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THE TYPE OF LOVE AS REFLECTED THROUGH THE

MAIN CHARACTERS AND THEIR CONFLICTS IN SPARKS’

THE NOTEBOOK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

SILVINA AYU ARDIANTINA

  Student Number: 084214064

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2012

  

i

THE TYPE OF LOVE AS REFLECTED THROUGH THE

MAIN CHARACTERS AND THEIR CONFLICTS IN SPARKS’

  

THE NOTEBOOK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

SILVINA AYU ARDIANTINA

  Student Number: 084214064

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2012

  

iv

He has made everything beautiful in its

time, but He has made their hearts without

knowledge, so that man is unable to see the

works of God, from the first to the last.

  

(Ecclesiastes 3:11)

  I dedicate my undergraduate thesis to My Lovely Daughter Briella My Beloved Mom and Dad My Husband

  In the hope of a Better Future

v

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all I would like to thank Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for their love and their forgiveness in my life. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my only major-sponsor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum who has helped me from the beginning of my thesis until the end. I thank him for his patience, guidance, inspiration, and also support in doing my thesis. No one could have done more.

  For all lecturers of Faculty of Letters, who have taught me for three and a half years, thanks for everything they have given to me so that I could finish my study as soon as possible.

  Next, I dedicate this thesis to my lovely one-daughter Fabiana Firstabriella Agracio a.k.a Briella, my inspiration in my life. I love her very much. I would like to thank for her smile, laugh, love, joy, and also the best moment for me so that I could finish my thesis. This thesis is just for her. I will never be able to finish my undergraduate thesis without her care.

  To my family in Kudus, my beloved mom, Dominica R.R Wijayanti, my dad Martinus Narno Ardiyanto, my sister Anggun, and my lovely husband Bernadus Dedi Purwanto, I thank them for their support, patience, and kindness for me.

  Then I would like to thank my friends Rintan, Cella, Yoga, Satya, Andri Prasetyo, Mas Iwan, and all my friends. God bless them.

  

viii To my friend in my lovely school, SD Kanisius Babadan Yogyakarta, who gave experience for almost 3 years. For all the teachers Mr. Kuat, Mr. Supri, Mr.

  Purwanto, Ms. Yuli, Ms. Rita, and all my students. I love them.

  Silvina Ayu Ardiantina

  

ix

  x TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE

  Approach of the Study……………………………………… 17 C. Method of the Study………………………………………… 17

  1 A. Background of the Study…………………………………… 1 B.

  Problem Formulation……………………………………….. 3 C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………..

  4 D. Definition of Terms………………………………………… 4

  CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW

  …………………………. 5 A. Review of Related Studies………………………………….. 5 B. Review of Related Theories………………………………… 8 1.

  Theory of Character and Characterization………….…… 8 2. Theory of Conflict…….……………………………….... 11 3. Theory of Love.................................................................. 13 C. Theoretical Framework……………………………………… 14

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………….

  16 A. Object of the Study…………………………………………. 16 B.

  CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

  …………………………………………… 19 A. The Descriptions of The Main Characters………….………. 19 1.

  The Description of Noah............................................. 19 2. The Description of Allie.............................................. 24

  B. The Conflicts of The Main Characters in Their Love Journey

  28

  1. Past Time..................................................................... 29

  2. Present Time................................................................ 36

  C. The Type of Love as Reflected through The Main Characters And Their Conflicts................................................................. 41

  CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION

  ……………………………………

  ……………………………………………………………… xiii

  ………………………………………………………… i

  PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ……………………..

  APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………..

  ii

  ACCEPTANCE PAGE

  ……………………………………………… iii

  MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………….

  iv

  DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………..

  v

  vi

  ABSTRAK

  STATEMENT PAGE ………………………………………………...

  vii

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………..

  viii

  TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………..

  x

  ABSTRACT

  …………………………………………………………… xii

  ………………………………………... 45

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  ……………………………………………………….. 48

  APPENDIX

  ………………………………………………………………. 50 Summary of The Notebook.......

  …………………………………... 50

  xi

  ABSTRACT

  SILVINA AYU ARDIANTINA. The Type of Love as Reflected Through The

  Main Characters and Their Conflicts in Sparks’ The Notebook. Yogyakarta:

  Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2012.

  Everyone wants to love and to be loved. Love could be found in our life. There is no word that can define what the certain meaning of love is. Everyone can describe love with everything they want. Even, there is someone who could not describe love at all. Love is one word that can change everything. Literature has relation with many things including love. Literature is also part of art that can be expressed in any works of literature. Love itself can be a good topic to make a work of literature. Therefore, this thesis describes how love exists in The

  Notebook novel.

  This thesis wants to describe the main characters and the conflicts in Sparks’s The Notebook. This thesis also reveals the type of love of the main characters in the novel, The Notebook, and describe the term of love by Erich Fromm, Ayala Pines, and Paul Hauck.

  Noah Calhoun and Allie Nelson are the main characters. They fall in love to each other. They struggle for their love until the end of the story. All the differences of the characteristics of the main characters and the conflicts that come in their love journey make their love stronger than others. They never give up in facing the conflict together. In this novel, there are happiness and sadness that are combined with a good plot and a good story.

  The study of this thesis uses library research to collect data from the sources. The sources are first, taken from the novel of literary work, The Notebook by Nicholas Sparks, and second, the writer collected the data from the books of literature that have relation with the thesis. The last one, it was taken from the internet.

  Finally, this study is able to show the type of love as reflected through the characteristics of the main characters and their conflicts that happened in their love journey. The characteristics and the love of Noah and Allie can fulfill each other in facing the conflicts in their relationship. They have a type of love, which is called Eros love or Erotic love because there is an exclusiveness which cannot be found in other type of love. It proves with sexual desire, full commitment in all aspects of their life, and the affection of their love in their marriage.

  

xii

  ABSTRAK

  SILVINA AYU ARDIANTINA. The Type of Love as Reflected Through The

  Main Characters and Their Conflicts in Sparks’ The Notebook. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,2012.

  Setiap orang ingin untuk mencintai dan dicintai. Cinta dapat ditemukan di dalam kehidupan kita. Tidak ada kata yang dapat mendefinisikan apa arti cinta secara pasti. Setiap orang dapat mendeskripsikan cinta dengan apa saja yang mereka inginkan. Bahkan, ada orang yang tidak dapat mendeskripsikan cinta sama sekali. Cinta adalah satu kata yang dapat mengubah segalanya. Kesusastraan mempunyai hubungan dengan banyak hal termasuk cinta. Kesusastraan juga merupakan bagian dari seni yang dapat diwujudkan dalam berbagai karya sastra. Cinta itu sendiri dapat menjadi sebuah topik yang bagus untuk membuat karya sastra. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini mendeskripsikan bagaimana cinta itu ada di dalam novel The Notebook.

  Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tokoh-tokoh utama dan konflik- konflik dalam novel The Notebook karya Sparks. Skripsi ini juga mengungkap tipe cinta dari kedua tokoh utama dalam novel The Notebook dan mendeskripsikan pengertian cinta menurut Erich Fromm, Ayala Pines, dan Paul Hauck.

  Noah Calhoun dan Allie Nelson adalah tokoh utama. Mereka saling jatuh cinta satu sama lain. Mereka memperjuangkan cinta mereka sampai akhir cerita. Semua perbedaan karakteristik pada tokoh-tokoh utama dan konflik yang datang di dalam perjalanan cinta mereka membuat cinta mereka lebih kuat daripada yang lainnya. Mereka tidak pernah menyerah dalam menghadapi konflik bersama- sama. Di dalam novel ini, kebahagiaan dan kesedihan bercampur menjadi satu dengan plot dan cerita yang bagus.

  Obyek studi skripsi ini menggunakan studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan data dari sumber-sumber yang ada. Sumber-sumbernya, yang pertama diambil adalah dari novel karya sastra berjudul The Notebook karya Nicholas Sparks, yang kedua, penulis mengumpulkan data dari buku-buku kesusastraan yang mempunyai hubungan dengan skripsi ini, dan yang terakhir diambil dari internet.

  Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini dapat menunjukan tipe cinta yang tercermin dari karakter tokoh-tokoh utama dan konflik yang mereka hadapi di dalam perjalanan cinta mereka. Karakteristik dan cinta Noah dan Allie dapat mengisi satu sama lain dalam menghadapi konflik-konflik di dalam hubungan mereka. Mereka mempunyai tipe cinta yang disebut Cinta Eros atau Cinta Erotic karena ada keeksklusifan yang tidak dapat ditemukan di dalam tipe cinta yang lainnya. Itu dibuktikan dengan hasrat seksual, penuh komitmen di semua aspek dalam hidup mereka, dan kemesraan cinta mereka di dalam pernikahan.

  

xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Everyone has love in this world. It can be love to family, friend, boyfriend

  and girlfriend, or even love to God. Some people can describe love with everything they want, such as with good sentence, song, parcel, gift, or perhaps with simple word. However, others perhaps cannot describe what love is and how to show it to someone they love. Love is one difficult word. It is also an unpredictable feeling that cannot be explained with certain sentences or words or even with any rules. If someone decided to love other, it means that he or she is ready to be dissapointed. Martin Luther King Jr. also said the same meaning about love itself that there is no deep disappointment where there is no deep love /martin-luther-king- jr-dr). Besides, someone can be dissapointed by someone else, if he or she really loves someone else. If someone does not, it means that his or her love is nothing.

  Love is a subjective perspective for everyone. We can say that love is this and love is that. Love is also an unconditional feeling that does not have any rules.

  Love is about feeling that we cannot know when it comes or leaves. It comes suddenly, and it goes unexpectedly. Even, love can make someone looks happy and sad at the same time. We love someone without any requisite. We love someone with all her or him strength and weakness. According to Hammond love is to love someone for who they are, who they were, and who they will be

  (http://www. lovequotes.symphonyoflove. net/category/true-love-quotes). We can love somebody without any reason. Love comes unpredictably for everybody, no matter what their social status, race, culture, or even religion is. It is because love can unite everything and everywhere. Love makes everybody alive when they feel in love. If we decided to love someone, it means that we still alive. Gandhi said where there is love there is life (http://lovequotes.symphonyoflove.net/category/m/mahatma-gandhi).

  Love is an interesting object for everybody to be learned because they have ever felt in love. Love is an important feeling for everyone. Fromm (1956: 1) said that no one thinks that love is not important. Everyone starved for it and they watched endless numbers of films about happy and unhappy love stories, they listened to hundreds of trashy songs about love and yet hardly anyone thinks that there was anything that needs to be learned about love. That is why the writer wants to make a research about love itself in this thesis through the work of literature, in this case as reflected through the main characters, Noah and Allie, their conflicts on the Sparks‘ The Notebook, and the last one is the type of love as reflected in the novel.

  Literature has a relation with many things and many subjects including love itself. Literature is a part of art that can be expressed in any work of literature such as novel, drama, play, short story, or even movie. Love itself is a good topic for the writer to make a work of literature from their experience, environment, or maybe from people around the writer especially in the novel. Love is also an interesting topic for the reader to enjoy the work of literature, because they already ever felt in love in their daily life. Love as an object is an interesting thing for everyone. All people enjoy to read or to know something about love, because there are many mysteries and also many miracles about love itself.

  The Notebook is the best romantic novel for this thesis. It is written by

  Nicholas Sparks who is known as a good romantic writer. He has written many romantic novels, including The Notebook itself. Sparks is able to make the readers feel real love story in his novel. Each novel that is written by Sparks is a wonderful romantic novel, especially The Notebook. Therefore, The Notebook is a good novel to analyze the topic through the main characters that fall in love to each other, and they can face many obstacles in their relationship so that their love can be called as an erotic love.

B. Problem Formulation

  In this thesis, to analyze the type of love as reflected through the main characters and their conflicts, the problems are formulated as follows.

1. How are the main characters Noah and Allie described? 2.

  How are the conflicts of the main characters in their love journey described?

  3. What is type of love reflected through the main characters and their conflicts in Sparks‘ The Notebook?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  The objectives of the study is to answer the three questions which are formulated in the problem formulation. In this study, the writer would like to find how the main characters, Noah and Allie, are described in the novel. Secondly, the writer wants to reveal how the conflicts of the main characters in their love journey are described. Finally, the writer would like to analyze what type of love is reflected through the main characters and their conflicts in Sparks‘ The Notebook .

  D. Definition of Terms

  In order to avoid misunderstanding and provide clearer explanation toward the problem formulations above, the writer finds the important terms. The two terms mentioned will be explained as follow.

  According to

  Drewer’s A Dictionary of Psychology, love is defined as a

  typical sentiment involving fondness for, or attachment to, an object, the idea of which is emotionally colored whenever it arises in the mind, and capable of evoking anyone of the whole gamut of primary emotions, according to the situations in which the object is placed, or represented (Drewer, 1952:156).

  Conflict, according to Holman and Harmon in A Handbook To Literature is the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in a plot.

  Conflict provides interest, suspense, and tension (Holman and Harmon, 1986:107).

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Nicholas Sparks is a writer who wrote many romantic novels such as Message in a Bottle, A Walk to Remember, The Choice. His first novel is The Notebook. The Notebook is the best novel to this thesis. This novel is a good

  romantic novel, and the story of the novel can make the readers cry. It does not mean that the reader satisfied to read the novel only one time, but they read more than just one time because the story is very interesting for the reader. The story can touch the reader‘s heart after they read all of the stories of this novel. The theme of the story itself is about an everlasting love that is found in the main characters‘ relationship and their conflicts. Both of the main characters want to love and to be loved. This is stated by Krisbiantoro as follows.

  Concerning the feeling of love (to love and to be loved), it is impossible to separate the human and the love. Everyone must have this feeling, especially the feeling of love between a man and a woman, from one to another. No matter whom the one that he or she loves, a feeling of love can make someone to take the other just the way he or she is (Krisbiantoro, 2003:1).

  It shows that it is impossible for us to live in this world without love. Everybody in any social status must have love. Every body can love other person if they feel in love too. Love between a man and a woman is difficult to avoid, because it is human right. Somebody who love other with strong passion cannot be apart. They can fulfill their love to each other. They can face and also solve problem together. It can make their love stronger. It is the miracle of love.

  Noah and Allie as major characters in the novel who show that they have no weary to get and to hope of their love. They struggle to face all of the problems.

  They have a big power from their love itself. Their love is very strong, and it can be an advantage for their relationship.

  They struggle for their relationship. At the beginning of the story, they get a conflict or problem from Allie‘s parents. Allie‘s parents do not allow their relationship. They think that Noah‘s status is different from Allie‘s family status.

  That is why her parents do not agree with their relationship because they think that Noah is not good for their daughter. However, Noah and Allie can solve the first problems from Allie‘s parents and they get married. By the time they get married Allie got syndrome called Alzheimer. They still can solve this problem because they have power of their love. Love can change anything, wherever and whenever. Love can be one of the miracles in the human life. Love is something that can make us feel everything. It even gives us strength and weakness at the same time. It is a chara cteristic of love itself. It is also stated by Aryanti‘s thesis as follows:

  Love can have a big power in people‘s life. When someone is falling in love, realizing it or not, he/she will experience some changes in his or her life. The lover may have more inspirations in creating some innovations for the improvement of his or her self-potential or skills, more motivation in doing the activities, paying more attention to the appearance, and more careful in the attitude or behavior. Because of love, life can extremely change into joyful or tragic as someone‘s personality develops or relationship between individuals becomes deeper or worse. Furthermore, love in some cases can also be the only one which people can do or have to overcome their problems. (Aryanti, 2008:21-22).

  Nicholas Sparks as an author is success to make the story looks real with the love story that he writes. The story makes the readers satisfied after they read The

  

Notebook. It is not only sadness, but also happiness of love that Sparks writes in

  his novel. It can be seen in Perwitasari ‘s thesis:

  Human life is full of many miracles, and one of them is love. Love can bring happiness and sadness in human life. That‘s why many authors get inspired on the history of love (Perwitasari, 2007: viii).

  Many authors get inspiration from the story of love. Everybody has ever felt in love. Love is one of element in human life. It is the important element in this novel. Sparks has made the story of love colorful through the work of literature. He writes that love can really conquer all. It is also stated by

  Christina‘a thesis: He is smart in trying to give another view of love. Like we know that nowadays almost all people only make fun of love, do free sex but Sparks is offering something different by creating a character (Christina,2007:4).

  Sparks can make the story of his novel looks real. He tries to make another point of view of love. He tries to be honest in making characters in his novels so that the story can show a real love. He makes the characters and the story alive. He can build the imagination of the readers when they read the novel.

  Although the writer stands in the same position with other researchers who found out that love exist in Sparks‘ novels especially The Notebook, but in this study the writer tries to reveal how the type of love is reflected through the main characters and their conflicts. To be more specific, the writer will reveal the main characters and their conflicts in their love journey to get the type of their love.

B. Review of Related Theories

  This part will discuss the theories that will be used to analyze the problem formulations in this study.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

  The theory of character and characterization is the first theory that the writer use. It is used to analyze the main characters‘ characteristics in the novel.

  According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1981: 20) character is the persons in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say

  —the dialogue—and what they do— the action Henkle (1977: 88-100) classifies the term character into two; major character and secondary or minor character, in order to distinguish character in the novel.

  The major character deserves our fullest attention of the novel. It also performs the key structural function in the novel, meaning to say that we build our expectation and desires, which in modification shift our values upon the major character. Therefore the effectiveness of most novels depends upon the ability of the major character to show and dramatize the human issues of the book or novel. On the other hand, the secondary or minor character performs more limited functions, less complex than the major character, and it presents what is only one side of the experience. The secondary or minor character has a function as a foil to support the major character.

  In A Handbook of Literature, it is stated that a character in a story can be a kind of creature, which imitates human being so that they exist as life like. It means that they have some characteristics that the real human beings have so that characters also have temperaments and emotions (Holman and Harmon, 1986:82).

  Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971: 20) mentioned that characterization is a process by which an author creates a character. Furthermore, according to Holman and Harmon (1986: 81), characterization is the creation of imaginary persons thus to be natural so that the readers can feel their existance.

  Murphy (1972: 161

  • – 171) classifies some ways that are used by the author to introduce the characters in the novel such as: personal description, characters as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and behavior/mannerism.

a) Personal Description

  An author may describe a character through his appearance. The author describes characters through their physical outlook. He describes whether the character is handsome, bad-looking, thin, fat, tall or short. The author may also descr ibe a person‘s clothes, what the character wears, whether he or she wears a beautiful expensive gown or torn dirty dress which shows his or her economic status. Concisely, the author describes characters through visible appearance.

  b) Characters as Seen by Others

  An author may use other characters‘ eyes and opinion to describe a character. Through other characters‘ judgment toward the other characters, the reader would be able to know the characteristics of a character.

  c) Speech

  An author can also describe the characteristics of a character through the way the character speaks to other characters. What a character says to other characters can give the reader an insight of one‘s characteristics in a story.

  d) Past Life

  The author may also use the past life of one character to reveal his characteristics. One‘s character past life would enable the readers to know a person‘s characteristics whether he or she was good or not in the past. The past events can be clues in analyzing the development of characters.

  e) Conversation of Others

  It means the author uses the conversation of other person about a character to know the characteristics of one character. Meaning to say, it is about what people said concerning to the character.

  f) Reactions

  The author wants the reader to know how a person reacts to various situations and different events to reveal one‘s characteristics. Reactions here means how a character faces various situations and events. A character can express his or her emotion through different reactions.

  g) Direct Comment

  The author may portray a character by directly giving comments on a person‘s characteristics. The author speaks about a character in a story and gives the reader such a straightforward description in order to find out information about the character does the characterization.

  h) Thoughts

  An author can give the readers direct knowledge and description based on the character‘s mind and of what person is thinking about. Here, the author leads us to analyze the mental process of the character. The reader is in a privileged position; he has a secret listening device plugged into deepest thoughts of a person in a novel.

i) Behaviour/Mannerism

  An author can also describe a person‘s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which tell us something about his or her character. The habits of the character are revealed both the positive and negative ones which help us know something about the character.

  Therefore, from those classifications we can understand more about what Sparks‘ meant in describing Noah and Allie‘s characteristics in the novel.

2. Theory of Conflict The second theory is needed to answer problem formulation number two.

  Conflict is happening in each people‘s life. Although people do not want to get the conflict, but people cannot avoid conflict itself whether it is with family, the couple, or friends. Because it is nature of human life. It can happen in human daily life.

  Perrine says that conflict is a clash of action, ideas or wills. The main character may be pitted against some other person or group of persons. This is called a conflict of man against man. He may also confront against some external forces: physical nature, society or fate. This is called a conflict of man against environment. The conflict also between man against himself, when he is confronted against some element in his own nature (1974:62).

  According to Robert Stanton (1965:16) conflict is divided into two parts: internal and external. Internal conflict is the conflict between two desires within character. The conflict happened because the opposing desires or value in a character‘s own mind, and he has to choose the best one for him. External conflict is the conflict between a character and his environment. There may be the conflict of characters against fate and the circumstances that exist between him and a goal of himself.

  Robert and Jacobs say that conflict is the opposition between two characters. It may also exist between larger groups of people, although in fiction conflicts between individuals are more identifiable and therefore more interesting. Conflict can exist between an individual and larger forces, such as natural object, ideas, and models of behavior, public opinion, and the like. The existance of difficult decision within an individual‘s thinking may also be presented as conflict or dilemma. In the other hand, the conflict may be presented not as direct opposition, but as a set of comparative/ constrastive ideas or value (1987:88).

3. Theory of Love

  To answer third problem formulation, the writer uses theory of love to make the reader easier in distinguishing the type of love. Love itself is very interesting object to analyze because love is a feeling that everyone has ever felt. It is unique and unpredictable whether when it comes or leaves. It is also stated by Hauck (1983: 22) that love is a feeling that we have for the people or the person who did (in the past), are (in the present), or will (in the future) satisfy our deepest desires and needs.

  Fromm (1956: 38-39) says that love is not primarily a relationship to a specific person; it is an attitude, an orientation of character which determines the relatedness of a person to the world as a whole, not toward one ―object‖ of love. The objects of love are brotherly love, motherly love, erotic love and love of God.

  Brotherly love is the most fundamental love. In this love everything is equal. It is universal sense that human being have. Motherly love is unconditional affirmation of the child‘s life and his needs. Erotic love is different from the other type of love, in this love there is an exclusiveness which is lacking in the other type of love. This love mostly shows with sexual desire. Fromm says that erotic love is exclusive, but it loves in the other person all of mankind, all that is alive. It is exclusive only in the sense of erotic fusion, full commitment in all aspects of life. In this love, the affection of love is showed by the marriage. Love of God is the type of love for our need to love lies in the experience of separateness by the experience of union. This love is very basic for us. The religious form of love that which called the love of God.

  According to Pines (1999: 25), there are four kinds of love in western tradition such as; sex, eros, philia, and agape or caritas. The first kind of love is sex, or what we can call as lust or libido. It is kind a playful love. The second is romantic love called as eros. The third is Philia, also called friendship or brotherly love. The last one is Agape or Caritas. This love is devoted to the welfare of the other, the prototype of which is the love of God for man.

  The theory of love above is needed to analyze the type of love of the main characters in the novel. It helps the writer to understand the meaning of the main characters‘ love.

C. Theoretical Framework

  The writer has three theories that will be used to analyze the type of love on object of Sparks‘ novel The Notebook. The theories are divided into two theories, intrinsic elements and the theory love itself. All theories are important in order to help the writer to answer the problem formulation.

  The first theories are about the intrinsic element of literary work. They are theory of character and characterization, and also the theories of conflict. Both of theories are needed to know how the main characters are described and to know the conflicts that they face together in their love journey. The writer uses those theories above for analyzing the characters and the conflicts in the novel. Secondly, the theory that is needed by the writer is the theory of Love. The theory of love is used by the writer to know what type of love that the main characters have. Besides, the theory of love is important to understand how the type of their love can destroy all of the conflicts that they face in their love journey.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study Object of this study is Nicholas Sparks‘ novel. The title of the novel is The Notebook . The novel is the first novel that was written by Nicholas Sparks. It is

  one of the romantic novels that he wrote. It was published in 1996 by Warner Books. It consists of 254 pages. The Notebook is also known as a true story that is taken by Sparks in his grandmother‘s love story. It is followed by other novels that use a true story from all people around Sparks‘ life.

  The Notebook begins when the old Noah reads the notebook for his wife

  called Allie about their love journey in order to get Allie‘s memory back about her life and her love journey. It is because Allie got a syndrome called Alzheimer.

  Noah begins their story when they met for the first time in a carnival when they were young. Their relationship is not permitted by Allie‘s family. Then, Allie goes away with her family. Allie wants to meet Noah in his house, but at that time Allie wants to tell him that she engaged with Lon. It does not matter for Noah to keep his love for Allie. Until Allie chooses Noah rather than Lon. They get married, but at the end of the story Allie got Alzheimer, and it means that Allie will forget all about them, including their children and their love story. Although Allie forgets everything, Noah still always be the one for her. He always reads the notebook until the miracle comes so that Allie can remember their love story again.

  B. Approach of the Study

  In order to support the analysis, the writer uses moral

  • – philosophical approach. According to Guerin (2005: 39) the moral
  • – philosophical approach is approach which insist on ascertaining and stating what is taught. Besides, he adds in his book that the m
  • – philosophical approach is also the basic position of such critics which has larger function of literature to teach morality. It would interpret literature within a context of the philosophical thought of a period or group (Guerin, 2005 : 77).

  The moral

  • – philosophical approach is used to analyse this study because this study is related to moral values revealed through the main characters and their conflicts. Something that deals with human life that needs feeling, love, and also the intellectual and rational ability to discover and develop the moral value in human daily life. The writer finds out the type of love as reflected in the main character and their conflicts using the theories of love. In this case the everlasting love is a theme in this novel. It teaches us that love can conquer everything, that is what we learn from this novel. The context of love in this novel includes in the moral philosophical itself. Therefore, this approach is suitable for this analysis, and the writer hopes that this approach will lead to answer the previous problems.

  B. Method of the Study

  The method of the study that the writer uses is collecting data by doing library research. The writer also uses some steps to get information to conduct the analysis. The first one was reading the novel itself, The Notebook by Nicholas Sparks as the important data. The writer reads the novel several times to get the idea or the content of the novel, and the writer tried to understand the main characters described, the conflict between the main characters with others, and the type of love that includes in the novel.

  The second, the writer collected the data from the library and the internet to support this analysis. The secondary were books and websites related to the work and the theories, approach and undergraduate thesis as related studies. In this study, there are several books that were used in analyzing the work such as A

  

Glossary of Literary Terms, An Introduction to Fiction, The Art of Loving, How to

love and to be loved . They were important to know the types of love. The aim was

  to support the writer‘s idea about the type of love in this thesis.

  The third step that the writer did is to describe the type of love that reflected through the main characters.

  The last step was making conclusion of the analysis in the study.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS In this chapter, the writer will answer the three problem formulations as

  stated in the first chapter. The analysis will be divided into three parts. The first one is how the main characters are described in The Notebook. The second is about the conflicts of the main characters in their love journey described. The last one is about the type of love that is reflected through the main characters and their conflicts in Sparks‘ The Notebook.

A. The Description of The Main Characters

  In this first part, the writer will discuss the main characters ‘ description. In this novel the main characters are Noah and Allie. They fall in love to each other at the first sight. Noah is a good man from a poor family. Allie is a good woman from high class family. Here, the writer finds three characteristics of Noah.

1. The Description of Noah

  Physically, Noah Calhoun is a good looking man, tall, and strong. He is a simple person with common thought just like other men in this world. It is shown in phrase below:

  He was tall and strong, with light brown hair, and handsome in his own way, but it was his voice that she remembers most of all (p. 33). There are some characteristics of Noah. The writer finds three major characteristics of Noah. The first characteristic is patient, the second is faithful, and the last one is kind.

a. Patient

  The first characteristic of Noah is patient. In analyzing Noah‘s patience, the writer will use Murphy‘s theories about speech and characters as seen by others. Based on Murphy‘s theory about speech, the author describes the character through what the character says. It can be seen from whenever he speaks, having a conversation with another, or giving opinion (1972: 164). Besides, Murphy‘s theory about characters as seen by others stated that the author may use other characters‘ eyes and opinion to describe a character (1972: 163).

  Noah is a patient man. He is never tired to take care of Allie. His affection never ends for Allie, the woman he loves. One day when Allie gets her disease, he reads the notebook all the time in order to recall

  Allie‘s memory, although Allie always makes him disappointed, he always there for Allie.

  ―I‘ve heard it before, haven‘t I? ―Yes,‖ I say again, just as I do every time on days like these. I have learned to be patient.

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