.2

Implications of analyzing hedging use of this study......................... 90

Erfan Muhamad Fauzi, 2014
An Analysis Of Hedging Uses In Skripsi-S Employing Quantitative And Qualitative Research
Method
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS................................................................................... 92
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 96
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 102
Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................... 102
Appendix 2 ..................................................................................................................... 113
Appendix 3 ..................................................................................................................... 120
Appendix 4 .................................................................................................................... 128

Erfan Muhamad Fauzi, 2014

An Analysis Of Hedging Uses In Skripsi-S Employing Quantitative And Qualitative Research
Method
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1

Characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research method ................ 11

Table 2.2

Categorization of metadiscourse from Crismore ......................................... 14

Table 2.3

Realization of hedging in auxiliary verbs .................................................... 21

Table 2.4

Realization of hedging in full verbs............................................................. 22

Table 2.5

Realization of hedging in adverb ................................................................. 24

Table 3.1

Data sources of this study ............................................................................ 34

Table 3.2

Table to display expressions containing hedging potential.......................... 37

Table 3.3

The example of table for fourth step ........................................................... 37

Table 4.1

The occurrence of modal auxiliaries in all skripsi-s per 1000 words .......... 41

Table 4.2

The occurrence of full verbs in all skripsi-s per 1000 words ...................... 42

Table 4.3

The occurrence of adverbs in all skripsi-s per 1000 words ......................... 44

Table 4.4

The occurrence of adjectives in all skripsi-s per 1000 words ..................... 46

Table 4.5

The occurrence of nouns in all skripsi-s per 1000 words ............................ 48

Table 4.6

The occurrence of other hedges in all skripsi-s per 1000 words ................. 50

Table 4.7

The overall occurrences of hedging uses in all skripsi-s ............................. 51

Table 4.8

Models of hedging occurring in form of sentences per 100 lines ................ 74

Table 4.9

The percentage of distributional information of overall hedging uses ........ 82

Table 4.10 Hedging in qualitative and quantitative research methods .......................... 84
Table 4.11 The polypragmatic model of hedging uses in qualitative
and quantitative research methods ............................................................... 86

Erfan Muhamad Fauzi, 2014
An Analysis Of Hedging Uses In Skripsi-S Employing Quantitative And Qualitative Research

Method
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

LIST OF DIAGRAM

Diagram

2.1 Categorization of pragmatic aspects of hedging ................................ 27

Erfan Muhamad Fauzi, 2014
An Analysis Of Hedging Uses In Skripsi-S Employing Quantitative And Qualitative Research
Method
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu